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Corum O, Durna Corum D, Terzi E, Uney K. Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Residues, and Withdrawal Times of Oxytetracycline in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) after Single- and Multiple-Dose Oral Administration. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3845. [PMID: 38136882 PMCID: PMC10740422 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline (OTC) following single- (60 mg/kg) and multiple-dose oral administrations (60 mg/kg, every 24 h for 7 days) in rainbow trout. It also aimed to determine bioavailability after a single dose and tissue residues and withdrawal times after multiple doses. This study was carried out on 420 rainbow trout at 9 ± 0.8 °C. This study was carried out in two stages: single-dose (intravascular and oral) and multiple-dose treatment. The OTC concentrations in plasma and tissues were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and analyzed by a non-compartmental method. The withdrawal time (WT) was estimated using the WT 1.4 software. OTC exhibited a long terminal elimination half-life (t1/2ʎz) after IV and oral administration. The oral bioavailability of OTC was very low (2.80%). In multiple-dose treatment, t1/2ʎz, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve and peak plasma concentration increased significantly after the last day compared to the first day. OTC showed strong accumulation after multiple doses with a value of 5.33. OTC concentrations were obtained in the order liver > kidney > muscle+skin > plasma. At 9 ± 0.8 °C, the WT calculated for muscle+skin was 56 days for Europe and 50 days for China, respectively. The t1/2ʎz (68.94 h) and time (68 h) above the 1 µg/mL MIC following a single OTC dose may support the extension of the 24 h dosing interval following multiple dosing. However, further studies are required to determine the optimal dosage regimen in multiple-dose OTC treatment in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay 31060, Türkiye;
| | - Duygu Durna Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay 31060, Türkiye;
| | - Ertugrul Terzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Devrekani TOBB Vocational School, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu 37200, Türkiye;
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya 42031, Türkiye;
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2
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Manna SK, Das N, Sarkar DJ, Bera AK, Baitha R, Nag SK, Das BK, Kumar A, Ravindran R, Krishna N, Patil PK. Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and withdrawal period of antibiotic oxytetracycline in catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 89:103778. [PMID: 34826611 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The antibiotic oxytetracycline (OTC) has been widely used for therapeutic and preventive management of bacterial diseases in finfish and shellfish. In the present study the bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and withdrawal period of the OTC have been determined following in-feed administration in intensively cultured catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic parameters of oral route were also compared with parenteral route. Drug concentrations were measured in various tissues at different time intervals by LC-MS/MS. The study revealed the drug kinetics best followed the enterohepatic circulation model with very poor bioavailability and low blood concentration after oral administration. In the withdrawal study, after 10-days of in-feed administration at the therapeutic dose the drug reached very high concentrations in the liver and kidneys but did not attain minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in blood or flesh. OTC concentration also did not exceed the recommended MRL value in flesh; however, considering high amounts of the chemical in the liver and kidneys a withdrawal period of 4 days (at 28 ± 1.5 oC) is recommended for consumer safety. Poor bioavailability and non-attainment of minimum therapeutic concentration in blood and flesh do not warrant in-feed administration of OTC for control of bacterial diseases in P. hypophthalmus. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS: All data generated and analyzed during this study are included in this article. Raw data may be shared upon reasonable request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Kumar Manna
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India.
| | - Nilemesh Das
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Dhruba Jyoti Sarkar
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Asit Kumar Bera
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Raju Baitha
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Subir Kumar Nag
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Basanta Kumar Das
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin 682029, Kerala, India
| | - Rajisha Ravindran
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin 682029, Kerala, India
| | - Nanitha Krishna
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin 682029, Kerala, India
| | - Prasanna Kumar Patil
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai 600028, Tamil Nadu, India
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3
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Crescenzo G, Tinelli A, Centoducati G, Zizzadoro C, Leone R, Piccinno M, Lai O. Residue depletion and histopathological alterations in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) after oral administration of oxytetracycline. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2021.1921779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Crescenzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari 70010, Italy
| | - Antonella Tinelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari 70010, Italy
| | - Gerardo Centoducati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari 70010, Italy
| | - Claudia Zizzadoro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari 70010, Italy
| | - Rosa Leone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari 70010, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Piccinno
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari 70010, Italy
| | - Olimpia Lai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari 70010, Italy
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4
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Yang F, Li ZL, Shan Q, Zeng ZL. Pharmacokinetics of doxycycline in tilapia (Oreochromis aureus × Oreochromis niloticus) after intravenous and oral administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 37:388-93. [PMID: 24479741 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of doxycycline was studied in plasma after a single dose (20 mg/kg) of intravenous or oral administration to tilapia (Oreochromis aureus × Oreochromis niloticus) reared in fresh water at 24 °C. Plasma samples were collected from six fish per sampling point. Doxycycline concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with a 0.005 μg/mL limit of detection, then were subjected to noncompartmental analysis. Following oral administration, the double-peak phenomenon was observed, and the first (Cmax1 ) and second (Cmax2) peaks were 1.99 ± 0.43 μg/mL at 2.0 h and 2.27 ± 0.38 μg/mL at 24.0 h, respectively. After the intravenous injection, a Cmax2 (12.12 ± 1.97 μg/mL) was also observed, and initial concentration of 45.76 μg/mL, apparent elimination rate constant (λz) of 0.018 per h, apparent elimination half-life (t1/2λz) of 39.0 h, systemic total body clearance (Cl) of 41.28 mL/h/kg, volume of distribution (Vz) of 2323.21 mL/kg, and volume of distribution at steady-state (Vss) of 1356.69 mL/kg were determined, respectively. While after oral administration, the λz, t1/2λz, and bioavailability of doxycycline were 0.009 per h, 77.2 h, and 23.41%, respectively. It was shown that doxycycline was relatively slowly and incompletely absorbed, extensively distributed, and slowly eliminated in tilapia, in addition, doxycycline might undergo enterohepatic recycling in tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Morales-Nin B, Grau A, Pérez-Mayol S, Pastor E, Palmer M. Oxytetracycline hydrochloride vital labelling revisited: the case of Dicentrarchus labrax and Diplodus puntazzo. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2011; 78:762-782. [PMID: 21366571 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02887.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to determine the optimal oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC) dosage for otolith marking in Dicentrarchus labrax and Diplodus puntazzo. Adult reared individuals of these two species were marked with OTC intraperitoneal injections at three recommended doses (25, 45 and 60 mg kg(-1) fish) and a blank. Fishes were monitored for 36-49 days from when they were marked. The effectiveness of the otolith marking was inversely related to the OTC dosage. The injections were found to have deleterious effects at the highest dosages: (1) mortality was nearly 0% during the first 4 days but then it suddenly rose to 85-100% depending on the fish and treatment, (2) no daily growth increments were formed after marking and (3) no or negative somatic growth was observed. These results suggest that most of the current studies using OTC marking for estimating mortality of wild fishes use an observation period between marking the fishes and releasing that is too short to allow the deleterious effects of OTC to be detected. Species-specific experiments for assessing the long-term mortality should be undertaken when OTC marking is used on wild fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Morales-Nin
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (CSIC/UIB), Miquel Marqués 21, 07190 Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain.
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6
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FENG Q, WU GH, LIANG TM, JI HY, JIANG XJ, GU W, WANG W. Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in hemolymph from the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34:51-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Feng Q, Gao T, Ji H, Jiang X, Liang T, Gu W, Wu G, Gao G, Wang W. Kinetic analysis of oxytetracycline residues in Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, muscle following intramuscular administration. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2010; 33:639-647. [PMID: 20561141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Crab culture is a very important economic industry in China. An epidemic of tremor disease of Chinese mitten crabs, Eriocheir sinensis, has become a serious problem in recent years. A spiroplasm has been proved to be the causative agent of this disease. Oxytetracycline (OTC) is used widely in aquaculture and was confirmed to be very effective against this pathogen. In this study, the distribution and depletion patterns of OTC in crab muscle were evaluated following single intramuscular doses of 2, 8 and 40 mg kg(-1) body weight. OTC was detected with a validated HPLC method. Concentration-time profiles were well described by a three-compartment model with first-order absorption after a single dose of 8 and 40 mg kg(-1). For comparison, a non-compartment model was employed. A withdrawal time of 48.29 and 55.92 days was suggested prior to consumption after receiving 8 and 40 mg kg(-1). A recommended therapeutic dose of OTC in theory was calculated to be 36.37 mg kg(-1). OTC was distributed well throughout the body. The elimination of OTC in muscle was slower compared with fish and other crustaceans. A dose of 40 mg kg(-1) is suggested for practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Feng
- Nanjing Normal University, China
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8
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Serdoz F, Voinovich D, Perissutti B, Grabnar I, Hasa D, Ballestrazzi R. An innovative Oxytetracycline self-emulsifying formulation for fish diets: preparation, characterisation and oral bioavailability in rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) and in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(10)50075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Fish medicine has common diagnostic and clinical procedures that are essential for disease diagnosis and patient management. With a few modifications for handling of the fish patient, these resemble procedures performed in most veterinary hospitals and clinics in our other companion species. The predictive value of these diagnostic methods is improving with the ever-increasing number of publications in fish medicine. Training in aquatic clinical procedures is offered at most large continuing education conferences and as specialty courses. These basic procedures are the important first steps toward improving the health of our aquatic companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drury R Reavill
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, 2825 KOVR Drive, West Sacramento, CA 95605, USA.
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10
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Lathers CM, Mukai C, Smith CM, Schraeder PL. A new goldfish model to evaluate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of drugs used for motion sickness in different gravity loads. ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 2001; 49:419-440. [PMID: 11669128 DOI: 10.1016/s0094-5765(01)00117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a new goldfish model to predict pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic effects of drugs used to treat motion sickness administered in differing gravity loads. The assumption of these experiments is that the vestibular system is dominant in producing motion sickness and that the visual system is secondary or of small import in the production of motion sickness. Studies will evaluate the parameter of gravity and the contribution of vision to the role of the neurovestibular system in the initiation of motion sickness with and without pharmacologic agents. Promethazine will be studied first. A comparison of data obtained in different groups of goldfish will be done (normal vs. acutely and chronically bilaterally blinded vs. sham operated). Some fish will be bilaterally blinded 10 months prior to initiation of the experiment (designated the chronically bilaterally blinded group of goldfish) to evaluate the neuroplasticity of the nervous system and the associated return of neurovestibular function. Data will be obtained under differing gravity loads with and without a pharmacological agent for motion sickness. Experiments will differentiate pharmacological effects on vision vs. neurovestibular input to motion sickness. Comparison of data obtained in the normal fish and in acutely and chronically bilaterally blinded fish with those obtained in fish with intact and denervated otoliths will differentiate if the visual or neurovestibular system is dominant in response to altered gravity and/or drugs. Experiments will contribute to validation of the goldfish as a model for humans since plasticity of the central nervous system allows astronauts to adapt to the altered visual stimulus conditions of 0-g. Space motion sickness may occur until such an adaptation is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Lathers
- Center for Veterinary Medicine/FDA, Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Rockville, MD, USA
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11
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Ho SP, Cheng CF, Wang WS. Pharmacokinetic and depletion studies of sarafloxacin after oral administration to eel (Anguilla anguilla). J Vet Med Sci 1999; 61:459-63. [PMID: 10379934 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.61.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of sarafloxacin applied by oral gavage at a dose of 15 mg/kg b.w. was studied in eel (Anguilla anguilla) at water temperature of 24 degrees C. Sarafloxacin levels were determined using high performance liquid chromatography with a quantitation limit of 0.07 microg/ml or gram. The time to peak plasma concentration, Tmax, was 12 hr and peak concentration, Cmax, was 2.64 microg/ml. The absorption rate constant (k(a)) was 0.23 hr(-1) (r=0.996). The drug disposition curve after Tmax was fitted to a two-compartment open model. The distribution rate constant (alpha) was 0.085 hr(-1) (r=0.972), and the half-life (t(1,2alpha)) was 8.15 hr. The elimination rate constant (beta) was 0.023 hr(-1) (r=0.909), and the half-life (t(1/2beta)) was 30.13 hr. The estimated area under the curve, AUC, was 56.7 microg.hr/ml. The peak concentrations of drug in liver, kidney, muscle, and skin were 13.39 (12 hr), 5.53 (12 hr), 1.82 (24 hr), and 0.78 microg/g (40 hr), respectively. The time for sarafloxacin mean levels to fall below detectable limits in the plasma, muscle, and skin were 7 days but for the liver and kidney were 14 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Ho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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12
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Moreno L, Serrano JM, Guimerá ME, Carceles CM. Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline after intramuscular administration with lidocaine in sheep, comparison with a conventional formulation. Res Vet Sci 1998; 65:209-13. [PMID: 9915145 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(98)90145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic behaviour of oxytetracycline (OTC) was studied in 11 sheep after intravenous and intramuscular administration at a single dosage of 20 mg kg(-1) bodyweight. A conventional formulation was injected by the intravenous route and two different preparations were administered by the intramuscular route: a conventional formulation (T-100) and an aqueous solution of OTC with lidocaine (1 per cent) (OTC-L). The objective was to determine whether there are differences between both formulations in the disposition kinetics of OTC after intramuscular administration to sheep. After intravenous administration of the conventional formulation, plasma oxytetracycline concentrations were best fitted to an open two-compartment model. Mean apparent volume of distribution was 0.77+/-0.02 litre kg(-1) and the harmonic mean half-life was three hours. The OTC transfer process between central and peripheral compartments was fast and that did not influence the elimination process. After intramuscular administrations of both formulations, half-lives were longer than after intravenous administration (mean values of 14.1 and 58.2 hours for T-100 and OTC-L respectively). In both cases, a biphasic absorption, a 'flip-flop' model and a complete bioavailability were found. OTC-L provided therapeutic plasma concentrations over 0.5 microg ml(-1) (the minimum inhibitory concentration for most susceptible pathogens) for a longer period of time than T-100 (72 hours compared with 36 or 48 hours).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Moreno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Edificio C-1, Campus de Rabanales, Spain
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13
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Doi AM, Stoskopf MK, Lewbart GA. Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in the red pacu (Colossoma brachypomum) following different routes of administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1998; 21:364-8. [PMID: 9811436 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2885.1998.00162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxytetracycline (OTC) pharmacokinetics were studied in the red pacu (Colossoma brachypomum) following intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight. OTC plasma concentrations were determined by high-performance-liquid-chromatography (HPLC). A non-compartmental model was used to describe plasma drug disposition after OTC administration. Following i.m. administration, the elimination half-life (t1/2) was 62.65 +/- 1.25 h and the bioavailability was 49.80 +/- 0.01%. After i.v. administration the t1/2 was 50.97 +/- 2.99 h, the Vd was 534.11 +/- 38.58 mL/kg, and CI(b) was 0.121 +/- 0.003 mL/min x kg. The 5 mg/kg i.v. dose used in this experiment resulted in up to 48 h plasma concentrations of OTC above the reported MIC values for some strains of fish pathogens such as Aeromonas hydrophila, A. liquefaciens, A. salmonicida, Cytophaga columnaris, Edwardsiella ictaluri, Vibrio anguillarium, V. ordalii, V. salmonicida and Yeersinia ruckeri. These MIC values are below the susceptible range (4 microg/mL) listed by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) as determined by the NCCLS susceptibility interpretive criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Doi
- Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606, USA
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14
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Ueno R, Aoki T. High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the rapid and simultaneous determination of sulfamonomethoxine, miloxacin and oxolinic acid in serum and muscle of cultured fish. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 682:179-81. [PMID: 8832440 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(96)00078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A rapid method for the simultaneous determination of sulfamonomethoxine (SMM), miloxacin (MLX) and oxolinic acid (OA) in serum and muscle of cultured fish by high-performance liquid chromatography has been developed. A Hisep shielded hydrophobic phase column (15 cm x 4.6 mm I.D.) and a mobile phase of 0.05 M citric acid-0.2 M disodium hydrogenphosphate buffer, pH 2.5 in 10 mM tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide-acetonitrile (85:15) with ultraviolet detection at 265 nm were used. The recoveries of SMM, MLX and OA from serum and muscle samples were 72-101%. The detection limits of the three drugs were 0.05-0.1 microgram/ml or g of sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ueno
- Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Japan
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15
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Abstract
1. The pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim (TMP) following intra-aortic administration were investigated in rainbow trout. 2. The disposition kinetics for TMP were best described by a three-compartment open model. The disappearance of TMP from fish blood was characterized by rapid and pronounced distribution phases and a slow terminal elimination phase. 3. In contrast with pharmacokinetic data of TMP in mammals, the present study documented a long terminal elimination t1/2(36.1 h), large Vdss(5980 ml/kg) and small Clb(2.4 ml/min/kg) for TMP in rainbow trout, thus illustrating the slow biotransformation and elimination capacity, particularly the strong 'holding' capacity (storage) for the drug in trout. 4. The pharmacokinetic profiles in the present study indicated no dose dependency of TMP following three different bolus doses (5, 10 and 50 mg/kg). Hence, the first-order kinetic assumption was verified. 5. Urinary excretion of TMP was a minor elimination route in trout (14.4% dose).
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Tan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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16
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Nouws JF, Van Ginneken VJ, Grondel JL, Degen M. Pharmacokinetics of sulphadiazine and trimethoprim in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) acclimated at two different temperatures. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1993; 16:110-3. [PMID: 8478994 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1993.tb00297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J F Nouws
- RVV-District 6, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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17
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Bowser PR, Wooster GA, St Leger J, Babish JG. Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in fingerling rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1992; 15:62-71. [PMID: 1315398 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1992.tb00987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered enrofloxacin was determined in fingerling rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Doses of 5 or 10 mg enrofloxacin/kg body weight were administered intravenously to 26 fish for each dose and blood was sampled over a 60-h period at 15 degrees C. Two groups of fish were treated orally with 5, 10, or 50 mg/kg (80 fish/dose at each temperature) and held at 15 degrees C or 10 degrees C during the 60-h sampling period. Following intravenous administration, the serum concentration-time data of enrofloxacin in rainbow trout were best described by a two-compartment open model for both doses of 5 and 10 mg enrofloxacin/kg. The hybrid rate constants alpha and beta did not differ between doses. The distributional phase was rapid with a half-life of 6-7 min for both doses. Overall half-lives of elimination were 24.4 h (95% CI = 20.2-30.8) and 30.4 h (24.2-41.0), respectively, for the 5- and 10-mg/kg doses. A large Vd(area) was observed following dosing of either 5 or 10 mg enrofloxacin/kg,: 3.22 and 2.56 l/kg, respectively. Whole body clearance for 5 mg/kg was 92 ml/h.kg and 58 ml/h.kg at the 10-mg/kg dose. Following oral administration, the serum concentration-time data for enrofloxacin were best described as a one-compartment open model with first-order absorption and elimination. Apparent Ka over all doses at 10 degrees C averaged 62% less than apparent Ka at 15 degrees C. Estimates of the apparent t(1/2)e over both temperatures ranged from 29.5 h (18.4-73.4) to 56.3 h (38.3-106.6). Bioavailability averaged 42% over all doses at 15 degrees C and was decreased to an average of 25% at 10 degrees C. Peak serum concentrations appeared between 6 and 8 h following dosing. A dose of 5 mg/kg/day was estimated to provide average steady-state serum concentrations at 10 degrees C that are approximately 4.5 times the highest reported MIC values for Streptococcus spp., the fish pathogen least sensitive to enrofloxacin. Owing to the long apparent half-life of elimination of enrofloxacin in fingerling trout, it would take approximately 5 to 9 days to achieve these predicted steady-state serum concentrations; this estimate is important when considering the duration of therapy in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Bowser
- Department of Avian and Aquatic Animal Medicine, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853
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Black WD, Ferguson HW, Byrne P, Claxton MJ. Pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution study of oxytetracycline in rainbow trout following bolus intravenous administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1991; 14:351-8. [PMID: 1774812 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1991.tb00848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxytetracycline pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution were studied in rainbow trout following bolus i.v. administration at 5 mg/kg. The mean serum (log) drug concentration data were plotted against time (linear). The decay curve was described by a three-component exponential decay function and a three-compartment model. The t1/2 of rapid distribution was 0.9 h, the t1/2 of the slow distribution was 5.9 h and the t1/2 elimination was 81.5 h. Clearance was 25.4 ml/kg/h and Vd(area) 2988 ml/kg. Regression analysis of the serum levels for the three intervals, 0.5-2.0 h, 6.0-18.0 h, and 24-96 h, indicated that the rates of decay for each interval were 0.6151 h-1, 0.0564 h-1 and 0.0088 h-1 respectively. Rates of equilibration between tissues and serum were determined. Kidney equilibrated the fastest with t1/2 to equilibration of 1.1 h for H (anterior) kidney and 1.98 h for P (posterior) kidney. The highest drug levels were found in the liver and the lowest were in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Black
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Canada
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Björklund HV, Bylund G. Comparative pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oxolinic acid and oxytetracycline in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Xenobiotica 1991; 21:1511-20. [PMID: 1763525 DOI: 10.3109/00498259109044401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oxolinic acid and oxytetracycline were studied in rainbow trout at a water temperature of 16 degrees C after intravascular (10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively) and oral (75 mg/kg) dosing. 2. The pharmacokinetics were best described by a two-compartment open model giving distribution half-lives of 0.31 h and 1.53 h, and elimination half-lives of 69.7 h and 60.3 h for oxolinic acid and oxytetracycline, respectively. The respective volumes of distribution (Vdarea) were 1.94 l/kg and 1.34 l/kg. 3. The apparent oral bioavailability for oxolinic acid and oxytetracycline was 13.6% and 5.6%. 4. The plasma protein binding was 27% for oxolinic acid and 55% for oxytetracycline. 5. Both drugs were well tolerated, the acute oral toxicities (LD50) exceeding 4000 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- H V Björklund
- Institute of Parasitology, Abo Akademi University, Finland
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van Ginneken VJ, Nouws JF, Grondel JL, Driessens F, Degen M. Pharmacokinetics of sulphadimidine in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) acclimated at two different temperature levels. Vet Q 1991; 13:88-96. [PMID: 1882494 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.1991.9694290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of temperature (10 degrees C and 20 degrees C) on pharmacokinetics and metabolism of sulphadimidine (SDM) in carp and trout was studied. At 20 degrees C a significantly lower level of distribution (Vdarea) and a significantly shorter elimination half-life (T(1/2)beta) was achieved in both species compared to the 10 degrees C level. In carp the body clearance parameter (ClB(SDM)) was significantly higher at 20 degrees C compared to the value at 10 degrees C, whereas for trout this parameter was in the same order of magnitude for both temperatures. N4-acetylsulphadimidine (N4-SDM) was the main metabolite of SDM in both species at the two temperature levels. The relative N4-SDM plasma percentage in carp was significantly higher at 20 degrees C than at 10 degrees C, whereas there was in trout no significant difference. In neither species was the peak plasma concentration of N4-SDM (Cmax(N4-SDM)) significantly different at two temperatures. The corresponding peak time of this metabolite (Tmax(N4-SDM)) was significantly shorter at 20 degrees C compared to 10 degrees C in both carp and trout. In carp at both temperatures, acetylation occurs to a greater extent than hydroxylation. Only the 6-hydroxymethyl-metabolite (SCH2OH) was detected in carp, at a significant different level at the two temperatures. Concentrations of hydroxy metabolites in trout were at the detection level of the HPLC-method (0.02-micrograms/ml). The glucuronide metabolite (SOH-gluc.) was not detected in either species at the two temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J van Ginneken
- Laboratory Nijmegen and Zodiac, Agricultural University, Wageningen
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