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Wang Z, Vilhelmsen L, Rasnitsyn AP, Viertler A, Shih C, Wen S, Yang H, Wu Q, Zhang Y, Ren D, Gao T. Specialized ovipositor sensilla of Cretaceous wasps (Insecta: Hymenoptera) possibly reveal a unique way of host detection. Cladistics 2024. [PMID: 38712908 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects have evolved complex sensory systems that are important for feeding, defence and reproduction. Parasitoid wasps often spend much time and effort in searching for concealed hosts with the help of specialized sensilla. However, the early evolution of such behaviour and sensilla is poorly known. We describe two fossil female wasps, †Tichostephanus kachinensis sp. nov. and †Tichostephanus longus sp. nov., from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber. Phylogenetic analyses based on morphological data retrieved †Tichostephanus as deeply nested within Evanioidea and closely related to extant Gasteruptiidae and Evaniidae. Both of these Cretaceous wasps possess features, e.g. coronal tubercles and flexible ovipositor sheaths, that indicate that they might have laid eggs in wood where their larvae possibly parasitized insect larvae. They have a peculiar and unique 'bottle brush' of sensilla close to the apex of their ovipositor sheaths, which has not been observed in any extant parasitoid wasps. These sensilla comprise many regularly arranged plate-shaped setae, attached in relatively large sockets and with rows of longitudinal ridges. Such specialized sensilla perhaps served to enhance the ability to detect hosts inside wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Lars Vilhelmsen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, SCIENCE, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandr P Rasnitsyn
- A. A. Borissiak Palaeontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117647, Moscow, Russia
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Alexandra Viertler
- Natural History Museum Basel, Augustinerstrasse 2, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chungkun Shih
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | - Shanshan Wen
- Huxuan Museum, 58-10 Maanshanlu, Shizhong District, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China
| | - Hongru Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Dong Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Taiping Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
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2
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Kang I, Roda A, Misiaszek B, Sparks T, Diaz R. Detection of Ochyromera ligustri (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Curculioninae) in Ligustrum spp. (Oleaceae) Using Newly Developed PCR Primers. INSECTS 2024; 15:320. [PMID: 38786876 PMCID: PMC11122171 DOI: 10.3390/insects15050320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Ligustrum spp. (Oleaceae) have become invasive species in the US and negatively affect native plant diversity and richness in forests. Ochyromera ligustri (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is considered a potential biological control agent in the US because adults feed on the foliage and larvae are seed-feeders of Ligustrum spp. To discover the relationships between O. ligustri and Ligustrum spp., fruit dissections or rearing and field observations are required. In the current research project, novel PCR primers were developed to rapidly detect the DNA of O. ligustri in molecular analyses without rearing and observation. The developed PCR primers worked even with 0.01 ng of DNA and did not amplify the DNA of the other five curculionid species tested. When the novel primers were tested with three Ligustrum spp. species common in the southeastern US, the DNA of O. ligustri was detected from all three species. We expect that the novel primers will be utilized to find out the presence and impact of O. ligustri on Ligustrum spp rapidly and accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilgoo Kang
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (I.K.); (B.M.); (T.S.)
- Department of Entomology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37228, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Amy Roda
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, United States Department of Agriculture, Miami, FL 33158, USA;
| | - Brandi Misiaszek
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (I.K.); (B.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Tanner Sparks
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (I.K.); (B.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Rodrigo Diaz
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (I.K.); (B.M.); (T.S.)
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Schöfer N, Ackermann J, Hoheneder J, Hofferberth J, Ruther J. Sublethal Effects of Four Insecticides Targeting Cholinergic Neurons on Partner and Host Finding in the Parasitic Wasp Nasonia vitripennis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:2400-2411. [PMID: 37477474 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Lethal and sublethal effects of pesticides on nontarget organisms are one of the causes of the current decline of many insect species. However, research in the past decades has focused primarily on pollinators, although other beneficial nontarget organisms such as parasitic wasps may also be affected. We studied the sublethal effects of the four insecticides acetamiprid, dimethoate, flupyradifurone, and sulfoxaflor on pheromone-mediated sexual communication and olfactory host finding of the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis. All agents target cholinergic neurons, which are involved in the processing of chemical information by insects. We applied insecticide doses topically and tested the response of treated wasps to sex pheromones and host-associated chemical cues. In addition, we investigated the mating rate of insecticide-treated wasps. The pheromone response of females surviving insecticide treatment was disrupted by acetamiprid (≥0.63 ng), dimethoate (≥0.105 ng), and flupyradifurone (≥21 ng), whereas sulfoxaflor had no significant effects at the tested doses. Olfactory host finding was affected by all insecticides (acetamiprid ≥1.05 ng, dimethoate ≥0.105 ng, flupyradifurone ≥5.25 ng, sulfoxaflor ≥0.52 ng). Remarkably, females treated with ≥0.21 ng dimethoate even avoided host odor. The mating rate of treated N. vitripennis couples was decreased by acetamiprid (6.3 ng), flupyradifurone (≥2.63 ng), and sulfoxaflor (2.63 ng), whereas dimethoate showed only minor effects. Finally, we determined the amount of artificial nectar consumed by N. vitripennis females within 48 h. Considering this amount (∼2 µL) and the maximum concentrations of the insecticides reported in nectar, tested doses can be considered field-realistic. Our results suggest that exposure of parasitic wasps to field-realistic doses of insecticides targeting the cholinergic system reduces their effectiveness as natural enemies by impairing the olfactory sense. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2400-2411. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Schöfer
- Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julian Ackermann
- Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julian Hoheneder
- Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Ruther
- Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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4
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Wang X, Faucher J, Dhandapani RK, Duan JJ, Palli SR. Potential effects of RNA interference of Asian longhorned beetle on its parasitoid. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:1557-1565. [PMID: 36529841 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is important to understand how non-target insects such as parasitoids may be impacted directly or indirectly by RNA interference with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that has emerged as a novel pest control tool. We examined the potential effects of a dsRNA targeting an inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) of the Asian longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis on its gregarious larval ectoparasitoid Ontsira mellipes, directly on adult wasp's survival via injection of 4 μg of dsIAP per wasp, and indirectly on the detectability and suitability of host larvae injected with 2, 4 or 8 μg of dsIAP per larva. RESULTS Compared with no injection or injection with a control dsGFP targeting a region of gene coding for a green fluorescence protein (GFP), dsIAP did not affect adult wasp's survival. Ontsira mellipes locates hosts in the wood by sensing their movement. Host larvae did not completely cease movement after the injection of dsIAP and were still detected and parasitized. Clutch size was reduced and only 3.8% of the parasitoid offspring developed into adults on host larvae treated at the highest dose. However, clutch size was not affected and 25.5% of the parasitoid offspring developed into adults on host larvae treated at the lowest dose. The fitness of developed wasps (development time, sex ratio, body size, and fecundity) was not affected when compared to the control treatments. No dsIAP was detected in parasitoid larvae. CONCLUSION The results show no direct effect of the dsRNA on its parasitoid, but the potential indirect effect of dsRNA-affected host on the parasitoid, which may be minimized through optimizing dsRNA dosage to promote compatible applications of both management options for this invasive forest pest. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingeng Wang
- Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Jessica Faucher
- Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Ramesh Kumar Dhandapani
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jian J Duan
- Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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5
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Yan ZC, Hua HQ, Qi GY, Li YX. Early Detection and Identification of Parasitoid Wasps Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in Their Host Eggs Using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:1095-1101. [PMID: 35746894 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps are invaluable agents in pest biological control. Early detection and identification of parasitoid immatures are vital in characterizing parasitoid-host interactions and for evaluating parasitism rates accurately in the field. Trichogramma is the most widely used parasitoid wasp, and several studies have been performed for its molecular identification. However, those studies were mainly focused on Trichogramma adults and rarely on immatures. Here, we report a method to detect and identify Trichogramma larvae in their host eggs. We designed a pair of Trichogramma-specific primers that amplified Trichogramma mtCOI sequences from Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) eggs parasitized by any of eight Trichogramma species tested but not from nonparasitized eggs of four lepidopteran hosts. This PCR method reliably detected Trichogramma immatures in parasitized eggs as early as 1 h after parasitism. We further developed an RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) assay using restriction enzymes SspI and VspI to differentiate eight Trichogramma species at their immature stage. Overall, we developed a sensitive and reliable PCR-RFLP method to detect and identify immature-stage Trichogramma in their lepidopteran hosts. This method shows promise for conveniently identifying Trichogramma in insectaries and accurately evaluating parasitism rates in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chao Yan
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hai-Qing Hua
- Yangzhou Agricultural Technology Extension Center, 460 Wenchang, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Guang-Yuan Qi
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuan-Xi Li
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China
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6
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Magagnoli S, Tondini E, Ratti C, Burgio G, Petacchi R. A new PCR based molecular method for early and precise quantification of parasitization in the emerging olive pest Dasineura oleae. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1842-1849. [PMID: 35060274 PMCID: PMC9305150 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dasineura oleae (Angelini 1831) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) was considered a minor pest in olive orchards, but in recent years severe outbreaks have been registered in several Mediterranean countries. Damage is caused by the feeding activity of larvae that induce gall formations and alters the physiological activity of the leaves. In Italy, this pest may be controlled by four Hymenoptera parasitoid species belonging to Platygaster and Mesopolobus genera such as Platygaster demades Walker 1835, Platygaster oleae Szelenyi 1940 (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), Mesopolobus aspilus (Walker 1835) and Mesopolobus mediterraneus (Mayr 1903) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), but parasitization becomes evident only after gall dissection. RESULTS In this study, we aim to: (i) design a primer for the detection of specimens belonging to Platygaster and Mesopolobus genera; (ii) develop a multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) protocol combined to a fast samples DNA extraction method; (iii) apply the developed protocol to field-collected specimens and compare this method with traditional techniques based on visual estimation of parasitism rate on larvae. Primers were designed to anneal with cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences of Platygaster and Mesopolobus genera while protocols were developed to be fast and capable to process several samples at the same time. Molecular analyses demonstrated to provide almost double of the parasitism rate assessed by visual inspection. Furthermore, on second instar larvae the PCR-based method was able to detect ten-fold times the parasitization rate estimated by visual inspection. CONCLUSION The application on a greater scale of this newly developed method could be fundamental in the determination of the biological control potential in olive orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Magagnoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro‐Alimentari (DISTAL)Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna (UNIBO)BolognaItaly
| | - Elena Tondini
- Istituto di Scienze della Vita, Scuola Superiore Sant'AnnaPontederaItaly
| | - Claudio Ratti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro‐Alimentari (DISTAL)Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna (UNIBO)BolognaItaly
| | - Giovanni Burgio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro‐Alimentari (DISTAL)Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna (UNIBO)BolognaItaly
| | - Ruggero Petacchi
- Istituto di Scienze della Vita, Scuola Superiore Sant'AnnaPontederaItaly
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Mesaglio T, Shaw SR. Observations of oviposition behaviour in the long‐tailed wasp
Megalyra fasciipennis
Westwood, 1832 (Hymenoptera: Megalyridae). AUSTRAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mesaglio
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Scott R. Shaw
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management (3354) University of Wyoming 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
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Jarrett BJM, Szűcs M. Traits across trophic levels interact to influence parasitoid establishment in biological control releases. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8654. [PMID: 35342595 PMCID: PMC8928891 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A central goal in ecology is to predict what governs a species’ ability to establish in a new environment. One mechanism driving establishment success is individual species’ traits, but the role of trait combinations among interacting species across different trophic levels is less clear. Deliberate or accidental species additions to existing communities provide opportunities to study larger scale patterns of establishment success. Biological control introductions are especially valuable because they contain data on both the successfully established and unestablished species. Here, we used a recent dataset of importation biological control introductions to explore how life‐history traits of 132 parasitoid species and their herbivorous hosts interact to affect parasitoid establishment. We find that of five parasitoid and herbivore traits investigated, one parasitoid trait—host range—weakly predicts parasitoid establishment; parasitoids with higher levels of phylogenetic specialization have higher establishment success, though the effect is marginal. In addition, parasitoids are more likely to establish when their herbivore host has had a shorter residence time. Interestingly, we do not corroborate earlier findings that gregarious parasitoids and endoparasitoids are more likely to establish. Most importantly, we find that life‐history traits of the parasitoid species and their hosts can interact to influence establishment. Specifically, parasitoids with broader host ranges are more likely to establish when the herbivore they have been released to control is also more of a generalist. These results provide insight into how multiple species’ traits and their interactions, both within and across trophic levels, can influence establishment of species of higher trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. M. Jarrett
- Department of Entomology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
- Department of Biology Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Marianna Szűcs
- Department of Entomology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
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An Agro-Climatic Approach to Developing a National Prevention Tool for Deoxynivalenol in French Maize-Growing Areas. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020074. [PMID: 35202102 PMCID: PMC8877702 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of deoxynivalenol (DON)—a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium graminearum—in maize for food and feed are subject to European Union regulations. Obtaining a compliant harvest requires the identification of agronomic and climatic risk factors related to higher fungal contamination and DON production. A national, multiyear database for maize was created, based on field survey data collected from 2004 to 2020. This database contains information about agricultural practices, climatic sequences and DON content at harvest for a total of 2032 maize fields localized in the French maize-growing regions. A linear mixed-model approach highlighted the presence of borers, late harvest and inadequate crop residue management, normal-to-cold temperatures in March, humidity in August and the absence of a hot end of the maize development cycle with a dry August as creating conditions favoring maize contamination with DON. The various possible associations between these risky climatic conditions and agricultural practices were compared, grouped and ranked as related to very low to high DON concentrations. Some combinations may even exceed the regulatory threshold. The national prevention tool, created for producers and agricultural cooperatives, is informative and easy-to-use to control the sanitary quality of their harvest.
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10
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Kalyanaraman D, Gadau J, Lammers M. The generalist parasitoid
Nasonia vitripennis
shows more behavioural plasticity in host preference than its three specialist sister species. Ethology 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhevi Kalyanaraman
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Jürgen Gadau
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Mark Lammers
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity University of Münster Münster Germany
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11
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Gil‐Tapetado D, Durán‐Montes P, García‐París M, López‐Estrada EK, Sánchez‐Vialas A, Jiménez‐Ruiz Y, Gómez JF, Nieves‐Aldrey JL. Host specialization is ancestral in
Torymus
(Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) cynipid gall parasitoids. ZOOL SCR 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Gil‐Tapetado
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC) Madrid Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Patricia Durán‐Montes
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Jose F. Gómez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
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12
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Córdoba-Aguilar A, San Miguel-Rodríguez M, Rocha-Ortega M, Lanz-Mendoza H, Cime-Castillo J, Benelli G. Adult damselflies as possible regulators of mosquito populations in urban areas. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4274-4287. [PMID: 34086403 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dragonfly and damselfly larvae have been considered as possible biocontrol agents against young instars of mosquito vectors in urban environments. Yet our knowledge about adult odonate predation against mosquito adults is scarce. We quantified daily and annual predation rates, consumption rates and prey preferences of adult Hetaerina vulnerata male damselflies in an urban park. A focus on predation of mosquito species was provided, quantified their arbovirus (dengue, chikungunya and Zika) infection rates and biting activity. RESULTS Foraging times of H. vulnerata overlapped with those of the maximum activity of hematophagous mosquitoes. The most consumed preys were Diptera and Hymenoptera and, in lower quantities, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera, Psocoptera and Neuroptera. Of note, 7% of the diet was represented by hematophagous dipterans, with 2.4% being Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Prey abundance in the diet coincided with that of the same species in the environment. The arboviral infection rate (dengue, chikungunya and Zika) was 1.6% for A. aegypti and A. albopictus. The total biting rate of these mosquito vectors was 16 bites per person per day, while the annual rate of infectious bites was 93.4. CONCLUSION Although 2.4% for both Aedes species seems a low consumption, considering the presence of 12 odonate species at the park, it can be argued that adult odonates may play a relevant role as mosquito vector regulators, therefore impacting the spread of mosquito-borne diseases. Our study outlines the need for further research on the topic of the possible role of adult odonates for mosquito biocontrol. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico
| | | | - Maya Rocha-Ortega
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico
| | - Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Jorge Cime-Castillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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13
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Saqib HSA, Liang P, You M, Gurr GM. Molecular gut content analysis indicates the inter- and intra-guild predation patterns of spiders in conventionally managed vegetable fields. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:9543-9552. [PMID: 34306641 PMCID: PMC8293772 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter- and intra-guild interactions are important in the coexistence of predators and their prey, especially in highly disturbed vegetable cropping systems with sporadic food resources. Assessing the dietary range of a predator taxon characterized by diverse foraging behavior using conventional approaches, such as visual observation and conventional molecular approaches for prey detection, has serious logistical problems. In this study, we assessed the prey compositions and compare the dietary spectrum of a functionally diverge group of predators-spiders-to characterize their trophic interactions and assess biological control potential in Brassica vegetable fields. We used high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and biotic interaction networks to precisely annotate the predation spectrum and highlight the predator-predator and predator-prey interactions. The prey taxa in the gut of all spider families were mainly enriched with insects (including dipterans, coleopterans, orthopterans, hemipterans, and lepidopterans) with lower proportions of arachnids (such as Araneae) along with a wide range of other prey factions. Despite the generalist foraging behavior of spiders, the community structure analysis and interaction networks highlighted the overrepresentation of particular prey taxa in the gut of each spider family, as well as showing the extent of interfamily predation by spiders. Identifying the diverse trophic niche proportions underpins the importance of spiders as predators of pests in highly disturbed agroecosystems. More specifically, combining HTS with advanced ecological community analysis reveals the preferences and biological control potential of particular spider taxa (such as Salticidae against lepidopterans and Pisauridae against dipterans), and so provides a valuable evidence base for targeted conservation biological control efforts in complex trophic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Sohaib Ahmed Saqib
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest ControlMinistry of EducationFuzhouChina
- Institute of Applied EcologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Pingping Liang
- College of the Environment and EcologyXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Minsheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest ControlMinistry of EducationFuzhouChina
- Institute of Applied EcologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian‐Taiwan CropsMinistry of AgricultureFuzhouChina
| | - Geoff M. Gurr
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest ControlMinistry of EducationFuzhouChina
- Institute of Applied EcologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Graham CentreCharles Sturt UniversityOrangeNSWAustralia
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14
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Wolf S, Barmettler E, Eisenring M, Romeis J, Collatz J. Host searching and host preference of resident pupal parasitoids of Drosophila suzukii in the invaded regions. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:243-252. [PMID: 32687647 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In its invaded regions, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is a novel host for the community of resident parasitoids of Drosophila. To attain a high parasitization rate on the novel host, the parasitoids have to locate it and accept it in the presence of other Drosophila hosts. We conducted a laboratory choice experiment and a semifield trial to investigate host searching and host preference of the three pupal parasitoid species Trichopria drosophilae (Perkins), Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) and Spalangia erythromera Förster. RESULTS All three parasitoid species preferred D. suzukii over two common native hosts in the choice experiment. In field cages, most parasitoid offspring emerged from D. suzukii hosts. While P. vindemmiae mainly parasitized hosts in the foliage, most T. drosophilae offspring emerged from pupae presented on the ground. CONCLUSIONS Both P. vindemmiae and T. drosophilae have the potential to find and parasitize D. suzukii in the field. If released early in the season, possible nontarget effects on native Drosophila should be minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wolf
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elias Barmettler
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Eisenring
- Forest Entomology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jörg Romeis
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jana Collatz
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland
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15
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Ye X, Yan Z, Yang Y, Xiao S, Chen L, Wang J, Wang F, Xiong S, Mei Y, Wang F, Yao H, Song Q, Li F, Fang Q, Werren JH, Ye G. A chromosome-level genome assembly of the parasitoid wasp Pteromalus puparum. Mol Ecol Resour 2020; 20:1384-1402. [PMID: 32562592 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps represent a large proportion of hymenopteran species. They have complex evolutionary histories and are important biocontrol agents. To advance parasitoid research, a combination of Illumina short-read, PacBio long-read and Hi-C scaffolding technologies was used to develop a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly for Pteromalus puparum, which is an important pupal endoparasitoid of caterpillar pests. The chromosome-level assembly has aided in studies of venom and detoxification genes. The assembled genome size is 338 Mb with a contig N50 of 38.7 kb and a scaffold N50 of 1.16 Mb. Hi-C analysis assembled scaffolds onto five chromosomes and raised the scaffold N50 to 65.8 Mb, with more than 96% of assembled bases located on chromosomes. Gene annotation was assisted by RNA sequencing for the two sexes and four different life stages. Analysis detected 98% of the BUSCO (Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs) gene set, supporting a high-quality assembly and annotation. In total, 40.1% (135.6 Mb) of the assembly is composed of repetitive sequences, and 14,946 protein-coding genes were identified. Although venom genes play important roles in parasitoid biology, their spatial distribution on chromosomes was poorly understood. Mapping has revealed venom gene tandem arrays for serine proteases, pancreatic lipase-related proteins and kynurenine-oxoglutarate transaminases, which have amplified in the P. puparum lineage after divergence from its common ancestor with Nasonia vitripennis. In addition, there is a large expansion of P450 genes in P. puparum. These examples illustrate how chromosome-level genome assembly can provide a valuable resource for molecular, evolutionary and biocontrol studies of parasitoid wasps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhai Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests & Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Zhichao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests & Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests & Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests & Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Longfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests & Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiale Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests & Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests & Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shijiao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests & Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests & Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests & Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests & Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests & Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests & Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - John H Werren
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Gongyin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests & Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Qi YX, Wang JL, Xu G, Song QS, Stanley D, Fang Q, Ye GY. Biogenic amine biosynthetic and transduction genes in the endoparasitoid wasp Pteromalus puparum (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 103:e21632. [PMID: 31621105 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic amines (BAs), such as octopamine, tyramine, dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine regulate various behaviors and physiological functions in insects. Here, we identified seven genes encoding BA biosynthetic enzymes and 16 genes encoding BA G protein-coupled receptors in the genome of the endoparasitoid wasp, Pteromalus puparum. We compared the genes with their orthologs in its host Pieris rapae and the related ectoparasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis. All the genes show high (>90%) identity to orthologs in N. vitripennis. P. puparum and N. vitripennis have the smallest number of BA receptor genes among the insect species we investigated. We then analyzed the expression profiles of the genes, finding those acting in BA biosynthesis were highly expressed in adults and larvae and those encoding BA receptors are highly expressed in adults than immatures. Octα1R and 5-HT7 genes were highly expressed in salivary glands, and a high messenger RNA level of 5-HT1A was found in venom apparatuses. We infer that BA signaling is a fundamental component of the organismal organization, homeostasis and operation in parasitoids, some of the smallest insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xiang Qi
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Le Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Sheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - David Stanley
- USDA/ARS Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gong-Yin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Bourne A, Fountain MT, Wijnen H, Shaw B. Potential of the European earwig (Forficula auricularia) as a biocontrol agent of the soft and stone fruit pest Drosophila suzukii. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:3340-3345. [PMID: 31066201 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The unintentional introduction of Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) from Asia has caused global economic losses in the soft and stone fruit industries. Pesticide use can have unintended negative impacts on natural enemies, disrupting attempts to incorporate integrated pest management programmes. Generalist predators could potentially act as biocontrol agents of D. suzukii. In this context, the predatory capabilities of the European earwig (Forficula auricularia) were investigated. RESULTS In semi-field conditions, F. auricularia were effective at reducing the reproductive rate of D. suzukii in more densely populated enclosures. In controlled laboratory conditions, significant negative effects of earwigs were observed for both low (three breeding pairs) and high (six breeding pairs) D. suzukii densities. Both semi-field and laboratory experiments revealed that F. auricularia predation on adult D. suzukii could not account for the subsequent reductions in population density. CONCLUSIONS Reductions in both larval and adult offspring in the presence of earwigs indicate an impact on D. suzukii via predation prior to metamorphosis or disruption of oviposition. Although F. auricularia may predate D. suzukii populations, its capacity to act as a biocontrol agent may be limited. However, results suggest that F. auricularia may be a more effective biocontrol agent earlier in the growing season. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bethan Shaw
- University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIAB EMR, East Malling, Kent, UK
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18
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Driscoe AL, Nice CC, Busbee RW, Hood GR, Egan SP, Ott JR. Host plant associations and geography interact to shape diversification in a specialist insect herbivore. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4197-4211. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Driscoe
- Population and Conservation Biology Program Department of Biology Texas State University San Marcos Texas
| | - Chris C. Nice
- Population and Conservation Biology Program Department of Biology Texas State University San Marcos Texas
| | - Robert W. Busbee
- Population and Conservation Biology Program Department of Biology Texas State University San Marcos Texas
| | - Glen R. Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences Wayne State University Detroit Michigan
| | - Scott P. Egan
- Department of Biosciences Rice University Houston Texas
| | - James R. Ott
- Population and Conservation Biology Program Department of Biology Texas State University San Marcos Texas
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19
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Ye Z, Vollhardt IMG, Parth N, Rubbmark O, Traugott M. Facultative bacterial endosymbionts shape parasitoid food webs in natural host populations: A correlative analysis. J Anim Ecol 2018; 87:1440-1451. [PMID: 29928757 PMCID: PMC6099228 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Facultative bacterial endosymbionts can protect their aphid hosts from natural enemies such as hymenopteran parasitoids. As such, they have the capability to modulate interactions between aphids, parasitoids and hyperparasitoids. However, the magnitude of these effects in natural aphid populations and their associated parasitoid communities is currently unknown. Moreover, environmental factors such as plant fertilization and landscape complexity are known to affect aphid–parasitoid interactions but it remains unclear how such environmental factors affect the interplay between aphids, parasitoids and endosymbionts. Here, we tested whether facultative endosymbionts confer protection to parasitoids in natural populations of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae, and if this is affected by plant fertilization and landscape complexity. Furthermore, we examined whether the effects of facultative endosymbionts can cascade up to the hyperparasitoid level and increase primary‐hyperparasitoid food web specialization. Living aphids and mummies were collected in fertilized and unfertilized plots within 13 wheat fields in Central Germany. We assessed the occurrence of primary parasitoid, hyperparasitoid and endosymbiont species in aphids and mummies using a newly established molecular approach. Facultative endosymbiont infection rates were high across fields (~80%), independent of whether aphids were parasitized or unparasitized. Aphid mummies exhibited a significantly lower share of facultative endosymbiont infection (~38%). These findings suggest that facultative endosymbionts do not affect parasitoid oviposition behaviour, but decrease parasitoid survival in the host. Facultative endosymbiont infection rates were lower in mummies collected from fertilized compared to unfertilized plants, indicating that plant fertilization boosts the facultative endosymbiont protective effect. Furthermore, we found strong evidence for species‐specific and negative cascading effects of facultative endosymbionts on primary and hyperparasitoids, respectively. Facultative endosymbionts impacted parasitoid assemblages and increased the specialization of primary‐hyperparasitoid food webs: these effects were independent from and much stronger than other environmental factors. The current findings strongly suggest that facultative endosymbionts act as a driving force in aphid–parasitoid–hyperparasitoid networks: they shape insect community composition at different trophic levels and modulate, directly and indirectly, the interactions between aphids, parasitoids and their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengpei Ye
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ines M G Vollhardt
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nadia Parth
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Oskar Rubbmark
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Traugott
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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20
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Farrokhzadeh H, Moravvej G, Modarres Awal M, Karimi J, Rashed A. Comparison of Molecular and Conventional Methods for Estimating Parasitism Level in the Pomegranate Aphid Aphis punicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 17:110. [PMCID: PMC5691377 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iex087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aphidiinae (Braconidae: Aphidiinae) is a subfamily of endoparasitic wasps specialized in parasitizing aphids. Although, to date, different methods have been used to measure parasitism level, obtaining an accurate estimate remains challenging due to several limiting factors. This study was set to: 1) Compare efficiency of conventional and molecular-based methods in estimating parasitism level of the pomegranate aphid Aphis punicae (Passerini; Hemiptera: Aphididae), and 2) Estimate seasonal activity of the Aphidiinae parasitoids of the pomegranate aphid. The molecular approach (polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) detected the presence of three main parasitoids Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshal; Hymenoptra: Braconidae), Binodoxys angelicae (Haliday; Hymenoptra: Braconidae), and Ephedrus persicae (Frogatt; Hymenoptra: Braconidae). The presence of hyperparasitoid and aphid DNAs did not interfere with the outcome, indicating specificity of the selected primers. Minimum concentrations of DNA needed for successful amplifications were 16.33, 28.65, and 22.65 ng µl−1, for L. fabarum, B. angelicae, and E. persicae, respectively. The level of parasitism was significantly higher in spring (28.42%) than both summer and fall; parasitism level during summer (11.89%) and fall (5.86%) formed a homogeneous statistical subset. Although the overall level of parasitism estimated by PCR (22.7%) was more than twofold higher than those estimated by a conventional counting method (10.5%), there was a strong positive correlation between the two approaches. Provided the potential limitations of either method, simultaneous use of both methods was recommended for an objective estimate of the effectiveness of the Aphidiinae parasitoids as biological control agents of A. punicae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Farrokhzadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Moravvej
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Modarres Awal
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Karimi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arash Rashed
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Aberdeen R&E Center, Aberdeen, ID
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21
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Yang T, Liu J, Yuan L, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Li D, Chen J. Main predators of insect pests: screening and evaluation through comprehensive indices. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:2302-2309. [PMID: 28493463 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predatory natural enemies play key functional roles in integrated pest management. However, the screening and evaluation of the main predators of insect pests has seldom been reported in the field. Here, we employed comprehensive indices for evaluating the predation of a common pest (Ectropis obliqua) by nine common spider species in Chinese tea plantations. RESULTS We established the relative dominance of the spider species and their phenological overlap with the pest species, and analyzed DNA from the nine spider species using targeted real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to identify the residual DNA of E. obliqua. The predation rates and predation numbers per predator were estimated by the positive rates of target fragments and the residual minimum number of E. obliqua in predators' guts, respectively. The results showed that only four spider species preyed on E. obliqua, and the order of potential of the spiders to control E. obliqua from greatest to smallest was Neoscona mellotteei, Xysticus ephippiatus, Evarcha albaria and Coleosoma octomaculatum by the Z-score method. CONCLUSION The orb-weaving spider N. mellotteei has the maximum potential as a biological control agent of E. obliqua in an integrated pest management strategy. An approach of screening and evaluating main predators of insect pests through comprehensive indices was preliminarily established. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingbang Yang
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (CBEE) and Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (CBEE) and Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Longyu Yuan
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (CBEE) and Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (CBEE) and Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (CBEE) and Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Daiqin Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jian Chen
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (CBEE) and Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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22
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Molecular Tools for the Detection and the Identification of Hymenoptera Parasitoids in Tortricid Fruit Pests. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102031. [PMID: 28937594 PMCID: PMC5666713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological control requires specific tools for the accurate detection and identification of natural enemies in order to estimate variations in their abundance and their impact according to changes in environmental conditions or agricultural practices. Here, we developed two molecular methods of detection based on PCR-RFLP with universal primers and on PCR with specific primers to identify commonly occurring larval parasitoids of the tortricid fruit pests and to estimate parasitism in the codling moth. Both methods were designed based on DNA sequences of the COI mitochondrial gene for a range of parasitoids that emerged from Cydia pomonella and Grapholitamolesta caterpillars (102 parasitoids; nine species) and a range of potential tortricid hosts (40 moths; five species) damaging fruits. The PCR-RFLP method (digestion by AluI of a 482 bp COI fragment) was very powerful to identify parasitoid adults and their hosts, but failed to detect parasitoid larvae within eggs or within young C. pomonella caterpillars. The PCR method based on specific primers amplified COI fragments of different lengths (131 to 463 bp) for Ascogaster quadridentata (Braconidae); Pristomerusvulnerator (Ichneumonidae); Trichomma enecator (Ichneumonidae); and Perilampus tristis (Perilampidae), and demonstrated a higher level of sensibility than the PCR-RFLP method. Molecular estimations of parasitism levels in a natural C. pomonella population with the specific primers did not differ from traditional estimations based on caterpillar rearing (about 60% parasitism in a non-treated apple orchard). These PCR-based techniques provide information about within-host parasitoid assemblage in the codling moth and preliminary results on the larval parasitism of major tortricid fruit pests.
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23
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Ye Z, Vollhardt IMG, Girtler S, Wallinger C, Tomanovic Z, Traugott M. An effective molecular approach for assessing cereal aphid-parasitoid-endosymbiont networks. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3138. [PMID: 28600542 PMCID: PMC5466676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02226-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular approaches are increasingly being used to analyse host-parasitoid food webs as they overcome several hurdles inherent to conventional approaches. However, such studies have focused primarily on the detection and identification of aphids and their aphidiid primary parasitoids, largely ignoring primary parasitoid-hyperparasitoid interactions or limiting these to a few common species within a small geographical area. Furthermore, the detection of bacterial secondary endosymbionts has not been considered in such assays despite the fact that endosymbionts may alter aphid-parasitoid interactions, as they can confer protection against parasitoids. Here we present a novel two-step multiplex PCR (MP-PCR) protocol to assess cereal aphid-primary parasitoid-hyperparasitoid-endosymbiont interactions. The first step of the assay allows detection of parasitoid DNA at a general level (24 primary and 16 hyperparasitoid species) as well as the species-specific detection of endosymbionts (3 species) and cereal aphids (3 species). The second step of the MP-PCR assay targets seven primary and six hyperparasitoid species that commonly occur in Central Europe. Additional parasitoid species not covered by the second-step of the assay can be identified via sequencing 16S rRNA amplicons generated in the first step of the assay. The approach presented here provides an efficient, highly sensitive, and cost-effective (~consumable costs of 1.3 € per sample) tool for assessing cereal aphid-parasitoid-endosymbiont interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengpei Ye
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Ines M G Vollhardt
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Girtler
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Corinna Wallinger
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zeljko Tomanovic
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Michael Traugott
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Kamenova S, Bartley T, Bohan D, Boutain J, Colautti R, Domaizon I, Fontaine C, Lemainque A, Le Viol I, Mollot G, Perga ME, Ravigné V, Massol F. Invasions Toolkit. ADV ECOL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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25
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Liang GH, Jang EB, Heller WP, Chang CL, Chen JH, Zhang FP, Geib SM. A qPCR-based method for detecting parasitism of Fopius arisanus (Sonan) in oriental fruit flies, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2015; 71:1666-1674. [PMID: 25641860 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitism detection and species identification are necessary in fruit fly biological control. Currently, release of mass-reared Fopius arisanus is practiced worldwide, as it is effective in controlling Bactrocera dorsalis and Ceratitis capitata. To detect and assess parasitism in parasitoid mass-rearing colonies and parasitism levels in field populations across all life stages of hosts, the development of a rapid, specific and sensitive method is important. RESULTS A species-specific probe was designed for F. arisanus, as well as a universal tephritid probe. Utilizing rapid DNA extraction techniques coupled with quantitative-PCR, a simple and fast assay has been developed to detect parasitism of F. arisanus that is sensitive enough to detect the parasitoid across all developmental stages, including a single egg per host egg or 0.25 ng of parasitoid DNA in 40 ng of host DNA. The qPCR methods also detect a higher parasitism rate when compared with rearing-based methods where parasitism rate is based on wasp emergence and where unemerged wasps are not included. CONCLUSION This method is a rapid, sensitive and specific technique to determine the parasitism rate of F. arisanus across all life stages of B. dorsalis, which will be useful to predict parasitoid output from mass rearing and evaluate the outcome of pest suppression after mass release in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Hong Liang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Forestry, Fuzhou, China
| | | | | | | | - Jia Hua Chen
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Plant Protection, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fei Ping Zhang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Forestry, Fuzhou, China
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26
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Vercken E, Fauvergue X, Ris N, Crochard D, Mailleret L. Temporal autocorrelation in host density increases establishment success of parasitoids in an experimental system. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:2684-93. [PMID: 26257880 PMCID: PMC4523363 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental variation is classically expected to affect negatively population growth and to increase extinction risk, and it has been identified as a major determinant of establishment failures in the field. Yet, recent theoretical investigations have shown that the structure of environmental variation and more precisely the presence of positive temporal autocorrelation might alter this prediction. This is particularly likely to affect the establishment dynamics of biological control agents in the field, as host–parasitoid interactions are expected to induce temporal autocorrelation in host abundance. In the case where parasitoid populations display overcompensatory dynamics, the presence of such positive temporal autocorrelation should increase their establishment success in a variable environment. We tested this prediction in laboratory microcosms by introducing parasitoids to hosts whose abundances were manipulated to simulate uncorrelated or positively autocorrelated variations in carrying capacity. We found that environmental variability decreased population size and increased parasitoid population variance, which is classically expected to extinction risk. However, although exposed to significant environmental variation, we found that parasitoid populations experiencing positive temporal autocorrelation in host abundance were more likely to persist than populations exposed to uncorrelated variation. These results confirm that environmental variation is a key determinant of extinction dynamics that can have counterintuitive effects depending on its autocorrelation structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Vercken
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France ; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France ; CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Xavier Fauvergue
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France ; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France ; CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Nicolas Ris
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France ; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France ; CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Didier Crochard
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France ; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France ; CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Ludovic Mailleret
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France ; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France ; CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France ; INRIA, Biocore 06902, Sophia Antipolis, France
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Faircloth BC, Branstetter MG, White ND, Brady SG. Target enrichment of ultraconserved elements from arthropods provides a genomic perspective on relationships among Hymenoptera. Mol Ecol Resour 2015; 15:489-501. [PMID: 25207863 PMCID: PMC4407909 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gaining a genomic perspective on phylogeny requires the collection of data from many putatively independent loci across the genome. Among insects, an increasingly common approach to collecting this class of data involves transcriptome sequencing, because few insects have high-quality genome sequences available; assembling new genomes remains a limiting factor; the transcribed portion of the genome is a reasonable, reduced subset of the genome to target; and the data collected from transcribed portions of the genome are similar in composition to the types of data with which biologists have traditionally worked (e.g. exons). However, molecular techniques requiring RNA as a template, including transcriptome sequencing, are limited to using very high-quality source materials, which are often unavailable from a large proportion of biologically important insect samples. Recent research suggests that DNA-based target enrichment of conserved genomic elements offers another path to collecting phylogenomic data across insect taxa, provided that conserved elements are present in and can be collected from insect genomes. Here, we identify a large set (n = 1510) of ultraconserved elements (UCEs) shared among the insect order Hymenoptera. We used in silico analyses to show that these loci accurately reconstruct relationships among genome-enabled hymenoptera, and we designed a set of RNA baits (n = 2749) for enriching these loci that researchers can use with DNA templates extracted from a variety of sources. We used our UCE bait set to enrich an average of 721 UCE loci from 30 hymenopteran taxa, and we used these UCE loci to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships spanning very old (≥220 Ma) to very young (≤1 Ma) divergences among hymenopteran lineages. In contrast to a recent study addressing hymenopteran phylogeny using transcriptome data, we found ants to be sister to all remaining aculeate lineages with complete support, although this result could be explained by factors such as taxon sampling. We discuss this approach and our results in the context of elucidating the evolutionary history of one of the most diverse and speciose animal orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brant C Faircloth
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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Dieckhoff C, Theobald JC, Wäckers FL, Heimpel GE. Egg load dynamics and the risk of egg and time limitation experienced by an aphid parasitoid in the field. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:1739-50. [PMID: 24963373 PMCID: PMC4063472 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect parasitoids and herbivores must balance the risk of egg limitation and time limitation in order to maximize reproductive success. Egg and time limitation are mediated by oviposition and egg maturation rates as well as by starvation risk and other determinants of adult lifespan. Here, we assessed egg load and nutritional state in the soybean aphid parasitoid Binodoxys communis under field conditions to estimate its risk of becoming either egg- or time-limited. The majority of female B. communis showed no signs of egg limitation. Experimental field manipulations of B. communis females suggested that an average of 4-8 eggs were matured per hour over the course of a day. Regardless, egg loads remained constant over the course of the day at approximately 80 eggs, suggesting that egg maturation compensates for oviposition. This is the first case of such "egg load buffering" documented for a parasitoid in the field. Despite this buffering, egg loads dropped slightly with increasing host (aphid) density. This suggests that egg limitation could occur at very high host densities as experienced in outbreak years in some locations in the Midwestern USA. Biochemical analyses of sugar profiles showed that parasitoids fed upon sugar in the field at a remarkably high rate. Time limitation through starvation thus seems to be very low and aphid honeydew is most likely a source of dietary sugar for these parasitoids. This latter supposition is supported by the fact that body sugar levels increase with host (aphid) density. Together, these results suggest that fecundity of B. communis benefits from both dynamic egg maturation strategies and sugar-feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Dieckhoff
- Department of Entomology & Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - Julian C Theobald
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, Lancaster University Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Felix L Wäckers
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, Lancaster University Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - George E Heimpel
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota St Paul, Minnesota, 55108
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29
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Romeis J, Meissle M, Alvarez-Alfageme F, Bigler F, Bohan DA, Devos Y, Malone LA, Pons X, Rauschen S. Potential use of an arthropod database to support the non-target risk assessment and monitoring of transgenic plants. Transgenic Res 2014; 23:995-1013. [PMID: 24633599 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-014-9791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, plants obtained through genetic modification are subject to a risk analysis and regulatory approval before they can enter the market. An area of concern addressed in environmental risk assessments is the potential of genetically modified (GM) plants to adversely affect non-target arthropods and the valued ecosystem services they provide. Environmental risk assessments are conducted case-by-case for each GM plant taking into account the plant species, its trait(s), the receiving environments into which the GM plant is to be released and its intended uses, and the combination of these characteristics. To facilitate the non-target risk assessment of GM plants, information on arthropods found in relevant agro-ecosystems in Europe has been compiled in a publicly available database of bio-ecological information during a project commissioned by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Using different hypothetical GM maize case studies, we demonstrate how the information contained in the database can assist in identifying valued species that may be at risk and in selecting suitable species for laboratory testing, higher-tier studies, as well as post-market environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Romeis
- Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences (ISS), Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046, Zurich, Switzerland,
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30
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Havard S, Pélissier C, Ponsard S, Campan EDM. Suitability of three Ostrinia species as hosts for Macrocentrus cingulum: a comparison of their encapsulation abilities. INSECT SCIENCE 2014; 21:93-102. [PMID: 23956040 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Two cornborer species, Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and O. nubilalis, are major corn pests in Asia and Europe, respectively. In both continents, the larval endoparasitoid Macrocentrus cingulum (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) develops on another, closely related stemborer, O. scapulalis, which feeds on mugwort and other dicotyledons. M. cingulum also emerges from O. furnacalis in Asia and O. nubilalis in North America, but not from O. nubilalis in Europe. We assessed the ability of three populations of each of the three Ostrinia species to encapsulate foreign bodies of a size similar to that of a M. cingulum egg. We conclude that variations in encapsulation ability alone cannot account for the differences observed in the field between parasite emergence rates in these different host species and geographic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Havard
- Université de Toulouse, INP, UPS, EcoLab, 31062, Toulouse; CNRS, EcoLab, 31062, Toulouse, France
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31
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Piñol J, San Andrés V, Clare EL, Mir G, Symondson WOC. A pragmatic approach to the analysis of diets of generalist predators: the use of next-generation sequencing with no blocking probes. Mol Ecol Resour 2013; 14:18-26. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Piñol
- Univ. Autònoma Barcelona; Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193 Spain
- CREAF; Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193 Spain
- Cardiff School of Biosciences; Cardiff University; Sir Martin Evans Building Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX UK
| | - V. San Andrés
- Cardiff School of Biosciences; Cardiff University; Sir Martin Evans Building Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX UK
| | - E. L. Clare
- Cardiff School of Biosciences; Cardiff University; Sir Martin Evans Building Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX UK
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences; Queen Mary, University of London; Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK
| | - G. Mir
- Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (CRAG) CSIC IRTA UAB UB; Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193 Spain
| | - W. O. C. Symondson
- Cardiff School of Biosciences; Cardiff University; Sir Martin Evans Building Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX UK
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32
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Traugott M, Kamenova S, Ruess L, Seeber J, Plantegenest M. Empirically Characterising Trophic Networks. ADV ECOL RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420002-9.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Jenkins C, Chapman TA, Micallef JL, Reynolds OL. Molecular Techniques for the Detection and Differentiation of Host and Parasitoid Species and the Implications for Fruit Fly Management. INSECTS 2012; 3:763-88. [PMID: 26466628 PMCID: PMC4553589 DOI: 10.3390/insects3030763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parasitoid detection and identification is a necessary step in the development and implementation of fruit fly biological control strategies employing parasitoid augmentive release. In recent years, DNA-based methods have been used to identify natural enemies of pest species where morphological differentiation is problematic. Molecular techniques also offer a considerable advantage over traditional morphological methods of fruit fly and parasitoid discrimination as well as within-host parasitoid identification, which currently relies on dissection of immature parasitoids from the host, or lengthy and labour-intensive rearing methods. Here we review recent research focusing on the use of molecular strategies for fruit fly and parasitoid detection and differentiation and discuss the implications of these studies on fruit fly management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Jenkins
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia.
| | - Toni A Chapman
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia.
| | - Jessica L Micallef
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia.
| | - Olivia L Reynolds
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia.
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Moreno-Ripoll R, Gabarra R, Symondson WOC, King RA, Agustí N. Trophic relationships between predators, whiteflies and their parasitoids in tomato greenhouses: a molecular approach. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2012; 102:415-423. [PMID: 22314013 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485311000836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The whiteflies Bemisia tabaci Gennadius and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are two of the main pests in tomato crops. Their biological control in Mediterranean IPM systems is based on the predators Macrolophus pygmaeus (Rambur) and Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter (Hemiptera: Miridae), as well as on the parasitoids Eretmocerus mundus (Mercet) and Encarsia pergandiella Howard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). These natural enemies may interact with each other and their joint use could interfere with the biological control of those whitefly pests. Analysis of predator-prey interactions under field conditions is therefore essential in order to optimize whitefly control. Species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-primers were designed to detect DNA fragments of these whiteflies and parasitoids within both predator species in tomato greenhouses. We demonstrated that both predators feed on both whitefly species, as well as on both parasitoids under greenhouse conditions. Prey molecular detection was possible where prey abundance was very low or even where predation was not observed under a microscope. Whitefly DNA detection was positively correlated with adult whitefly abundance in the crop. However, a significant relationship was not observed between parasitoid DNA detection and the abundance of parasitoid pupae, even though the predation rate on parasitoids was high. This unidirectional intraguild predation (predators on parasitoids) could potentially reduce their combined impact on their joint prey/host. Prey molecular detection provided improved detection of prey consumption in greenhouse crops, as well as the possibility to identify which prey species were consumed by each predator species present in the greenhouse, offering a blueprint with wider applicability to other food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Moreno-Ripoll
- IRTA, Entomology, Ctra. de Cabrils, Km. 2, E-08348 Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Gabarra
- IRTA, Entomology, Ctra. de Cabrils, Km. 2, E-08348 Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
| | - W O C Symondson
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - R A King
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - N Agustí
- IRTA, Entomology, Ctra. de Cabrils, Km. 2, E-08348 Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
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Derocles SAP, Plantegenest M, Simon JC, Taberlet P, Le Ralec A. A universal method for the detection and identification of Aphidiinae parasitoids within their aphid hosts. Mol Ecol Resour 2012; 12:634-45. [PMID: 22414242 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2012.03131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Molecular methods are increasingly used to detect and identify parasites in their hosts. However, existing methods are generally not appropriate for studying complex host-parasite interactions because they require prior knowledge of species composition. DNA barcoding is a molecular method that allows identifying species using DNA sequences as an identification key. We used DNA amplification with primers common to aphid parasitoids and sequencing of the amplified fragment to detect and identify parasitoids in their hosts, without prior knowledge on the species potentially present. To implement this approach, we developed a method based on 16S rRNA mitochondrial gene and LWRh nuclear gene. First, we designed two primer pairs specific to Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera), the main group of aphid parasitoids. Second, we tested whether the amplified regions could correctly identify Aphidiinae species and found that 61 species were accurately identified of 75 tested. We then determined the ability of each primer pair to detect immature parasitoids inside their aphid host. Detection was earlier for 16S than for LWRh, with parasitoids detected, respectively, 24 and 48 h after egg injection. Finally, we applied this method to assess parasitism rate in field populations of several aphid species. The interest of this tool for analysing aphid-parasitoid food webs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane A P Derocles
- INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université de Rennes 1, UMR1099 BiO3P (Biology of Organisms and Populations applied to Plant Protection), 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, CS 84215, 35 042 Rennes Cedex, France
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Pumariño L, Alomar O, Agustí N. Development of specific ITS markers for plant DNA identification within herbivorous insects. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2011; 101:271-6. [PMID: 21092379 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485310000465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
DNA-based techniques have proved to be very useful methods to study trophic relationships between pests and their natural enemies. However, most predators are best defined as omnivores, and the identification of plant-specific DNA should also allow the identification of the plant species the predators have been feeding on. In this study, a PCR approach based on the development of specific primers was developed as a self-marking technique to detect plant DNA within the gut of one heteropteran omnivorous predator (Macrolophus pygmaeus) and two lepidopteran pest species (Helicoverpa armigera and Tuta absoluta). Specific tomato primers were designed from the ITS 1-2 region, which allowed the amplification of a tomato DNA fragment of 332 bp within the three insect species tested in all cases (100% of detection at t=0) and did not detect DNA of other plants nor of the starved insects. Plant DNA half-lives at 25°C ranged from 5.8 h, to 27.7 h and 28.7 h within M. pygmaeus, H. armigera and T. absoluta, respectively. Tomato DNA detection within field-collected M. pygmaeus suggests dietary mixing in this omnivorous predator and showed a higher detection of tomato DNA in females and nymphs than males. This study provides a useful tool to detect and to identify plant food sources of arthropods and to evaluate crop colonization from surrounding vegetation in conservation biological control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pumariño
- IRTA, Entomology, Carretera de Cabrils Km. 2, Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
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Hrcek J, Miller SE, Quicke DLJ, Smith MA. Molecular detection of trophic links in a complex insect host-parasitoid food web. Mol Ecol Resour 2011; 11:786-94. [PMID: 21535428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previously, host-parasitoid links have been unveiled almost exclusively by time-intensive rearing, while molecular methods were used only in simple agricultural host-parasitoid systems in the form of species-specific primers. Here, we present a general method for the molecular detection of these links applied to a complex caterpillar-parasitoid food web from tropical rainforest of Papua New Guinea. We DNA barcoded hosts, parasitoids and their tissue remnants and matched the sequences to our extensive library of local species. We were thus able to match 87% of host sequences and 36% of parasitoid sequences to species and infer subfamily or family in almost all cases. Our analysis affirmed 93 hitherto unknown trophic links between 37 host species from a wide range of Lepidoptera families and 46 parasitoid species from Hymenoptera and Diptera by identifying DNA sequences for both the host and the parasitoid involved in the interaction. Molecular detection proved especially useful in cases where distinguishing host species in caterpillar stage was difficult morphologically, or when the caterpillar died during rearing. We have even detected a case of extreme parasitoid specialization in a pair of Choreutis species that do not differ in caterpillar morphology and ecology. Using the molecular approach outlined here leads to better understanding of parasitoid host specificity, opens new possibilities for rapid surveys of food web structure and allows inference of species associations not already anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hrcek
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia and Biology Center, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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SANTOS ANAMC, BESNARD GUILLAUME, QUICKE DONALDLJ. Applying DNA barcoding for the study of geographical variation in host–parasitoid interactions. Mol Ecol Resour 2010; 11:46-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ANA M. C. SANTOS
- Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
- Universidade dos Açores, Dep. de Ciências Agrárias – CITA‐A (Azorean Biodiversity Group), Terra‐Chã, 9700‐851 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - GUILLAUME BESNARD
- Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - DONALD L. J. QUICKE
- Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
- Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
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PÉLISSIÉ B, PONSARD S, TOKAREV YS, AUDIOT P, PÉLISSIER C, SABATIER R, MEUSNIER S, CHAUFAUX J, DELOS M, CAMPAN E, MALYSH JM, FROLOV AN, BOURGUET D. Did the introduction of maize into Europe provide enemy-free space toOstrinia nubilalis? Parasitism differences between two sibling species of the genusOstrinia. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:350-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Traugott M, Bell JR, Broad GR, Powell W, van Veen FJF, Vollhardt IMG, Symondson WOC. Endoparasitism in cereal aphids: molecular analysis of a whole parasitoid community. Mol Ecol 2008; 17:3928-38. [PMID: 18662231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03878.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Insect parasitoids play a major role in terrestrial food webs as they are highly diverse, exploit a wide range of niches and are capable of affecting host population dynamics. Formidable difficulties are encountered when attempting to quantify host-parasitoid and parasitoid-parasitoid trophic links in diverse parasitoid communities. Here we present a DNA-based approach to effectively track trophic interactions within an aphid-parasitoid food web, targeting, for the first time, the whole community of parasitoids and hyperparasitods associated with a single host. Using highly specific and sensitive multiplex and singleplex polymerase chain reaction, endoparasitism in the grain aphid Sitobion avenae (F) by 11 parasitoid species was quantified. Out of 1061 aphids collected during 12 weeks in a wheat field, 18.9% were found to be parasitized. Parasitoids responded to the supply of aphids, with the proportion of aphids parasitized increasing monotonically with date, until the aphid population crashed. In addition to eight species of primary parasitoids, DNA from two hyperparasitoid species was detected within 4.1% of the screened aphids, with significant hyperparasitoid pressure on some parasitoid species. In 68.2% of the hyperparasitized aphids, identification of the primary parasitoid host was also possible, allowing us to track species-specific parasitoid-hyperparasitoid links. Nine combinations of primary parasitoids within a single host were found, but only 1.6% of all screened aphids were multiparasitized. The potential of this approach to parasitoid food web research is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Traugott
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK.
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Gariepy T, Kuhlmann U, Gillott C, Erlandson M. A large-scale comparison of conventional and molecular methods for the evaluation of host-parasitoid associations in non-target risk-assessment studies. J Appl Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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ZHANG GUIFEN, LÜ ZHICHUANG, WAN FANGHAO, LÖVEI GÁBORL. Real-time PCR quantification of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) B-biotype remains in predator guts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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DNA-based taxonomy for associating adults and larvae in multi-species assemblages of chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 44:436-49. [PMID: 17420144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA sequences provide a universal character system in taxonomy for associating all developmental stages of organisms, but ambiguity arises due to genetic variation within species. The problem is compounded where target groups are less well studied or incompletely represented in DNA databases. Here we investigate the utility of DNA for larval-adult species associations within chafer (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) communities from four sites in the tropical lowlands of Nepal. We sequenced ca. 1600 bp of mitochondrial cox1 and rrnL and 700 bp of nuclear 28S rRNA from 250 larval and adult specimens. Individuals were grouped into putative species using statistical parsimony analysis and population aggregation analysis (PAA), whereby specimens from each locality were grouped according to the presence of diagnostic nucleotides. In addition, species membership was determined based on shifts in branching rates on clock-constrained trees to detect the putative transition from speciation to population coalescence patterns. Using these two methods we delineated between 48 and 56 groups, of which 16-20 were composed of larval and adult individuals. Nuclear and mtDNA-based groups were highly congruent; variation of 28S rRNA within groups was very low, while one widespread 28S rRNA genotype was universally found in a paraphyletic group of five mtDNA clusters. Linnean names could be assigned to 19 groups, and hence between 86.1% and 92.7% of larval specimens could be associated to species by their membership in clearly delineated groups that contained fully identified adults. The remaining larvae were delineated as five species, four of which could be assigned to Anomala or Adoretus based on their phylogenetic position. We conclude that the sequence variation was highly structured in this complex assemblage of chafers and that any given individual (larva or adult) can be readily associated with a particular DNA group using the criterion of diagnos ability. The association of different developmental stages therefore becomes a matter of determining the extent of the DNA-based groups, rather than matching of sequences from adult and larval individuals. This indicates the need for a purely sequence-based taxonomic system when associating different life stages via DNA.
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Greenstone MH. Molecular methods for assessing insect parasitism. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2006; 96:1-13. [PMID: 16441900 DOI: 10.1079/ber2005402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Determining insect parasitism rates is problematic due to the small size and lack of useful distinguishing morphological characters of many parasitoid taxa. To solve this problem, entomologists have employed one of four general methods to detect parasitoid protein or nucleic acid markers: serological assay; random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR); allozyme electrophoresis; or specific PCR. Serological methods, especially with monoclonal antibodies, are unrivalled for specificity, enabling discrimination at the stage as well as species level. However, they have not found favour with many workers, possibly due to complexity and expense. RAPD-PCR has been widely used, but can only be recommended for restricted applications because of its poor reproducibility. Allozyme electrophoresis provides reproducible detection and discrimination of closely related species. Specific-PCR is highly specific and reproducible, and also has the shortest latency for detection, usually 24 h or less after parasitization. The substantial existing literature on allozyme electrophoresis and specific PCR is used to support recommendations on what are apt to be fruitful enzyme systems or genomic regions for detecting and discriminating parasitoids in untried parasitoid-host assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Greenstone
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Insect Biocontrol Laboratory. Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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