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Baka RD, Kuleš J, Beletić A, Farkaš V, Rešetar Maslov D, Ljubić BB, Rubić I, Mrljak V, McLaughlin M, Eckersall D, Polizopoulou Z. Quantitative serum proteome analysis using tandem mass tags in dogs with epilepsy. J Proteomics 2024; 290:105034. [PMID: 37879566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.105034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
This study included four groups of dogs (group A: healthy controls, group B: idiopathic epilepsy receiving antiepileptic medication (AEM), group C: idiopathic epilepsy without AEM, group D: structural epilepsy). Comparative quantitative proteomic analysis of serum samples among the groups was the main target of the study. Samples were analyzed by a quantitative Tandem-Mass-Tags approach on the Q-Exactive-Plus Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap mass-spectrometer. Identification and relative quantification were performed in Proteome Discoverer. Data were analyzed using R. Gene ontology terms were analyzed based on Canis lupus familiaris database. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD041129. Eighty-one proteins with different relative adundance were identified in the four groups and 25 were master proteins (p < 0.05). Clusterin (CLU), and apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1) had higher abundance in the three groups of dogs (groups B, C, D) compared to controls. Amine oxidase (AOC3) was higher in abundance in group B compared to groups C and D, and lower in group A. Adiponectin (ADIPOQ) had higher abundance in groups C compared to group A. ADIPOQ and fibronectin (FN1) had higher abundance in group B compared to group C and D. Peroxidase activity assay was used to quantify HP abundance change, validating and correlating with proteomic analysis (r = 0.8796). SIGNIFICANCE: The proteomic analysis of serum samples from epileptic dogs indicated potential markers of epilepsy (CLU), proteins that may contribute to nerve tissue regeneration (APOA1), and contributing factors to epileptogenesis (AOC3). AEM could alter extracellular matrix proteins (FN1). Illness (epilepsy) severity could influence ADIPOQ abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania D Baka
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Josipa Kuleš
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anđelo Beletić
- Laboratory of proteomics, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Farkaš
- Laboratory of proteomics, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dina Rešetar Maslov
- Laboratory of proteomics, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Blanka Beer Ljubić
- Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Rubić
- Laboratory of proteomics, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Mrljak
- Laboratory of proteomics, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marκ McLaughlin
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences,University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - David Eckersall
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences,University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Zoe Polizopoulou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Danielli M, Thomas RC, Quinn LM, Tan BK. Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) in vascular inflammatory diseases. VASA 2022; 51:341-350. [DOI: 10.1024/0301-1526/a001031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Summary: Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) also known as amino oxidase copper containing 3 (AOC3) is a pro-inflammatory and versatile molecule with adhesive and enzymatic properties. VAP-1 is a primary amine oxidase belonging to the semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) family, which catalyzes the oxidation of primary amines leading to the production of ammonium, formaldehyde, methylglyoxal, and hydrogen peroxide. VAP-1 is mainly expressed by endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, adipocytes and pericytes. It is involved in a repertoire of biological functions, e.g., immune cell extravasation, angiogenesis, and vascularization. Research into VAP-1 has intensified within the last decade on its role as a novel clinical biomarker and as a potential therapeutic target of vascular inflammatory disorders such as atherosclerosis, stroke, diabetes, neurovascular disorders (e.g., Alzheimer’s Disease), hepatic disease (e.g., non-alcoholic steatohepatitis), and skin conditions (e.g., psoriasis). This is the most up-to-date and comprehensive review on VAP-1 focusing on the translational aspects of VAP-1. Compared to recent reviews, our review provides novel insights on VAP-1 and heart failure, stroke and frailty, diabetes, endometriosis, osteoarthritis, COVID-19, conjunctivitis associated systemic lupus erythematosus, hematopoietic stem cells, gliomas, treatment of colorectal cancer with a novel VAP-1 inhibitor (U-V269), promoting recovery of motor functions and habit learning with a novel VAP-1 inhibitor (PXS-4681A), and 68Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9, a labelled peptide of Siglec-9 (a VAP-1 ligand), which appears to be a safe PET tracer for inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Finally, we present the emerging role of VAP-1 in pregnancy as a gatekeeper of immune cells, which are critical for spiral arterial remodeling, the deficiency of which could lead to vascular disorders of pregnancy such as preeclampsia. Future research should prioritize clinical trials on VAP-1 small-molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, thus, maximizing the potential of VAP-1 targeted therapy as well as research into sVAP-1 as a clinical biomarker of diseases and its prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Danielli
- Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lauren Marie Quinn
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bee Kang Tan
- Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Diabetes Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
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3
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Li H, Du S, Niu P, Gu X, Wang J, Zhao Y. Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 (VAP-1)/Semicarbazide-Sensitive Amine Oxidase (SSAO): A Potential Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:679707. [PMID: 34322017 PMCID: PMC8312380 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.679707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is a semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), whose enzymatic activity regulates the adhesion/exudation of leukocytes in/from blood vessels. Due to its abundant expressions in vascular systems and prominent roles in inflammations, increasing attentions have been paid to the roles of VAP-1/SSAO in atherosclerosis, a chronic vascular inflammation that eventually drives clinical cardiovascular events. Clinical studies have demonstrated a potential value of soluble VAP-1 (sVAP-1) for the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. Recent findings revealed that VAP-1 is expressed in atherosclerotic plaques and treatment with VAP-1 inhibitors alleviates the progression of atherosclerosis. This review will focus on the roles of VAP-1/SSAO in the progression of atherosclerotic lesions and therapeutic potentials of VAP-1 inhibitors for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Du
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Panpan Niu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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4
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Maglinger B, Sands M, Frank JA, McLouth CJ, Trout AL, Roberts JM, Grupke S, Turchan-Cholewo J, Stowe AM, Fraser JF, Pennypacker KR. Intracranial VCAM1 at time of mechanical thrombectomy predicts ischemic stroke severity. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:109. [PMID: 33971895 PMCID: PMC8111916 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Emergent large vessel occlusion (ELVO) strokes are devastating ischemic vascular events for which novel treatment options are needed. Using vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) as a prototype, the objective of this study was to identify proteomic biomarkers and network signaling functions that are potential therapeutic targets for adjuvant treatment for mechanical thrombectomy. Methods The blood and clot thrombectomy and collaboration (BACTRAC) study is a continually enrolling tissue bank and registry from stroke patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy. Plasma proteins from intracranial (distal to clot) and systemic arterial blood (carotid) were analyzed by Olink Proteomics for N=42 subjects. Statistical analysis of plasma proteomics used independent sample t tests, correlations, linear regression, and robust regression models to determine network signaling and predictors of clinical outcomes. Data and network analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics, SAS v 9.4, and STRING V11. Results Increased systemic (p<0.001) and intracranial (p=0.013) levels of VCAM1 were associated with the presence of hypertension. Intracranial VCAM1 was positively correlated to both infarct volume (p=0.032; r=0.34) and edema volume (p=0.026; r=0.35). The %∆ in NIHSS from admittance to discharge was found to be significantly correlated to both systemic (p=0.013; r = −0.409) and intracranial (p=0.011; r = −0.421) VCAM1 levels indicating elevated levels of systemic and intracranial VCAM1 are associated with reduced improvement of stroke severity based on NIHSS from admittance to discharge. STRING-generated analyses identified biologic functional descriptions as well as function-associated proteins from the predictive models of infarct and edema volume. Conclusions The current study provides novel data on systemic and intracranial VCAM1 in relation to stroke comorbidities, stroke severity, functional outcomes, and the role VCAM1 plays in complex protein-protein signaling pathways. These data will allow future studies to develop predictive biomarkers and proteomic targets for drug development to improve our ability to treat a devastating pathology. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02157-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benton Maglinger
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Madison Sands
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Frank
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | | | - Amanda L Trout
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Jill M Roberts
- Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Stephen Grupke
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroendovascular Surgery, Covenant Medical Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jadwiga Turchan-Cholewo
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Ann M Stowe
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Justin F Fraser
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Keith R Pennypacker
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. .,Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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5
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Overview of the Neuroprotective Effects of the MAO-Inhibiting Antidepressant Phenelzine. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:225-242. [PMID: 33839994 PMCID: PMC8732914 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phenelzine (PLZ) is a monoamine oxidase (MAO)-inhibiting antidepressant with anxiolytic properties. This multifaceted drug has a number of pharmacological and neurochemical effects in addition to inhibition of MAO, and findings on these effects have contributed to a body of evidence indicating that PLZ also has neuroprotective/neurorescue properties. These attributes are reviewed in this paper and include catabolism to the active metabolite β-phenylethylidenehydrazine (PEH) and effects of PLZ and PEH on the GABA-glutamate balance in brain, sequestration of reactive aldehydes, and inhibition of primary amine oxidase. Also discussed are the encouraging findings of the effects of PLZ in animal models of stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, and multiple sclerosis, as well other actions such as reduction of nitrative stress, reduction of the effects of a toxin on dopaminergic neurons, potential anticonvulsant actions, and effects on brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neural cell adhesion molecules, an anti-apoptotic factor, and brain levels of ornithine and N-acetylamino acids.
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6
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Unzeta M, Hernàndez-Guillamon M, Sun P, Solé M. SSAO/VAP-1 in Cerebrovascular Disorders: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Stroke and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073365. [PMID: 33805974 PMCID: PMC8036996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), also known as vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) or primary amine oxidase (PrAO), is a deaminating enzyme highly expressed in vessels that generates harmful products as a result of its enzymatic activity. As a multifunctional enzyme, it is also involved in inflammation through its ability to bind and promote the transmigration of circulating leukocytes into inflamed tissues. Inflammation is present in different systemic and cerebral diseases, including stroke and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). These pathologies show important affectations on cerebral vessels, together with increased SSAO levels. This review summarizes the main roles of SSAO/VAP-1 in human physiology and pathophysiology and discusses the mechanisms by which it can affect the onset and progression of both stroke and AD. As there is an evident interrelationship between stroke and AD, basically through the vascular system dysfunction, the possibility that SSAO/VAP-1 could be involved in the transition between these two pathologies is suggested. Hence, its inhibition is proposed to be an interesting therapeutical approach to the brain damage induced in these both cerebral pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Unzeta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Auònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Mar Hernàndez-Guillamon
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934-896-766
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Montse Solé
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
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7
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Solé M, Esteban-Lopez M, Taltavull B, Fábregas C, Fadó R, Casals N, Rodríguez-Álvarez J, Miñano-Molina AJ, Unzeta M. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction underlying Alzheimer's disease is induced by an SSAO/VAP-1-dependent cerebrovascular activation with enhanced Aβ deposition. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:2189-2202. [PMID: 31047972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctions of the vascular system directly contribute to the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The blood-brain barrier (BBB) shows signs of malfunction at early stages of the disease. When Abeta peptide (Aβ) is deposited on brain vessels, it induces vascular degeneration by producing reactive oxygen species and promoting inflammation. These molecular processes are also related to an excessive SSAO/VAP-1 (semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase) enzymatic activity, observed in plasma and in cerebrovascular tissue of AD patients. We studied the contribution of vascular SSAO/VAP-1 to the BBB dysfunction in AD using in vitro BBB models. Our results show that SSAO/VAP-1 expression is associated to endothelial activation by altering the release of pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic angioneurins, most highly IL-6, IL-8 and VEGF. It is also related to a BBB structure alteration, with a decrease in tight-junction proteins such as zona occludens or claudin-5. Moreover, the BBB function reveals increased permeability and leukocyte adhesion in cells expressing SSAO/VAP-1, as well as an enhancement of the vascular Aβ deposition induced by mechanisms both dependent and independent of the enzymatic activity of SSAO/VAP-1. These results reveal an interesting role of vascular SSAO/VAP-1 in BBB dysfunction related to AD progression, opening a new window in the search of alternative therapeutic targets for fighting AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Solé
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Neurosciences (INc), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María Esteban-Lopez
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Neurosciences (INc), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Biel Taltavull
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Neurosciences (INc), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Fábregas
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Neurosciences (INc), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rut Fadó
- Basic Sciences Department, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Núria Casals
- Basic Sciences Department, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose Rodríguez-Álvarez
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Neurosciences (INc), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Alfredo J Miñano-Molina
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Neurosciences (INc), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Unzeta
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Neurosciences (INc), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Baker G, Matveychuk D, MacKenzie EM, Holt A, Wang Y, Kar S. Attenuation of the effects of oxidative stress by the MAO-inhibiting antidepressant and carbonyl scavenger phenelzine. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 304:139-147. [PMID: 30857888 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phenelzine (β-phenylethylhydrazine) is a monoamine oxidase (MAO)-inhibiting antidepressant with anxiolytic properties. It possesses a number of important pharmacological properties which may alter the effects of oxidative stress. After conducting a comprehensive literature search, the authors of this review paper aim to provide an overview and discussion of the mechanisms by which phenelzine may attenuate oxidative stress. It inhibits γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transaminase, resulting in elevated brain GABA levels, inhibits both MAO and primary amine oxidase and, due to its hydrazine-containing structure, reacts chemically to sequester a number of reactive aldehydes (e.g. acrolein and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal) proposed to be implicated in oxidative stress in a number of neurodegenerative disorders. Phenelzine is unusual in that it is both an inhibitor of and a substrate for MAO, the latter action producing at least one active metabolite, β-phenylethylidenehydrazine (PEH). This metabolite inhibits GABA transaminase, is a very weak inhibitor of MAO but a strong inhibitor of primary amine oxidase, and sequesters aldehydes. Phenelzine may ameliorate the effects of oxidative stress by reducing formation of reactive metabolites (aldehydes, hydrogen peroxide, ammonia/ammonia derivatives) produced by the interaction of MAO with biogenic amines, by sequestering various other reactive aldehydes and by inhibiting primary amine oxidase. In PC12 cells treated with the neurotoxin MPP+, phenelzine has been reported to reduce several adverse effects of MPP+. It has also been reported to reduce lipid peroxidative damage induced in plasma and platelet proteins by peroxynitrite. In animal models, phenelzine has a neuroprotective effect in global ischemia and in cortical impact traumatic brain injury. Recent studies reported in the literature on the possible involvement of acrolein in spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis indicate that phenelzine can attenuate adverse effects of acrolein in these models. Results from studies in our laboratories on effects of phenelzine and PEH on primary amine oxidase (which catalyzes formation of toxic aldehydes and is overexpressed in Alzheimer's disease), on sequestration of the toxic aldehyde acrolein, and on reduction of acrolein-induced toxicity in mouse cortical neurons are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Baker
- Department of Psychiatry (Neurochemical Research Unit), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Dmitriy Matveychuk
- Department of Psychiatry (Neurochemical Research Unit), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Erin M MacKenzie
- Department of Psychiatry (Neurochemical Research Unit), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Andrew Holt
- Department of Psychiatry (Neurochemical Research Unit), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry (Neurochemical Research Unit), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Satyabrata Kar
- Department of Psychiatry (Neurochemical Research Unit), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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9
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Elo P, Tadayon S, Liljenbäck H, Teuho J, Käkelä M, Koskensalo K, Saunavaara V, Virta J, Veres TZ, Kiviniemi A, Saraste A, Marjamäki P, Airas L, Jalkanen S, Roivainen A. Vascular adhesion protein-1 is actively involved in the development of inflammatory lesions in rat models of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:128. [PMID: 29716612 PMCID: PMC5930736 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is an inflammation-inducible endothelial cell molecule and primary amine oxidase that mediates leukocyte entry to sites of inflammation. However, there is limited knowledge of the inflammation-related expression of VAP-1 in the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, we investigated the expression of VAP-1 within the CNS vasculature in two focal rat models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mimicking multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods EAE was induced either with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, resulting in a delayed-type hypersensitivity-like pathogenesis (fDTH-EAE), or with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (fMOG-EAE). A subgroup of fMOG-EAE rats were treated daily with a selective VAP-1 inhibitor (LJP1586; 5 mg/kg). On 3 and 14 days after lesion activation, rat brains were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ex vivo autoradiography was conducted to evaluate the binding of Gallium-68-labelled VAP-1 ligand. Histology and immunohistochemistry (OX-42, VAP-1, intercellular adhesion protein-1 [ICAM-1], P-selectin) supported the ex vivo autoradiography. Results EAE lesions showed MRI-detectable signal changes and binding of the VAP-1-targeting radiotracer in both rat models. Some of the VAP-1 positive vessels showed morphological features typical for high endothelial-like venules at sites of inflammation. Inhibition of VAP-1 activity with small molecule inhibitor, LJP1586, decreased lymphocyte density in the acute inflammatory phase of fMOG-EAE lesions (day 3, P = 0.026 vs. untreated), but not in the remission phase (day 14, P = 0.70 vs. untreated), and had no effect on the amount of OX-42-positive cells in either phase. LJP1586 treatment reduced VAP-1 and ICAM-1 expression in the acute inflammatory phase, whereas P-selectin remained not detectable at all studied stages of the disease. Conclusions Our results revealed that VAP-1 is expressed and functionally active in vasculature within the induced focal EAE lesions during the acute phase of inflammation and remains expressed after the acute inflammation has subsided. The study indicates that VAP-1 is actively involved in the development of inflammatory CNS lesions. During this process, the endothelial cell lesion-related vasculature seem to undergo a structural transformation from regular flat-walled endothelium to HEV-like endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri Elo
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Sina Tadayon
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.,Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Liljenbäck
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.,Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Jarmo Teuho
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.,Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Meeri Käkelä
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Kalle Koskensalo
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Virva Saunavaara
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.,Department of Medical physics, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Jenni Virta
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Tibor Z Veres
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Aida Kiviniemi
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.,Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.,Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Saraste
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Päivi Marjamäki
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Airas
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.,Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Roivainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland. .,Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520, Turku, Finland. .,Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.
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10
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Comparison of the diagnostic values of vascular adhesion protein-1 and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein in the diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischemia. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2018; 45:545-553. [DOI: 10.1007/s00068-018-0944-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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11
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Sun P, Hernandez-Guillamón M, Campos-Martorell M, Simats A, Montaner J, Unzeta M, Solé M. Simvastatin blocks soluble SSAO/VAP-1 release in experimental models of cerebral ischemia: Possible benefits for stroke-induced inflammation control. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:542-553. [PMID: 29175057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Beyond cholesterol reduction, statins mediate their beneficial effects on stroke patients through pleiotropic actions. They have shown anti-inflammatory properties by a number of different mechanisms, including the inhibition of NF-κB transcriptional activity and the consequent increase and release of adhesion molecules. We have studied simvastatin's effects on the vascular enzyme semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase/vascular adhesion protein 1 (SSAO/VAP-1), which is involved in stroke-mediated brain injury. SSAO/VAP-1 has leukocyte-binding capacity and mediates the expression of other adhesion proteins through signaling molecules generated by its catalytic activity. Our results indicate that soluble SSAO/VAP-1 is released into the bloodstream after an ischemic stimulus, in parallel with an increase in E-selectin and VCAM-1 and correlating with infarct volume. Simvastatin blocks soluble SSAO/VAP-1 release and prevents E-selectin and VCAM-1 overexpression as well. Simvastatin also effectively blocks SSAO/VAP-1-mediated leukocyte adhesion, although it is not an enzymatic inhibitor of SSAO in vitro. In addition, simvastatin-induced changes in adhesion molecules are greater in human brain endothelial cell cultures expressing SSAO/VAP-1, compared to those not expressing it, indicating some synergic effect with SSAO/VAP-1. We think that part of the beneficial effect of simvastatin in stroke is mediated by the attenuation of the SSAO/VAP-1-dependent inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Sun
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Hernandez-Guillamón
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Campos-Martorell
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Simats
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Unzeta
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Montse Solé
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Zhang Y, Yi W, Yao J, Yu X, Qian C, Hu Z. Hypoxia serves a key function in the upregulated expression of vascular adhesion protein‑1 in vitro and in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock. Mol Med Rep 2017. [PMID: 28627649 PMCID: PMC5562078 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic shock following major trauma results in mortality, but the function of vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), implicated in intracranial hemorrhage, remains unknown. This study aimed to determine whether expression of the AOC3 gene and its encoded protein, VAP-1, is altered by hypoxia. Rat hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (RHSECs) and rat intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (RIMECs) were transduced with a viral vector carrying AOC3, and AOC3 mRNA expression levels were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. VAP-1 protein expression levels were measured by western blot analysis and compared between normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Following this, AOC3 mRNA and VAP-1 protein expression levels in hepatic and intestinal tissues were assessed in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock with or without fluid resuscitation; and serum semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) activity was measured by fluorometric assays. The effects of 2-bromoethylamine (2-BEA) on AOC3/VAP-1 levels and 24 h survival were investigated. AOC3 mRNA and VAP-1 protein levels were increased in RHSECs and RIMECs by hypoxia, and in hepatic and intestinal tissues from rats following hemorrhagic shock. Hypoxia increased serum SSAO activity in these animals. 2-BEA reduced AOC3 mRNA and VAP-1 protein levels in hepatic and intestinal tissues from rats following hemorrhagic shock, and appeared to improve survival in animals not receiving resuscitation following hemorrhagic shock. In conclusion, hemorrhagic shock upregulates AOC3/VAP-1 expressions, and this potentially occurs via hypoxia. Therefore, inhibition of VAP-1 may be beneficial in the setting of hemorrhagic shock. Further studies are required to confirm these findings and to establish whether VAP-1 may be a valid target for the development of novel therapies for hemorrhagic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yi
- Department of General Surgery, China People's Liberation Army No. 94 Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330002, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Yu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Department of General Surgery, Huzhou Maternity & Child Care Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqian Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
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13
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Di Giovanni G, Svob Strac D, Sole M, Unzeta M, Tipton KF, Mück-Šeler D, Bolea I, Della Corte L, Nikolac Perkovic M, Pivac N, Smolders IJ, Stasiak A, Fogel WA, De Deurwaerdère P. Monoaminergic and Histaminergic Strategies and Treatments in Brain Diseases. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:541. [PMID: 27932945 PMCID: PMC5121249 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The monoaminergic systems are the target of several drugs for the treatment of mood, motor and cognitive disorders as well as neurological conditions. In most cases, advances have occurred through serendipity, except for Parkinson's disease where the pathophysiology led almost immediately to the introduction of dopamine restoring agents. Extensive neuropharmacological studies first showed that the primary target of antipsychotics, antidepressants, and anxiolytic drugs were specific components of the monoaminergic systems. Later, some dramatic side effects associated with older medicines were shown to disappear with new chemical compounds targeting the origin of the therapeutic benefit more specifically. The increased knowledge regarding the function and interaction of the monoaminergic systems in the brain resulting from in vivo neurochemical and neurophysiological studies indicated new monoaminergic targets that could achieve the efficacy of the older medicines with fewer side-effects. Yet, this accumulated knowledge regarding monoamines did not produce valuable strategies for diseases where no monoaminergic drug has been shown to be effective. Here, we emphasize the new therapeutic and monoaminergic-based strategies for the treatment of psychiatric diseases. We will consider three main groups of diseases, based on the evidence of monoamines involvement (schizophrenia, depression, obesity), the identification of monoamines in the diseases processes (Parkinson's disease, addiction) and the prospect of the involvement of monoaminergic mechanisms (epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, stroke). In most cases, the clinically available monoaminergic drugs induce widespread modifications of amine tone or excitability through neurobiological networks and exemplify the overlap between therapeutic approaches to psychiatric and neurological conditions. More recent developments that have resulted in improved drug specificity and responses will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Montse Sole
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Unzeta
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Keith F. Tipton
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland
| | - Dorotea Mück-Šeler
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic InstituteZagreb, Croatia
| | - Irene Bolea
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Nela Pivac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic InstituteZagreb, Croatia
| | - Ilse J. Smolders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Vrije Universiteit BrusselBrussels, Belgium
| | - Anna Stasiak
- Department of Hormone Biochemistry, Medical University of LodzLodz, Poland
| | - Wieslawa A. Fogel
- Department of Hormone Biochemistry, Medical University of LodzLodz, Poland
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293), Institut of Neurodegenerative DiseasesBordeaux Cedex, France
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14
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Kostoro J, Chang SJ, Clark Lai YC, Wu CC, Chai CY, Kwan AL. Overexpression of vascular adhesion protein-1 is associated with poor prognosis of astrocytomas. APMIS 2016; 124:462-8. [PMID: 26935340 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is one of the endothelial adhesion molecules that is believed to play a role in tumor progression and metastasis, supporting cancer cell extravasation. Very few studies have been performed on analyzing the contribution of VAP-1 in brain tumor. Astrocytomas are the most common type of brain tumors, which are classified by World Health Organization (WHO) into four grades according to the degree of malignancy. This study was designed to investigate VAP-1 expression level in different astrocytoma grades and its correlation with clinicopathological features as well as prognosis of astrocytoma patients. Eighty-seven patients with different grades of astrocytoma (WHO Grade I-Grade IV) were enrolled in this study. The expression of VAP-1 was assayed by immunohistochemistry. The correlation between VAP-1 expression and clinicopathological features was evaluated by Chi-square test, and overall survival was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method. Cox regression analysis was applied to analyze the independent influence of each parameter on overall survival. The expression level of VAP-1 was significantly higher in diffuse astrocytoma than those of pilocytic astrocytoma (p < 0.0001). In the subgroup analysis, upregulated VAP-1 expression was frequently found in older age patients (≥50 years). The VAP-1 expression was found to be significantly correlated with the overall survival (p = 0.0002). There was a statistical correlation between VAP-1(high) tumors in diffuse astrocytoma and VAP-1(low) tumors in pilocytic astrocytoma (p < 0.0001). Multivariate Cox analysis indicated VAP-1 was an independent predictive marker for poorer prognosis (p = 0.0036). Therefore, VAP-1 could be a promising prognostic biomarker in astrocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kostoro
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Jyuan Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chang Clark Lai
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Wu
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Yin Chai
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Aij-Lie Kwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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15
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Sun P, Esteban G, Inokuchi T, Marco-Contelles J, Weksler BB, Romero IA, Couraud PO, Unzeta M, Solé M. Protective effect of the multitarget compound DPH-4 on human SSAO/VAP-1-expressing hCMEC/D3 cells under oxygen-glucose deprivation conditions: an in vitro experimental model of cerebral ischaemia. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:5390-402. [PMID: 26362823 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are related pathologies in which the cerebrovascular system is involved. Plasma levels of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase/vascular adhesion protein 1 (SSAO/VAP-1, also known as Primary Amine Oxidase -PrAO) are increased in both stroke and AD patients and contribute to the vascular damage. During inflammation, its enzymatic activity mediates leukocyte recruitment to the injured tissue, inducing damage in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neuronal tissue. We hypothesized that by altering cerebrovascular function, SSAO/VAP-1 might play a role in the stroke-AD transition. Therefore, we evaluated the protective effect of the novel multitarget-directed ligand DPH-4, initially designed for AD therapy, on the BBB. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A human microvascular brain endothelial cell line expressing human SSAO/VAP-1 was generated, as the expression of SSAO/VAP-1 is lost in cultured cells. To simulate ischaemic damage, these cells were subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) and re-oxygenation conditions. The protective role of DPH-4 was then evaluated in the presence of methylamine, an SSAO substrate, and/or β-amyloid (Aβ). KEY RESULTS Under our conditions, DPH-4 protected brain endothelial cells from OGD and re-oxygenation-induced damage, and also decreased SSAO-dependent leukocyte adhesion. DPH-4 was also effective at preventing the damage induced by OGD and re-oxygenation in the presence of Aβ as a model of AD pathology. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS From these results, we concluded that the multitarget compound DPH-4 might be of therapeutic benefit to delay the onset and/or progression of the neurological pathologies associated with stroke and AD, which appear to be linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sun
- Institut de Neurociències i Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular. Edifici M, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Esteban
- Institut de Neurociències i Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular. Edifici M, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Inokuchi
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - J Marco-Contelles
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General (CSIC), 3 Juan de la Cierva, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - B B Weksler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - I A Romero
- Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - P O Couraud
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - M Unzeta
- Institut de Neurociències i Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular. Edifici M, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Solé
- Institut de Neurociències i Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular. Edifici M, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Solé M, Miñano-Molina AJ, Unzeta M. A cross-talk between Aβ and endothelial SSAO/VAP-1 accelerates vascular damage and Aβ aggregation related to CAA-AD. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:762-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Matveychuk D, Nunes E, Ullah N, Aldawsari FS, Velázquez-Martínez CA, Baker GB. Elevation of rat brain tyrosine levels by phenelzine is mediated by its active metabolite β-phenylethylidenehydrazine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 53:67-73. [PMID: 24607770 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Phenelzine, a non-selective irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO), has been used in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders for several decades. It is a unique inhibitor of MAO as it is also a substrate for MAO, with one of the metabolites being β-phenylethylidenehydrazine (PEH), and it also inhibits several transaminases (e.g. GABA transaminase) in the brain when administered i.p. to rats. Administration of either phenelzine or PEH to rats has been reported to produce dramatic increases in rat brain levels of GABA and alanine while reducing levels of glutamine; these effects are abolished for phenelzine, but not for PEH, when the animals are pre-treated with another MAO inhibitor, suggesting that they are mediated by the MAO-catalyzed formation of PEH from phenelzine. In the present report, we have found that phenelzine and E- and Z-geometric isomers of PEH significantly increased rat whole brain concentrations of L-tyrosine. In a time-response study, acute administration of phenelzine, E-PEH and Z-PEH (30 mg/kg i.p.) elevated rat whole brain L-tyrosine levels at 3 and 6h following injection, reaching approximately 265-305% of vehicle-treated controls at 3h. To determine whether the effect on L-tyrosine is MAO-dependent, animals were pre-treated with the non-selective MAO inhibitor tranylcypromine (1mg/kg i.p.) prior to administration of phenelzine, racemic PEH or vehicle controls. This pre-treatment reversed the effects of phenelzine, but not of PEH, on brain L-tyrosine levels, suggesting that the tyrosine-elevating property of phenelzine is largely the result of its active metabolite PEH. These results are discussed in relation to possible therapeutic applications of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Matveychuk
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Emerson Nunes
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Nasir Ullah
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Fahad S Aldawsari
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | | | - Glen B Baker
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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18
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Chen S, Feng H, Sherchan P, Klebe D, Zhao G, Sun X, Zhang J, Tang J, Zhang JH. Controversies and evolving new mechanisms in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 115:64-91. [PMID: 24076160 PMCID: PMC3961493 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of study, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) continues to be a serious and significant health problem in the United States and worldwide. The mechanisms contributing to brain injury after SAH remain unclear. Traditionally, most in vivo research has heavily emphasized the basic mechanisms of SAH over the pathophysiological or morphological changes of delayed cerebral vasospasm after SAH. Unfortunately, the results of clinical trials based on this premise have mostly been disappointing, implicating some other pathophysiological factors, independent of vasospasm, as contributors to poor clinical outcomes. Delayed cerebral vasospasm is no longer the only culprit. In this review, we summarize recent data from both experimental and clinical studies of SAH and discuss the vast array of physiological dysfunctions following SAH that ultimately lead to cell death. Based on the progress in neurobiological understanding of SAH, the terms "early brain injury" and "delayed brain injury" are used according to the temporal progression of SAH-induced brain injury. Additionally, a new concept of the vasculo-neuronal-glia triad model for SAH study is highlighted and presents the challenges and opportunities of this model for future SAH applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Damon Klebe
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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19
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Sun P, Solé M, Unzeta M. Involvement of SSAO/VAP-1 in oxygen-glucose deprivation-mediated damage using the endothelial hSSAO/VAP-1-expressing cells as experimental model of cerebral ischemia. Cerebrovasc Dis 2014; 37:171-80. [PMID: 24503888 DOI: 10.1159/000357660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the acute phase of ischemic stroke, endothelial cells are activated and induce the expression of adhesion molecules. Vascular adhesion protein 1 (VAP-1) is a proinflammatory protein that mediates leukocyte recruitment through its semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) activity (EC 1.4.3.21). Plasmatic SSAO activity predicts the appearance of parenchymal hemorrhages after tissue plasminogen activator treatment in ischemic stroke patients, and it is increased as well in hemorrhagic stroke patients. The aim of this study has been to elucidate the role of SSAO/VAP-1 present in endothelial cells during ischemic stroke conditions. METHODS Based on the use of endothelial cells expressing, or not expressing, the human SSAO/VAP-1 protein, we have set up an easy ischemic model using oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) as an experimental approach to the stroke process. Different OGD and reoxygenation conditions have been analyzed. Western blotting has been used to analyze the activated apoptotic pathways. Several metalloproteinase inhibitors were also used to determine their role in the SSAO/VAP-1 release from the membrane of endothelial cells to the culture media, as a soluble form. Adhesion assays were also performed in order to assess the SSAO/VAP-1-dependent leukocyte adhesion to the endothelia under different OGD and reoxygenation conditions. RESULTS Our results show that SSAO/VAP-1 expression increases the susceptibility of endothelial cells to OGD, and that its enzymatic activity, through specific substrate oxidation, increases vascular cell damage under these experimental conditions. Caspase-3 and caspase-8 are activated during the death process. In addition, OGD constitutes a stimulus for soluble SSAO/VAP-1 release, partly mediated by metalloproteinase-2-dependent shedding. Short-time OGD induces SSAO/VAP-1-dependent leukocyte binding on endothelial cells, which is partly dependent on its enzymatic activity. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that SSAO/VAP-1 could participate in some of the processes occurring during stroke. Its expression in endothelial cells increases the OGD-associated cell damage. SSAO/VAP-1 mediates also part of the tissue damage during the reoxygenation process by oxidizing its known enzymatic substrate, methylamine. Also, OGD constitutes a stimulus for its soluble-form release, found elevated in many pathological conditions including stroke. OGD induces SSAO-dependent leukocyte-binding activity, which may have consequences in disease progression, since leukocyte infiltration has shown a determinant role in cerebral ischemia. For all the stroke-related processes in which SSAO/VAP-1 participates, it would be an interesting therapeutic target. Therefore, this model will be a very useful tool for the screening of new molecules as therapeutic agents for cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Sun
- Institut de Neurociències i Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Matveychuk D, Nunes E, Ullah N, Velázquez-Martinez CA, MacKenzie EM, Baker GB. Comparison of phenelzine and geometric isomers of its active metabolite, β-phenylethylidenehydrazine, on rat brain levels of amino acids, biogenic amine neurotransmitters and methylamine. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 120:987-96. [PMID: 23392617 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-0978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Phenelzine is a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor used in treatment of depression and anxiety disorders. It also elevates brain levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and inhibits primary amine oxidase (PrAO), an enzyme whose activity and/or expression has been reported to be increased in diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disorders. Phenelzine is not only an inhibitor of, but also a substrate for, MAO and it has been suggested that an active metabolite, namely β-phenylethylidenehydrazine (PEH), is responsible for phenelzine's effects on amino acids. PEH is also a strong inhibitor of PrAO but has weak effects on MAO. PEH has a double bond and can thus exist as (E)- and (Z)-geometric isomers, but to date the two isomers have not been compared with regard to their neurochemical effects. We have investigated the effects of phenelzine, (E)- and (Z)-PEH on rat whole brain levels of amino acids, biogenic amine neurotransmitters and methylamine (an endogenous substrate of PrAO). Under the conditions used in the study, (E)- and (Z)-PEH appear to be equivalent in their neurochemical properties. Both PEH isomers and phenelzine produced marked increases in rat brain levels of GABA and alanine while decreasing brain levels of glutamine. Phenelzine increased brain levels of biogenic amine neurotransmitters (noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin), whereas neither PEH isomer altered levels of these neurotransmitters to a considerable extent. All three drugs significantly increased rat brain levels of methylamine, with (E)- and (Z)-PEH causing a greater increase than phenelzine. These results are discussed in relation to the possible therapeutic applications of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Matveychuk
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada.
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Prabowo AS, Iyer AM, Anink JJ, Spliet WGM, van Rijen PC, Aronica E. Differential expression of major histocompatibility complex class I in developmental glioneuronal lesions. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:12. [PMID: 23347564 PMCID: PMC3565983 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The expression of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) in the brain has received considerable interest not only because of its fundamental role in the immune system, but also for its non-immune functions in the context of activity-dependent brain development and plasticity. Methods In the present study we evaluated the expression and cellular pattern of MHC-I in focal glioneuronal lesions associated with intractable epilepsy. MHC-I expression was studied in epilepsy surgery cases with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD I, n = 6; FCD IIa, n = 6 and FCD IIb, n = 15), tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC, cortical tubers; n = 6) or ganglioglioma (GG; n = 15) using immunocytochemistry. Evaluation of T lymphocytes with granzyme-B+ granules and albumin immunoreactivity was also performed. Results All lesions were characterized by MHC-I expression in blood vessels. Expression in both endothelial and microglial cells as well as in neurons (dysmorphic/dysplastic neurons) was observed in FCD II, TSC and GG cases. We observed perivascular and parenchymal T lymphocytes (CD8+, T-cytotoxic) with granzyme-B+ granules in FCD IIb and TSC specimens. Albumin extravasation, with uptake in astrocytes, was observed in FCD IIb and GG cases. Conclusions Our findings indicate a prominent upregulation of MHC-I as part of the immune response occurring in epileptogenic glioneuronal lesions. In particular, the induction of MHC-I in neuronal cells appears to be a feature of type II FCD, TSC and GG and may represent an important accompanying event of the immune response, associated with blood–brain barrier dysfunction, in these developmental lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avanita S Prabowo
- Department of Neuro Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
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Valente T, Gella A, Solé M, Durany N, Unzeta M. Immunohistochemical study of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase/vascular adhesion protein-1 in the hippocampal vasculature: Pathological synergy of Alzheimer's disease and diabetes mellitus. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:1989-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Hernandez-Guillamon M, Solé M, Delgado P, García-Bonilla L, Giralt D, Boada C, Penalba A, García S, Flores A, Ribó M, Alvarez-Sabin J, Ortega-Aznar A, Unzeta M, Montaner J. VAP-1/SSAO plasma activity and brain expression in human hemorrhagic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2011; 33:55-63. [PMID: 22133888 DOI: 10.1159/000333370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is a cell surface and circulating enzyme that belongs to the semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) family, which oxidatively deaminates primary amines and is implicated in leukocyte extravasation. Our aim was to investigate the alteration of soluble VAP-1/SSAO activity in plasma samples after acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and its presence in human ICH brain tissue. METHODS VAP-1/SSAO activity was determined in plasma of 66 ICH patients and 58 healthy controls. In addition, we assessed the expression of VAP-1/SSAO in postmortem brain tissue from hemorrhagic stroke patients by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We observed significantly higher levels of plasma VAP-1/SSAO activity in patients with ICH compared to matched elderly controls (p = 0.001). Plasma VAP-1/SSAO activity <2.7 pmol/min·mg and baseline ICH volume <17 ml were independent predictors of neurological improvement after 48 h (OR 6.8, 95% CI 1.14-41.67, p = 0.035, and OR 10.64, 95% CI 1.1-100, p = 0.041, respectively), after adjustment for baseline stroke severity. We also found that membrane-bound VAP-1/SSAO levels were lower in the perihematoma region than in the corresponding contralateral brain areas of patients deceased due to ICH (p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that plasma VAP-1/SSAO activity is increased in ICH and predicts neurological outcome, suggesting a possible contribution of the soluble protein in secondary brain damage. Furthermore, anti-VAP-1/SSAO strategies might be a promising approach to prevent neurological worsening following ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Hernandez-Guillamon
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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Dunkel P, Balogh B, Meleddu R, Maccioni E, Gyires K, Mátyus P. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase/vascular adhesion protein-1: a patent survey. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:1453-71. [PMID: 21675926 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.594040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1)/semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) is an adhesion protein involved in leukocyte trafficking and inflammatory processes, with a special amine oxidase activity. Inhibitors have been mainly developed for treating chronic inflammatory disorders. The utility of inhibitors as antiangiogenic agents in ophthalmological and oncological diseases is currently under evaluation. SSAO substrates may mimic several insulin effects, although their utility for the treatment of diabetes is still far from being fully understood. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews the patent literature of SSAO/VAP-1 inhibitors and substrates, for the period of 1990 - 2010. The current stage of SSAO/VAP-1-interacting agents published in patents is described, along with their chemical structures and pharmacological uses. EXPERT OPINION SSAO/VAP-1 is a promising anti-inflammatory target. Another important field for therapeutic application of these inhibitors may be ophthalmology, due to their antiangiogenic effects. SSAO substrates might also be of therapeutic value in the treatment of diabetes; however, more extensive research has to be undertaken to validate this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Dunkel
- Semmelweis University, Department of Organic Chemistry , Hőgyes Endre utca 7, 1092 Budapest , Hungary
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Vascular adhesion protein-1 inhibition provides antiinflammatory protection after an intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:881-93. [PMID: 20877383 PMCID: PMC3063621 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The systemic immune response has a vital role in propagating the damage of an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), a semicarbazide (SCZ)-sensitive-amine-oxidase, was found in previous studies to have a role in migration of immune cells. In this study, we hypothesize that VAP-1 inhibition may decrease brain injury by attenuating the transmigration of immune cells to the injury site, and by doing so, reduce cerebral edema and improve neurobehavioral function in mice. Two VAP-1 inhibitors, LJP1586 and SCZ were given 1 hour after ICH induction by either collagenase or autologous blood injection. The VAP-1 siRNA, a VAP-1 gene silencer, and human recombinant AOC3 protein, a VAP-1 analogue, were delivered by intracerebroventricular injection. Postassessment included neurobehavioral testing, brain edema measurement, quantification of neutrophil infiltration and microglia/macrophage activation, and measurement of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), P-selectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression 24 hours after ICH. We found that LJP1586 and SCZ reduced brain edema and neurobehavioral deficits 24 hours after ICH induction. These two drugs were also found to decrease levels of ICAM-1, MCP-1, TNF-α, and inhibit neutrophilic infiltration and microglia/macrophage activation. We conclude that VAP-1 inhibition provided antiinflammation effect by reducing adhesion molecule expression and immune cell infiltration after ICH.
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Yang W, Li H, Luo H, Luo W. Inhibition of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in an in vivo rat model. Life Sci 2011; 88:302-6. [PMID: 21146547 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study tested the hypothesis that the inhibition of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) after ischemia could attenuate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. MAIN METHODS Anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent myocardial I/R injury. Saline, semicarbazide (SCZ, 30 mg/kg), hydralazine (HYD, 10mg/kg), or LJP 1207 (30 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 3 min before reperfusion. After 30 min of ischemia and 180 min of reperfusion, the myocardial infarct size was determined using nitroblue tetrazolium staining. Myocardial myeloperoxidase activity was determined through biochemical assay. HE staining was used for histopathological evaluation. Myocardial SSAO activity was assayed with high performance liquid chromatography analysis. Additionally, the endothelial expression of P-selectin was evaluated using immunohistochemistry after 30 min of ischemia and 20 min of reperfusion. KEY FINDINGS Myocardial SSAO activity was increased in myocardial I/R injury. Administration of SCZ, HYD, or LJP 1207 reduced the myocardial infarct size and decreased leukocyte infiltration and endothelial P-selectin expression in myocardial I/R injury in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE These data suggest that myocardial I/R injury up-regulates myocardial SSAO activity, and the inhibition of SSAO prior to reperfusion is able to attenuate acute myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Bioanalytical Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
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Hernandez-Guillamon M, Garcia-Bonilla L, Solé M, Sosti V, Parés M, Campos M, Ortega-Aznar A, Domínguez C, Rubiera M, Ribó M, Quintana M, Molina CA, Alvarez-Sabín J, Rosell A, Unzeta M, Montaner J. Plasma VAP-1/SSAO activity predicts intracranial hemorrhages and adverse neurological outcome after tissue plasminogen activator treatment in stroke. Stroke 2010; 41:1528-35. [PMID: 20538694 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.110.584623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is a cell surface and circulating enzyme involved in recruitment of lymphocytes and neutrophils through its semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) activity. We aimed to study plasma VAP-1/SSAO activity in relation to the risk for intracranial bleeding complications in patients with stroke treated with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), the greatest safety concern with this treatment. METHODS In 141 patients with ischemic stroke, we measured VAP-1/SSAO activity in plasma taken before tPA administration. Hemorrhagic events were classified according to brain CT criteria and functional outcomes evaluated using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. We also assessed the potential therapeutic effect of blocking VAP-1/SSAO activity in a rat embolic stroke model treated with tPA. RESULTS We saw significantly higher levels of plasma VAP-1/SSAO activity in patients who subsequently experienced hemorrhagic transformation. Elevated plasma VAP-1/SSAO activity also predicted worse neurological outcome in these patients. In the rat model, we confirmed that use of the inhibitor semicarbazide prevented adverse effects caused by delayed tPA administration, leading to a smaller infarct volume. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that baseline VAP-1/SSAO activity predicts parenchymal hemorrhage after tPA, suggesting the safety of thrombolytic agents could be improved by considering VAP-1/SSAO activity. Furthermore, anti-VAP-1/SSAO drugs given with tPA may prevent neurological worsening in patients with ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Hernandez-Guillamon
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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