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Abstract
Life is about timing. -Carl LewisThe understanding of autoimmune type 1 diabetes is increasing, and examining etiology separate from pathogenesis has become crucial. The components to explain type 1 diabetes development have been known for some time. The strong association with HLA has been researched for nearly 50 years. Genome-wide association studies added another 60+ non-HLA genetic factors with minor contribution to risk. Insulitis has long been known to be present close to clinical diagnosis. T and B cells recognizing β-cell autoantigens are detectable prior to diagnosis and in newly diagnosed patients. Islet autoantibody tests against four major autoantigens have been standardized and used as biomarkers of islet autoimmunity. However, to clarify the etiology would require attention to time. Etiology may be defined as the cause of a disease (i.e., type 1 diabetes) or abnormal condition (i.e., islet autoimmunity). Timing is everything, as neither the prodrome of islet autoimmunity nor the clinical onset of type 1 diabetes tells us much about the etiology. Rather, the islet autoantibody that appears first and persists would mark the diagnosis of an autoimmune islet disease (AID). Events after the diagnosis of AID would represent the pathogenesis. Several islet autoantibodies without (stage 1) or with impaired glucose tolerance (stage 2) or with symptoms (stage 3) would define the pathogenesis culminating in clinical type 1 diabetes. Etiology would be about the timing of events that take place before the first-appearing islet autoantibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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2
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Lewandowski Ł, Urbanowicz I, Kepinska M, Milnerowicz H. Concentration/activity of superoxide dismutase isozymes and the pro-/antioxidative status, in context of type 2 diabetes and selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (genes: INS, SOD1, SOD2, SOD3) - Preliminary findings. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111396. [PMID: 33761612 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The alterations in concentration/activity of superoxide dismutase isozymes in the context of type 2 diabetes or obesity are well-described. Moreover, many hereditary factors, including single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes for coding insulin, insulin receptors, or insulin receptor substrates (INS, INSR, IRS1, IRS2) or superoxide dismutase isozymes (SOD1, SOD2, SOD3), have been linked with the incidence of obesity and diabetes. However, the underlying changes in the plasma concentration/activity of superoxide dismutase isozymes and their potential connection with the said hereditary factors remain unexplored. Previously, we have observed that the plasma concentration/activity of superoxide dismutase isozymes differs in the context of obesity and/or rs2234694 (SOD1) and rs4880 (SOD2) and that the concentrations of SOD1, SOD2, SOD3 are correlated with each other. Intersexual variability of SOD1 concentration was detected regardless of obesity. In this study, the variability of concentration/activity of superoxide dismutase isozymes in plasma is considered in the context of type 2 diabetes and/or SNPs: rs2234694 (SOD1), rs5746105 (SOD2), rs4880 (SOD2), rs927450 (SOD2), rs8192287 (SOD3). Genotypic variability of SNP rs3842729 (INS), previously studied in the context of insulin-dependent diabetes, is investigated in terms of selected clinical parameters associated with type 2 diabetes. This study revealed higher SOD1 concentration in diabetic men compared to women, and extremely high SOD1 concentration, higher total superoxide dismutase, and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase activity, and lower superoxide dismutase and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase activity (when adjusted for the concentration of SODs) in the diabetic group regardless of sex. Multiple logistic regression, applied to explore possible links between the studied SNPs and other factors with the odds of type 2 diabetes or obesity, revealed that the genotypic variability of rs4880 (SOD2) could affect these odds, supporting the findings of several other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Lewandowski
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 211, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Iwona Urbanowicz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 211A, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Kepinska
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 211, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Halina Milnerowicz
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 211, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
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3
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McClendon-Weary B, Putnick DL, Robinson S, Yeung E. Little to Give, Much to Gain-What Can You Do With a Dried Blood Spot? Curr Environ Health Rep 2021; 7:211-221. [PMID: 32851603 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-020-00289-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Technological advances have allowed dried blood spots (DBS) to be utilized for various measurements, helpful in population-based studies. The following is a review of the literature highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of DBS and describing their use in multiple areas of research. RECENT FINDINGS DBS can track pollutant exposure to understand their impact on health. DBS can also be used for (epi-)genetic studies, to measure clinical biomarkers, and to monitor drug adherence. Advantages of DBS include being minimally invasive, requiring low blood volume, and being cost-effective to collect, transport, and store. Disadvantages of DBS include the hematocrit effect, which is related to the viscosity of the blood affecting its spread on to the filter paper, causing a major source of error when assessing concentrations, and the possibility of low DNA volume. Numerous uses for DBS make them an important source of biomaterial but they require additional validation for accuracy and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryttany McClendon-Weary
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Dr, MSC 7004, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Diane L Putnick
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Dr, MSC 7004, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Sonia Robinson
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Dr, MSC 7004, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Edwina Yeung
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Dr, MSC 7004, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA.
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4
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Newborn Screening Samples for Diabetes Research: An Underused Resource. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102299. [PMID: 33076340 PMCID: PMC7602529 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism and diabetes share common derangements in analytes of metabolic networks that are tested for in newborn screening, usually performed 48-72 h after birth. There is limited research examining the metabolic imprint of diabetes on newborn screening results. This paper aims to demonstrate the links between diabetes, biochemical genetics and newborn screening in investigating disease pathophysiology in diabetes, provide possible reasons for the lack of research in diabetes in newborn screening and offer recommendations on potential research areas. We performed a systematic search of the available literature from 1 April 1998 to 31 December 2018 involving newborn screening and diabetes using OVID, MEDLINE, Cochrane and the PROSPERO register, utilizing a modified extraction tool adapted from Cochrane. Eight studies were included after screening 1312 records. Five studies reanalyzed dried blood spots (DBS) on filter paper cards, and three studies utilized pre-existing results. The results of these studies and how they relate to cord blood studies, the use of cord blood versus newborn screening dried blood spots as a sample and considerations on newborn screening and diabetes research is further discussed. The timing of sampling of newborn screening allows insight into neonatal physiology in a catabolic state with minimal maternal and placental influence. This, combined with the wide coverage of newborn screening worldwide, may aid in our understanding of the origins of diabetes.
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Chances of live birth after exposure to vitamin D-fortified margarine in women with fertility problems: results from a Danish population-based cohort study. Fertil Steril 2019; 113:383-391. [PMID: 31759634 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the association between extra vitamin D from a mandatory margarine fortification program and chance of live birth among infertile women. DESIGN Nationwide cohort study. SETTING Not applicable. PATIENT(S) The study population consisted of 16,212 women diagnosed with infertility from June 1, 1980, to August 31, 1991. INTERVENTIONS(S) We took advantage of the mandatory vitamin D fortification program of margarine in Denmark that was abruptly stopped on May 31, 1985. The termination of the vitamin D fortification served as a cutoff point to separate the study population into various exposure groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between vitamin D exposure status and chance of a live birth within 12, 15, and 18 months after first infertility diagnosis. RESULT(S) Women who were diagnosed with infertility during the vitamin D-exposed period had an increased chance of a live birth compared with women diagnosed with infertility during the nonexposed period. For women diagnosed with infertility during the wash-out period, the chance of a live birth was also increased, but somewhat lower. Similar estimates were obtained with longer follow-up, in women with anovulatory infertility, and little seasonal variation was observed when calendar period of conception was applied. CONCLUSION(S) Our findings suggest that infertile women exposed to extra vitamin D from a margarine fortification program had an increased chance of live birth compared with women not exposed to extra vitamin D from fortification.
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Kyvsgaard JN, Ellervik C, Lindkvist EB, Pipper CB, Pociot F, Svensson J, Thorsen SU. Perinatal Whole Blood Zinc Status and Cytokines, Adipokines, and Other Immune Response Proteins. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11091980. [PMID: 31443415 PMCID: PMC6769600 DOI: 10.3390/nu11091980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Zinc is an essential micronutrient and zinc deficiency is associated with immune dysfunction. The neonatal immune system is immature, and therefore an optimal neonatal zinc status may be important. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between neonatal whole blood (WB)-Zinc content and several immune markers. (2) Methods: In total, 398 healthy newborns (199 who later developed type 1 diabetes and 199 controls) from the Danish Newborn Screening Biobank had neonatal dried blood spots (NDBS) analyzed for WB-Zinc content and (i) cytokines: Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 (p70), interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and transforming growth factor beta; (ii) adipokines: leptin and adiponectin; (iii) other immune response proteins: C-reactive protein (CRP), and mannose-binding lectin (MBL), and soluble triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells1 (sTREM-1). WB-Zinc content was determined using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. For each analyte, the relative change in mean level was modelled by a robust log-normal model regression. (3) Results: No association was found between WB-Zinc content and all the immune response markers in either the unadjusted or adjusted models overall or when stratifying by case status. (4) Conclusions: In healthy Danish neonates, WB-Zinc content was not associated with cytokines, adipokines, CRP, MBL or sTREM, which does not indicate a strong immunological function of neonatal zinc status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Nyholm Kyvsgaard
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Christina Ellervik
- Department of Production, Research, and Innovation; Region Zealand, Alleen 15, 4180 Sorø, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emilie Bundgaard Lindkvist
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Christian Bressen Pipper
- Department of Public Health, Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Oester Farimagsgade 5, 1710 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Niels Steensensvej, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Jannet Svensson
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Steffen Ullitz Thorsen
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
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7
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Kyvsgaard JN, Overgaard AJ, Thorsen SU, Hansen TH, Pipper CB, Mortensen HB, Pociot F, Svensson J. High Neonatal Blood Iron Content Is Associated with the Risk of Childhood Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111221. [PMID: 29113123 PMCID: PMC5707693 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Iron requirement increases during pregnancy and iron supplementation is therefore recommended in many countries. However, excessive iron intake may lead to destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Therefore, we aim to test if higher neonatal iron content in blood is associated with the risk of developing type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) in childhood; (2) Methods: A case-control study was conducted, including 199 children diagnosed with T1D before the age of 16 years from 1991 to 2005 and 199 controls matched on date of birth. Information on confounders was available in 181 cases and 154 controls. Iron was measured on a neonatal single dried blood spot sample and was analyzed by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate if iron content in whole blood was associated with the risk of T1D; (3) Results: A doubling of iron content increased the odds of developing T1D more than two-fold (odds ratio (95% CI), 2.55 (1.04; 6.24)). Iron content increased with maternal age (p = 0.04) and girls had higher content than boys (p = 0.01); (4) Conclusions: Higher neonatal iron content associates to an increased risk of developing T1D before the age of 16 years. Iron supplementation during early childhood needs further investigation, including the causes of high iron in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Nyholm Kyvsgaard
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | - Anne Julie Overgaard
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | - Steffen Ullitz Thorsen
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Hesselhøj Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Christian Bressen Pipper
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2099 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Henrik Bindesbøl Mortensen
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | - Jannet Svensson
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
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8
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Kyvsgaard JN, Overgaard AJ, Jacobsen LD, Thorsen SU, Pipper CB, Hansen TH, Husted S, Mortensen HB, Pociot F, Svensson J. Low perinatal zinc status is not associated with the risk of type 1 diabetes in children. Pediatr Diabetes 2017; 18:637-642. [PMID: 27873432 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Immunologic events during fetal life may play a part in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). As zinc is involved in immunologic processes, the purpose was to investigate perinatal zinc status and the later risk of developing T1D and association to age at onset. METHODS A population-based case-control study based on data from Danish Childhood Diabetes Register and the Danish Newborn Screening Biobank. Cases and controls were matched by birth year and month. Zinc status was analyzed in dried blood spots collected 5 to 7 days after birth. Logistic regression model was used to test the influence of zinc on risk of T1D. Linear regression modeling was used to examine the association between zinc status and covariates as well as age at onset. Zinc status was adjusted for HLA-DQB1 genotype, birth data and maternal age. RESULTS Each doubling in perinatal zinc status was not associated with T1D risk; odds ratio (OR) = 1.06 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.84, 1.32) ( P = 0.62), adjusted for birth year and season. This finding persisted after adjustment for possible confounders; OR = 1.01 (95% CI 0.77, 1.34) ( P = 0.93). In none of the cohorts there were significant associations to age at onset. CONCLUSION The risk of developing T1D in Danish children was not associated with perinatal zinc status nor age at onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie N Kyvsgaard
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne J Overgaard
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise D Jacobsen
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen U Thorsen
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian B Pipper
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas H Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Husted
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik B Mortensen
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jannet Svensson
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Peripheral Immune Mediators: Results from Two Nationwide Danish Pediatric Cohorts. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9040365. [PMID: 28383493 PMCID: PMC5409704 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: We aimed to examine if 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) was related to the peripheral immunological and inflammatory signature both at birth, and in newly diagnosed patients with childhood type 1 diabetes (T1D) and their healthy controls; (2) Methods: The birth cohort consisted of 470 patients and 500 healthy controls. Dried blood samples were collected from the neonates in the period 1981–1999. The newly diagnosed cohort consisted of 460 patients and 453 siblings. Serum samples were collected in the period 1997–2005. A variety of peripheral immune mediators were measured and compared to total 25(OH)D levels (25(OH)D2 + 25(OH)D3). For each immune mediator, the relative change (RC) in the mean level was modeled by robust log-normal regression and correction for multiple testing was performed; (3) Results: Two associations were identified; there was a negative association between 25(OH)D (10 nmol/L increase) and leptin (RC (95% confidence interval (CI)), 0.98 (0.96; 1.00)), and a positive association between 25(OH)D (10 nmol/L increase) and the chemokine, chemokine (c-x-c motif) ligand (CXCL) 8 (RC (95% CI), 1.07 (1.01; 1.13)); (4) Conclusion: CXCL8 and leptin have significant associations with levels of 25(OH)D in the newly diagnosed cohort. These results do not indicate a strong influence of 25(OH)D on the peripheral immunological or inflammatory signature.
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Krakowiak P, Goines PE, Tancredi DJ, Ashwood P, Hansen RL, Hertz-Picciotto I, Van de Water J. Neonatal Cytokine Profiles Associated With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:442-451. [PMID: 26392128 PMCID: PMC4753133 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition that can be reliably diagnosed at age 24 months. Immunological phenomena, including skewed cytokine production, have been observed among children with ASD. Little is known about whether immune dysregulation is present before diagnosis of ASD. METHODS We examined neonatal blood spots from 214 children with ASD (141 severe, 73 mild/moderate), 62 children with typical development, and 27 children with developmental delay as control subjects who participated in the Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment study, a population-based case-control study. Levels of 17 cytokines and chemokines were compared across groups and in relation to developmental and behavioral domains. RESULTS Interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-4 were independently associated with ASD compared with typical development, although these relationships varied by ASD symptom intensity. Elevated IL-4 was associated with increased odds of severe ASD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.40, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03, 1.91), whereas IL-1β was associated with increased odds of mild/moderate ASD (OR = 3.02, 95% CI, 1.43, 6.38). Additionally, IL-4 was associated with a higher likelihood of severe ASD versus mild/moderate ASD (OR = 1.35, 95% CI, 1.04, 1.75). In male subjects with ASD, IL-4 was negatively associated with nonverbal cognitive ability (β = -3.63, SE = 1.33, p = .04). CONCLUSIONS This study is part of a growing effort to identify early biological markers for ASD. We demonstrate that peripheral cytokine profiles at birth are associated with ASD later in childhood and that cytokine profiles vary depending on ASD severity. Cytokines have complex roles in neurodevelopment, and dysregulated levels may be indicative of genetic differences and environmental exposures or their interactions that relate to ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Krakowiak
- Divisions of Epidemiology and of Environmental and Occupational Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis
,MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California, Davis
| | - Paula E. Goines
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis
| | - Daniel J. Tancredi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis
| | - Paul Ashwood
- MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California, Davis
,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis
| | - Robin L. Hansen
- MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California, Davis
,Division of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Divisions of Epidemiology and of Environmental and Occupational Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis
,MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California, Davis
| | - Judy Van de Water
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis
,MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California, Davis
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11
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Thorsen SU, Pipper CB, Eising S, Skogstrand K, Hougaard DM, Svensson J, Pociot F. Neonatal levels of adiponectin, interleukin-10 and interleukin-12 are associated with the risk of developing type 1 diabetes in childhood and adolescence: A nationwide Danish case-control study. Clin Immunol 2016; 174:18-23. [PMID: 27871914 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM An in-depth understanding of the early phase of type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis is important for targeting primary prevention. We examined if 14 preselected mediators of immune responses differed in neonates that later developed T1D compared to control neonates. METHODS The study is a case-control study with a 1:2 matching. The individuals were born between 1981 through 2002. Cases were validated using the National Patient Register and the Danish Childhood Diabetes Register. Interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha, transforming growth factor beta 1 (active form), leptin, adiponectin, c-reactive protein, mannose-binding lectin and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 were measured by using a flowmetric Luminex xMAP® technology. We tested two models both including a number of possible confounders. In the first model (model 1) we also adjusted for HLA-DQB1 genotype. A total of 1930 groups of assay-matched cases and controls (4746 individuals) were included in the statistical analyses. RESULTS Adiponectin was negatively associated with later risk of T1D in both models (relative change (RC), model 1: 0.95, P=0.046 and model 2: 0.95, P=0.006). IL-10 and IL-12 were both positively associated with T1D risk in the model 2 (RC, 1.19, P=0.006 and 1.07, P=0.02, respectively)-these results were borderline significant in model 1, but showed the same direction as the results from model 2. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that specific immunological signatures are already present at time of birth in children developing T1D before the age of 18years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen U Thorsen
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev. Denmark.
| | - Christian B Pipper
- Department of Public Health, Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Oester Farimagsgade 5, 1710 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Stefanie Eising
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev. Denmark
| | - Kristin Skogstrand
- Department of Congenital Disorders, Center for Neonatal Screening, Statens Serum Institut Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - David M Hougaard
- Department of Congenital Disorders, Center for Neonatal Screening, Statens Serum Institut Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Jannet Svensson
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev. Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev. Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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12
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Jacobsen R, Thorsen SU, Cohen AS, Lundqvist M, Frederiksen P, Pipper CB, Pociot F, Thygesen LC, Ascherio A, Svensson J, Heitmann BL. Neonatal vitamin D status is not associated with later risk of type 1 diabetes: results from two large Danish population-based studies. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1871-81. [PMID: 27241183 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this work was to assess whether neonatal levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) are associated with risk of developing type 1 diabetes before the age of 18 years. METHODS Two large-scale studies with different designs-a case-cohort and a case-control-were conducted using Danish national register data and biobank material. Weighted Cox regression and conditional logistic regression were used to calculate HRs and ORs, respectively. The concentration of 25(OH)D was assessed from neonatal dried blood spots using highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Quintiles of 25(OH)D3 were used in the main analyses. RESULTS The case-cohort study included 912 type 1 diabetes cases and 2866 individuals without type 1 diabetes born in Denmark between 1981 and 2002 and followed up until the end of 2012. The case-control study included 527 matched case-control pairs born between 1981 and 1999 and followed up until May 2004. Both studies found no association between 25(OH)D3 levels and later risk of developing type 1 diabetes. The neonatal total 25(OH)D levels in the studies were low: 46% (case-cohort study) and 51% (case-control study) of individuals had 25(OH)D levels <25 nmol/l. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our two large-scale national studies showed that 25(OH)D3 levels around the time of birth were not associated with later type 1 diabetes risk. Whether higher levels of 25(OH)D3 during pregnancy, acquired by higher doses of supplementation than are recommended today in most countries, could protect the offspring against type 1 diabetes cannot be ruled out by the present studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramune Jacobsen
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at The Parker Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg og Frederiksberg, Nordre Fasanvej 57, Hovedvejen, Entrance 5, Ground Floor, 2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
- The Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Steffen U Thorsen
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arieh S Cohen
- Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marika Lundqvist
- Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peder Frederiksen
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at The Parker Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg og Frederiksberg, Nordre Fasanvej 57, Hovedvejen, Entrance 5, Ground Floor, 2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Christian B Pipper
- Department of Public Health, Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lau C Thygesen
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alberto Ascherio
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jannet Svensson
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Berit L Heitmann
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at The Parker Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg og Frederiksberg, Nordre Fasanvej 57, Hovedvejen, Entrance 5, Ground Floor, 2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- The Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition Exercise and Eating Disorders, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Warvsten A, Björnfors M, Arvidsson M, Vaziri-Sani F, Jönsson I, Olsson GE, Ahlm C, Larsson HE, Lernmark Å, Nilsson AL. Islet autoantibodies present in association with Ljungan virus infection in bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in northern Sweden. J Med Virol 2016; 89:24-31. [PMID: 27283793 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Bank voles are known reservoirs for Puumala hantavirus and probably also for Ljungan virus (LV), a suggested candidate parechovirus in type 1 diabetes etiology and pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine whether wild bank voles had been exposed to LV and if exposure associated to autoantibodies against insulin (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GADA), or islet autoantigen-2 (IA-2A). Serum samples from bank voles (Myodes glareolus) captured in early summer or early winter of 1997 and 1998, respectively, were analyzed in radio binding assays for antibodies against Ljungan virus (LVA) and Puumala virus (PUUVA) as well as for IAA, GADA, and IA-2A. LVA was found in 25% (189/752), IAA in 2.5% (18/723), GADA in 2.6% (15/615), and IA-2A in 2.5% (11/461) of available bank vole samples. LVA correlated with both IAA (P = 0.007) and GADA (P < 0.001), but not with IA-2A (P = 0.999). There were no correlations with PUUVA, detected in 17% of the bank voles. Compared to LVA negative bank voles, LVA positive animals had higher levels of both IAA (P = 0.002) and GADA (P < 0.001), but not of IA-2A (P = 0.205). Levels of LVA as well as IAA and GADA were higher in samples from bank voles captured in early summer. In conclusion, LVA was detected in bank voles and correlated with both IAA and GADA but not with IA-2A. These observations suggest that exposure to LV may be associated with islet autoimmunity. It remains to be determined if islet autoantibody positive bank voles may develop diabetes in the wild. J. Med. Virol. 89:24-31, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Warvsten
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Lund University/CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Martin Björnfors
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Lund University/CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Michael Arvidsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Lund University/CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Fariba Vaziri-Sani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Lund University/CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ida Jönsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Lund University/CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gert E Olsson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Clas Ahlm
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Helena Elding Larsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Lund University/CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Lund University/CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anna-Lena Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Lund University/CRC, Malmö, Sweden. .,Department of Paediatrics, Östersund Hospital, Östersund, Sweden.
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Lange V, Arndt K, Schwarzelt C, Boehme I, Giani AS, Schmidt AH, Ehninger G, Wassmuth R. High density FTA plates serve as efficient long-term sample storage for HLA genotyping. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 83:101-5. [PMID: 24397418 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Storage of dried blood spots (DBS) on high-density FTA(®) plates could constitute an appealing alternative to frozen storage. However, it remains controversial whether DBS are suitable for high-resolution sequencing of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles. Therefore, we extracted DNA from DBS that had been stored for up to 4 years, using six different methods. We identified those extraction methods that recovered sufficient high-quality DNA for reliable high-resolution HLA sequencing. Further, we confirmed that frozen whole blood samples that had been stored for several years can be transferred to filter paper without compromising HLA genotyping upon extraction. Concluding, DNA derived from high-density FTA(®) plates is suitable for high-resolution HLA sequencing, provided that appropriate extraction protocols are employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lange
- DKMS Life Science Lab, Dresden, Germany
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15
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Jacobsen R, Abrahamsen B, Bauerek M, Holst C, Jensen CB, Knop J, Raymond K, Rasmussen LB, Stougaard M, Sørensen TIA, Vaag AA, Heitmann BL. The influence of early exposure to vitamin D for development of diseases later in life. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:515. [PMID: 23714352 PMCID: PMC3672018 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D deficiency is common among otherwise healthy pregnant women and may have consequences for them as well as the early development and long-term health of their children. However, the importance of maternal vitamin D status on offspring health later in life has not been widely studied. The present study includes an in-depth examination of the influence of exposure to vitamin D early in life for development of fractures of the wrist, arm and clavicle; obesity, and type 1 diabetes (T1D) during child- and adulthood. Methods/design The study is based on the fact that in 1961 fortifying margarine with vitamin D became mandatory in Denmark and in 1972 low fat milk fortification was allowed. Apart from determining the influences of exposure prior to conception and during prenatal life, we will examine the importance of vitamin D exposure during specific seasons and trimesters, by comparing disease incidence among individuals born before and after fortification. The Danish National databases assure that there are a sufficient number of individuals to verify any vitamin D effects during different gestation phases. Additionally, a validated method will be used to determine neonatal vitamin D status using stored dried blood spots (DBS) from individuals who developed the aforementioned disease entities as adults and their time and gender-matched controls. Discussion The results of the study will contribute to our current understanding of the significance of supplementation with vitamin D. More specifically, they will enable new research in related fields, including interventional research designed to assess supplementation needs for different subgroups of pregnant women. Also, other health outcomes can subsequently be studied to generate multiple health research opportunities involving vitamin D. Finally, the results of the study will justify the debate of Danish health authorities whether to resume vitamin D supplementation policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramune Jacobsen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals - a part of Copenhagen University Hospital, Nordre Fasanvej 57, DK-2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Aabye MG, Latorre I, Diaz J, Maldonado J, Mialdea I, Eugen-Olsen J, Ravn P, Dominguez J, Ruhwald M. Dried plasma spots in the diagnosis of tuberculosis: IP-10 release assay on filter paper. Eur Respir J 2013; 42:495-503. [PMID: 23349445 PMCID: PMC3729975 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00129412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-γ release assays (IGRAs) are probably the most accurate tests for the detection of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, but IGRAs are labour intensive and the transport of samples over longer distances is difficult. IFN-γ-induced protein (IP)-10 is expressed at 100-fold higher levels than IFN-γ, and IP-10 release assays have comparable performance to IGRAs. The aim of this study was to explore the diagnostic potential of a novel IP-10 release assay based on dried plasma spots (DPS). The presence of IP-10 and IFN-γ was determined in plasma and in DPS by ELISA. Diagnostic algorithms for plasma and DPS tests for IP-10 were developed on a training cohort comprising 60 tuberculosis (TB) patients and 59 healthy controls. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed in a validation cohort comprising 78 TB patients and 98 healthy controls. Plasma was measured in Spain and DPS samples were sent to Denmark using the conventional postal service for analysis. IP-10 was readily detectable in both plasma and DPS, and correlation was excellent (r(2) = 0.95). QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-TB) and IP-10 in DPS and plasma rendered comparable sensitivity (78%, 82% and 84%, respectively), specificity (100%, 97% and 97%, respectively) and indeterminate rates (p>0.55). The DPS-based IP-10 test has comparable diagnostic accuracy to the QFT-TB and samples can be sent via conventional mail over long distances for analysis without affecting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine G Aabye
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Kvaskoff D, Ko P, Simila HA, Eyles DW. Distribution of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in dried blood spots and implications for its quantitation by tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 901:47-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Aabye MG, Eugen-Olsen J, Werlinrud AM, Holm LL, Tuuminen T, Ravn P, Ruhwald M. A simple method to quantitate IP-10 in dried blood and plasma spots. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39228. [PMID: 22761744 PMCID: PMC3384664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigen specific release of IP-10 is an established marker for infection with M.tuberculosis. Compared to IFN-γ, IP-10 is released in 100-fold higher concentrations enabling the development of novel assays for detection. Dried blood spots are a convenient sample for high throughput newborn screening. AIM To develop a robust and sensitive ELISA-based assay for IP-10 detection in plasma, dried blood spots (DBS) and dried plasma spots (DPS); to validate the ELISA in clinically relevant samples; and to assess the performance of the assay for detection of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and M.tuberculosis specific immune responses. METHOD We raised mice and rat monoclonal antibodies against human IP-10 and developed an ELISA. The assay was validated and applied to the detection of CMV and M.tuberculosis specific responses in 18 patients with immune reactivity towards M.tuberculosis and 32 healthy controls of which 22 had immune reactivity towards CMV and none towards M.tuberculosis. We compared the performance of this new assay to IFN-γ. RESULTS The ELISA was reliable for IP-10 detection in both plasma and filter paper samples. The linear range of the ELISA was 2.5-600 pg/ml. IFN-γ was not readily detectable in DPS samples. IP-10 was stabile in filter paper samples for at least 4 weeks at 37 °C. The correlation between IP-10 detected in plasma, DPS and DBS samples was excellent (r(2)>0.97). CONCLUSIONS This newly developed assay is reliable for IP-10 quantification in plasma, DBS and DPS samples from antigen stimulated and non-stimulated whole blood. The filter paper assays enable easy sample acquisition and transport at ambient temperature e.g. via the postal system. The system can potentially simplify diagnostic assays for M.tuberculosis and CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine G. Aabye
- Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jesper Eugen-Olsen
- Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Anne Marie Werlinrud
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Lindebo Holm
- Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Tamara Tuuminen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pernille Ravn
- Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Morten Ruhwald
- Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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19
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Skogstrand K. Multiplex assays of inflammatory markers, a description of methods and discussion of precautions – Our experience through the last ten years. Methods 2012; 56:204-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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20
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Thomas A, Geyer H, Guddat S, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Dried blood spots (DBS) for doping control analysis. Drug Test Anal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
| | - Sven Guddat
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
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21
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Thyssen JP, Linneberg A, Carlsen BC, Johansen JD, Engkilde K, Hansen T, Pociot F, Pedersen O, Meldgaard M, Szecsi PB, Stender S, Menné T. A possible association between a dysfunctional skin barrier (filaggrin null-mutation status) and diabetes: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2011; 1:e000062. [PMID: 22021744 PMCID: PMC3191408 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Filaggrin proteins are located in the skin and prevent epidermal water loss and impede the entry of micro-organisms, allergens and chemicals. Filaggrin null mutations are strongly associated with ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis. Objective The authors aimed to investigate the association between filaggrin null mutations, atopic dermatitis and diabetes. Design A random sample of 3335 adults from the general population in Denmark was filaggrin-genotyped for R501X and 2282del4 null-mutations and questioned about atopic dermatitis and diabetes. Furthermore, two independent study populations of patients with type 1 (n=104) or 2 (n=774) diabetes were genotyped. Results In a crude data analysis, a positive association was detected between the filaggrin null genotype and, respectively, subjects from the general population who reported diabetes (p=0.04) and patients with established type 2 diabetes (p=0.073). Adjustment for age and gender resulted in significant associations for patients with type 2 diabetes (p=0.048) and subjects with self-reported diabetes (p=0.032). Conclusions Adult Danes with a filaggrin null genotype had a significantly increased prevalence of self-reported diabetes. This finding was replicated when an independent sample of Danish patients with established type 2 diabetes was compared with control subjects from the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Eising S, Nilsson A, Carstensen B, Hougaard DM, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, Nerup J, Lernmark A, Pociot F. Danish children born with glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 and islet antigen-2 autoantibodies at birth had an increased risk to develop type 1 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 164:247-52. [PMID: 21097569 PMCID: PMC3022336 DOI: 10.1530/eje-10-0792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A large, population-based case-control cohort was used to test the hypothesis that glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 (GAD65) and islet antigen-2 autoantibodies (IA-2A) at birth predict type 1 diabetes. DESIGN AND METHODS The design was an individually matched case-control study of all Danish type 1 diabetes patients born between 1981 and 2002 and diagnosed before May 1 2004 (median age at diagnosis was 8.8 years). Dried blood spot samples collected 5 days after birth in the 1981-2002 birth cohorts and stored at -25 °C were identified from 2023 patients and from two matched controls (n = 4042). Birth data and information on parental age and diabetes were obtained from Danish registers. GAD65A and IA-2A were determined in a radiobinding assay. HLA-DQB1 alleles were analyzed by PCR using time-resolved fluorescence. RESULTS GAD65A and IA-2A were found in 70/2023 (3.5%) patients compared to 21/4042 (0.5%) controls resulting in a hazard ratio (HR) of 7.49 (P < 0.0001). The HR decreased to 4.55 but remained significant (P < 0.0003) after controlling for parental diabetes and HLA-DQB1 alleles. Conditional logistic regression analysis showed a HR of 2.55 (P < 0.0001) for every tenfold increase in the levels of GAD65A and IA-2A. This HR decreased to 1.93 but remained significant (P < 0.001) after controlling for parental diabetes and HLA-DQB1 alleles. CONCLUSION These data suggest that GAD65A and IA-2A positivity at birth are associated with an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes in Danish children diagnosed between 1981 and 2004.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Eising
- Hagedorn Research Institute and Steno Diabetes Center, DK-2828 Gentofte, Denmark
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Abstract
Combining samples from a national neonatal screening programme with the information from a national health registry allow for unique opportunities in analysing newborn blood for protein changes that could predict eventual disease development. A nested case-control cohort (n = 54 cases, 108 controls) was analysed by proteomics as a new way of looking for biomarkers that could bolster prediction of T1D risk in newborns. Protein extraction and haemoglobin depletion were automated and samples were processed and analysed by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS). The data set was reduced to the highest quality peaks and analysed using conditional logistic regression. A total of 25 protein peaks were found to differ between the two groups. The automated haemoglobin depletion provides a platform for further proteomics studies of individual patient material. The method opens a door to a wealth of patient material stored as dried blood spots.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N McGuire
- Steno Diabetes Center, Niels Steensens Vej 1, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark.
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Lavant EH, Carlson JA. A new automated human leukocyte antigen genotyping strategy to identify DR-DQ risk alleles for celiac disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 47:1489-95. [PMID: 19929553 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2009.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and celiac disease (CD) is related to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQA1, DQB1 and DRB1 loci. Unfortunately, HLA typing has been too difficult and costly for frequent use. Automated genotyping focused on risk alleles could provide access to HLA typing in diagnostic evaluations, epidemiological screening and contribute to preventive strategies. METHODS A sequence specific primer amplification method requiring a total of four PCR reactions, one restriction enzyme digestion and a single electrophoretic step provides low to medium resolution typing of DQA1, DQB1 and DRB1 using Applied Biosystems 3730 DNA analyzer. The method was validated using 261 samples with genotypes determined using a reference method. RESULTS Specific fluorescent DQA1, DQB1 and DRB1 amplicons were of expected size. Concordance with the reference method was 100% for DQA1 and DQB1 alleles and 99.8% for DRB1 alleles. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a high throughput HLA typing method that accurately distinguishes risk alleles for T1DM and CD. This method allows screening of several thousand samples per week, consuming 32 ng of DNA template, low reagent volumes and minimal time for data review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa H Lavant
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.
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Chang JS, Buffler PA, Metayer C, Chokkalingam AP, Patoka J, Kronish D, Wiemels JL. Maternal immunoglobulin E and childhood leukemia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:2221-7. [PMID: 19622720 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood leukemia, particularly acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), has long been hypothesized to be affected by abnormal immune responses to microbial challenges stemming from a lack of immune modulation in early childhood. Studies of allergies suggest that a child's immune development may be modulated by maternal immune status. We conducted a study to explore the relationship between maternal immunoglobulin E (IgE) and childhood leukemia and to investigate whether maternal immune status can influence childhood leukemia risk. Serum total and specific IgE (respiratory and food) were measured in biological mothers of 352 children (193 healthy controls and 159 leukemia cases, including 139 ALL cases) ages <8 years who were enrolled in the Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study. Odds ratios associated with maternal IgE were calculated using unconditional logistic regression adjusted for child's age, sex, race/ethnicity, and annual household income. A positive association between childhood leukemia or ALL and elevated levels of maternal serum total IgE was observed, especially among Hispanics. In addition, a positive association was observed between childhood leukemia or ALL and maternal respiratory or food IgE status. These results suggest that maternal immune function may play a crucial role in the etiology of childhood leukemia, although additional studies need to be conducted to confirm the results of this study and provide a perspective on mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Chang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-1215, USA.
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Jones R, Golding J. Choosing the types of biological sample to collect in longitudinal birth cohort studies. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2009; 23 Suppl 1:103-13. [PMID: 19490450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2008.01000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There are a variety of biological samples that can be collected from participants in longitudinal studies. Here we outline those that are particularly useful in longitudinal birth cohort studies starting in pregnancy, and discuss their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Jones
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Community Based Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Wägner AM, Cloos P, Bergholdt R, Eising S, Brorsson C, Stalhut M, Christgau S, Nerup J, Pociot F. Posttranslational Protein Modifications in Type 1 Diabetes - Genetic Studies with PCMT1, the Repair Enzyme Protein Isoaspartate Methyltransferase (PIMT) Encoding Gene. Rev Diabet Stud 2009; 5:225-31. [PMID: 19290383 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2008.5.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttranslational protein modifications have been implicated in the development of autoimmunity. Protein L-isoaspartate (D-aspartate) O-methyltransferase (PIMT) repairs modified proteins and is encoded by PCMT1, located in a region linked to type 1 diabetes (T1D), namely IDDM5. AIM To evaluate the association between genetic variations in the PCMT1 gene and T1D. METHODS Firstly, PCMT1 was sequenced in 26 patients with T1D (linked to IDDM5) and 10 control subjects. The variations found in PCMT1 were then tested (alone and interacting with a functional polymorphism in SUMO4 and with HLA) for association with T1D in 253 families (using transmission disequilibrium test). In a third step, the association of the functional variation in PCMT1 (rs4816) with T1D was analyzed in 778 T1D patients and 749 controls (using chi-square test). In vitro promoter activity was assessed by transfecting INS-1E cells with PCMT1 promoter constructs and a reporter gene, with or without cytokine stimulation. RESULTS Four polymorphisms in complete linkage disequilibrium were identified in PCMT1 (5' to the gene (rs11155676), exon 5 (rs4816) and exon 8 (rs7818 and rs4552)). In the whole cohort of 253 families, the allele associated with increased PIMT enzyme activity (rs4816, allele A) was less frequently transmitted to the affected than to the non-affected offspring (46% vs. 53%, p = 0.099). This finding was even more evident in the subset of families where the proband had high-risk SUMO4 (p = 0.069) or low-risk HLA (p = 0.086). Surprisingly, in the case-control study with 778 cases and 749 controls, an inverse trend was found (40.36% of patients and 36.98% of controls had the allele, p = 0.055). PCMT1 promoter activity increased with cytokine stimulation, but no differences were detected between the constructs adjacent to rs11155676. CONCLUSION PCMT1 was virtually associated with T1D in groups defined by other risk genes (SUMO4 and HLA). A general association in a not further defined sample of T1D patients was not evident. Verification in a larger population is needed.
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Diabetes and the endocrine pancreas II. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:383-93. [PMID: 18594281 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32830c6b8e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Brorsson C, Bergholdt R, Sjögren M, Eising S, Sørensen KM, Hougaard DM, Orho-Melander M, Groop L, Pociot F. A non-synonymous variant in SLC30A8 is not associated with type 1 diabetes in the Danish population. Mol Genet Metab 2008; 94:386-8. [PMID: 18400535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2008.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association scans in type 2 diabetes (T2D) have identified a risk variant, rs13266634 (Arg325Trp), in SLC30A8 on chromosome 8. SLC30A8 encodes a beta-cell specific zinc-ion transporter and rs13266634 has been shown to affect insulin secretion. Recently, autoantibodies for Slc30A8 with high predictive value were demonstrated in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D), making this gene an interesting T1D candidate gene. We genotyped rs13266634 in 3008 cases and controls and 246 families from Denmark. Association to T1D could not be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Brorsson
- Steno Diabetes Center, Niels Steensensvej 1, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark
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Nørgaard-Pedersen B, Hougaard DM. Storage policies and use of the Danish Newborn Screening Biobank. J Inherit Metab Dis 2007; 30:530-6. [PMID: 17632694 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-007-0631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
After routine newborn screening, residual dried blood spot samples (DBSS) are stored at -20 degrees C in the Danish Newborn Screening Biobank (NBS-Biobank), which contains DBSS from virtually all newborns in Denmark since 1982--about 1.8 million samples. The purpose of the storage is: (1) diagnosis and treatment of congenital disorders including documentation, repeat testing, quality assurance, statistics and improvement of screening methods; (2) diagnostic use later in infancy after informed consent; (3) legal use after court order; (4) the possibility of research projects after approval by the Scientific Ethical Committee System in Denmark, The Danish Data Protection Agency and the NBS-Biobank Steering Committee. The operation and use of the NBS-Biobank has until recently been regulated by an executive order of 1993 from the Danish Ministry of Health. The Ethical Council, the Central Scientific Ethical Committee and the National Board of Health were also involved in the regulations. These regulations have now been replaced by detailed general operational guidelines for biobanks in Denmark according to Acts on Processing of Personal Data, Patient's Rights, Health 546/2005 and the Biomedical Research Ethics Committee System. No specific Act on biobanks per se has been made in Denmark, but the new regulations and guidelines make the operations of the Danish NBS-Biobank even more clear-cut and safe. The Danish NBS-Biobank has been used in several research projects for aetiological studies of a number of disorders, recently employing new sensitive multiplex technologies and genetic analyses utilizing whole-genome amplified DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nørgaard-Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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