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Joshi P, Mishra PKK. Functional Diversity of the Excretory/Secretory Proteins of Nematode Parasites. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:619-627. [PMID: 35113339 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parasites release a wide array of protein as excretory and secretory products (ESPs). Irrespective of their mode of propagation, ESPs are found to be secreted or excreted by both naturally occurring and laboratory-cultivated parasites. Mass spectrometry-based approaches have been extensively used to identify and characterize the ESP constituents. ESPs are involved in various cellular activities such as immune modulation, proteolysis, inhibition of proteases and protection of cells against oxidants. Specifically, their role in host immune evasion by down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines attracts scientific attention. A thorough investigation of functional diversity of ESPs may be helpful in planning control strategies against many parasites. METHODS This review focuses on diversity of ES proteins, various approaches to identify them and discusses about the biochemical and functional aspects of such proteins. RESULTS The diverse array of proteins secreted or excreted (a, GST-1, acetylcholinesterase, GAPDH) by the parasites are also described emphasizing their role in cellular physiology. CONCLUSION Finally, it concludes by citing some of these proteins as potential therapeutic agents against helminth challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paritosh Joshi
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, U.P., 243122, India.
- Panchvati, Bijroli, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Prasanta Kumar K Mishra
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, U.P., 243122, India.
- Unit of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, RGSC, Banaras Hindu University, Mirzapur, U.P., India.
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Nematode Orthologs of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) as Modulators of the Host Immune Response and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020258. [PMID: 35215200 PMCID: PMC8877345 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the adaptations of nematodes, which allows long-term survival in the host, is the production of proteins with immunomodulatory properties. The parasites secrete numerous homologs of human immune mediators, such as macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), which is a substantial regulator of the inflammatory immune response. Homologs of mammalian MIF have been recognized in many species of nematode parasites, but their role has not been fully understood. The application of molecular biology and genetic engineering methods, including the production of recombinant proteins, has enabled better characterization of their structure and properties. This review provides insight into the current state of knowledge on MIF homologs produced by nematodes, as well as their structure, enzymatic activity, tissue expression pattern, impact on the host immune system, and potential use in the treatment of parasitic, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases.
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A journey through 50 years of research relevant to the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminant livestock and thoughts on future directions. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:1133-1151. [PMID: 34774857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This review article provides an historical perspective on some of the major research advances of relevance to ruminant livestock gastrointestinal nematode control over the last 50 years. Over this period, gastrointestinal nematode control has been dominated by the use of broad-spectrum anthelmintic drugs. Whilst this has provided unprecedented levels of successful control for many years, this approach has been gradually breaking down for more than two decades and is increasingly unsustainable which is due, at least in part, to the emergence of anthelmintic drug resistance and a number of other factors discussed in this article. We first cover the remarkable success story of the discovery and development of broad-spectrum anthelmintic drugs, the changing face of anthelmintic drug discovery research and the emergence of anthelmintic resistance. This is followed by a review of some of the major advances in the increasingly important area of non-pharmaceutical gastrointestinal nematode control including immunology and vaccine development, epidemiological modelling and some of the alternative control strategies such as breeding for host resistance, refugia-based methods and biological control. The last 50 years have witnessed remarkable innovation and success in research aiming to improve ruminant livestock gastrointestinal nematode control, particularly given the relatively small size of the research community and limited funding. In spite of this, the growing global demand for livestock products, together with the need to maximise production efficiencies, reduce environmental impacts and safeguard animal welfare - as well as specific challenges such as anthelmintic drug resistance and climate change- mean that gastrointestinal nematode researchers will need to be as innovative in the next 50 years as in the last.
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Naranjo-Lucena A, García-Campos A, Garza-Cuartero L, Britton L, Blanco A, Zintl A, Mulcahy G. Fasciola hepatica products can alter the response of bovine immune cells to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12779. [PMID: 32725900 PMCID: PMC8365740 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fasciola hepatica causes economically important disease in livestock worldwide. The relevance of this parasitic infection extends beyond its direct consequences due to its immunoregulatory properties. OBJECTIVES Given the importance of the T helper 1 (Th1) immune response in controlling infections with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in cattle, we aimed to establish the immunological consequences that co-infection with F. hepatica might have on the course of Johne's disease (JD). METHODS This study compared the in vitro response of bovine immune cells to infection with MAP or exposure to MAP antigens following F. hepatica infection or stimulation with F. hepatica products. RESULTS We found a decreased proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after infection with F. hepatica. This reduction was inversely correlated with fluke burden. Pre-stimulation with F. hepatica molecules produced a significant reduction of ileocaecal lymph node leucocyte proliferation in response to MAP antigens. Additionally,F. hepatica products reduced expression of the CD14 receptor by macrophages and increased levels of apoptosis and bacterial (MAP) uptake. CONCLUSIONS Overall, F. hepatica infection had little impact on the in vitro response of immune cells to MAP, whereas in vitro co-stimulation with F. hepatica molecules had a measurable effect. Whether this is likely to affect JD progression during in vivo chronic conditions remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Naranjo-Lucena
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Andrés García-Campos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Laura Garza-Cuartero
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Louise Britton
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Alfonso Blanco
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Annetta Zintl
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Grace Mulcahy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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The potential for vaccines against scour worms of small ruminants. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:533-553. [PMID: 32569640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review addresses the research landscape regarding vaccines against scour worms, particularly Trichostrongylus spp. and Teladorsagia circumcincta. The inability of past research to deliver scour-worm vaccines with reliable and reproducible efficacy has been due in part to gaps in knowledge concerning: (i) host-parasite interactions leading to development of type-2 immunity, (ii) definition of an optimal suite of parasite antigens, and (iii) rational formulation and administration to induce protective immunity against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) at the site of infestation. Recent 'omics' developments enable more systematic analyses. GIN genomes are reaching completion, facilitating "reverse vaccinology" approaches that have been used successfully for the Rhipicephalus australis vaccine for cattle tick, while methods for gene silencing and editing in GIN enable identification and validation of potential vaccine antigens. We envisage that any efficacious scour worm vaccine(s) would be adopted similarly to "Barbervax™" within integrated parasite management schemes. Vaccines would therefore effectively parallel the use of resistant animals, and reduce the frequency of drenching and pasture contamination. These aspects of integration, efficacy and operation require updated models and validation in the field. The conclusion of this review outlines an approach to facilitate an integrated research program.
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Stutzer C, Richards SA, Ferreira M, Baron S, Maritz-Olivier C. Metazoan Parasite Vaccines: Present Status and Future Prospects. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:67. [PMID: 29594064 PMCID: PMC5859119 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic parasites and pathogens continue to cause some of the most detrimental and difficult to treat diseases (or disease states) in both humans and animals, while also continuously expanding into non-endemic countries. Combined with the ever growing number of reports on drug-resistance and the lack of effective treatment programs for many metazoan diseases, the impact that these organisms will have on quality of life remain a global challenge. Vaccination as an effective prophylactic treatment has been demonstrated for well over 200 years for bacterial and viral diseases. From the earliest variolation procedures to the cutting edge technologies employed today, many protective preparations have been successfully developed for use in both medical and veterinary applications. In spite of the successes of these applications in the discovery of subunit vaccines against prokaryotic pathogens, not many targets have been successfully developed into vaccines directed against metazoan parasites. With the current increase in -omics technologies and metadata for eukaryotic parasites, target discovery for vaccine development can be expedited. However, a good understanding of the host/vector/pathogen interface is needed to understand the underlying biological, biochemical and immunological components that will confer a protective response in the host animal. Therefore, systems biology is rapidly coming of age in the pursuit of effective parasite vaccines. Despite the difficulties, a number of approaches have been developed and applied to parasitic helminths and arthropods. This review will focus on key aspects of vaccine development that require attention in the battle against these metazoan parasites, as well as successes in the field of vaccine development for helminthiases and ectoparasites. Lastly, we propose future direction of applying successes in pursuit of next generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Stutzer
- Tick Vaccine Group, Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Verma P, Doharey PK, Yadav S, Omer A, Singh P, Saxena JK. Molecular cloning and characterization of protein disulfide isomerase of Brugia malayi, a human lymphatic filarial parasite. EXCLI JOURNAL 2017; 16:824-839. [PMID: 28827998 PMCID: PMC5547380 DOI: 10.17179/excli2017-214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis results in an altered lymphatic system and the abnormal enlargement of body parts, causing pain, serious disability and social stigma. Effective vaccines are still not available nowadays, drugs against the disease is required. Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is an essential catalyst of the endoplasmic reticulum which is involved in folding and chaperone activities in different biological systems. Here, we report the enzymatic characterization of a Brugia malayi Protein disulfide isomerase (BmPDI), which was expressed and purified from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Western blotting analysis showed the recombinant BmPDI could be recognized by anti-BmPDI Rabbit serum. The rBmPDI exhibited an optimum activity at pH 8 and 40 °C. The enzyme was inhibited by aurin and PDI inhibitor. Recombinant BmPDI showed interaction with recombinant Brugia malayi calreticulin (rBmCRT). The three-dimensional model for BmPDI and BmCRT was generated by homology modelling. A total of 25 hydrogen bonds were found to be formed between two interfaces. There are 259 non-bonded contacts present in the BmPDI-BmCRT complex and 12 salt bridges were formed in the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravesh Verma
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Doharey
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunita Yadav
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ankur Omer
- Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Poonam Singh
- Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Saxena
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Matthews JB, Geldhof P, Tzelos T, Claerebout E. Progress in the development of subunit vaccines for gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants. Parasite Immunol 2017; 38:744-753. [PMID: 27726158 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The global increase in anthelmintic resistant nematodes of ruminants, together with consumer concerns about chemicals in food, necessitates the development of alternative methods of control for these pathogens. Subunit recombinant vaccines are ideally placed to fill this gap. Indeed, they are probably the only valid option for the long-term control of ruminant parasitic nematodes given the increasing ubiquity of multidrug resistance in a range of worm species across the world. The development of a subunit multicellular parasite vaccine to the point of practical application would be a groundbreaking step in the control of these important endemic infections of livestock. This review summarizes the current status of subunit vaccine development for a number of important gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle and sheep, with a focus on the limitations and problems encountered thus far, and suggestions as to how these hurdles might be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Matthews
- Vaccines Division, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK
| | - P Geldhof
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - T Tzelos
- Vaccines Division, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK
| | - E Claerebout
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Sparkes A, De Baetselier P, Roelants K, De Trez C, Magez S, Van Ginderachter JA, Raes G, Bucala R, Stijlemans B. Reprint of: The non-mammalian MIF superfamily. Immunobiology 2017; 222:858-867. [PMID: 28552269 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was first described as a cytokine 50 years ago, and emerged in mammals as a pleiotropic protein with pro-inflammatory, chemotactic, and growth-promoting activities. In addition, MIF has gained substantial attention as a pivotal upstream mediator of innate and adaptive immune responses and with pathologic roles in several diseases. Of less importance in mammals is an intrinsic but non-physiologic enzymatic activity that points to MIF's evolution from an ancient defense molecule. Therefore, it is not surprising that mif-like genes also have been found across a range of different organisms including bacteria, plants, protozoa, helminths, molluscs, arthropods, fish, amphibians and birds. While Genebank analysis identifying mif-like genes across species is extensive, contained herein is an overview of the non-mammalian MIF-like proteins that have been most well studied experimentally. For many of these organisms, MIF contributes to an innate defense system or plays a role in development. For parasitic organisms however, MIF appears to function as a virulence factor aiding in the establishment or persistence of infection by modulating the host immune response. Consequently, a combined targeting of both parasitic and host MIF could lead to more effective treatment strategies for parasitic diseases of socioeconomic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Sparkes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Baetselier
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kim Roelants
- Amphibian Evolution Lab, Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carl De Trez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; VIB Structural Biology Research Center, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; VIB Structural Biology Research Center, Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Raes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Benoît Stijlemans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.
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Sparkes A, De Baetselier P, Roelants K, De Trez C, Magez S, Van Ginderachter JA, Raes G, Bucala R, Stijlemans B. The non-mammalian MIF superfamily. Immunobiology 2017; 222:473-482. [PMID: 27780588 PMCID: PMC5293613 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was first described as a cytokine 50 years ago, and emerged in mammals as a pleiotropic protein with pro-inflammatory, chemotactic, and growth-promoting activities. In addition, MIF has gained substantial attention as a pivotal upstream mediator of innate and adaptive immune responses and with pathologic roles in several diseases. Of less importance in mammals is an intrinsic but non-physiologic enzymatic activity that points to MIF's evolution from an ancient defense molecule. Therefore, it is not surprising that mif-like genes also have been found across a range of different organisms including bacteria, plants, protozoa, helminths, molluscs, arthropods, fish, amphibians and birds. While Genebank analysis identifying mif-like genes across species is extensive, contained herein is an overview of the non-mammalian MIF-like proteins that have been most well studied experimentally. For many of these organisms, MIF contributes to an innate defense system or plays a role in development. For parasitic organisms however, MIF appears to function as a virulence factor aiding in the establishment or persistence of infection by modulating the host immune response. Consequently, a combined targeting of both parasitic and host MIF could lead to more effective treatment strategies for parasitic diseases of socioeconomic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Sparkes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Gent, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Baetselier
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Gent, Belgium
| | - Kim Roelants
- Amphibian Evolution Lab, Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carl De Trez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; VIB Structural Biology Research Center, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; VIB Structural Biology Research Center, Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Gent, Belgium
| | - Geert Raes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Gent, Belgium
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Benoît Stijlemans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Gent, Belgium.
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Rehman ZU, Knight JS, Koolaard J, Simpson HV, Pernthaner A. Immunomodulatory effects of adult Haemonchus contortus excretory/secretory products on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Parasite Immunol 2016; 37:657-69. [PMID: 26457886 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The levels of expression of surface molecules and release of cytokines and chemokines of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells were determined after their exposure to adult H. contortus excretory/secretory (ES) products or a combination of ES products and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Worm products provoked a weak response and only partial maturation of the dendritic cells, consistent with the hyporesponsiveness and more tolerogenic immune environment present in parasitized animals and humans. Co-stimulation with LPS demonstrated that H. contortus secretions, like those of other helminths, contain immunomodulators capable of reducing some aspects of the strong T(H)1/T(H)2 response evoked by bacterial LPS. There were significant reductions in the release of some cytokine/chemokines by LPS-stimulated mdDCs and a trend (although not significant at P < 0.05) for reduced expression levels of CD40, CD80 and HLA-DR. A prominent feature was the variability in responses of dendritic cells from the four donors, even on different days in repeat experiments, suggesting that generalized conclusions may be difficult to make, except in genetically related animals. Such observations may therefore be applicable only to restricted populations. In addition, previous exposure to parasites in a target population for immunomodulatory therapy may be an important factor in assessing the likelihood of adverse reactions or failures in the treatment to worm therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z U Rehman
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biological Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J S Knight
- The Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J Koolaard
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - H V Simpson
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biological Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - A Pernthaner
- The Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Tzelos T, Matthews JB, Buck AH, Simbari F, Frew D, Inglis NF, McLean K, Nisbet AJ, Whitelaw CBA, Knox DP, McNeilly TN. A preliminary proteomic characterisation of extracellular vesicles released by the ovine parasitic nematode, Teladorsagia circumcincta. Vet Parasitol 2016; 221:84-92. [PMID: 27084478 PMCID: PMC4867787 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Teladorsagia circumcincta is a major cause of ovine parasitic gastroenteritis in temperate climatic regions. The development of high levels of anthelmintic resistance in this nematode species challenges its future control. Recent research indicates that many parasite species release extracellular vesicles into their environment, many of which have been classified as endocytic in origin, termed exosomes. These vesicles are considered to play important roles in the intercellular communication between parasites and their hosts, and thus represent potentially useful targets for novel control strategies. Here, we demonstrate that exosome-like extracellular vesicles can be isolated from excretory-secretory (ES) products released by T. circumcincta fourth stage larvae (Tci-L4ES). Furthermore, we perform a comparative proteomic analysis of vesicle-enriched and vesicle-free Tci-L4ES. Approximately 73% of the proteins identified in the vesicle-enriched fraction were unique to this fraction, whilst the remaining 27% were present in both vesicle-enriched and vesicle-free fraction. These unique proteins included structural proteins, nuclear proteins, metabolic proteins, proteolytic enzymes and activation-associated secreted proteins. Finally, we demonstrate that molecules present within the vesicles-enriched material are targets of the IgA and IgG response in T. circumcincta infected sheep, and could potentially represent useful targets for future vaccine intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tzelos
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Jacqueline B Matthews
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amy H Buck
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, EH9 3JL, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fabio Simbari
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, EH9 3JL, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Frew
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil F Inglis
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kevin McLean
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alasdair J Nisbet
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C Bruce A Whitelaw
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian,EH25 9RG, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David P Knox
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tom N McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes represent important sources of economic losses in farmed ruminants, and the increasing frequency of anthelmintic resistance requires an increased ability to explore alternative strategies. Theoretical approaches at the crossroads of immunology and epidemiology are valuable tools in that context. In the case of Teladorsagia circumcincta in sheep, the immunological mechanisms important for resistance are increasingly well-characterized. However, despite the existence of a wide range of theoretical models, there is no framework integrating the characteristic features of this immune response into a tractable phenomenological model. Here, we propose to bridge that gap by developing a flexible modelling framework that allows for variability in nematode larval intake which can be used to track the variations in worm burdens. We parameterize this model using data from trickle infection of sheep and show that using simple immunological assumptions, our model can capture the dynamics of both adult worm burdens and nematode fecal egg counts. In addition, our analysis reveals interesting dose-dependent effects on the immune response. Finally, we discuss potential developments of this model and highlight how an improved cross-talk between empiricists and theoreticians would facilitate important advances in the study of infectious diseases.
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McNeilly TN, Nisbet AJ. Immune modulation by helminth parasites of ruminants: implications for vaccine development and host immune competence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:51. [PMID: 25292481 PMCID: PMC4189095 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2014051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic helminths reside in immunologically-exposed extracellular locations within their hosts, yet they are capable of surviving for extended periods. To enable this survival, these parasites have developed complex and multifaceted mechanisms to subvert or suppress host immunity. This review summarises current knowledge of immune modulation by helminth parasites of ruminants and the parasite-derived molecules involved in driving this modulation. Such immunomodulatory molecules have considerable promise as vaccine targets, as neutralisation of their function is predicted to enhance anti-parasite immunity and, as such, current knowledge in this area is presented herein. Furthermore, we summarise current evidence that, as well as affecting parasite-specific immunity, immune modulation by these parasites may also affect the ability of ruminant hosts to control concurrent diseases or mount effective responses to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom N McNeilly
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, EH26 OPZ, UK
| | - Alasdair J Nisbet
- Vaccines and Diagnostics, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, EH26 OPZ, UK
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Yadav S, Gupta S, Selvaraj C, Doharey PK, Verma A, Singh SK, Saxena JK. In silico and in vitro studies on the protein-protein interactions between Brugia malayi immunomodulatory protein calreticulin and human C1q. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106413. [PMID: 25184227 PMCID: PMC4153637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Filarial parasites modulate effective immune response of their host by releasing a variety of immunomodulatory molecules, which help in the long persistence of the parasite within the host. The present study was aimed to characterize an immunomodulatory protein of Brugia malayi and its interaction with the host immune component at the structural and functional level. Our findings showed that Brugia malayi Calreticulin (BmCRT) is responsible for the prevention of classical complement pathway activation via its interaction with the first component C1q of the human host. This was confirmed by inhibition of C1q dependent lysis of immunoglobulin-sensitized Red Blood Cells (S-RBCs). This is possibly the first report which predicts CRT-C1q interaction on the structural content of proteins to explain how BmCRT inhibits this pathway. The molecular docking of BmCRT-C1q complex indicated that C1qB chain (IgG/M and CRP binding sites on C1q) played a major role in the interaction with conserved and non-conserved regions of N and P domain of BmCRT. Out of 37 amino acids of BmCRT involved in the interaction, nine amino acids (Pro(126), Glu(132), His(147), Arg(151), His(153), Met(154), Lys(156), Ala(196) and Lys(212)) are absent in human CRT. Both ELISA and in silico analysis showed the significant role of Ca(+2) in BmCRT-HuC1q complex formation and deactivation of C1r2-C1s2. Molecular dynamics studies of BmCRT-HuC1q complex showed a deviation from ∼ 0.4 nm to ∼ 1.0 nm. CD analyses indicated that BmCRT is composed of 49.6% α helix, 9.6% β sheet and 43.6% random coil. These findings provided valuable information on the architecture and chemistry of BmCRT-C1q interaction and supported the hypothesis that BmCRT binds with huC1q at their targets (IgG/M, CRP) binding sites. This interaction enables the parasite to interfere with the initial stage of host complement activation, which might be helpful in parasites establishment. These results might be utilized for help in blocking the C1q/CRT interaction and preventing parasite infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Yadav
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Smita Gupta
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chandrabose Selvaraj
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Doharey
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anita Verma
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Saxena
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ovine IgA-reactive proteins from Teladorsagia circumcincta infective larvae. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:743-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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17
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Qu G, Fetterer R, Leng L, Du X, Zarlenga D, Shen Z, Han W, Bucala R, Tuo W. Ostertagia ostertagi macrophage migration inhibitory factor is present in all developmental stages and may cross-regulate host functions through interaction with the host receptor. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:355-67. [PMID: 24583184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) of Ostertagia ostertagi, an abomasal parasite of cattle, was characterised in the present study. Phylogenetic analysis identified at least three O. ostertagi MIFs (Oos-MIFs), each encoded by a distinct transcript: Oos-MIF-1.1, Oos-MIF-1.2 and Oos-MIF-2. Oos-MIF-2 is only distantly related to Oos-MIF-1s, but has higher sequence similarity with the Caenorhabditis elegans MIF2. Oos-MIF-1.1 and Oos-MIF-1.2 are similar (93%) and thus collectively referred to as Oos-MIF-1 when characterised with immunoassays. Recombinant Oos-MIF-1.1 (rOos-MIF-1.1) is catalytically active as a tautomerase. A mutation (rOos-MIF-1.1P1G) or duplication of Pro1 residue (rOos-MIF-1.1P1+P) resulted in reduced oligomerisation and loss of tautomerase activity. The tautomerase activity of rOos-MIF-1.1 was only partially inhibited by ISO-1 but was abrogated by a rOos-MIF-1.1-specific antibody. Oos-MIF-1 was detected in all developmental stages of O. ostertagi, with higher levels in the adult stage; it was also detected in adult worm excretory/secretory product. Oos-MIF-1 was localised to the hypodermis/muscle, reproductive tract and intestine, but not to the cuticle. rOos-MIF-1.1, but not rOos-MIF-1.1P1G, was able to specifically bind to human CD74, a MIF cell surface receptor, with an affinity comparable with human MIF. Immunostaining indicated that macrophages were able to internalise rOos-MIF-1.1, further supporting receptor-mediated transportation. Herein we also show that rOos-MIF-1.1 inhibited migration of bovine macrophages and restored glucocorticoid-suppressed, lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α and IL-8 in human and/or bovine macrophages. Given its dual role in self-regulation and molecular mimicry, this secreted parasite protein warrants investigation as a vaccine candidate against O. ostertagi infections in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanggang Qu
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; Shangdong Binzhou Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Binzhou City, Shandong 256600, China
| | - Raymond Fetterer
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Dante Zarlenga
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Shangdong Binzhou Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Binzhou City, Shandong 256600, China
| | - Wenyu Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Wenbin Tuo
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Marker genes for activation of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and RNAi development in the ovine nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta. J Helminthol 2013; 89:208-16. [PMID: 24345514 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x13000801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta is a major cause of parasitic gastroenteritis in sheep in temperate regions. The development of resistance to the major anthelmintic classes used for its control is a threat to small ruminant farming sustainability. Vaccination is a potential alternative control method for this nematode. Gene datasets can be exploited to identify potential vaccine candidates and these validated further by methods such as RNA interference (RNAi) prior to vaccine trials. Previous reports indicate that RNAi in parasitic nematodes is inconsistent and, to date, there are no internal controls that indicate activation of the RNAi pathway in response to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The present aims were to determine whether or not the transcription levels of potential marker genes in the RNAi pathway could indicate activation of the pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans and to develop an RNAi platform in T. circumcincta. In C. elegans, transcript levels of three candidate marker genes, Ce-dcr-1 (Dicer), Ce-ego-1 (Enhancer of Glp-One family member) and Ce-rsd-3 (RNAi Spreading Defective), were analysed and results indicated that activation of the pathway had no effect on transcript levels of these genes. In T. circumcincta, two vaccine candidate genes from the Activation-associated Secreted Protein (ASP) family were targets for knockdown. RNAi experiments showed successful silencing of both targets, although inconsistencies in efficacy were observed. After testing a number of parameters that might affect variability, it was found that the length of the storage period of the larvae plays an important role in the consistency of the RNAi results.
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Nisbet AJ, McNeilly TN, Wildblood LA, Morrison AA, Bartley DJ, Bartley Y, Longhi C, McKendrick IJ, Palarea-Albaladejo J, Matthews JB. Successful immunization against a parasitic nematode by vaccination with recombinant proteins. Vaccine 2013; 31:4017-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Menon R, Gasser RB, Mitreva M, Ranganathan S. An analysis of the transcriptome of Teladorsagia circumcincta: its biological and biotechnological implications. BMC Genomics 2012; 13 Suppl 7:S10. [PMID: 23282110 PMCID: PMC3521389 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-s7-s10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Teladorsagia circumcincta (order Strongylida) is an economically important parasitic nematode of small ruminants (including sheep and goats) in temperate climatic regions of the world. Improved insights into the molecular biology of this parasite could underpin alternative methods required to control this and related parasites, in order to circumvent major problems associated with anthelmintic resistance. The aims of the present study were to define the transcriptome of the adult stage of T. circumcincta and to infer the main pathways linked to molecules known to be expressed in this nematode. Since sheep develop acquired immunity against T. circumcincta, there is some potential for the development of a vaccine against this parasite. Hence, we infer excretory/secretory molecules for T. circumcincta as possible immunogens and vaccine candidates. RESULTS A total of 407,357 ESTs were assembled yielding 39,852 putative gene sequences. Conceptual translation predicted 24,013 proteins, which were then subjected to detailed annotation which included pathway mapping of predicted proteins (including 112 excreted/secreted [ES] and 226 transmembrane peptides), domain analysis and GO annotation was carried out using InterProScan along with BLAST2GO. Further analysis was carried out for secretory signal peptides using SignalP and non-classical sec pathway using SecretomeP tools. For ES proteins, key pathways, including Fc epsilon RI, T cell receptor, and chemokine signalling as well as leukocyte transendothelial migration were inferred to be linked to immune responses, along with other pathways related to neurodegenerative diseases and infectious diseases, which warrant detailed future studies. KAAS could identify new and updated pathways like phagosome and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum. Domain analysis for the assembled dataset revealed families of serine, cysteine and proteinase inhibitors which might represent targets for parasite intervention. InterProScan could identify GO terms pertaining to the extracellular region. Some of the important domain families identified included the SCP-like extracellular proteins which belong to the pathogenesis-related proteins (PRPs) superfamily along with C-type lectin, saposin-like proteins. The 'extracellular region' that corresponds to allergen V5/Tpx-1 related, considered important in parasite-host interactions, was also identified. Six cysteine motif (SXC1) proteins, transthyretin proteins, C-type lectins, activation-associated secreted proteins (ASPs), which could represent potential candidates for developing novel anthelmintics or vaccines were few other important findings. Of these, SXC1, protein kinase domain-containing protein, trypsin family protein, trypsin-like protease family member (TRY-1), putative major allergen and putative lipid binding protein were identified which have not been reported in the published T. circumcincta proteomics analysis. Detailed analysis of 6,058 raw EST sequences from dbEST revealed 315 putatively secreted proteins. Amongst them, C-type single domain activation associated secreted protein ASP3 precursor, activation-associated secreted proteins (ASP-like protein), cathepsin B-like cysteine protease, cathepsin L cysteine protease, cysteine protease, TransThyretin-Related and Venom-Allergen-like proteins were the key findings. CONCLUSIONS We have annotated a large dataset ESTs of T. circumcincta and undertaken detailed comparative bioinformatics analyses. The results provide a comprehensive insight into the molecular biology of this parasite and disease manifestation which provides potential focal point for future research. We identified a number of pathways responsible for immune response. This type of large-scale computational scanning could be coupled with proteomic and metabolomic studies of this parasite leading to novel therapeutic intervention and disease control strategies. We have also successfully affirmed the use of bioinformatics tools, for the study of ESTs, which could now serve as a benchmark for the development of new computational EST analysis pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeeta Menon
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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Younis AE, Soblik H, Ajonina-Ekoti I, Erttmann KD, Luersen K, Liebau E, Brattig NW. Characterization of a secreted macrophage migration inhibitory factor homologue of the parasitic nematode Strongyloides acting at the parasite-host cell interface. Microbes Infect 2011; 14:279-89. [PMID: 22037391 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis is a tropical parasitosis characterized by an alternation between free-living and parasitic stages, and by long-term infection via autoinfection. Since invasion and evasion processes of helminth parasites are substantially attained by the involvement of excretory-secretory products, we identified and characterized the 13.5 kDa macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)-like protein in Strongyloides ratti. Sra-MIF is mainly secreted from the infective stage larvae (iL3), while the transcript was found at lower levels in parasitic and free-living females. Sequence analysis of the full-length cDNA showed the highest homology to the human pathogen Strongyloides stercoralis, and both are related to the MIF type-2. Unlike other mif genes, the Sra-mif includes no intron. The protein was recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Sra-MIF exhibited no in vitro tautomerase activity. The exposure of Sra-MIF to the host immune system is confirmed by high IgG reactivities found in the hosts' sera following infection or immunization. Flow cytometric analysis indicated the binding of Sra-MIF to the monocytes/macrophage lineage but not to peripheral lymphocytes. After exposure to Sra-MIF, monocytes released IL-10 but not TNF-alpha suggesting the involvement of the secreted parasite MIF in host immune responses.
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Nisbet AJ, Zarlenga DS, Knox DP, Meikle LI, Wildblood LA, Matthews JB. A calcium-activated apyrase from Teladorsagia circumcincta: an excretory/secretory antigen capable of modulating host immune responses? Parasite Immunol 2011; 33:236-43. [PMID: 21208222 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA representing the gene Teladorsagia circumcincta apyrase-1 (Tci-apy-1) was isolated, by PCR, from a T. circumcincta fourth-stage larval (L4) cDNA library. The closest orthologue of this gene is a Ca(2+)-dependent apyrase from Ostertagia ostertagi, with 92% amino acid identity across all 339 residues. Tci-apy-1 is transcribed in a stage-specific manner, the transcript being predominant in L4, detectable in the adult cDNA, but absent from eggs and infective third-stage larvae (L3). The protein, Tci-APY-1, was detected by immunoblotting in extracts of L4 nematodes and was present in excretory/secretory products from the same developmental stage. A recombinant version of Tci-APY-1 was expressed in bacteria as an active enzyme that hydrolysed nucleoside triphosphate substrates with a preference of ATP over other nucleoside triphosphates. Recombinant Tci-APY-1 hydrolysed ATP and ADP but not AMP. Apyrase activity was divalent cation-dependent, with no hydrolysis in the presence of Mg(2+), but activation in the presence of Ca(2+). Recombinant Tci-APY-1 was bound by IgG present in serum and both IgG and IgA present in abomasal mucus from trickle-infected, immune sheep but not in material derived from lambs exposed to a single infection. The potential immunomodulatory roles of this Tci-APY-1 are discussed in relation to purinergic signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Nisbet
- Parasitology Division, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Scotland, UK.
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Massoni J, Cassone J, Durette-Desset MC, Audebert F. Development of Graphidium strigosum (Nematoda, Haemonchidae) in its natural host, the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and comparison with several Haemonchidae parasites of ruminants. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:25-36. [PMID: 21210152 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The morphogenesis (studied for the first time) and the chronology of the life cycle of Graphidium strigosum (Dujardin, 1845) were studied in detail in its natural host, Oryctolagus cuniculus. Naive rabbits were each infected per os with G. strigosum infective larvae (L3). Animals were euthanized each day for the first 10 days after infection (DAI), then every 2 days from 12 to 40 DAI. The free living period lasted 5-8 days at 24°C. By 1 DAI, all the larvae were exsheathed in the stomach. The third molt occurred between 9 and 17 DAI. The last molt occurred between 24 and 32 DAI. The prepatent period lasted 42-44 DAI, while the patent period lasted at least 13 months. For each experiment, the morphology of the different stages of the life cycle was described. The chronology of the G. strigosum life cycle and its morphogenesis were compared to those of different Haemonchidae parasites of ruminants (Ostertagia ostertagi, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Haemonchus contortus, and Haemonchus placei) in their natural hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Massoni
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, UMR 7207-CR2P, UPMC, 57 rue Cuvier, CC 48, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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