Phospholipase A2 and arachidonic acid: a common link in the generation of the eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF) from human PMN by various stimuli

Immunological aspects of tonsils and of tonsillitis

The human tonsils are responsible for the final antigen-induced differentiation of B-cells to plasma cells. Their main function could be the expansion of memory IgA-B-cells, allowing J-chain expression and final differentiation under secondary signals. IgA/J+-cells have been shown to migrate into mucosal membranes, allowing a protection against microorganisms. Recurrent tonsillitis obviously interferes with this complex immunological network, possibly resulting in a reduced mucosal protection by IgA. Furthermore, bacterial antigens can initiate the liberation of biochemical inflammatory mediators. Among these, arachidonic acid products can play a key role. They can induce epithelial damage and decreased ciliary function. Furthermore, they influence tonsillar immunological reactions.

Characterization of leukotriene B4-omega-hydroxylase activity within human polymorphonuclear granulocytes

Human polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN) metabolize exogenous [3H]leukotriene B4 (LTB4) into 20-hydroxy- and 20-carboxy-[3H]LTB4. The conversion was enhanced at acidic pH values (pH 6.0-7.0). Sonication of purified PMN and subcellular fractionation by differential centrifugation showed that major LTB4-hydroxylase activity was associated with the microsomal fraction (105,000 g pellet). In contrast to intact cells, LTB4-hydroxylase activity within the microsomal fraction revealed optimal activity at neutral pH and was inhibited by a wide range of divalent cations. There was a strict requirement for the presence of suitable electron donors such as NADPH. Heterocyclic nitrogenous bases, such as imidazole and pyridine, inhibited the LTB4 conversion induced by intact PMN as well as by their microsomes. These observations combined with the spectrophotometric analysis (carbon monoxide dithionite-reduced difference spectrum) supported the assumption that LTB4-hydroxylase resembled a cytochrome P-450 enzyme. The LTB4-hydroxylase within human PMN was not identical with the cytochrome P-450 of rat liver; hepatic microsomes only showed minute conversion of LTB4.

Bacterial adherence and hemolysin production from Escherichia coli induces histamine and leukotriene release from various cells

We investigated the role of bacterial adherence and hemolysin production from Escherichia coli parent and genetically cloned strains as to their effects on histamine release from rat mast cells and leukotriene generation from human polymorphonuclear granulocytes. These mediators were involved in the induction of inflammatory disease processes and led, for example, to enhancement of vascular permeability, chemotaxis (leukotriene B4 [LTB4]), chemoaggregation, lysosomal enzyme release, and smooth muscle contraction, (LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4). Washed bacteria (E. coli K-12 MS+ Hly +/-; E. coli 536 MS+ MR +/-) as well as their culture supernatants were analyzed. Washed E. coli K-12 (Hly+), unlike Hly- strains, induced high amounts of histamine release from rat mast cells and chemotactic activity from human polymorphonuclear granulocytes. Significant leukotriene release was obtained with washed E. coli K-12 Hly+ strains and their bacterial culture supernatants. Leukotriene induction was dependent on the amount of hemolysin activity present in the supernatant. However, additional soluble factors should also be considered. The presence of hemolysin appeared to accelerate and enhance the rate of phagocytosis of bacteria by neutrophils. When E. coli 536 (MS+ MR +/- Hly +/-) strains were analyzed, the simultaneous presence of MR+ pili and hemolysin production led to an increase in histamine release as compared with MR- Hly+ strains. The genetically cloned MR+ Hly+ E. coli 536 strain induced higher amounts of leukotrienes as compared with the wild-type strain. Our data suggest a potent role for adhesins and hemolysin as virulence factors in inducing the release of inflammatory mediators.

On the biological role of lipid chemotactic factors

Our experimental data of the past seven years cover the generation of a non-preformed lipid-mediator which primarily assayed with guinea pig eosinophils proved to be eosinophil chemotactic. The analysis of the various stimuli led in 1978 to the concept of the phospholipase-arachidonic sequence as a common link for membrane activation. Immunopharmacological studies using either arachidonic acid as stimulus or arachidonic acid analogues provided an early evidence that the lipid chemotactic factor was a lipoxygenase product. These results were supported by analytical studies using thin layer chromatography, reversed phase HPLC, mass spectrometry, the comparison of the lipid chemotactic factor with endogeneous HETEs and by the synthesis of mono- and di-HETEs. It became also evident that mono- and di-HETE are not only mediators but also modulators of inflammatory reactions as was demonstrated for the C5a induced eosinophil chemotactic response. A less pronounced effect on the C5a induced eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic response was exerted by PAF and its structural analogues. It is also demonstrated that isolated bacterial exotoxins trigger the cells via the phospholipase-arachidonic acid sequence thus generating mono- and di-HETEs leading to the amplification of an inflammatory response.