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Wang Y, Sun X, Peng J, Li F, Ali F, Wang Z. Regulation of seed germination: ROS, epigenetic, and hormonal aspects. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00225-X. [PMID: 38838783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The whole life of a plant is regulated by complex environmental or hormonal signaling networks that control genomic stability, environmental signal transduction, and gene expression affecting plant development and viability. Seed germination, responsible for the transformation from seed to seedling, is a key initiation step in plant growth and is controlled by unique physiological and biochemical processes. It is continuously modulated by various factors including epigenetic modifications, hormone transport, ROS signaling, and interaction among them. ROS showed versatile crucial functions in seed germination including various physiological oxidations to nucleic acid, protein, lipid, or chromatin in the cytoplasm, cell wall, and nucleus. AIM of review: This review intends to provide novel insights into underlying mechanisms of seed germination especially associated with the ROS, and considers how these versatile regulatory mechanisms can be developed as useful tools for crop improvement. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW We have summarized the generation and elimination of ROS during seed germination, with a specific focus on uncovering and understanding the mechanisms of seed germination at the level of phytohormones, ROS, and epigenetic switches, as well as the close connections between them. The findings exhibit that ROS plays multiple roles in regulating the ethylene, ABA, and GA homeostasis as well as the Ca2+ signaling, NO signaling, and MAPK cascade in seed germination via either the signal trigger or the oxidative modifier agent. Further, ROS shows the potential in the nuclear genome remodeling and some epigenetic modifiers function, although the detailed mechanisms are unclear in seed germination. We propose that ROS functions as a hub in the complex network regulating seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakong Wang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio‑breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio‑breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Xiangyang Sun
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio‑breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jun Peng
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, Hainan, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio‑breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Fuguang Li
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio‑breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, Hainan, China
| | - Faiza Ali
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio‑breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Zhi Wang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio‑breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, Hainan, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio‑breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China.
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Maeda S, Goto S, Inoue H, Suwazono H, Takatsuji H, Mori M. Improvement of Broad-Spectrum Disease-Resistant Rice by the Overexpression of BSR1 via a Moderate-Strength Constitutive Promoter and a Pathogen-Inducible Promoter. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1138. [PMID: 38674547 PMCID: PMC11054640 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Conferring crops with resistance to multiple diseases is crucial for stable food production. Genetic engineering is an effective means of achieving this. The rice receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase BSR1 mediates microbe-associated molecular pattern-induced immunity. In our previous study, we demonstrated that rice lines overexpressing BSR1 under the control of the maize ubiquitin promoter exhibited broad-spectrum resistance to rice blast, brown spot, leaf blight, and bacterial seedling rot. However, unfavorable phenotypes were observed, such as a decreased seed germination rate and a partial darkening of husked rice. Herein, we present a strategy to address these unfavorable phenotypes using an OsUbi7 constitutive promoter with moderate expression levels and a pathogen-inducible PR1b promoter. Rice lines expressing BSR1 under the influence of both promoters maintained broad-spectrum disease resistance. The seed germination rate and coloration of husked rice were similar to those of the wild-type rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Maeda
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan; (S.G.); (H.I.); (M.M.)
| | - Shingo Goto
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan; (S.G.); (H.I.); (M.M.)
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Inoue
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan; (S.G.); (H.I.); (M.M.)
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Haruka Suwazono
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan; (S.G.); (H.I.); (M.M.)
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takatsuji
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan; (S.G.); (H.I.); (M.M.)
| | - Masaki Mori
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan; (S.G.); (H.I.); (M.M.)
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3
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Doll NM, Nowack MK. Endosperm cell death: roles and regulation in angiosperms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024:erae052. [PMID: 38364847 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Double fertilization in angiosperms results in the formation of a second zygote, the fertilized endosperm. Unlike its embryo sibling, the endosperm is a transient structure that eventually undergoes developmentally controlled programmed cell death (PCD) at specific time points of seed development or germination. The nature of endosperm PCD exhibits a considerable diversity, both across different angiosperm taxa and within distinct endosperm tissues. In endosperm-less species, PCD might cause central cell degeneration as a mechanism preventing the formation of a fertilized endosperm. In most other angiosperms, embryo growth necessitates the elimination of surrounding endosperm cells. Nevertheless, complete elimination of the endosperm is rare, and in most cases, specific endosperm tissues persist. In mature seeds, these persisting cells may be dead, such as the starchy endosperm in cereals, or remain alive to die only during germination, like the cereal aleurone or the endosperm of castor beans. In this review, we explore the current knowledge surrounding the cellular, molecular, and genetic aspects of endosperm PCD, and the influence environmental stresses have on PCD processes. Overall, this review provides an exhaustive overview of endosperm PCD processes in angiosperms, shedding light on its diverse mechanisms and its significance in seed development and seedling establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M Doll
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Moritz K Nowack
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
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4
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Zhang Q, Song C, Cao P, Su Y, Jiang Q, Wang C, Bin Y, Song Z. Identification of citrus APX gene family and their response to CYVCV infection. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2023; 136:371-382. [PMID: 36862271 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-023-01447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) is one of the most important antioxidant enzymes in the reactive oxygen metabolic pathway of plants. The role of APX under biotic and abiotic stress conditions has been explored, but the response pattern of APX under biotic stresses is relatively less known. In this study, seven CsAPXs gene family members were identified based on the sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) genome and subjected to evolutionary and structural analysis using bioinformatics software. The APX genes of lemon (ClAPXs) were cloned and showed a high conservation to CsAPXs by sequences alignment. In citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV)-infected Eureka lemons (C. limon) at 30th day post inoculation, APX activity and accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde were measured to be 3.63, 2.29, and 1.73 times to that of the healthy control. The expression levels of 7 ClAPX genes in different periods of CYVCV-infected Eureka lemon were analyzed. Notably, ClAPX1, ClAPX5, and ClAPX7 showed higher expression levels compared to healthy plants, while ClAPX2, ClAPX3, and ClAPX4 showed lower expression levels. Functional identification of ClAPX1 in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that increasing the expression of ClAPX1 could significantly reduce the accumulation of H2O2, and it was verified that ClAPX1 is located in the plasma membrane of the cell. The present study provided information on the evolution and function of citrus APXs and revealed for the first time their response pattern to CYVCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Citrus Research Institute of Southwest University, National Citrus Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Chenhu Song
- Citrus Research Institute of Southwest University, National Citrus Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Citrus Research Institute of Southwest University, National Citrus Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Yue Su
- Citrus Research Institute of Southwest University, National Citrus Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Qiqi Jiang
- Citrus Research Institute of Southwest University, National Citrus Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Chunqing Wang
- Citrus Research Institute of Southwest University, National Citrus Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Yu Bin
- Citrus Research Institute of Southwest University, National Citrus Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Zhen Song
- Citrus Research Institute of Southwest University, National Citrus Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing, 400712, China.
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Wei Q, Xie K, Wang H, Shao X, Wei Y, Chen Y, Jiang S, Cao M, Chen J, Xu F. Calcium Involved in the Enrichment of γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) in Broccoli Sprouts under Fructose Treatment. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:224. [PMID: 36678938 PMCID: PMC9866455 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The effect of fructose on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content and its metabolic pathway in broccoli sprouts was investigated. The results demonstrated that the fructose treatment not only significantly increased the fresh weight, GABA, and glutamate contents in sprouts, but also promoted the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and the expressions of BoGAD1 and BoGAD2. Meanwhile, fructose treatment inhibited the stem length of broccoli sprouts and enhanced the abscisic acid (ABA) production in comparison with the control. Ca2+, CaM contents, and BoCaM2 expression in broccoli sprouts were also stimulated after fructose treatment. Exogenous fructose increased inositol trisphosphate (IP3) content and activated the activity of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) and the expression of BoPLC2, contributing to Ca2+ influx into the cells. These results suggested that Ca2+ played an essential role in GABA enrichment under fructose treatment, which may be associated with GAD and PI-PLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinling Wei
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Keqin Xie
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hongfei Wang
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xingfeng Shao
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yingying Wei
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Mengze Cao
- Seymour College, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Jisuan Chen
- Haitong Food Group Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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Pawela A, Banasiak J, Biała W, Martinoia E, Jasiński M. MtABCG20 is an ABA exporter influencing root morphology and seed germination of Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:511-523. [PMID: 30661269 PMCID: PMC6850635 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) integrates internal and external signals to coordinate plant development, growth and architecture. It plays a central role in stomatal closure, and prevents germination of freshly produced seeds and germination of non-dormant seeds under unfavorable circumstances. Here, we describe a Medicago truncatula ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, MtABCG20, as an ABA exporter present in roots and germinating seeds. In seeds, MtABCG20 was found in the hypocotyl-radicle transition zone of the embryonic axis. Seeds of mtabcg20 plants were more sensitive to ABA upon germination, due to the fact that ABA translocation within mtabcg20 embryos was impaired. Additionally, the mtabcg20 produced fewer lateral roots and formed more nodules compared with wild-type plants in conditions mimicking drought stress. Heterologous expression in Arabidopsis thaliana provided evidence that MtABCG20 is a plasma membrane protein that is likely to form homodimers. Moreover, export of ABA from Nicotiana tabacum BY2 cells expressing MtABCG20 was faster than in the BY2 without MtABCG20. Our results have implications both in legume crop research and determination of the fundamental molecular processes involved in drought response and germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Pawela
- Department of Plant Molecular PhysiologyInstitute of Bioorganic ChemistryPolish Academy of SciencesPoznanPoland
| | - Joanna Banasiak
- Department of Plant Molecular PhysiologyInstitute of Bioorganic ChemistryPolish Academy of SciencesPoznanPoland
| | - Wanda Biała
- Department of Plant Molecular PhysiologyInstitute of Bioorganic ChemistryPolish Academy of SciencesPoznanPoland
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of Zurich8008ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Michał Jasiński
- Department of Plant Molecular PhysiologyInstitute of Bioorganic ChemistryPolish Academy of SciencesPoznanPoland
- Department of Biochemistry and BiotechnologyPoznan University of Life SciencesPoznanPoland
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7
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Wang G, Xiao Y, Deng X, Zhang H, Li T, Chen H. Exogenous Hydrogen Peroxide Contributes to Heme Oxygenase-1 Delaying Programmed Cell Death in Isolated Aleurone Layers of Rice Subjected to Drought Stress in a cGMP-Dependent Manner. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:84. [PMID: 29449858 PMCID: PMC5799830 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) that plays a dual role in plant cells. Here, we discovered that drought (20% polyethylene glycol-6000, PEG)-triggered decreases of HO-1 transcript expression and HO activity. However, exogenous H2O2 contributed toward the increase in HO-1 gene expression and activity of the enzyme under drought stress. Meanwhile, the HO-1 inducer hematin could mimic the effects of the H2O2 scavengers ascorbic acid (AsA) and dimethylthiourea (DMTU) and the H2O2 synthesis inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) for scavenging or diminishing drought-induced endogenous H2O2. Conversely, the zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPPIX), an HO-1-specific inhibitor, reversed the effects of hematin. We further analyzed the endogenous H2O2 levels and HO-1 transcript expression levels of aleurone layers treated with AsA, DMTU, and DPI in the presence of exogenous H2O2 under drought stress, respectively. The results showed that in aleurone layers subjected to drought stress, when the endogenous H2O2 level was inhibited, the effect of exogenous H2O2 on the induction of HO-1 was enhanced. Furthermore, exogenous H2O2-activated HO-1 effectively enhanced amylase activity. Application of 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (8-Br-cGMP) (the membrane permeable cGMP analog) promoted the effect of exogenous H2O2-delayed PCD of aleurone layers in response to drought stress. More importantly, HO-1 delayed the programmed cell death (PCD) of aleurone layers by cooperating with nitric oxide (NO), and the delayed effect of NO on PCD was achieved via mediation by cGMP under drought stress. In short, in rice aleurone layers, exogenous H2O2 (as a signaling molecule) triggered HO-1 and delayed PCD via cGMP which possibly induced amylase activity under drought stress. In contrast, as a toxic by-product of cellular metabolism, the drought-generated H2O2 promoted cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaojiang Deng
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Heting Zhang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Tingge Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Huiping Chen
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Daneri‐Castro SN, Roberts TH. Isolation of viable protoplasts from the aleurone layers of commercial barley malting varieties. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio N. Daneri‐Castro
- Plant Breeding Institute, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment University of Sydney Australia
| | - Thomas H. Roberts
- Plant Breeding Institute, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment University of Sydney Australia
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Wu H, Zheng Y, Liu J, Zhang H, Chen H. Heme Oxygenase-1 Delays Gibberellin-Induced Programmed Cell Death of Rice Aleurone Layers Subjected to Drought Stress by Interacting with Nitric Oxide. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1267. [PMID: 26834769 PMCID: PMC4717306 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cereal aleurone layers undergo a gibberellin (GA)-regulated process of programmed cell death (PCD) following germination. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is known as a rate-liming enzyme in the degradation of heme to biliverdin IXα, carbon monoxide (CO), and free iron ions (Fe(2+)). It is a critical component in plant development and adaptation to environment stresses. Our previous studies confirmed that HO-1 inducer hematin (Ht) promotes the germination of rice seeds in drought (20% polyethylene glycol-6000, PEG) conditions, but the corresponding effects of HO-1 on the alleviation of germination-triggered PCD in GA-treated rice aleurone layers remain unknown. The present study has determined that GA co-treated with PEG results in lower HO-1 transcript levels and HO activity, which in turn results in the development of vacuoles in aleurone cells, followed by PCD. The pharmacology approach illustrated that up- or down-regulated HO-1 gene expression and HO activity delayed or accelerated GA-induced PCD. Furthermore, the application of the HO-1 inducer Ht and nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) not only activated HO-1 gene expression, HO activity, and endogenous NO content, but also blocked GA-induced rapid vacuolation and accelerated aleurone layers PCD under drought stress. However, both HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPPIX) and NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl0-4, 4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-l-oxyl-3-oxide potassium salt (cPTIO) reserved the effects of Ht and SNP on rice aleurone layer PCD under drought stress by down-regulating endogenous HO-1 and NO, respectively. The inducible effects of Ht and SNP on HO-1 gene expression, HO activity, and NO content were blocked by cPTIO. Together, these results clearly suggest that HO-1 is involved in the alleviation of GA-induced PCD of drought-triggered rice aleurone layers by associating with NO.
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10
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Domínguez F, Cejudo FJ. Programmed cell death (PCD): an essential process of cereal seed development and germination. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:366. [PMID: 25120551 PMCID: PMC4112785 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The life cycle of cereal seeds can be divided into two phases, development and germination, separated by a quiescent period. Seed development and germination require the growth and differentiation of new tissues, but also the ordered disappearance of cells, which takes place by a process of programmed cell death (PCD). For this reason, cereal seeds have become excellent model systems for the study of developmental PCD in plants. At early stages of seed development, maternal tissues such as the nucellus, the pericarp, and the nucellar projections undergo a progressive degeneration by PCD, which allows the remobilization of their cellular contents for nourishing new filial tissues such as the embryo and the endosperm. At a later stage, during seed maturation, the endosperm undergoes PCD, but these cells remain intact in the mature grain and their contents will not be remobilized until germination. Thus, the only tissues that remain alive when seed development is completed are the embryo axis, the scutellum and the aleurone layer. In germinating seeds, both the scutellum and the aleurone layer play essential roles in producing the hydrolytic enzymes for the mobilization of the storage compounds of the starchy endosperm, which serve to support early seedling growth. Once this function is completed, scutellum and aleurone cells undergo PCD; their contents being used to support the growth of the germinated embryo. PCD occurs with tightly controlled spatial-temporal patterns allowing coordinated fluxes of nutrients between the different seed tissues. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of the tissues undergoing PCD in developing and germinating cereal seeds, focussing on the biochemical features of the process. The effect of hormones and redox regulation on PCD control will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco J. Cejudo
- *Correspondence: Francisco J. Cejudo, Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda Américo Vespucio 49, Sevilla 41092, Spain e-mail:
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11
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Kwak JM, Nguyen V, Schroeder JI. The role of reactive oxygen species in hormonal responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 141:323-9. [PMID: 16760482 PMCID: PMC1475468 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.079004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- June M Kwak
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, USA.
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12
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Gadjev I, Vanderauwera S, Gechev TS, Laloi C, Minkov IN, Shulaev V, Apel K, Inzé D, Mittler R, Van Breusegem F. Transcriptomic footprints disclose specificity of reactive oxygen species signaling in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 141:436-45. [PMID: 16603662 PMCID: PMC1475436 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.078717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key players in the regulation of plant development, stress responses, and programmed cell death. Previous studies indicated that depending on the type of ROS (hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, or singlet oxygen) or its subcellular production site (plastidic, cytosolic, peroxisomal, or apoplastic), a different physiological, biochemical, and molecular response is provoked. We used transcriptome data generated from ROS-related microarray experiments to assess the specificity of ROS-driven transcript expression. Data sets obtained by exogenous application of oxidative stress-causing agents (methyl viologen, Alternaria alternata toxin, 3-aminotriazole, and ozone) and from a mutant (fluorescent) and transgenic plants, in which the activity of an individual antioxidant enzyme was perturbed (catalase, cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase, and copper/zinc superoxide dismutase), were compared. In total, the abundance of nearly 26,000 transcripts of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) was monitored in response to different ROS. Overall, 8,056, 5,312, and 3,925 transcripts showed at least a 3-, 4-, or 5-fold change in expression, respectively. In addition to marker transcripts that were specifically regulated by hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, or singlet oxygen, several transcripts were identified as general oxidative stress response markers because their steady-state levels were at least 5-fold elevated in most experiments. We also assessed the expression characteristics of all annotated transcription factors and inferred new candidate regulatory transcripts that could be responsible for orchestrating the specific transcriptomic signatures triggered by different ROS. Our analysis provides a framework that will assist future efforts to address the impact of ROS signals within environmental stress conditions and elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the oxidative stress response in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Gadjev
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
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Hwang YS, Bethke PC, Cheong YH, Chang HS, Zhu T, Jones RL. A gibberellin-regulated calcineurin B in rice localizes to the tonoplast and is implicated in vacuole function. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 138:1347-58. [PMID: 15980189 PMCID: PMC1176408 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.062703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Revised: 04/17/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Many developmental and environmental signals are transduced through changes in intracellular calcium concentrations, yet only a few calcium-binding proteins have been identified in plants. Calcineurin B-like (CBL) proteins are calcium-binding proteins that are thought to function as plant signal transduction elements. RNA profiling using a rice (Oryza sativa cv Nipponbare) oligonucleotide microarray was used to monitor gene expression in de-embryonated rice grains. This analysis showed that a putative rice CBL gene responded to gibberellic acid, but not abscisic acid, treatment. The CBL gene family in rice contains at least 10 genes and these have extensive similarity to the CBLs of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid assays, rice CBLs interact with the kinase partners of Arabidopsis CBLs. Only one rice CBL gene, OsCBL2, is up-regulated by GA in the aleurone layer. A homolog with 91% sequence identity to OsCBL2 was cloned from barley (Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya), and designated HvCBL2. We examined the localization and function of OsCBL2 and HvCBL2 in rice and barley aleurone because changes in cytosolic calcium have been implicated in the response of the aleurone cell to GA. Green fluorescent protein translational fusions of OsCBL2 and OsCBL3 were localized to the tonoplast of aleurone cell protein storage vacuoles and OsCBL4-green fluorescent protein was localized to the plasma membrane. Data from experiments using antisense expression of OsCBL2 and HvCBL2 are consistent with a role for OsCBL2 in promoting vacuolation of barley aleurone cells following treatment with GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sic Hwang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3102, USA
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14
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Tsukamoto S, Morita S, Hirano E, Yokoi H, Masumura T, Tanaka K. A novel cis-element that is responsive to oxidative stress regulates three antioxidant defense genes in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 137:317-27. [PMID: 15618434 PMCID: PMC548862 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.045658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
All organisms have defense systems against oxidative stress that include multiple genes of antioxidant defense. These genes are induced by reactive oxygen species under condition of oxidative stress. In this study, we found that a 28-bp motif is conserved on the promoter regions of three antioxidant defense genes in rice (Oryza sativa): cytosolic superoxide dismutase (sodCc1), cytosolic thioredoxin (trxh), and glutaredoxin (grx). We demonstrated that the 28-bp sequence acts as a cis-element responsive to oxidative stress by transient expression assay and designated it as CORE (coordinate regulatory element for antioxidant defense). The CORE was activated by methyl viologen treatment and induced a 3.1-fold increase in expression of the reporter gene, but it did not respond to hydrogen peroxide. The expressions of the sodCc1, trxh, and grx genes were coordinately induced by methyl viologen, suggesting that multiple genes involved in antioxidant defense are controlled by a common regulatory mechanism via CORE. Application of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor caused the constitutive induction of the sodCc1, trxh, and grx genes and the activation of CORE without methyl viologen treatment. These results indicate that a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade is involved in the gene regulation mediated by CORE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigefumi Tsukamoto
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
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15
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Clerkx EJM, El-Lithy ME, Vierling E, Ruys GJ, Blankestijn-De Vries H, Groot SPC, Vreugdenhil D, Koornneef M. Analysis of natural allelic variation of Arabidopsis seed germination and seed longevity traits between the accessions Landsberg erecta and Shakdara, using a new recombinant inbred line population. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 135:432-43. [PMID: 15122038 PMCID: PMC429396 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.036814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2003] [Revised: 01/27/2004] [Accepted: 01/27/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping was used to identify loci controlling various aspects of seed longevity during storage and germination. Similar locations for QTLs controlling different traits might be an indication for a common genetic control of such traits. For this analysis we used a new recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between the accessions Landsberg erecta (Ler) and Shakdara (Sha). A set of 114 F9 recombinant inbred lines was genotyped with 65 polymerase chain reaction-based markers and the phenotypic marker erecta. The traits analyzed were dormancy, speed of germination, seed sugar content, seed germination after a controlled deterioration test, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment, and on abscisic acid. Furthermore, the effects of heat stress, salt (NaCl) stress, osmotic (mannitol) stress, and natural aging were analyzed. For all traits one or more QTLs were identified, with some QTLs for different traits colocating. The relevance of colocation for mechanisms underlying the various traits is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile J M Clerkx
- Graduate School of Experimental Plant Science and Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, NL-6703 BD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Smith CJ, Gallon JR. Living in the real world: how plants perceive their environment. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2001; 151:1-6. [PMID: 33873390 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (tel +44 1792295 378; fax +44 1792295 447 email )
| | - John R Gallon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (tel +44 1792295376; fax +44 1792295447 email )
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Fath A, Bethke PC, Belligni MV, Spiegel YN, Jones RL. Signalling in the cereal aleurone: hormones, reactive oxygen and cell death. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2001; 151:99-107. [PMID: 33873372 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The cereal aleurone is widely used as a model system to study hormonal signalling. Abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellins (GAs) elicit distinct responses in aleurone cells, ranging from those occurring within minutes of hormone addition to those that require several hours or days to complete. Programmed cell death is an example of a response in aleurone layers that is hormonally regulated. GAs promote cell death and cells in intact aleurone layers begin to die 24 h after GA treatment, whereas cell death of aleurone protoplasts begins 4 d after GA treatment. ABA prevents aleurone cell death and addition of ABA to cells pretreated with GA can delay cell death. Aleurone cells do not follow the apoptotic route of programmed cell death. Cells treated with GA, but not ABA, develop large, acidic vacuoles containing a spectrum of hydrolases typical of lytic compartments. Enzymes that metabolize reactive oxygen species are also present in aleurone cells, but ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase become less abundant after treatment with GA; activity of these enzymes increases or remains unchanged in ABA-treated cells. We propose a model whereby reactive oxygen species accumulate in GA-treated cells and lead to peroxidation of membrane lipids and plasma membrane rupture. ABBREVIATIONS: RO, reactive oxygen species; HR, hypersensitive response; PSV, protein storage vacuole; PCD, programmed cell death; CAT, catalase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; APX, ascorbate peroxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Fath
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA
| | - Paul C Bethke
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA
| | - Maria V Belligni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biologicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata, Mar Del Plata, Buenos Aires 7600, Argentina
| | - Yoav N Spiegel
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA
| | - Russell L Jones
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA
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