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Affolter VK. Cytotoxic dermatitis: Review of the interface dermatitis pattern in veterinary skin diseases. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:770-782. [PMID: 37650259 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231195080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Interface dermatitis or lichenoid interface dermatitis refers to a cutaneous inflammatory pattern in which keratinocyte cell death is the essential feature. These terms have evolved from the originally described lichenoid tissue reaction. These lesions are the basis for an important group of skin diseases in animals and people where cytotoxic T-cell-mediated epidermal damage is a major pathomechanism. Yet, for largely historical reasons these commonly used morphological diagnostic terms do not reflect the essential nature of the lesion. An emphasis on subsidiary lesions, such as the presence of a lichenoid band, and definitions based on anatomical features, such as location at the dermo-epidermal location, may cause confusion and even misdiagnosis. This review covers historical aspects of the terminology, including the origin of terms such as "lichenoid." The types of cell death involved and the histopathologic lesions are described. Etiopathogenesis is discussed in terms of aberrations of immune/inflammatory mechanisms focusing on cutaneous lupus erythematosus, erythema multiforme, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis. Mechanisms have most extensively been studied in humans and laboratory animals and the discussion is centered on these species. As interface dermatitis is firmly entrenched in dermatological parlance, rather than using "cytotoxic" as its substitute, the terminologies "interface cytotoxic dermatitis" and "panepidermal cytotoxic dermatitis" are recommended, based on location and extent of epithelium affected.
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Olivry T, Linder KE, Banovic F. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus in dogs: a comprehensive review. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:132. [PMID: 29669547 PMCID: PMC5907183 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first description of discoid lupus erythematosus (LE) in two dogs in 1979, the spectrum of canine cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) variants has expanded markedly. In this review, we first propose an adaptation of the Gilliam-Sontheimer classification of CLE for dogs. We then review the signalment, clinical signs, laboratory and histopathology and treatment outcome of the currently recognized variants of canine CLE, which are vesicular CLE, exfoliative CLE, mucocutaneous LE and facial or generalized discoid LE. We end with a short description of the rare cutaneous manifestations of systemic LE in dogs. Canine CLE variants are heterogeneous, some of them mirror their human counterparts while others appear—thus far—unique to the dog. As most CLE subtypes seem to have a good prognosis after diagnosis, veterinarians are encouraged to become familiar with the spectrum of often-characteristic and unique clinical signs that would permit an early diagnosis and the rapid implementation of an effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA. .,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Keith E Linder
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Frane Banovic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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De Lucia M, Mezzalira G, Bardagí M, Fondevila DM, Fabbri E, Fondati A. A retrospective study comparing histopathological and immunopathological features of nasal planum dermatitis in 20 dogs with discoid lupus erythematosus or leishmaniosis. Vet Dermatol 2017; 28:200-e46. [PMID: 28133824 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In areas endemic for leishmaniosis, discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) and canine leishmaniosis (CanL) are the most common differential diagnoses for nasal planum erosive-ulcerative dermatitis in dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE To compare histopathological and immunopathological features of canine nasal planum erosive-ulcerative dermatitis with depigmentation due to DLE or CanL. ANIMALS Nasal planum biopsies from dogs with nasal planum loss of architecture, depigmentation, swelling, erosions or ulcerations due to DLE (n = 14) or CanL (n = 6). METHODS Sections of paraffin-embedded samples, stained with haematoxylin and eosin were reviewed. Samples were examined using antibodies targeting T cells (CD3), B cells (CD20), macrophages (Mac387) and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC II). Histopathological and immunophenotypical findings were compared between DLE and CanL cases. RESULTS Lichenoid and interface dermatitis were observed in both DLE and CanL cases. A nodular-to-diffuse, superficial and/or deep dermatitis with macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells was present only in CanL samples. CD20-positive cells predominated over CD3- and Mac387-positive cells in the two conditions. The percentage of dermal Mac387-positive cells was higher in CanL compared to DLE samples and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS/CLINICAL IMPORTANCE In this study, similar histopathological and immunopathological findings were observed in dogs with nasal planum lesions due to DLE or CanL. Therefore, in areas endemic for leishmaniosis, the presence of the parasite should be investigated in canine nasal planum dermatitis showing clinical and histopathological features suggestive of DLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela De Lucia
- Clinica Veterinaria Privata San Marco, Via Sorio 114/C, 35141, Padova, Italy.,Laboratorio d'Analisi Veterinarie San Marco, Via Sorio 114/C, 35141, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgia Mezzalira
- Laboratorio d'Analisi Veterinarie San Marco, Via Sorio 114/C, 35141, Padova, Italy
| | - Mar Bardagí
- Department de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolors M Fondevila
- Department de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabetta Fabbri
- U.O. Qualità, Ricerca Organizzativa e Innovazione, AUSL della Romagna, Via Coriano 38, 47924, Rimini, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fondati
- Veterinaria Cetego, Via M.C. Cetego 20, 00177, Roma, Italy.,Ambulatorio Veterinario Trastevere, Viale Glorioso 23, 00153, Roma, Italy
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Olivry T, Rossi MA, Banovic F, Linder KE. Mucocutaneous lupus erythematosus in dogs (21 cases). Vet Dermatol 2015; 26:256-e55. [PMID: 26096899 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of dogs with chronic juxtamucosal erosive lesions and histopathology typical of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is unclear. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES We report herein 21 dogs with mucocutaneous erosive lesions and lupus-specific histopathology that we propose to be affected with mucocutaneous lupus erythematosus (MCLE), another variant of chronic CLE. METHODS Inclusion criteria were the presence of the following: (i) a >2 month history of chronic or recurrent skin lesions; (ii) erosions or ulcers predominating at mucosae or mucocutaneous junctions; (iii) microscopic lesions of CLE (i.e. a lymphocyte-rich interface dermatitis with basal keratinocyte damage); and (iv) a lack of complete remission following antimicrobials. Clinical questionnaires and skin biopsies were reviewed. Direct immunofluorescence and antinuclear antibody serology were performed whenever possible. RESULTS More than half of the 21 dogs were German shepherds or their crosses. The disease affected mostly dogs in their mid-adulthood and there was an over-representation of females. Erosions and ulcers predominated at genital/perigenital and anal/perianal areas, with a lower frequency of involvement of periocular, perioral and perinasal regions. In these dogs, there were no clinical signs suggestive of an associated systemic lupus erythematosus. Microscopic lesions were specific for CLE, but they were patchy and often infected with bacteria. The most common immunological finding was focal IgG deposition at the basement membrane zone. Lesions responded to varying interventions, but oral glucocorticoids led to a shorter time to complete remission. Relapses were common upon treatment tapering. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE These observations support MCLE being another variant of canine CLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.,Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Michael A Rossi
- VRCC Veterinary Specialty & Emergency Hospital, 3550 South Jason Street, Englewood, CO 80110, USA
| | - Frane Banovic
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.,Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Keith E Linder
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.,Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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5
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Efficacy of Tetracycline and Niacinamide for the Treatment of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus in 17 Dogs (1997^|^ndash;2011). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2736/jjvd.20.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lehner GM, Linek M. A case of vesicular cutaneous lupus erythematosus in a Border collie successfully treated with topical tacrolimus and nicotinamide-tetracycline. Vet Dermatol 2013; 24:639-41, e159-60. [PMID: 24118370 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine vesicular cutaneous lupus erythematosus (VCLE) is an autoimmune skin disease of the Shetland sheepdog and rough collie, which manifests as an erosive dermatitis of sparsely haired skin of the ventrum and concave pinnae. Reported treatment consists of immunosuppression with glucocorticoids alone or in combination with azathioprine, but successful treatment is unpredictable. OBJECTIVES To report on the treatment of VCLE in a Border collie dog with topical 0.1% tacrolimus and nicotinamide in combination with tetracycline. CASE REPORT An 8-year-old male neutered Border collie was presented with multiple coalescing erosions on the ventral abdomen, groin and axillae and ulceration on the oral commissures. Clinical presentation, routine diagnostics, histology and immunohistochemistry were consistent with VCLE. Remission was achieved with topical 0.1% tacrolimus and combination therapy of nicotinamide and tetracycline. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This dog responded well to treatment with topical 0.1% tacrolimus, nicotinamide-tetracycline and sun avoidance. Complete remission was achieved after 2.5 months, and the dog was lesion free during a 1 year follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg M Lehner
- Tierärztliche Spezialisten Hamburg, Rodigallee 85, Hamburg, D-22043, Germany
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8
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Rosenberg AS, Scott DW, Erb HN, McDonough SP. Infiltrative lymphocytic mural folliculitis: A histopathological reaction pattern in skin-biopsy specimens from cats with allergic skin disease. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:80-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of infiltrative lymphocytic mural folliculitis (ILMF) in skin-biopsy specimens from 354 cats with various inflammatory dermatoses and from 33 cats with normal skin. Although ILMF was present in 33/47 dermatoses evaluated, the prevalence of ILMF in allergic dermatoses (116/172 cats; 67%) was significantly greater than that in non-allergic dermatoses (61/182 cats; 33%). Cats with allergic dermatoses had a 4.1 times greater odds of having ILMF than cats with non-allergic dermatoses. ILMF was not observed in any of the normal skin specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Rosenberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Danny W Scott
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hollis N Erb
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sean P McDonough
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Breathnach RM, Fanning S, Mulcahy G, Bassett HF, Strobl E, Jones BR. Cutaneous infiltrates and peripheral blood immune responses in dogs with immunomodulatory-responsive lymphocytic-plasmacytic pododermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2009; 21:383-92. [PMID: 20015110 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study characterizes T- and B-lymphocyte responses in the peripheral blood and lesional skin of dogs with immunomodulatory-responsive lymphocytic-plasmacytic pododermatitis (ImR-LPP), a term previously proposed to denote a subpopulation of dogs with idiopathic pododermatitis. T-cell (CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ ) and B-cell (CD21+) counts were significantly increased in both the epidermis and dermis of lesional ImR-LPP skin compared with that in pedal skin from healthy controls. CD3+ , CD4+, CD8+ and CD21+ cells were commonly observed in perivascular sites in the superficial dermis, periadnexally, beneath the dermal-epidermal (DE) junction and in the epidermis of lesional ImR-LPP skin. The CD8+ /CD3+ T-cell ratio in peripheral blood was significantly increased in the ImR-LPP group (0.42 versus 0.35 in controls). Serum IgA, IgG and IgM concentrations were all significantly elevated in affected dogs. Lymphocyte stimulation indices in ImR-LPP dogs were comparable with control levels except for a lower response to ionomycin (6.0 versus 11.1). Dogs with ImR-LPP had a higher incidence and mean (semi-quantitative) score for IgA, IgG and IgM deposits in the epidermis, and a significantly increased incidence of dermal IgA+, IgG+ and IgM+ mononuclear inflammatory cells. The results indicate that upregulated T- and B-lymphocyte responses may contribute to the pathogenesis of the skin lesions observed in dogs with ImR-LPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory M Breathnach
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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López A, Van Hoorebeke S, Maes D, Chiers K, Meyns T, Stuyven E, Nauwynck H, Welle M. Porcine ulcerative dermatitis syndrome in sows: a form of vesicular cutaneous lupus erythematosus? Vet Rec 2009; 165:501-6. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.165.17.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D. Maes
- Department of Obstetrics; Reproduction and Herd Health
| | | | - T. Meyns
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases
| | | | - H. Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| | - M. Welle
- Institute of Animal Pathology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Berne, Postfach; Länggassstrasse 122 3001 Berne Switzerland
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GOO MJ, PARK JK, HONG IH, YANG HJ, YUAN DW, KI MR, HAN JY, JI AR, KIM TH, WILLIAMS BH, JEONG KS. Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE) in a Spitz Dog. J Vet Med Sci 2008; 70:633-5. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Jung GOO
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University
| | - Jin-Kyu PARK
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University
| | - Il-Hwa HONG
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University
| | - Hai-Jie YANG
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University
| | - Dong-Wei YUAN
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University
| | - Mi-Ran KI
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University
| | - Jung-Youn HAN
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University
| | - Ae-Ri JI
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University
| | - Tae-Hwan KIM
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University
| | - Bruce H. WILLIAMS
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology
| | - Kyu-Shik JEONG
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University
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Breathnach RM, Fanning S, Mulcahy G, Bassett HF, Jones BR. A study of dendritic cell and MHC class II expression in dogs with immunomodulatory-responsive lymphocytic-plasmacytic pododermatitis. Vet J 2007; 177:352-9. [PMID: 17804263 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The term immunomodulatory-responsive lymphocytic-plasmacytic pododermatitis (ImR-LPP) has previously been proposed to denote a sub-population of dogs with idiopathic pododermatitis. The objective of this study was to investigate dendritic cell (DC) and MHC class II antigen expression in lesional skin of dogs with ImR-LPP (n=47). Median epidermal CD1c(+) cell counts were 37.8 and 12.5 mm(-1) in ImR-LPP dogs and healthy controls (n=27), respectively (P<0.01), while the corresponding dermal cell counts were 180.9 and 45.0 mm(-2), respectively (P<0.01). Intra-epidermal clusters of DCs were observed in 18/47 dogs with ImR-LPP. Median epidermal MHC class II(+) cell counts were 32.5 and 10.5 mm(-1) in ImR-LPP dogs and healthy controls, respectively (P<0.01), while the corresponding dermal cell counts were 216.9 and 46.9 mm(-2), respectively (P<0.01). Dermal MHC class II(+) staining was primarily associated with DCs (47/47 dogs), mononuclear inflammatory cells (45/47), fibroblast-like cells (19/47) and vascular endothelium (14/47). The DC hyperplasia and increased MHC class II expression in lesional ImR-LPP skin are consistent with enhanced antigen presentation, and suggest that both parameters may contribute to the pathogenesis of ImR-LPP through the priming and activation of CD4(+) T cells. Equally, it is possible that the enhanced DC numbers observed in this study may contribute to the immunoregulation of steady-state pathology in lesional ImR-LPP skin through additional expanded, although as yet unresolved, mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory M Breathnach
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A Jackson
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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Angles JM, Famula TR, Pedersen NC. Uveodermatologic (VKH-like) syndrome in American Akita dogs is associated with an increased frequency of DQA1*00201. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 66:656-65. [PMID: 16305682 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Akita breed of dog is affected by a number of distinct immune-mediated diseases, including thyroiditis, sebaceous adenitis, pemphigus foliaceus, uveitis, polyarthritis, myasthenia gravis, and uveodermatologic (UV) syndrome. UV syndrome is manifested by progressive uveitis and depigmenting dermatitis that closely resembles the human Vogt - Koyanagi - Harada syndrome. This study examined the allelic diversity of the three DLA class II loci (DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1) in the American Akita dog, and the relationship of specific DLA class II alleles to the UV. Low allelic variation was demonstrated within genes of DLA class II. American Akita dogs possessed six of the reported 16 DQA1 alleles, but only eight of 61 reported alleles in DRB1 and nine of 47 reported alleles in DQB1. Almost one-half of American Akita dogs were homozygous for a single allele at DQA1 and up to a quarter at DRB1 and DQB1. DLA-DQA1*00201 was associated with a significantly higher relative risk (RR = 15.3) or odds ratio (OR = 15.99) for UV syndrome than other DLA class II alleles. No significant association was noted with haplotypes of DRB1, DQB1, and DQA1 alleles; DRB1*03201-DQA1*00201 trended toward significance. This study confirmed loss of DLA genetic diversity in the American Akita dog in common with other pure breeds of dog and suggested a role for certain DLA class II gene alleles in the pathogenesis of UV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Angles
- Koret Center for Veterinary Genetics and Center for Companion Animal Health, University of California, One Shields Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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