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Kamlangchai P, Kampa N, Srithunyarat T, Seesupa S, Hoisang S, Kaenkangploo D, Jitasombuti P, Nonthakotr C, Boonbal N, Jitpean S. Assessing the potential efficacy of 830-nanometer low-level laser therapy in cats: Extraoral applications. Vet World 2024; 17:1124-1129. [PMID: 38911083 PMCID: PMC11188886 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1124-1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has shown benefits as an alternative treatment of feline chronic gingivostomatitis by reducing pain and inflammation within the oral cavity. Extraoral application technique in cats provides more comfort compared to intraoral application. However, the efficacy of LLLT through buccal tissue is still controversial. This study aimed to investigate the penetration efficacy of LLLT using 830 nm continuous waves with various settings and different application techniques. Materials and Methods Twenty-four healthy cats were included in this study. The wavelength of LLLT was 830 nm with an output power of 200 mW through extraoral application, using fluences of 2 and 6 J/cm2 in continuous-wave mode. This study compared different distances (contact and non-contact) and three different transmission media (absent media, alcohol, and normal saline solution). Measurement of the laser power within the oral cavity is represented as the mean output power (MOP). Results Penetration efficacy was detectable for all fluences, distances, and transmission media, with an average buccal thickness of 2.68 mm. MOP did not differ between fluences of 2 and 6 J/cm2 (p = 0.19). In the absence of media, MOP was significantly higher compared with alcohol (p < 0.05) but was not significantly different from normal saline solution (p = 0.26). Conclusion Extraoral application of LLLT demonstrated penetration efficacy through the buccal tissue with both contact and non-contact skin (<10 mm). This is a potential alternative treatment for oral diseases in clinical practice. However, there is a need for further study on the efficacy of treatment in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phanthit Kamlangchai
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Naruepon Kampa
- Division of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Thanikul Srithunyarat
- Division of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Suvaluk Seesupa
- Division of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Somphong Hoisang
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Duangdaun Kaenkangploo
- Division of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Preenun Jitasombuti
- Division of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Chalermkwan Nonthakotr
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Nitaya Boonbal
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Supranee Jitpean
- Division of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
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Soltero-Rivera M, Goldschmidt S, Arzi B. Feline chronic gingivostomatitis current concepts in clinical management. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231186834. [PMID: 37548475 PMCID: PMC10811996 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231186834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a debilitating disease for cats and a challenge for veterinarians and cat caregivers alike. Recent literature indicates that the disease is immune-mediated in nature and likely associated with a chronic viral infection in patients with higher alpha diversity of their subgingival microbiome. The immune-mediated nature of FCGS includes both local as well as systemic effects, and the transcriptomic analysis of affected patients supports these findings. TREATMENT OPTIONS Localized therapy in the form of surgical extraction of all, or nearly all, teeth continues to be the mainstay of treatment. For cats that do not respond to surgical management, medical management, in the form of immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapy, remains an option. Analgesia is of fundamental importance. Immunomodulation utilizing mesenchymal stromal cell therapy provides an alternative treatment avenue for refractory patients and likely targets the chronic viral infection present in this disease. The potential for treatment stratification and use of novel systemic treatment options may be revealed as the molecular pathways involved in this disease are better described. AIMS This review outlines current and emerging concepts linking available science pertaining to FCGS and clinical management of the disease. EVIDENCE BASE The article draws on the best evidence base at this juncture and is also driven by the authors' collective experience of working on the disease for over a decade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Goldschmidt
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; and Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Hofmann-Lehmann R, Hosie MJ, Hartmann K, Egberink H, Truyen U, Tasker S, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Frymus T, Lloret A, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Addie DD, Lutz H, Thiry E, Radford AD, Möstl K. Calicivirus Infection in Cats. Viruses 2022; 14:937. [PMID: 35632680 PMCID: PMC9145992 DOI: 10.3390/v14050937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common pathogen in domestic cats that is highly contagious, resistant to many disinfectants and demonstrates a high genetic variability. FCV infection can lead to serious or even fatal diseases. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of experts in feline medicine from 11 European countries, presents the current knowledge of FCV infection and fills gaps with expert opinions. FCV infections are particularly problematic in multicat environments. FCV-infected cats often show painful erosions in the mouth and mild upper respiratory disease and, particularly in kittens, even fatal pneumonia. However, infection can be associated with chronic gingivostomatitis. Rarely, highly virulent FCV variants can induce severe systemic disease with epizootic spread and high mortality. FCV can best be detected by reverse-transcriptase PCR. However, a negative result does not rule out FCV infection and healthy cats can test positive. All cats should be vaccinated against FCV (core vaccine); however, vaccination protects cats from disease but not from infection. Considering the high variability of FCV, changing to different vaccine strain(s) may be of benefit if disease occurs in fully vaccinated cats. Infection-induced immunity is not life-long and does not protect against all strains; therefore, vaccination of cats that have recovered from caliciviral disease is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Herman Egberink
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK;
- Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Shirley, Solihull B90 4BN, UK
| | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7036, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | | | - Tadeusz Frymus
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Albert Lloret
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Diane D. Addie
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Hans Lutz
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Alan D. Radford
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK;
| | - Karin Möstl
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
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Cyclosporine Treatment in Cats with Presumed Chronic Pancreatitis-A Retrospective Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102993. [PMID: 34680012 PMCID: PMC8532754 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a common disease in middle-aged to older cats. Cyclosporine, an immunosuppressive drug, has been suggested as an alternative treatment when other drugs that suppress inflammation are ineffective or unsuitable. However, no published studies have investigated its efficacy in cats with CP. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of cyclosporine as a treatment for pancreatitis in cats with presumed CP. All cats had a history and clinical signs suggestive of CP and blood samples showed abnormally high concentrations of feline pancreas-specific lipase (Spec fPL) on at least two occasions. This is common in CP. All cats were treated with cyclosporine for at least three weeks. Nineteen cats, aged 6.9–17.5 years, were included. Daily treatment with cyclosporine resulted in an improvement of serum Spec fPL concentrations which indicates that the pancreatic inflammation likely had improved. The study has several limitations, including different treatment durations and doses, lack of biopsies to confirm CP and the treatment effect was not compared with an untreated control group. Despite the limitations, our results suggest that cyclosporine treatment decreases serum Spec fPL concentrations and may be effective in the management of feline chronic pancreatitis. Abstract Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a common disease in middle-aged to older cats. Cyclosporine has been suggested as an alternative treatment when other immunosuppressive treatments are insufficient or contraindicated. However, no published studies have investigated its efficacy on feline CP. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of cyclosporine on supranormal serum feline pancreas-specific lipase (Spec fPL) concentrations in cats with presumed CP. Inclusion criteria were history and clinical signs suggestive of CP, serum Spec fPL concentrations above 5.3 μg/L (reference range 0–3.5 μg/L, equivocal range 3.6–5.3 μg/L) on at least two occasions and treatment with cyclosporine for at least three weeks. Serum Spec fPL was analyzed at Idexx Laboratories, Kornwestheim, Germany. Nineteen cats, aged 6.9–17.5 years (median 11.6), were included. No pancreatic biopsies were available. Median (range) serum Spec fPL concentration was 14.2 μg/L (6.1–43.3) at baseline and 6.7 μg/L (0.9–23.6) at follow-up. Cyclosporine treatment (5.0–7.9 mg/kg orally SID) was associated with a significant reduction in serum Spec fPL concentrations (p < 0.001) at follow-up after 23–206 days (median 35). Body weight decreased significantly between inclusion and follow-up (p = 0.013). Significant improvement of clinical signs could not be measured (p = 0.781). This study has several limitations, including unstandardized treatment length and dose, no control group and lack of pancreatic biopsies. Despite the limitations, our results suggest that cyclosporine treatment reduces supranormal serum Spec fPL concentrations in cats with presumed CP.
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Mueller RS, Nuttall T, Prost C, Schulz B, Bizikova P. Treatment of the feline atopic syndrome - a systematic review. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:43-e8. [PMID: 33470011 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline allergic skin disease and asthma occur regularly in small animal practice. OBJECTIVES To provide evidence-based recommendations for small animal practitioners on the treatment of feline atopic syndrome (FAS). METHODS AND MATERIALS The authors reviewed the literature available before February 2020, prepared a detailed evidence-based literature review and made recommendations based on the evaluated evidence. RESULTS Sixty-six papers and abstracts were identified describing treatment interventions for FAS and evaluated to establish treatment recommendations. For many treatment options, the papers were retrospective, open studies or case reports. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this review, there was good evidence for the efficacy of systemic glucocorticoids and ciclosporin, and limited evidence for the efficacy of topical glucocorticoids, oclacitinib and allergen-specific immunotherapy in feline atopic skin syndrome. Evidence pointed to low-to-moderate efficacy for antihistamines, fatty acids and palmitoyl ethanolamide. In feline asthma, there was good evidence for the efficacy of oral and inhaled glucocorticoids, and limited evidence of moderate efficacy for allergen-specific immunotherapy. Evidence supported low-to-moderate efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells, inhaled lidocaine and oclacitinib as treatments for feline asthma. For almost all therapeutic options (with the exception of glucocorticoids and ciclosporin), more randomised controlled trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf S Mueller
- Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Nuttall
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, EH25 9RG, UK
| | | | - Bianka Schulz
- Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Bizikova
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Bin Lee
- Dentistry and Oral Surgery Service, William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California - Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Frank J M Verstraete
- Dentistry and Oral Surgery Service, William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California - Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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7
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Colombo S, Sartori R. Ciclosporin and the cat: Current understanding and review of clinical use. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:244-255. [PMID: 29478396 PMCID: PMC10816290 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17748718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Practical relevance: Ciclosporin (CsA) is a systemic immuno-modulatory drug widely used to treat immune-mediated diseases in humans and veterinary species. CsA was registered for use in cats in the USA and Europe in 2011, and is indicated for the treatment of chronic allergic dermatitis at a recommended daily dose of 7 mg/kg PO. AUDIENCE This review will be of interest to all veterinarians working with cats, given the wide range of potential applications of CsA and its safety profile. Although the drug is currently only licensed to treat chronic allergic dermatitis in cats, a small number of reports describe its use in non-dermatological conditions. Evidence base: This article reviews the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, adverse effects and clinical use of CsA, both for the licensed indication and for off-label use in the feline patient. Information presented has been summarised from the existing literature on CsA, with specific interest in studies carried out in cats. For its licensed indication, chronic allergic dermatitis, evidence provided includes randomised, placebo or prednisolone-controlled studies (EBM grade I) and prospective or retrospective open trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Colombo
- Servizi Dermatologici Veterinari, via Felice Musazzi 24, Legnano (MI), 1–20025, Italy
| | - Roberta Sartori
- Servizi Dermatologici Veterinari, via Felice Musazzi 24, Legnano (MI), 1–20025, Italy
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8
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Koch SN, Torres SMF, Diaz S, Gilbert S, Rendahl A. Subcutaneous administration of ciclosporin in 11 allergic cats - a pilot open-label uncontrolled clinical trial. Vet Dermatol 2017; 29:107-e43. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra N. Koch
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; University of Minnesota; 1365 Gortner Avenue Saint Paul MN 55018 USA
| | - Sheila M. F. Torres
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; University of Minnesota; 1365 Gortner Avenue Saint Paul MN 55018 USA
| | - Sandra Diaz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Ohio State University; 601 Vernon Tharp Street Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Sophie Gilbert
- Centre Vétérinaire Laval; 4530 Highway 440 Laval Quebec Canada H7T 2P7
| | - Aaron Rendahl
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences; University of Minnesota; 1365 Gortner Avenue Saint Paul MN 55018 USA
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9
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Lockwood SL, Schick AE, Lewis TP, Newton H. Investigation of subclinical bacteriuria in cats with dermatological disease receiving long-term glucocorticoids and/or ciclosporin. Vet Dermatol 2017; 29:25-e12. [PMID: 28833821 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthea E. Schick
- Dermatology for Animals; 86 West Juniper Lane Gilbert AZ 85233 USA
| | - Thomas P. Lewis
- Dermatology for Animals; 86 West Juniper Lane Gilbert AZ 85233 USA
| | - Heide Newton
- Dermatology for Animals; 2933 North Campbell Ave Tucson AZ 85719 USA
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10
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Winer JN, Arzi B, Verstraete FJM. Therapeutic Management of Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:54. [PMID: 27486584 PMCID: PMC4947586 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a disease characterized by protracted and potentially debilitating oral inflammation in cats, the etiology of which is currently unknown. The purpose of this review is to apply an evidence-based medicine approach to systematically review and critically evaluate the scientific literature reporting the outcome of medical and surgical management of FCGS. Those articles meeting inclusion criteria were reviewed and assigned an "Experimental Design Grade" (EDG) and an "Evidence Grade" (EG) in order to score relative strength of study design and produced data. Studies were evaluated and compared, especially highlighting the treatments, the outcomes, and the therapeutic success rates. This review found a lack of consistency between articles' data, rendering direct comparison of results unreliable. The field of FCGS research, and ultimately patient care, would benefit from standardizing studies by adopting use of a consistent semi-quantitative scoring system and extending follow-up duration. Future researchers should commit to large prospective studies that compare existing treatments and demonstrate the promise of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna N Winer
- Dentistry and Oral Surgery Service, William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis , Davis, CA , USA
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis , Davis, CA , USA
| | - Frank J M Verstraete
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis , Davis, CA , USA
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11
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Roberts ES, Speranza C, Friberg C, Griffin C, Steffan J, Roycroft L, King S. Confirmatory field study for the evaluation of ciclosporin at a target dose of 7.0 mg/kg (3.2 mg/lb) in the control of feline hypersensitivity dermatitis. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:889-897. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16636660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study was designed to confirm the efficacy and tolerability of a daily dose of 7.0 mg/kg (3.2 mg/lb) ciclosporin (CsA) in the treatment of feline hypersensitivity dermatitis (HD), as this includes some of the most frequently suspected skin diseases in cats and recent publications have reported the successful use of CsA in the treatment of feline HD. Methods In total, 217 cats with feline HD were treated daily for 42 days with a target dose of 7 mg/kg CsA (n = 144) or a placebo control (n = 73) administered either in the food or directly in the mouth following feeding. Clinical and dermatological evaluations were conducted on days 0, 21 and 42, or study exit. Safety was evaluated through physical examinations, clinical pathology and the monitoring of adverse events (AEs). Results Administration of CsA at 7.0 mg/kg produced a significant improvement in the total lesion score ( P <0.0001). The average reduction from visit 1 to visit 3 was 65.1% in the CsA group (9.2% for the placebo). In addition, owners assessed 78.3% of the cases in the CsA group as a success. Statistically significant recoveries were also seen in extent of lesions, investigator assessment of overall improvement, and mean improvement in both the investigators’ and owners’ assessment of pruritus. Mild gastrointestinal disorders were the most common AEs but did not require cessation of therapy. Conclusions and relevance Results confirm that 7.0 mg/kg CsA dosed daily in food or orally for up to 6 weeks is effective and well tolerated by cats with feline HD.
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12
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Roberts ES, Tapp T, Trimmer A, Roycroft L, King S. Clinical efficacy and safety following dose tapering of ciclosporin in cats with hypersensitivity dermatitis. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:898-905. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15602523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of reducing ciclosporin (CsA) dosing frequency from daily to every other day (EOD) or twice a week (TW) according to clinical response in cats with hypersensitivity dermatitis (HD) and treated with CsA. Methods One hundred and ninety-one cats with HD were given 7 mg/kg CsA daily for at least 4 weeks. Depending on clinical response, the dosing frequency was tapered from daily to EOD over the next 4 weeks and further to TW for an additional 4 weeks. Safety was evaluated through physical examinations, clinical pathology and the monitoring of adverse events (AEs). Results The majority of cats were able to have their dose of CsA tapered to either EOD (15.5%) or TW (62.9%) according to the clinical response. Observed AEs were most frequently mild and self-limiting vomiting and diarrhea. A higher percentage of AEs occurred with daily administration (73%) compared with other dosing regimens (27%). Conclusions and relevance Following 4 weeks of daily dosing at 7 mg/kg, CsA may be tapered to EOD or TW while maintaining the desired therapeutic response in cats with HD. Additionally, CsA appears to be well tolerated with fewer AEs at EOD or TW dosing. Establishing the lowest effective dosing frequency of CsA improves the drug’s safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiffany Tapp
- Veterinary Healing Arts, East Greenwich, RI, USA
| | - Ann Trimmer
- Animal Allergy and Dermatology Specialists, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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13
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Lappin MR, VanLare KA, Seewald W, Roycroft LM, Scorza AV, King S, Roberts ES. Effect of oral administration of cyclosporine on Toxoplasma gondii infection status of cats. Am J Vet Res 2015; 76:351-7. [PMID: 25815576 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.4.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether anti-inflammatory doses of cyclosporine activate Toxoplasma gondii in chronically infected cats or potentiate infection in cats exposed for the first time. ANIMALS 30 T gondii-negative cats. PROCEDURES Cats were assigned to 1 of 3 groups (10 cats/group). Group 1 (control) cats were administered a placebo for 126 days; group 2 cats were administered a placebo for 84 days, followed by cyclosporine at 7.5 mg/kg/d, PO, for 42 days; and group 3 cats were administered cyclosporine at 7.5 mg/kg/d, PO, for 126 days. Cats were orally inoculated with T gondii on day 42. Results for fecal flotations, PCR assays, and histologic examinations and IgM and IgG titers were analyzed. Cyclosporine concentrations were measured on selected days. RESULTS All cats were infected by T gondii and developed signs of self-limiting gastrointestinal tract infection. Group 3 had the highest incidence and severity of CNS and pulmonary histopathologic findings typical of toxoplasmosis. One cat in group 3 died of systemic toxoplasmosis; that cat had a cyclosporine concentration of 1,690 ng/mL. Group 2 cats infected with T gondii before cyclosporine administration did not have repeated oocyst shedding. Group 3 cats shed fewer oocysts for a shorter time than did control cats of group 1. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Oral administration of cyclosporine in accordance with the protocol for this study did not potentiate the enteroepithelial phase of T gondii infection. Cats with high cyclosporine blood concentrations at the time of primary T gondii infection may be at risk of developing systemic toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
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14
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Lappin MR, Roycroft LM. Effect of ciclosporin and methylprednisolone acetate on cats previously infected with feline herpesvirus 1. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 17:353-8. [PMID: 25204453 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14548865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) is a common ocular and respiratory pathogen of cats that can be associated with recurrent clinical signs of disease. Ciclosporin (cyclosporine) is commonly administered per os (PO) for the treatment of a number of inflammatory diseases in cats. A number of client-owned cats administered ciclosporin (cyclosporine) A (CsA) PO to block renal transplant rejection have developed clinical signs of upper respiratory tract disease that may have been from activated FHV-1. In this study, cats experimentally inoculated with FHV-1 several months previously were administered methylprednisolone acetate intramuscularly, CsA PO or a placebo PO. While clinical signs of activated FHV-1 occurred in some cats, disease was mild and self-limited in most cats. There was no vomiting, diarrhea, inappetence, weight loss, polydipsia, polyuria or polyphagia recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
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Roberts ES, VanLare KA, Roycroft LM, King S. Effect of high-dose ciclosporin on the immune response to primary and booster vaccination in immunocompetent cats. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 17:101-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14533550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ciclosporin (Atopica oral solution for cats 100 mg/ml; Novartis Animal Health) was recently approved for use in cats with feline hypersensitivity dermatitis. The immunosuppressant effect of ciclosporin on the ability of cats to mount an immune response following vaccination was determined. Thirty-two healthy, immunocompetent adult cats (16 cats/group) were treated with either ciclosporin for 56 days at a dose of 24 mg/kg once daily or sham dosed. Prior to treatment, cats had an adequate antibody response to primary vaccination against feline calicivirus (FCV), feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1), feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and rabies. Booster vaccination or novel vaccination with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) was administered 28 days after initiation of treatment with ciclosporin. There were no differences between the ciclosporin-treated and control cats for FCV and FPV antibody titers following booster vaccination. There were delays/reductions in antibody response to FHV-1, FeLV and rabies in treated cats; however, adequate protection was achieved in response to all booster vaccinations. Following primary vaccination with FIV, control cats showed a response, but treated cats showed no antibody production. Adverse events commonly associated with ciclosporin treatment, including diarrhea/loose stool, vomiting, salivation and regurgitation, were reported. In adult cats treated with 24 mg/kg/day of ciclosporin (more than three times the therapeutic dose), vaccine titer levels were adequate for protection following booster vaccination. In contrast, treated cats failed to mount a humoral response to a novel (FIV) vaccination, suggesting that memory B-cell immune responses remain intact during repeated high-dose ciclosporin administration in cats, but that primary immune responses are impaired.
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Miller R, Schick AE, Boothe DM, Lewis TP. Absorption of Transdermal and Oral Cyclosporine in Six Healthy Cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2014; 50:36-41. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine is commonly used orally to treat feline dermatoses. Due to difficulties administering oral medications, veterinarians sometimes prescribe compounded transdermal cyclosporine, despite studies showing limited absorption. The study objective was to compare cyclosporine blood concentrations after oral administration to concentrations after transdermal application of cyclosporine (prepared in pluronic lecithin organogel [PLO]) in six cats using a controlled, cross-over design with a 2 wk washout period. Cats were dosed at 5.1–7.4 mg/kg of cyclosporine q 24 hr either per os for 7 days or transdermally for 21 days. Cyclosporine blood concentrations were measured q 7 days and after the washout period. A monoclonal-based immunoassay (lower limit of quantitation was 25 ng/mL) was used. Median concentrations on the seventh day were 2,208 ng/mL (range, 1,357–3,419 ng/mL) 2 hr after orally administered cyclosporine and 37 ng/mL (range, 25–290 ng/mL) 2 hr after transdermally applied cyclosporine. Median concentration on day 21 was 58 ng/mL (range, 51–878 ng/mL) 2 hr after transdermally applied cyclosporine. Concentrations were quantifiable for transdermally applied cyclosporine, but considered therapeutic in only one of six cats. Based on those results, transdermally applied cyclosporine was not recommended in cats because of inconsistent absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Miller
- Dermatology for Animals, Salt Lake City, UT, (R.M.); Dermatology for Animals, West Juniper, AZ (A.S., T.L.); and Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory (D.B.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Anthea E. Schick
- Dermatology for Animals, Salt Lake City, UT, (R.M.); Dermatology for Animals, West Juniper, AZ (A.S., T.L.); and Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory (D.B.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Dawn M. Boothe
- Dermatology for Animals, Salt Lake City, UT, (R.M.); Dermatology for Animals, West Juniper, AZ (A.S., T.L.); and Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory (D.B.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Thomas P. Lewis
- Dermatology for Animals, Salt Lake City, UT, (R.M.); Dermatology for Animals, West Juniper, AZ (A.S., T.L.); and Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory (D.B.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
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Roberts ES, Vanlare KA, Strehlau G, Peyrou M, Roycroft LM, King S. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of 6-month daily dosing of an oral formulation of cyclosporine (ATOPICA for cats®) in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:161-8. [PMID: 24134659 PMCID: PMC4282489 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine was proven efficacious in the treatment of feline hypersensitivity dermatitis. This target animal study was conducted to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of ATOPICA for Cats® (cyclosporine oral solution, USP) MODIFIED following 6-month daily dosing in cats. Forty healthy cats (four cats/sex/group) received 0, 8 (1×), 16 (2×), 24 (3×), or 40 (5×) mg/kg cyclosporine once daily for 6 months (183 days). Body weight, food consumption, ophthalmoscopic, physical examinations including neurological assessments, blood pressure, electrocardiography, clinical pathology (hematology, coagulation, clinical chemistry, urinalysis), organ weights, and macroscopic and microscopic examinations were performed and assessed. In addition, blood concentrations of cyclosporine were measured at the pretreatment trough on Days 1, 2, 7, 14, 31, 91, 154, and 182, and post-treatment on Days 1, 31, and 182. Adverse effects possibly related to treatment included prolonged APTT and one report each of bone marrow hypocellularity and lymphoma; all occurred in cats treated with doses more than 16 mg/kg. There was no significant accumulation of cyclosporine beyond the first week of treatment. Results confirm that ATOPICA for Cats is safe and well tolerated in cats without unexpected accumulation beyond the first week of treatment when administered as directed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Roberts
- Novartis Animal Health US, Inc, Greensboro, NC, USA
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Steffan J, Roberts E, Cannon A, Prélaud P, Forsythe P, Fontaine J, King S, Seewald W. Dose tapering for ciclosporin in cats with nonflea-induced hypersensitivity dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2013; 24:315-22, e70. [PMID: 23530522 PMCID: PMC7169265 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little information is available on the ciclosporin dose-tapering regimen and clinical response in the treatment of feline hypersensitivity dermatitis. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To test a dose-tapering regimen and assess efficacy and clinical safety for up to 18 weeks. ANIMALS Eighty-eight client-owned cats with feline hypersensitivity dermatitis. METHODS Cats that received either a placebo or ciclosporin at 2.5 mg/kg or 7 mg/kg daily for 6 weeks were given 7 mg/kg ciclosporin daily for 4 weeks. Depending on the clinical response, the dose was tapered from daily to every other day over the next 4 weeks and further to twice a week for an additional 4 weeks. RESULTS After all cats received 7 mg/kg for 4 weeks, the dose could be tapered to every other day for the next 4 weeks in 70% of cats remaining in the study. During the next 4 weeks, 57, 15 and 22% of cats remaining in the study could be treated at twice a week, every other day or daily, respectively. After the first 4 weeks, the mean lesion score and owner-assessed pruritus improved over baseline by 69 and 61%, respectively, and remained stable during the following 8 weeks. Approximately 65% of the cats in the study were reported to have an adverse event (AE), very often mild and resolving spontaneously. The most frequent AEs were gastrointestinal and included primarily vomiting and diarrhoea. Eighty per cent of AEs occurred when cats were on daily treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Results suggest that the induction dose of 7 mg/kg ciclosporin can be tapered as soon as 4 weeks without deterioration of the clinical response. Establishment of the lowest effective dosing regimen of ciclosporin reduced the frequency of AEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Steffan
- Novartis Animal Health, Schwarzwaldallee 214, Basel, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Cyclosporine is an immunomodulatory medication that is efficacious and approved for atopic dermatitis in dogs and allergic dermatitis in cats; it has also been used to successfully manage a variety of immune-mediated dermatoses in dogs and cats. This article reviews the use of cyclosporine in veterinary dermatology including its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, side effects, and relevant clinical updates. Dermatologic indications including atopic/allergic dermatitis, perianal fistulas, sebaceous adenitis, and other immune-mediated skin diseases are discussed.
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King S, Favrot C, Messinger L, Nuttall T, Steffan J, Forster S, Seewald W. A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled study to evaluate an effective ciclosporin dose for the treatment of feline hypersensitivity dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2012; 23:440-e84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Steffan J, Olivry T, Forster SL, Seewald W. Responsiveness and validity of the SCORFAD, an extent and severity scale for feline hypersensitivity dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2012; 23:410-e77. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Practical relevance: The feline eosinophilic granuloma complex (EGC) comprises a group of clinically well recognised but poorly understood dermatoses that are common in cats. In many cases, lesions are severe and can be accompanied by varying degrees of (and sometimes considerable) pruritus and/or pain. In addition, lesions can be chronic and recurrent. It is, therefore, important to achieve a prompt and accurate diagnosis in order to provide optimal, often life-long, treatment for affected cats. Patient group: There is no age predisposition or well documented breed predilection for the development of EGC lesions in cats. Some studies have reported a possible female predisposition, but this has not been consistently documented. Clinical challenges: The clinical diagnosis of EGC lesions is usually straightforward, but investigation of the potential underlying aetiology can pose a challenge for the clinician. Information on the indication for various diagnostic tests and their interpretation is lacking, and the tendency for these cases to be managed with chronic medical intervention prior to achieving a definitive diagnosis can further complicate the interpretation of any diagnostic investigation. In addition, successful therapeutic management of these cases can be challenging. Some cats suffer only a single episode of disease that resolves with treatment, while others have recurrent lesions and some of these can be refractory to treatment. The individual variation in both the clinical nature of the disease and the response to therapy could be related to disease severity, but could also be explained by differences in the underlying aetiopathogenesis. Evidence base: This article reviews the published literature to discuss the complex aetiology of the EGC and present an overview of the different clinical presentations and diagnosis. A further and particular aim has been to provide some evidence-based recommendations for the management of this unusual group of dermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buckley
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Tim Nuttall
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
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Irwin KE, Beale KM, Fadok VA. Use of modified ciclosporin in the management of feline pemphigus foliaceus: a retrospective analysis. Vet Dermatol 2012; 23:403-e76. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kovalik M, Thoday KL, van den Broek AHM. The use of ciclosporin A in veterinary dermatology. Vet J 2012; 193:317-25. [PMID: 22609151 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ciclosporin A (CsA) has potent immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory activity that has been exploited in human medicine to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs and to manage atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Over the past decade, CsA has been employed more frequently in veterinary dermatology and its value in the management of several canine and feline dermatoses is now well established. CsA inhibits calcineurin phosphatase, suppressing T cell activation and the synthesis of T cell cytokines consequently impairing the activity of B cells, antigen-presenting cells, mast cells, basophils and eosinophils. The pharmacokinetics of CsA are similar in humans, dogs and cats and the drug has a wide safety margin in dogs, cats and rabbits. Adverse effects, principally transient vomiting and soft faeces/diarrhoea, may be seen shortly after instituting treatment but often resolve despite continuing treatment. Gingival hyperplasia and cutaneous effects such as hirsutism may occur after prolonged treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Kovalik
- The University of Edinburgh, Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Dermatology Unit, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK.
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SHINOHARA Y, KAI K, KAWASE Y, NAGATA M. A Case Report on Combined Treatment by Triamcinolone and Cyclosporine for Feline Pemphigus foliaceus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.12935/jvma.65.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wildermuth BE, Griffin CE, Rosenkrantz WS. Response of feline eosinophilic plaques and lip ulcers to amoxicillin trihydrate-clavulanate potassium therapy: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled prospective study. Vet Dermatol 2011; 23:110-8, e24-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2011.01020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Schmidt V, Buckley LM, McEwan NA, Rème CA, Nuttall TJ. Efficacy of a 0.0584% hydrocortisone aceponate spray in presumed feline allergic dermatitis: an open label pilot study. Vet Dermatol 2011; 23:11-6, e3-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2011.00993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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OOHASHI E, YAMADA K, OOHASHI M, UEDA J. Chronic Progressive Polyarthritis in a Female Cat. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:511-4. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazutaka YAMADA
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Mirai OOHASHI
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics , Dairy Science Institute, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Junji UEDA
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics , Dairy Science Institute, Rakuno Gakuen University
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Wisselink MA, Willemse T. The efficacy of cyclosporine A in cats with presumed atopic dermatitis: A double blind, randomised prednisolone-controlled study. Vet J 2009; 180:55-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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KUGA K, NISHIFUJI K, IWASAKI T. Cyclosporine A Inhibits Transcription of Cytokine Genes and Decreases The Frequencies of IL-2 Producing Cells in Feline Mononuclear Cells. J Vet Med Sci 2008; 70:1011-6. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi KUGA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Koji NISHIFUJI
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Sciences, Institute of Symbiotic Science and Technology, Graduate School, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Toshiroh IWASAKI
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Sciences, Institute of Symbiotic Science and Technology, Graduate School, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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32
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Sykes JM, Garner MM, Greer LL, Lung NP, Coke RL, Ridgley F, Bush M, Montali RJ, Okimoto B, Schmidt R, Allen JL, Rideout BA, Pesavento PA, Ramsay EC. ORAL EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMAS IN TIGERS (PANTHERA TIGRIS)—A COLLECTION OF 16 CASES. J Zoo Wildl Med 2007; 38:300-8. [PMID: 17679515 DOI: 10.1638/1042-7260(2007)038[0300:oegitp]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral eosinophilic granulomas were diagnosed in 16 tigers (Panthera tigris). All lesions were located on the hard or soft palate and typically consisted of flat or slightly raised circular ulcers. Histologic features of these lesions were essentially identical to those seen in oral eosinophilic granulomas of domestic cats and dogs. No clinical signs were noted in eight cases, though various degrees of inappetence, excessive salivation, and dysphagia were noted in the other eight tigers. Six cases were not treated. Treatment for the remaining 10 cases centered on corticosteroids and additional treatments included surgical removal, cryotherapy, antibiotics, and chlorpheniramine. Treatment with corticosteroids did appear to be effective in some cases, though lesions would worsen after cessation of therapy and no cases were cured. In addition, three cases developed complications possibly related to this corticosteroid therapy. The etiology of these lesions remains unknown, though an underlying allergic condition is likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Sykes
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Scienc es, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennes see, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
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