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Botella P, Rivero-Buceta E. Safe approaches for camptothecin delivery: Structural analogues and nanomedicines. J Control Release 2016; 247:28-54. [PMID: 28027948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-(S)-camptothecin is a strongly cytotoxic molecule with excellent antitumor activity over a wide spectrum of human cancers. However, the direct formulation is limited by its poor water solubility, low plasmatic stability and severe toxicity, which currently limits its clinical use. As a consequence, two strategies have been developed in order to achieve safe and efficient delivery of camptothecin to target cells: structural analogues and nanomedicines. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the design, synthesis and development of camptothecin molecular derivatives and supramolecular vehicles, following a systematic classification according to structure-activity relationships (structural analogues) or chemical nature (nanomedicines). A series of organic, inorganic and hybrid materials are presented as nanoplatforms to overcome camptothecin restrictions in administration, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Nanocarriers which respond to a variety of stimuli endogenously (e.g., pH, redox potential, enzyme activity) or exogenously (e.g., magnetic field, light, temperature, ultrasound) seem the best positioned therapeutic materials for optimal spatial and temporal control over drug release. The main goal of this review is to be used as a source of relevant literature for others interested in the field of camptothecin-based therapeutics. To this end, final remarks on the most important formulations currently under clinical trial are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Botella
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Eva Rivero-Buceta
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Liu YQ, Li WQ, Morris-Natschke SL, Qian K, Yang L, Zhu GX, Wu XB, Chen AL, Zhang SY, Nan X, Lee KH. Perspectives on biologically active camptothecin derivatives. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:753-89. [PMID: 25808858 DOI: 10.1002/med.21342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Camptothecins (CPTs) are cytotoxic natural alkaloids that specifically target DNA topoisomerase I. Research on CPTs has undergone a significant evolution from the initial discovery of CPT in the late 1960s through the study of synthetic small-molecule derivatives to investigation of macromolecular constructs and formulations. Over the past years, intensive medicinal chemistry efforts have generated numerous CPT derivatives. Three derivatives, topotecan, irinotecan, and belotecan, are currently prescribed as anticancer drugs, and several related compounds are now in clinical trials. Interest in other biological effects, besides anticancer activity, of CPTs is also growing exponentially, as indicated by the large number of publications on the subject during the last decades. Therefore, the main focus of the present review is to provide an ample but condensed overview on various biological activities of CPT derivatives, in addition to continued up-to-date coverage of anticancer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.,Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Biopesticide Preparation, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Qun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Susan L Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
| | - Keduo Qian
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
| | - Liu Yang
- Environmental and Municipal Engineering School, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Gao-Xiang Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Bing Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - An-Liang Chen
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Biopesticide Preparation, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Yong Zhang
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Biopesticide Preparation, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Nan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599.,Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
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Sun J, Dou W, Zhao Y, Hu J. A comparison of the effects of topical treatment of calcipotriol, camptothecin, clobetasol and tazarotene on an imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mouse model. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2013; 36:17-24. [PMID: 24286371 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2013.862542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin-23/interleukin 17A (IL-23/IL-17A) cytokine axis plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. In this study, we report the effects of topical calcipotriol, camptothecin, clobetasol and tazarotene on the treatment of imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like inflammation, the development of which is dependent on the IL-23/IL-17A axis. IMQ-induced epidermal hyperplasia and inflammation in the BALB/c mouse ear were significantly inhibited following clobetasol treatment but not calcipotriol, camptothecin or tazarotene treatments. Real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that the mRNA levels of IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in ear skin were significantly decreased by clobetasol. In addition, we observed that calcipotriol, camptothecin and tazarotene failed to show any inhibitory effects on the IL-23/IL-17A/IL-22 axis. We also found that clobetasol treatment inhibited the proliferation of γδ T cells and C-C chemokine receptor type 6 (CCR6) expression induced by IMQ. Calcipotriol, camptothecin and tazarotene not only failed to inhibit this proliferation but also enhanced retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γ (RORγ) expression in IMQ-induced psoriasis-like inflammation. In conclusion, we suggest that clobetasol induces the relief of IMQ-induced psoriasis-like inflammation in a mouse model but that calcipotriol, camptothecin and tazarotene cannot. Therefore, we suggest that more in-depth studies on pharmacological effects of tazarotene, camptothecin and calcipotriol should be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China and
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Sun J, Han J, Zhu Q, Li Z, Hu J. Camptothecin Fails to Induce Apoptosis in Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha-Treated HaCaT Cells. Pharmacology 2012; 89:58-63. [DOI: 10.1159/000335370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Lin J, Liu X, Bao Y, Hou S, An L, Lin X. Effects of isocamptothecin, a novel camptothecin analogue, on proliferation, apoptosis and telomerase activity in HaCaT cells. Exp Dermatol 2008; 17:530-6. [PMID: 18218022 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Camptothecin is a topoisomerase I inhibitor with definite anti-psoriatic effect. As it is limited in clinical application because of serious side effects and toxicity, many researchers are striving hard to develop derivatives or analogues of camptothecin with higher effects and less toxicity. To explore the anti-psoriatic potential of isocamptothecin, a novel camptothecin analogue, its effects on proliferation, apoptosis and telomerase activity were investigated in the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. Incubation with isocamptothecin resulted in a time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of HaCaT cell proliferation. However, isocamptothecin showed larger inhibitory concentration at 50% than camptothecin, suggesting far less cytotoxicity. In addition, isocamptothecin induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner and induced typical morphologic features of apoptosis in HaCaT cells. Moreover, isocamptothecin downregulated the telomerase activity of HaCaT cells not only at concentrations of apoptosis induction but also at concentration insufficient to induce apoptosis, providing additional mechanisms that further account for its ability to inhibit keratinocytes proliferation and induce apoptosis. These results indicate that isocamptothecin possesses similar effects on keratinocytes with camptothecin, but shows far less cytotoxicity, it may probably become a promising agent for psoriasis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrong Lin
- Department of Dermatology, the first affiliated hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Liu X, Lin J, Bao Y, Lin X, An L. Camptothecin-mediated apoptosis and antiproliferation effect is accompanied by down-regulation of telomerase activity in HaCaT cells. J Dermatol Sci 2006; 42:262-4. [PMID: 16574380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lin XR, Wilkinson DI, Farber EM. Camptothecin induces differentiation, tissue transglutaminase and apoptosis in cultured keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 1998; 7:179-83. [PMID: 9758415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.1998.tb00321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cultured normal human adult keratinocytes were exposed to (S)-(+)- camptothecin over the concentration range 10(-5) to 10(-10) M. The dose-dependent inhibition of growth was recorded using cell counting. The induction of terminal differentiation was demonstrated by the relative increase in squamous and cornified cells, and the concomitant decrease in small, proliferative cells, with an overall decrease in total cell numbers on going from 10(-10) to 10(-6) M concentration of the drug. The induction of apoptosis was studied by assay of two types of transglutaminase, "tissue" and "keratinocyte", and by assay of histone-linked mono- and oligonucleosomes. Induction of apoptosis was accompanied with increase in "tissue" transglutaminase and in the amount of nucleosomes, the latter being indicative of endonuclease activity. This activity was sharply increased at a camptothecin concentration of 10(-5) M, and may have been facilitated by "tissue" transglutaminase at lower concentrations. The data suggest that camptothecin restricts keratinocyte growth by several mechanisms including apoptosis and emphasize its possible use in topical therapy for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X R Lin
- Department of Dermatology, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, China
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Abstract
This paper presents a review of the epidemiology, the frequency of HLA antigen, the special clinical forms, the associations, and the treatment of psoriasis in China. Special attention is paid to the practice of treating psoriasis with traditional Chinese medicine and combinations of traditional Chinese and Western medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- X R Lin
- Department of Dermatology, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical College, China
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