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The Role of the Acetylcholine System in Common Respiratory Diseases and COVID-19. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031139. [PMID: 36770805 PMCID: PMC9920988 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As an indispensable component in human beings, the acetylcholine system regulates multiple physiological processes not only in neuronal tissues but also in nonneuronal tissues. However, since the concept of the "Nonneuronal cholinergic system (NNCS)" has been proposed, the role of the acetylcholine system in nonneuronal tissues has received increasing attention. A growing body of research shows that the acetylcholine system also participates in modulating inflammatory responses, regulating contraction and mucus secretion of respiratory tracts, and influencing the metastasis and invasion of lung cancer. In addition, the susceptibility and severity of respiratory tract infections caused by pathogens such as Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can also correlate with the regulation of the acetylcholine system. In this review, we summarized the major roles of the acetylcholine system in respiratory diseases. Despite existing achievements in the field of the acetylcholine system, we hope that more in-depth investigations on this topic will be conducted to unearth more possible pharmaceutical applications for the treatment of diverse respiratory diseases.
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Wang K, Liao Y, Li X, Wang R, Zeng Z, Cheng M, Gao L, Xu D, Wen F, Wang T, Chen J. Inhibition of neutrophil elastase prevents cigarette smoke exposure-induced formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and improves lung function in a mouse model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109537. [PMID: 36495695 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an important public health challenge worldwide, and is usually caused by significant exposure to noxious agents, particularly cigarette smoke. Recent studies have revealed that excessive production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the airways is associated with disease severity in COPD patients. NETs are extracellular neutrophil-derived structures composed of chromatin fibers decorated with histones and granule proteases including neutrophil elastase (NE). However, the effective prevention of NET formation in COPD remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated that treatment with GW311616A, a potent and selective inhibitor of NE, prevented cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced NET formation in human neutrophils by blocking NE nuclear translocation and subsequent chromatin decondensation. Inhibition of NE also abrogated CSE-induced ROS production and migration impairment of neutrophils. Administration of GW311616A in vivo substantially reduced pulmonary generation of NETs while attenuating the key pathological changes in COPD, including airway leukocyte infiltration, mucus-secreting goblet cell hyperplasia, and emphysema-like alveolar destruction in a mouse model of COPD induced by chronic cigarette smoke exposure. Mice treated with GW311616A also showed significant attenuation of neutrophil numbers and percentages and the levels of neutrophil chemotactic factors (LTB4, KC, and CXCL5) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, and TNF-α) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared to mice treated with cigarette smoke exposure only. Furthermore, GW311616A treatment considerably improved lung function in the COPD mouse model, including preventing the decline of FEV100/FVC and delta PEF as well as inhibiting the increase in FRC, TLC, and FRC/TLC. Overall, our study suggests that NE plays a critical role in cigarette smoke-induced NET formation by neutrophils and that inhibition of NE is a promising strategy to suppress NET-mediated pathophysiological changes in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Liao
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoou Li
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zijian Zeng
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengxin Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lijuan Gao
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fuqiang Wen
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Vega-Rioja A, Chacón P, Fernández-Delgado L, Doukkali B, del Valle Rodríguez A, Perkins JR, Ranea JAG, Dominguez-Cereijo L, Pérez-Machuca BM, Palacios R, Rodríguez D, Monteseirín J, Ribas-Pérez D. Regulation and directed inhibition of ECP production by human neutrophils. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1015529. [PMID: 36518751 PMCID: PMC9744134 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1015529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophils are involved in the pathophysiology of allergic asthma, where the Eosinophil Cationic Protein (ECP) is a critical inflammatory mediator. Although ECP production is attributed to eosinophils, we reported that ECP is also present in neutrophils from allergic patients where, in contrast to eosinophils, it is produced in an IgE-dependent manner. Given the key role of ECP in asthma, we investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in ECP production as well as the effects induced by agonists and widely used clinical approaches. We also analyzed the correlation between ECP production and lung function. Methods Neutrophils from allergic asthmatic patients were challenged with allergens, alone or in combination with cytokines, in the presence of cell-signaling inhibitors and clinical drugs. We analyzed ECP levels by ELISA and confocal microscopy. Lung function was assessed by spirometry. Results IgE-mediated ECP release is dependent on phosphoinositide 3-kinase, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and the production of reactive oxygen species by NADPH-oxidase. Calcineurin phosphatase and the transcription factor NFAT are also involved. ECP release is enhanced by the cytokines interleukin (IL)-5 and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, and inhibited by interferon-γ, IL-10, clinical drugs (formoterol, tiotropium and budesonide) and allergen-specific IT. We also found an inverse correlation between asthma severity and ECP levels. Conclusions Our results suggest the molecular pathways involved in ECP production and potential therapeutic targets. We also provide a new method to evaluate disease severity in asthmatic patients based on the quantification of in vitro ECP production by peripheral neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Vega-Rioja
- UGC de Alergología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain,Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain,*Correspondence: Antonio Vega-Rioja, ; Pedro Chacón, ; Javier Monteseirín,
| | - Pedro Chacón
- UGC de Alergología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain,Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain,*Correspondence: Antonio Vega-Rioja, ; Pedro Chacón, ; Javier Monteseirín,
| | | | - Bouchra Doukkali
- UGC de Alergología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - James R. Perkins
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan A. G. Ranea
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Javier Monteseirín
- Hospital Quirón Sagrado Corazón and Hospital Quirón Infanta-Luisa, Sevilla, Spain,*Correspondence: Antonio Vega-Rioja, ; Pedro Chacón, ; Javier Monteseirín,
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Mashimo M, Kawashima K, Fujii T. Non-neuronal Cholinergic Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Regulation of Immune Function. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:675-683. [PMID: 35650095 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells such as T and B cells, monocytes and macrophages all express most of the cholinergic components of the nervous system, including acetylcholine (ACh), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), high affinity choline transporter, muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors (mAChRs and nAChRs, respectively), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Because of its efficient cleavage by AChE, ACh synthesized and released from immune cells acts only locally in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion at mAChRs and nAChRs on themselves and other immune cells located in close proximity, leading to modification of immune function. Immune cells generally express all five mAChR subtypes (M1-M5) and neuron type nAChR subunits α2-α7, α9, α10, β2-β4. The expression pattern and levels of mAChR subtypes and nAChR subunits vary depending on the tissue involved and its immunological status. Immunological activation of T cells via T-cell receptor-mediated pathways and cell adhesion molecules upregulates ChAT expression, which facilitates the synthesis and release of ACh. At present, α7 nAChRs expressed in macrophages are receiving much attention because they play a central role in anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathways. However, it now appears that through modification of cytokine synthesis, Gq/11-coupled mAChRs play a prominent role in regulation of T cell proliferation and differentiation and B cell immunoglobulin class switching. It is anticipated that greater understanding of Gq/11-coupled mAChRs on immune cells will provide an opportunity to develop new and effective treatments for immunological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Mashimo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts
| | - Koichiro Kawashima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Takeshi Fujii
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts
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Calzetta L, Pistocchini E, Ritondo BL, Cavalli F, Camardelli F, Rogliani P. Muscarinic receptor antagonists and airway inflammation: A systematic review on pharmacological models. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09760. [PMID: 35785239 PMCID: PMC9240991 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway inflammation is crucial in the pathogenesis of many respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Current evidence supports the beneficial impact of muscarinic receptor antagonists against airway inflammation from bench-to-bedside. Considering the numerous sampling approaches and the ethical implications required to study inflammation in vivo in patients, the use of pre-clinical models is inevitable. Starting from our recently published systematic review concerning the impact of muscarinic antagonists, we have systematically assessed the current pharmacological models of airway inflammation and provided an overview on the advances in in vitro and ex vivo approaches. The purpose of in vitro models is to recapitulate selected pathophysiological parameters or processes that are crucial to the development of new drugs within a controlled environment. Nevertheless, immortalized cell lines or primary airway cells present major limitations, including the inability to fully replicate the conditions of the corresponding cell types within a whole organism. Induced animal models are extensively used in research in the attempt to replicate a respiratory condition reflective of a human pathological state, although considering animal models with spontaneously occurring respiratory diseases may be more appropriate since most of the clinical features are accompanied by lung pathology resembling that of the human condition. In recent years, three-dimensional organoids have become an alternative to animal experiments, also because animal models are unable to fully mimic the complexity of human pulmonary diseases. Ex vivo studies performed on human isolated airways have a superior translational value compared to in vitro and animal models, as they retain the morphology and the microenvironment of the lung in vivo. In the foreseeable future, greater effort should be undertaken to rely on more physiologically relevant models, that provide translational value into clinic and have a direct impact on patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigino Calzetta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Corresponding author.
| | - Elena Pistocchini
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Ludovica Ritondo
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cavalli
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Camardelli
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Rogliani
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
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Chacón P, Vega-Rioja A, Doukkali B, Del Valle Rodríguez A, Bellido V, Puente Y, Alcañiz L, Rodríguez D, Palacios R, Cornejo-García JA, Monteseirín J, Rivas-Pérez D. Targeted inhibition of allergen-induced histamine production by neutrophils. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21483. [PMID: 33788304 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001912r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Histamine is a critical inflammatory mediator in allergic diseases. We showed in a previous work that neutrophils from allergic patients produce histamine in response to allergens to which the patients were sensitized. Here, we investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in this process using peripheral blood neutrophils. We challenged these cells in vitro with allergens and analyzed histamine release in the culture supernatants. We also explored the effect of common therapeutic drugs that ameliorate allergic symptoms, as well as allergen-specific immunotherapy. Additionally, we examined the expression of histidine decarboxylase and diamine oxidase, critical enzymes in the metabolism of histamine, under allergen challenge. We show that allergen-induced histamine release is dependent on the activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase p38, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathways. We also found a contribution of the phosphatase calcineurin to lesser extent. Anti-histamines, glucocorticoids, anti-M3-muscarinic receptor antagonists, and mainly β2 -receptor agonists abolished the allergen-dependent histamine release. Interestingly, allergen-specific immunotherapy canceled the histamine release through the downregulation of histidine decarboxylase expression. Our observations describe novel molecular mechanisms involved in the allergen-dependent histamine release by human neutrophils and provide new targets to inhibit histamine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Chacón
- UGC de Alergología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Vega-Rioja
- UGC de Alergología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Bouchra Doukkali
- UGC de Alergología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Virginia Bellido
- UGC de Alergología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Yolanda Puente
- UGC de Alergología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Lorena Alcañiz
- UGC de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Javier Monteseirín
- UGC de Alergología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Escherichia Coli -induced Inflammation Changes the Expression of Acetylcholine Receptors (M2R, M3R, and α-7 nAChR) in the Pig Uterus. J Vet Res 2020; 64:531-541. [PMID: 33367142 PMCID: PMC7734692 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The influence of inflammation on the patterns of muscarinic 2 and 3 receptor subtypes (M2R and M3R), and α-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α-7 nAChR) expression in the porcine uterus was investigated. Material and Methods On day three of the oestrous cycle of gilts aged 7-8 months with body weight 90-120 kg, either an E. coli suspension (E. coli group, n = 5) or saline (Sal group, n = 5) was administered into the uterine horns via laparotomy or only laparotomy was performed on control swine (Ctrl group, n = 5). After eight days, and the onset of severe acute endometritis in the E. coli group, the uterine mRNA and protein receptor expression levels were determined using real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively, with receptor localisation by immunofluorescence. Results The studied receptors were in the luminal epithelium, glands, blood vessels, and myometrial muscle cells of all gilts. The M2R mRNA level was lower in the inflamed endometrium compared to the Ctrl and Sal groups. Also in this tissue, the expression of M3R mRNA and protein was lower than in the Ctrl and Sal groups. The M3R protein level in the bacterially challenged myometrium was found to be increased compared to unadministered groups. In the endometrium of the E. coli group, the α-7 nAChR protein level was lower than in the Sal group, and in the myometrium it was reduced in relation to both the other groups. P values were ≤ 0.05 in all cases. Conclusion Inflammation causes alterations in the M2R, M3R, and α-7 nAChR expression in the pig uterus, suggesting their significance in the course and repercussions of uterine inflammation.
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Stellari FF, Sala A, Ruscitti F, Buccellati C, Allen A, Risé P, Civelli M, Villetti G. CHF6001 Inhibits NF-κB Activation and Neutrophilic Recruitment in LPS-Induced Lung Inflammation in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1337. [PMID: 31798449 PMCID: PMC6863066 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) are potent anti-inflammatory agents, inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators through the elevation of intracellular cAMP concentrations. We studied the activity of a novel PDE4 inhibitor, CHF6001, both in vitro in human cells and in vivo, using bioluminescence imaging (BLI) in mice lung inflammation. Mice transiently transfected with the luciferase gene under the control of an NF-κB responsive element (NF-κB-luc) have been used to assess the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of CHF6001 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung inflammation. BLI as well as inflammatory cells and the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines were monitored in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) while testing in vitro its ability to affect the production of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), measured by LC/MS/MS, by LPS/LPS/N-formyl--methionyl--leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-activated human blood. CHF6001 inhibited the production of LTB4 in LPS/fMLP-activated human blood at sub-nanomolar concentrations. LPS-induced an increase of BLI signal in NF-κB-luc mice, and CHF6001 administered by dry powder inhalation decreased in parallel luciferase signal, cell airway infiltration, and pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in BALF. The results obtained provide in vitro and in vivo evidence of the anti-inflammatory activity of the potent PDE4 inhibitor CHF6001, showing that with a topical administration that closely mimics inhalation in humans, it efficiently disrupts the NF-κB activation associated with LPS challenge, an effect that may be relevant for the prevention of exacerbation episodes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio F Stellari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Parma, Italy
| | - Angelo Sala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Drug Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IBIM, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Ruscitti
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Parma, Italy
| | - Carola Buccellati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Drug Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrew Allen
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Parma, Italy
| | - Patrizia Risé
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Drug Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Civelli
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Parma, Italy
| | - Gino Villetti
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Parma, Italy
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Ren Q, Li X, Li Q, Yang H, Wang H, Zhang H, Zhao L, Jiang‐yong S, Meng X, Zhang Y, Shen X. Total flavonoids from sea buckthorn ameliorates lipopolysaccharide/cigarette smoke‐induced airway inflammation. Phytother Res 2019; 33:2102-2117. [PMID: 31209984 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing‐cuo Ren
- College of Ethnic MedicineChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University HospitalSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Xuan‐hao Li
- College of Ethnic MedicineChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Qiu‐yue Li
- College of Ethnic MedicineChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Hai‐ling Yang
- College of Ethnic MedicineChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Hong‐ling Wang
- College of Ethnic MedicineChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Hai Zhang
- College of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University HospitalSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Si‐lang Jiang‐yong
- College of Ethnic MedicineChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Xian‐li Meng
- College of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Ethnic MedicineChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Xiao‐fei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University HospitalSichuan University Chengdu China
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Acetylcholine-treated murine dendritic cells promote inflammatory lung injury. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212911. [PMID: 30822345 PMCID: PMC6396899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years a non-neuronal cholinergic system has been described in immune cells, which is often usually activated during the course of inflammatory processes. To date, it is known that Acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter extensively expressed in the airways, not only induces bronchoconstriction, but also promotes a set of changes usually associated with the induction of allergic/Th2 responses. We have previously demonstrated that ACh polarizes human dendritic cells (DC) toward a Th2-promoting profile through the activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR). Here, we showed that ACh promotes the acquisition of an inflammatory profile by murine DC, with the increased MHC II IAd expression and production of two cytokines strongly associated with inflammatory infiltrate and tissue damage, namely TNF-α and MCP-1, which was prevented by blocking mAChR. Moreover, we showed that ACh induces the up-regulation of M3 mAChR expression and the blocking of this receptor with tiotropium bromide prevents the increase of MHC II IAd expression and TNF-α production induced by ACh on DC, suggesting that M3 is the main receptor involved in ACh-induced activation of DC. Then, using a short-term experimental murine model of ovalbumin-induced lung inflammation, we revealed that the intranasal administration of ACh-treated DC, at early stages of the inflammatory response, might be able to exacerbate the recruitment of inflammatory mononuclear cells, promoting profound structural changes in the lung parenchyma characteristic of chronic inflammation and evidenced by elevated systemic levels of inflammatory marker, TNF-α. These results suggest a potential role for ACh in the modulation of immune mechanisms underlying pulmonary inflammatory processes.
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Eduardo CRC, Alejandra TIG, Guadalupe DRKJ, Herminia VRG, Lenin P, Enrique BV, Evandro BM, Oscar B, Iván GPM. Modulation of the extraneuronal cholinergic system on main innate response leukocytes. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 327:22-35. [PMID: 30683425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The expression of elements of the cholinergic system has been demonstrated in non-neuronal cells, such as immune cells, where acetylcholine modulates innate and adaptive responses. However, the study of the non-neuronal cholinergic system has focused on lymphocyte cholinergic mechanisms, with less attention to its role of innate cells. Considering this background, the aims of this review are 1) to review information regarding the cholinergic components of innate immune system cells; 2) to discuss the effect of cholinergic stimuli on cell functions; 3) and to describe the importance of cholinergic stimuli on host immunocompetence, in order to set the base for the design of intervention strategies in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Covantes-Rosales Carlos Eduardo
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Toledo-Ibarra Gladys Alejandra
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C. Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n. Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Díaz-Resendiz Karina Janice Guadalupe
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Ventura-Ramón Guadalupe Herminia
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C. Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n. Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Pavón Lenin
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente", Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 México City, DF, Mexico
| | - Becerril-Villanueva Enrique
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente", Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 México City, DF, Mexico
| | - Bauer Moisés Evandro
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Laboratório de Imunologia do Envelhecimento, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bottaso Oscar
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNR-CONICET), Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Girón-Pérez Manuel Iván
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C. Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n. Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.
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12
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Palmberg L, Sundblad BM, Ji J, Karén J, Larsson K. Cholinergic mechanisms in an organic dust model simulating an acute exacerbation in patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2018; 13:3611-3624. [PMID: 30464444 PMCID: PMC6219273 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s171495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure in a pig barn induces airway inflammation that has similarities with the response observed in acute exacerbations in COPD. Methods A total of 15 smokers with COPD and 15 healthy non-smokers were exposed for 2 hours in a pig barn (in vivo exposure). Symptoms were assessed, lung function measured, and blood and sputum samples taken before and after exposure. Blood neutrophils were isolated and stimulated ex vivo with dust from a pig barn and acetylcholine, and inflammatory markers were analyzed. Results In vivo exposure caused more symptoms and greater lung function fall in COPD patients than in controls. Baseline concentrations of MMP9, TIMP1, IL6, CXCL8, in sputum and neutrophil blood count were higher in COPD patients than in controls. In vivo exposure increased MMP9, TIMP1, IL6, CXCL8, TNFα, and LTB4 in sputum and MMP9 and IL6 in blood, with no difference between the groups, and serum CRP increased more in COPD subjects. Expression of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase on sputum and blood cells was similar in the groups and uninfluenced by in vivo exposure. Dust exposure ex vivo increased choline acetyltransferase expression in neutrophils, but the dust and acetylcholine response did not differ between the groups before and after in vivo exposure. Conclusion COPD patients exposed in a pig barn experience symptoms similar to those in acute exacerbations and lung function deterioration that is unrelated to bronchial responsiveness. Cholinergic mechanisms are involved in the inflammatory response to dust, with no difference between COPD and non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Palmberg
- Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,
| | - Britt-Marie Sundblad
- Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,
| | - Jie Ji
- Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,
| | - Jakob Karén
- Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,
| | - Kjell Larsson
- Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,
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13
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The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Fermented Herbal Roots of Asparagus cochinchinensis in an Ovalbumin-Induced Asthma Model. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7100377. [PMID: 30360392 PMCID: PMC6210729 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7100377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Roots of Asparagus cochinchinensis, which have pharmacologically active ingredients, have received great attention because they show good therapeutic effects for various inflammatory diseases without specific toxicity. This study investigated the anti-asthmatic effects of a butanol extract of Asparagus cochinchinensis roots that had been fermented with Weissella cibaria (BAW) and its possible underlying cholinergic regulation. Methods: Alterations of the anti-asthmatic markers and the molecular response factors were measured in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma model after treatment with BAW. Results: Treatment with BAW decreased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in lipopolysaccharides (LPS) activated RAW264.7 cells. The results of the animal experiments revealed lower infiltration of inflammatory cells and bronchial thickness, and a significant reduction in the number of macrophages and eosinophils, concentration of OVA-specific IgE, and expression of Th2 cytokines in the OVA + BAW treated group. In addition, a significant recovery of goblet cell hyperplasia, MMP-9 expression, and the VEGF signaling pathway was observed upon airway remodeling in the OVA + BAW treated group. Furthermore, these responses of BAW were linked to recovery of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) M3 downstream signaling pathway in epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and afferent sensory nerves of OVA + BAW-treated mice. Conclusion: Overall, these findings are the first to provide evidence that the therapeutic effects of BAW can prevent airway inflammation and remodeling through the recovery of cholinergic regulation in structural cells and inflammatory cells of the chronic asthma model.
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14
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Reardon C, Murray K, Lomax AE. Neuroimmune Communication in Health and Disease. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:2287-2316. [PMID: 30109819 PMCID: PMC6170975 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00035.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune and nervous systems are tightly integrated, with each system capable of influencing the other to respond to infectious or inflammatory perturbations of homeostasis. Recent studies demonstrating the ability of neural stimulation to significantly reduce the severity of immunopathology and consequently reduce mortality have led to a resurgence in the field of neuroimmunology. Highlighting the tight integration of the nervous and immune systems, afferent neurons can be activated by a diverse range of substances from bacterial-derived products to cytokines released by host cells. While activation of vagal afferents by these substances dominates the literature, additional sensory neurons are responsive as well. It is becoming increasingly clear that although the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway has become the predominant model, a multitude of functional circuits exist through which neuronal messengers can influence immunological outcomes. These include pathways whereby efferent signaling occurs independent of the vagus nerve through sympathetic neurons. To receive input from the nervous system, immune cells including B and T cells, macrophages, and professional antigen presenting cells express specific neurotransmitter receptors that affect immune cell function. Specialized immune cell populations not only express neurotransmitter receptors, but express the enzymatic machinery required to produce neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, allowing them to act as signaling intermediaries. Although elegant experiments have begun to decipher some of these interactions, integration of these molecules, cells, and anatomy into defined neuroimmune circuits in health and disease is in its infancy. This review describes these circuits and highlights continued challenges and opportunities for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Reardon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California ; and Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario , Canada
| | - Kaitlin Murray
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California ; and Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario , Canada
| | - Alan E Lomax
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California ; and Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario , Canada
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15
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Koarai A, Ichinose M. Possible involvement of acetylcholine-mediated inflammation in airway diseases. Allergol Int 2018; 67:460-466. [PMID: 29605098 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhaled bronchodilator treatment with a long acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) reduces symptoms and the risk of exacerbations in COPD and asthma. However, increasing evidence from cell culture and animal studies suggests that anti-muscarinic drugs could also possess anti-inflammatory effects. Recent studies have revealed that acetylcholine (ACh) can be synthesized and released from both neuronal and non-neuronal cells, and the released ACh can potentiate airway inflammation and remodeling in airway diseases. However, these anti-inflammatory effects of anti-muscarinic drugs have not yet been confirmed in COPD and asthma patients. This review will focus on recent findings about the possible involvement of ACh in airway inflammation and remodeling, and the anti-inflammatory effect of anti-muscarinic drugs in airway diseases. Clarifying the acetylcholine-mediated inflammation could provide insights into the mechanisms of airway diseases, which could lead to future therapeutic strategies for inhibiting the disease progression and exacerbations.
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16
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Montalbano AM, Di Sano C, Chiappara G, Riccobono L, Bonanno A, Anzalone G, Vitulo P, Pipitone L, Gjomarkaj M, Pieper MP, Ricciardolo FLM, Gagliardo RP, Profita M. Cigarette smoke and non-neuronal cholinergic system in the airway epithelium of COPD patients. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:5856-5868. [PMID: 29226951 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh), synthesized by Choline Acetyl-Transferase (ChAT), exerts its physiological effects via mAChRM3 in epithelial cells. We hypothesized that cigarette smoke affects ChAT, ACh, and mAChRM3 expression in the airways from COPD patients promoting airway disease. ChAT, ACh, and mAChRM3 were assessed: "ex vivo" in the epithelium from central and distal airways of COPD patients, Healthy Smoker (S) and Healthy Subjects (C), and "in vitro" in bronchial epithelial cells stimulated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE). In central airways, mAChRM3, ChAT, and ACh immunoreactivity was significantly higher in the epithelium from S and COPD than in C subjects. mAChRM3, ChAT, and ACh score of immunoreactivity was high in the metaplastia area of COPD patients. mAChRM3/ChAT and ACh/ChAT co-localization of immunoreactivity was observed in the bronchial epithelium from COPD. In vitro, CSE stimulation significantly increased mAChRM3, ChAT, and ACh expression and mAChRM3/ChAT and ACh/ChAT co-localization in 16HBE and NHBE, and increased 16HBE proliferation. Cigarette smoke modifies the levels of mAChMR3, ChAT expression, and ACh production in bronchial epithelial cells from COPD patients. Non-neuronal components of cholinergic system may have a role in the mechanism of bronchial epithelial cell proliferation, promoting alteration of normal tissue, and of related pulmonary functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Montalbano
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Caterina Di Sano
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Chiappara
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Loredana Riccobono
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Bonanno
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulia Anzalone
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrizio Vitulo
- Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione (ISMETT), Palermo, Italy
| | - Loredana Pipitone
- Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione (ISMETT), Palermo, Italy
| | - Mark Gjomarkaj
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | - Rosalia P Gagliardo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Mirella Profita
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
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17
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Ben Anes A, Ben Nasr H, Garrouch A, Bennour S, Bchir S, Hachana M, Benzarti M, Tabka Z, Chahed K. Alterations in acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: relationships with oxidative and inflammatory markers. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 445:1-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Parasympathetic activity is increased in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma and appears to be the major reversible component of airway obstruction. Therefore, treatment with muscarinic receptor antagonists is an effective bronchodilator therapy in COPD and also in asthmatic patients. In recent years, the accumulating evidence that the cholinergic system controls not only contraction by airway smooth muscle but also the functions of inflammatory cells and airway epithelial cells has suggested that muscarinic receptor antagonists could exert other effects that may be of clinical relevance when we must treat a patient suffering from COPD or asthma. There are currently six muscarinic receptor antagonists licenced for use in the treatment of COPD, the short-acting muscarinic receptor antagonists (SAMAs) ipratropium bromide and oxitropium bromide and the long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonists (LAMAs) aclidinium bromide, tiotropium bromide, glycopyrronium bromide and umeclidinium bromide. Concerns have been raised about possible associations of muscarinic receptor antagonists with cardiovascular safety, but the most advanced compounds seem to have an improved safety profile. Further beneficial effects of SAMAs and LAMAs are seen when added to existing treatments, including LABAs, inhaled corticosteroids and phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors. The importance of tiotropium bromide in the maintenance treatment of COPD, and likely in asthma, has spurred further research to identify new LAMAs. There are a number of molecules that are being identified, but only few have reached the clinical development.
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19
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Beeh KM, Burgel PR, Franssen FME, Lopez-Campos JL, Loukides S, Hurst JR, Fležar M, Ulrik CS, Di Marco F, Stolz D, Valipour A, Casserly B, Ställberg B, Kostikas K, Wedzicha JA. How Do Dual Long-Acting Bronchodilators Prevent Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196:139-149. [PMID: 27922741 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201609-1794ci] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreasing the frequency and severity of exacerbations is one of the main goals of treatment for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Several studies have documented that long-acting bronchodilators can reduce exacerbation rate and/or severity, and others have shown that combinations of long-acting β2-adrenergic agonists (LABAs) and long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) provide greater reductions in exacerbation frequency than either their monocomponents or LABA/inhaled corticosteroid combinations in patients at low and high risk for these events. In this review, small groups of experts critically evaluated mechanisms potentially responsible for the increased benefit of LABA/LAMA combinations over single long-acting bronchodilators or LABA/inhaled corticosteroids in decreasing exacerbation. These included effects on lung hyperinflation and mechanical stress, inflammation, excessive mucus production with impaired mucociliary clearance, and symptom severity. The data assembled and analyzed by each group were reviewed by all authors and combined into this manuscript. Available clinical results support the possibility that effects of LABA/LAMA combinations on hyperinflation, mucociliary clearance, and symptom severity may all contribute to decreasing exacerbations. Although preclinical studies suggest LABAs and LAMAs have antiinflammatory effects, such effects have not been demonstrated yet in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai M Beeh
- 1 insaf Respiratory Research Institute, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Pierre-Regis Burgel
- 2 Department of Respiratory Diseases and Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP and Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Frits M E Franssen
- 3 Department of Research and Education, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, Horn, the Netherlands
| | - Jose Luis Lopez-Campos
- 4 Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain.,5 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stelios Loukides
- 6 2nd Respiratory Medicine Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Attiko University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - John R Hurst
- 7 University College London Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matjaž Fležar
- 8 University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Golnik, Slovenia
| | | | - Fabiano Di Marco
- 10 Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Ospedale San Paolo, Milan, Italy
| | - Daiana Stolz
- 11 Clinic of Respiratory Medicine and Pulmonary Cell Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arschang Valipour
- 12 Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Respiratory Epidemiology, Otto-Wagner-Spital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brian Casserly
- 13 University Hospital, Limerick, Ireland.,14 Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Björn Ställberg
- 15 Department of Public Health and Caring Science, Family Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jadwiga A Wedzicha
- 17 Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Toumpanakis D, Loverdos K, Tzouda V, Vassilakopoulou V, Litsiou E, Magkou C, Karavana V, Pieper M, Vassilakopoulos T. Tiotropium bromide exerts anti-inflammatory effects during resistive breathing, an experimental model of severe airway obstruction. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2017; 12:2207-2220. [PMID: 28814849 PMCID: PMC5546183 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s137587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Resistive breathing (RB), a hallmark of obstructive airway diseases, is characterized by strenuous contractions of the inspiratory muscles that impose increased mechanical stress on the lung. RB is shown to induce pulmonary inflammation in previous healthy animals. Tiotropium bromide, an anticholinergic bronchodilator, is also shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects. The effect of tiotropium on RB-induced pulmonary inflammation is unknown. Methods Adult rats were anesthetized, tracheostomized and breathed spontaneously through a two-way non-rebreathing valve. Resistances were connected to the inspiratory and/or expiratory port, to produce inspiratory resistive breathing (IRB) of 40% or 50% Pi/Pi,max (40% and 50% IRB), expiratory resistive breathing (ERB) of 60% Pe/Pe,max (60% ERB) or combined resistive breathing (CRB) of both 40% Pi/Pi,max and 60% Pe/Pe,max (40%/60% CRB). Tiotropium aerosol was inhaled prior to RB. After 6 h of RB, mechanical parameters of the respiratory system were measured and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed. IL-1β and IL-6 protein levels were measured in lung tissue. Lung injury was estimated histologically. Results In all, 40% and 50% IRB increased macrophage and neutrophil counts in BAL and raised IL-1β and IL-6 lung levels, tissue elasticity, BAL total protein levels and lung injury score. Tiotropium attenuated BAL neutrophil number, IL-1β, IL-6 levels and lung injury score increase at both 40% and 50% IRB. The increase in macrophage count and protein in BAL was only reversed at 40% IRB, while tissue elasticity was not affected. In all, 60% ERB raised BAL neutrophil count and total protein and reduced macrophage count. IL-1β and IL-6 levels and lung injury score were increased. Tiotropium attenuated these alterations, except for the decrease in macrophage count and the increase in total protein level. In all, 40%/60% CRB increased macrophage and neutrophil count in BAL, IL-1β and IL-6 levels, tissue elasticity, total protein in BAL and histological injury score. Tiotropium attenuated the aforementioned alterations. Conclusion Tiotropium inhalation attenuates RB-induced pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Toumpanakis
- First Critical Care Department, Pulmonary Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Evangelismos General Hospital.,George P. Livanos and Marianthi Simou Laboratories, Thorax Foundation
| | - Konstantinos Loverdos
- First Critical Care Department, Pulmonary Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Evangelismos General Hospital.,George P. Livanos and Marianthi Simou Laboratories, Thorax Foundation
| | - Vassiliki Tzouda
- First Critical Care Department, Pulmonary Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Evangelismos General Hospital.,George P. Livanos and Marianthi Simou Laboratories, Thorax Foundation
| | - Vyronia Vassilakopoulou
- First Critical Care Department, Pulmonary Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Evangelismos General Hospital.,George P. Livanos and Marianthi Simou Laboratories, Thorax Foundation
| | - Eleni Litsiou
- First Critical Care Department, Pulmonary Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Evangelismos General Hospital.,George P. Livanos and Marianthi Simou Laboratories, Thorax Foundation
| | - Christina Magkou
- Department of Pathology, Evangelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Karavana
- First Critical Care Department, Pulmonary Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Evangelismos General Hospital.,George P. Livanos and Marianthi Simou Laboratories, Thorax Foundation
| | - Michael Pieper
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Div. Research Germany, Biberach, Germany
| | - Theodoros Vassilakopoulos
- First Critical Care Department, Pulmonary Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Evangelismos General Hospital.,George P. Livanos and Marianthi Simou Laboratories, Thorax Foundation
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21
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Milara J, Cervera A, de Diego A, Sanz C, Juan G, Gavaldà A, Miralpeix M, Morcillo E, Cortijo J. Non-neuronal cholinergic system contributes to corticosteroid resistance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Respir Res 2016; 17:145. [PMID: 27825347 PMCID: PMC5101693 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0467-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) with long-acting beta-2 agonists is a well-documented combination therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) based on its additive anti-inflammatory properties. By contrast, the recommendation of ICS in combination with long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) is not evidence-based. In this study, neutrophils obtained from COPD patients were used to compare the anti-inflammatory effects of aclidinium bromide (a long-acting muscarinic antagonist) with corticosteroids and their potential additive effect. Methods Human sputum and blood neutrophils were isolated from healthy individuals (n = 37), patients with stable COPD (n = 52) and those with exacerbated COPD (n = 16). The cells were incubated with corticosteroid fluticasone propionate (0.1 nM–1 μM), aclidinium bromide (0.1 nM–1 μM) or a combination thereof and stimulated with 1 μg of lipopolysaccharide/ml or 5 % cigarette smoke extract. Levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators interleukin-8, matrix metalloproteinase-9, CCL-5, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-1β were measured and the mechanisms of corticosteroid resistance evaluated at the end of the incubation. Results The non-neuronal cholinergic system was over-expressed in neutrophils from COPD patients, as evidenced by increases in the expression of muscarinic receptors (M2, M4 and M5), choline acetyltransferase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter. Aclidinium bromide demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects on neutrophils from COPD patients, reversing their resistance to corticosteroids. Additive effects of combined aclidinium bromide and fluticasone propionate in blocking M2 receptor levels, inhibiting phosphoinositide 3-kinase-δ and enhancing the glucocorticoid response element transcription factor were demonstrated and were accompanied by an increase in the corticosteroid-induced expression of anti-inflammatory-related genes. Conclusions LAMAs potentiate the anti-inflammatory effects of corticosteroids in neutrophils from COPD patients in vitro, thus providing a scientific rationale for their use in combination with corticosteroids in the treatment of COPD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-016-0467-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Milara
- Department of pharmacology, faculty of medicine, Jaume I University, Castellón, Spain. .,Pharmacy Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain. .,CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain. .,Unidad de Investigación Clínica, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario, Avenida tres cruces s/n, E-46014, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Angela Cervera
- Respiratory Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alfredo de Diego
- Respiratory Unit, University and Polytechnic La Fe Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Celia Sanz
- Department of pharmacology, faculty of medicine, Jaume I University, Castellón, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gustavo Juan
- Respiratory Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Esteban Morcillo
- CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Health Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julio Cortijo
- CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Research and teaching Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain
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22
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Nakib I, Martin-Eauclaire MF, Laraba-Djebari F. Involvement of Cholinergic and Adrenergic Receptors in Pathogenesis and Inflammatory Response Induced by Alpha-Neurotoxin Bot III of Scorpion Venom. Inflammation 2016; 39:1670-80. [PMID: 27395044 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0401-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bot III neurotoxin is the most lethal α neurotoxin purified from Buthus occitanus tunetanus scorpion venom. This toxin binds to the voltage-gated sodium channel of excitable cells and blocks its inactivation, inducing an increased release of neurotransmitters (acetylcholine and catecholamines). This study aims to elucidate the involvement of cholinergic and adrenergic receptors in pathogenesis and inflammatory response triggered by this toxin. Injection of Bot III to animals induces an increase of peroxidase activities, an imbalance of oxidative status, tissue damages in lung parenchyma, and myocardium correlated with metabolic disorders. The pretreatment with nicotine (nicotinic receptor agonist) or atropine (muscarinic receptor antagonist) protected the animals from almost all disorders caused by Bot III toxin, especially the immunological alterations. Bisoprolol administration (selective β1 adrenergic receptor antagonist) was also efficient in the protection of animals, mainly on tissue damage. Propranolol (non-selective adrenergic receptor antagonist) showed less effect. These results suggest that both cholinergic and adrenergic receptors are activated in the cardiopulmonary manifestations induced by Bot III. Indeed, the muscarinic receptor appears to be more involved than the nicotinic one, and the β1 adrenergic receptor seems to dominate the β2 receptor. These results showed also that the activation of nicotinic receptor leads to a significant protection of animals against Bot III toxin effect. These findings supply a supplementary data leading to better understanding of the mechanism triggered by scorpionic neurotoxins and suggest the use of drugs targeting these receptors, especially the nicotinic one in order to counteract the inflammatory response observed in scorpion envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imene Nakib
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, BP 32, El-Alia Bab Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Marie-France Martin-Eauclaire
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS UMR7290 CRN2M, IFR Jean-Roche, Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13916, Marseille, Cedex 20, France
| | - Fatima Laraba-Djebari
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, BP 32, El-Alia Bab Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria.
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Su Y, Zhu L, Yu X, Cai L, Lu Y, Zhang J, Li T, Li J, Xia J, Xu F, Hu Q. Mitochondrial Transplantation Attenuates Airway Hyperresponsiveness by Inhibition of Cholinergic Hyperactivity. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:1244-60. [PMID: 27279915 PMCID: PMC4893649 DOI: 10.7150/thno.13804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased cholinergic activity has been highlighted in the pathogenesis of airway hyperresponsiveness, and alternations of mitochondrial structure and function appear to be involved in many lung diseases including airway hyperresponsiveness. It is crucial to clarify the cause-effect association between mitochondrial dysfunction and cholinergic hyperactivity in the pathogenesis of airway hyperresponsiveness. Male SD rats and cultured airway epithelial cells were exposed to cigarette smoke plus lipopolysaccharide administration; mitochondria isolated from airway epithelium were delivered into epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Both the cigarette smoke plus lipopolysaccharide-induced cholinergic hyperactivity in vitro and the airway hyperresponsiveness to acetylcholine in vivo were reversed by the transplantation of exogenous mitochondria. The rescue effects of exogenous mitochondria were imitated by the elimination of excessive reactive oxygen species or blockage of muscarinic M3 receptor, but inhibited by M receptor enhancer. Mitochondrial transplantation effectively attenuates cigarette smoke plus lipopolysaccharide-stimulated airway hyperresponsiveness through the inhibition of ROS-enhanced epithelial cholinergic hyperactivity.
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Autocrine Acetylcholine, Induced by IL-17A via NFκB and ERK1/2 Pathway Activation, Promotes MUC5AC and IL-8 Synthesis in Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:9063842. [PMID: 27298519 PMCID: PMC4889862 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9063842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-17A is overexpressed in the lung during acute neutrophilic inflammation. Acetylcholine (ACh) increases IL-8 and Muc5AC production in airway epithelial cells. We aimed to characterize the involvement of nonneuronal components of cholinergic system on IL-8 and Muc5AC production in bronchial epithelial cells stimulated with IL-17A. Bronchial epithelial cells were stimulated with recombinant human IL-17A (rhIL-17A) to evaluate the ChAT expression, the ACh binding and production, the IL-8 release, and the Muc5AC production. Furthermore, the effectiveness of PD098,059 (inhibitor of MAPKK activation), Bay11-7082 (inhibitor of IkBα phosphorylation), Hemicholinium-3 (HCh-3) (choline uptake blocker), and Tiotropium bromide (Spiriva®) (anticholinergic drug) was tested in our in vitro model. We showed that rhIL-17A increased the expression of ChAT, the levels of ACh binding and production, and the IL-8 and Muc5AC production in stimulated bronchial epithelial cells compared with untreated cells. The pretreatment of the cells with PD098,059 and Bay11-7082 decreased the ChAT expression and the ACh production/binding, while HCh-3 and Tiotropium decreased the IL-8 and Muc5AC synthesis in bronchial epithelial cells stimulated with rhIL-17A. IL-17A is involved in the IL-8 and Muc5AC production promoting, via NFκB and ERK1/2 pathway activation, the synthesis of ChAT, and the related activity of autocrine ACh in bronchial epithelial cells.
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Lu JJ, Xu GN, Yu P, Song Y, Wang XL, Zhu L, Chen HZ, Cui YY. The activation of M3 mAChR in airway epithelial cells promotes IL-8 and TGF-β1 secretion and airway smooth muscle cell migration. Respir Res 2016; 17:25. [PMID: 26956674 PMCID: PMC4784334 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) have been identified in airway epithelium, and epithelium-derived chemokines can initiate the migration of airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells. However, the mAChRs that are expressed in airway epithelium and the mechanism underlying the regulation of ASM cell migration are not clear. The aim of this study was to test whether the effects of the epithelium-derived chemokines on ASM cell migration could be modulated by mAChRs. METHOD Human epithelial cells (A549 cells) were stimulated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) or the mAChRs agonist carbachol. IL-8 and TGF-β1 production were measured by ELISA, and human ASM cell migration was measured using the transwell migration assay and scratch assay. The mRNA levels of the mAChRs subtypes and the acetylcholine concentrations were measured using RT-PCR and LC-MS/MS, respectively. RESULTS ASM cell migration toward CSE-stimulated A549 cells was markedly reduced by Ac-RRWWCR-NH2 (IL-8 inhibitor) and SB431542 (TGF-β1 inhibitor). CSE-induced ASM cell migration was also suppressed by the mAChRs antagonist tiotropium. Interestingly, carbachol-stimulated A549 cells also induced ASM cell migration; this migration event was suppressed by tiotropium, Ac-RRWWCR-NH2 and SB431542. In addition, the effects of CSE on ASM cell migration were significantly and cooperatively enhanced by carbachol compared to CSE alone. Carbachol-induced ASM cell migration was reduced by selective inhibitors of PI3K/Akt (LY294002) and p38 (SB203580), suggesting that it occurred through p38 and Akt phosphorylation, which was inhibited by the M3 mAChR antagonist 4-DAMP. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that M3 mAChR may be important therapeutic target for obstructive airway diseases, as it regulates the effects of the epithelial-derived chemokines on ASM cell migration, which results in lung remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Juan Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Guang-Ni Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Yun Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Xiao-Lin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Hong-Zhuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Yong-Yao Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Abraham G. The importance of muscarinic receptors in domestic animal diseases and therapy: Current and future perspectives. Vet J 2016; 208:13-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Beckmann J, Dittmann N, Schütz I, Klein J, Lips KS. Effect of M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor deficiency on collagen antibody-induced arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:17. [PMID: 26785775 PMCID: PMC4719200 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-0926-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that the non-neuronal cholinergic system might be of importance for the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis. The role of M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3R) in this regard has, however, not been investigated to date. Thus, in the present study we analyzed if M3R deficiency might have a protective effect on experimentally induced arthritis. METHODS Collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) was evoked in M3R-deficient (M3R(-/-)) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates. Severity of arthritis was assessed by scoring of paw swelling. The joints of arthritic and nonarthritic animals were analyzed for histopathological changes regarding synovial tissue, cartilage degradation and bone destruction. Further, gene expression analysis of respective markers was performed. Systemic and local inflammatory response was determined by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry for leukocytes as well as mRNA and protein measurements for pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. RESULTS In arthritic M3R(-/-) mice the number of leukocytes, specifically neutrophils, was enhanced even though clinical arthritis score was not significantly different between WT and M3R(-/-) mice with CAIA. In M3R(-/-) mice, levels of neutrophil chemoattractant chemokine C-X-C-motif ligand 2 (CXCL2) as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 were already strongly increased in mice with low arthritis score, whereas WT mice only showed prominent expression of these markers when reaching high arthritis scores. Furthermore, arthritic M3R(-/-) mice displayed a stronger degradation of collagen II in the articular cartilage and, most strikingly, histopathological evaluation revealed more severe bone destruction in arthritic mice with M3R deficiency compared to WT littermates. Moreover, in M3R(-/-) mice, gene expression of markers for bone degradation (matrix metalloproteinase 13, cathepsin K and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand) was already increased in mice with low arthritis score. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the present study shows that while M3R(-/-) mice were not protected from CAIA, they had a tendency toward a higher inflammatory response after arthritis induction than WT mice. Further, arthritis-induced joint destruction was significantly stronger in mice with M3R deficiency, indicating that stimulation of M3R might have protective effects on arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Beckmann
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Kerkraderstrasse 9, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Nicole Dittmann
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Kerkraderstrasse 9, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Iris Schütz
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Kerkraderstrasse 9, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Jochen Klein
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Strasse 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Katrin Susanne Lips
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Kerkraderstrasse 9, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
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Atkinson SK, Sadofsky LR, Morice AH. How does rhinovirus cause the common cold cough? BMJ Open Respir Res 2016; 3:e000118. [PMID: 26835135 PMCID: PMC4716235 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2015-000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cough is a protective reflex to prevent aspiration and can be triggered by a multitude of stimuli. The commonest form of cough is caused by upper respiratory tract infection and has no benefit to the host. The virus hijacks this natural defence mechanism in order to propagate itself through the population. Despite the resolution of the majority of cold symptoms within 2 weeks, cough can persist for some time thereafter. Unfortunately, the mechanism of infectious cough brought on by pathogenic viruses, such as human rhinovirus, during colds, remains elusive despite the extensive work that has been undertaken. For socioeconomic reasons, it is imperative we identify the mechanism of cough. There are several theories which have been proposed as the causative mechanism of cough in rhinovirus infection, encompassing a range of different processes. Those of which hold most promise are physical disruption of the epithelial lining, excess mucus production and an inflammatory response to rhinovirus infection which may be excessive. And finally, neuronal modulation, the most convincing hypothesis, is thought to potentiate cough long after the original stimulus has been cleared. All these hypotheses will be briefly covered in the following sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Atkinson
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (CCMR), The Hull York Medical School (HYMS), The University of Hull , Hull , UK
| | - Laura R Sadofsky
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (CCMR), The Hull York Medical School (HYMS), The University of Hull , Hull , UK
| | - Alyn H Morice
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (CCMR), The Hull York Medical School (HYMS), The University of Hull , Hull , UK
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Pelaia G, Vatrella A, Busceti MT, Gallelli L, Calabrese C, Terracciano R, Lombardo N, Maselli R. Pharmacologic rationale underlying the therapeutic effects of tiotropium/olodaterol in COPD. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11:1563-72. [PMID: 26504398 PMCID: PMC4603718 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s84151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchodilators are the most important drugs used for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In particular, these therapeutic agents are mostly long-acting compounds utilized via inhalation, and include LAMA (long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonists) and LABA (long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonists). Because LAMA and LABA induce bronchodilation by distinct mechanisms of action, LABA/LAMA combinations provide a reciprocal potentiation of the pharmacological effects caused by each component. Hence, many COPD patients who do not achieve a satisfactory control of their symptoms using a single, either LAMA or LABA bronchodilator, can experience relevant benefits with the use of LAMA/LABA fixed combinations. Many different LAMA/LABA combinations have been recently developed and evaluated in randomized clinical trials. In this context, our review focuses on the pharmacological mechanisms underpinning the bronchodilation elicited by the LAMA tiotropium bromide and the LABA olodaterol. We also discuss the results of the most important clinical studies carried out in COPD patients to assess the efficacy and safety of tiotropium/olodaterol combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girolamo Pelaia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Maria Teresa Busceti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luca Gallelli
- Department of Health Science, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cecilia Calabrese
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Terracciano
- Department of Health Science, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola Lombardo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosario Maselli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Montalbano AM, Albano GD, Anzalone G, Bonanno A, Riccobono L, Di Sano C, Gagliardo R, Siena L, Pieper MP, Gjomarkaj M, Profita M. Cigarette smoke alters non-neuronal cholinergic system components inducing MUC5AC production in the H292 cell line. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 736:35-43. [PMID: 24797786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) affects the expression of Choline Acetyl-Transferase (ChAT), muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, and mucin production in bronchial epithelial cells. Mucin 5AC (MUC5AC), muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3, ChAT expression, acetylcholine levels and acetylcholine binding were measured in a human pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell line (H292) stimulated with CSE. We performed ChAT/RNA interference experiments in H292 cells stimulated with CSE to study the role of ChAT/acetylcholine in MUC5AC production. The effects of Hemicholinium-3 (HCh-3) (50 μM) (a potent and selective choline uptake blocker) and Tiotropium bromide (Spiriva(®)) (100 nM), alone or in combination with Salmeterol (SL) and Fluticasone propionate (FP), were tested in this model. MUC5AC, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3, ChAT, acetylcholine expression and acetylcholine binding significantly increased in H292 cells stimulated with CSE (5%) compared to untreated cells. HCh-3 reduced acetylcholine binding and MUC5AC production in H292 cells stimulated with CSE. ChAT/RNA interference eliminated the effect of CSE on MUC5AC production. FP reduced ChAT and acetylcholine binding in unstimulated cells, while showing a partial effect in CSE stimulated cells. SL increased the ChAT expression and acetylcholine binding in H292 cells stimulated with or without CSE. Tiotropium, alone or together with FP and SL, reduced acetylcholine binding and MUC5AC production in H292 cells stimulated with CSE. CSE affects the ChAT/acetylcholine expression, increasing MUC5AC production in H292 cells. Pharmacological treatment with anticholinergic drugs reduces the secretion of MUC5AC generated by autocrine acetylcholine activity in airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Marina Montalbano
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giusy Daniela Albano
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy; Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (Di.Bi.M.I.S.), Sezione di Pneumologia, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulia Anzalone
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Bonanno
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Loredana Riccobono
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Caterina Di Sano
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosalia Gagliardo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Liboria Siena
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Mark Gjomarkaj
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Mirella Profita
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy.
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Kummer W, Krasteva-Christ G. Non-neuronal cholinergic airway epithelium biology. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 16:43-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Profita M, Albano GD, Riccobono L, Di Sano C, Montalbano AM, Gagliardo R, Anzalone G, Bonanno A, Pieper MP, Gjomarkaj M. Increased levels of Th17 cells are associated with non-neuronal acetylcholine in COPD patients. Immunobiology 2014; 219:392-401. [PMID: 24529390 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
T-lymphocytes, including Th17-cells and T-cells expressing acetylcholine (ACh), are key components of systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We investigated whether ACh promotes Th17 cells in COPD. ACh, IL-17A, IL-22, RORγt, FOXP3 expression and AChIL-17A, AChIL-22, AChRORγt coexpression was evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from COPD patients (n=16), healthy smokers (HS) (n=12) and healthy control subjects (HC) (n=13) (cultured for 48 h with PMA) by flow cytometry. Furthermore, we studied the effect of Tiotropium (Spiriva®) (100 nM) and Olodaterol (1nM) alone or in combination, and of hemicholinium-3 (50 μM) on AChIL-17A, AChIL-22, AChRORγt, and FOXP3 expression in CD3+PBT-cells of PBMC from COPD patients (n=6) cultured for 48 h with PMA. CD3+PBT-cells expressing ACh, IL-17A, IL-22 and RORγt together with CD3+PBT-cells co-expressing AChIL-17A, AChIL-22 and AChRORγt were significantly increased in COPD patients compared to HC and HS subjects with higher levels in HS than in HC without a significant difference. CD3+FOXP3+PBT-cells were increased in HS than in HC and COPD. Tiotropium and Olodaterol reduced the percentage of CD3+PBT-cells co-expressing AChIL-17A, AChIL-22, and AChRORγt while increased the CD3+FOXP3+PBT-cells in PBMC from COPD patients, cultured in vitro for 48 h, with an additive effect when used in combination. Hemicholnium-3 reduced the percentage of ACh+IL-17A+, ACh+IL-22+, and ACh+RORγt+ while it did not affect FOXP3+ expression in CD3+PBT-cells from cultured PBMC from COPD patients. We concluded that ACh might promote the increased levels of Th17-cells in systemic inflammation of COPD. Long-acting β2-agonists and anticholinergic drugs might contribute to control this event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Profita
- Unit: "Ex vivo/In vitro Models to Study the Immunopathology and the Pharmacology of Airway Diseases", Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giusy Daniela Albano
- Unit: "Ex vivo/In vitro Models to Study the Immunopathology and the Pharmacology of Airway Diseases", Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy; Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina, Interna e Specialistica (Di.Bi.M.I.S.), Sezione di Pneumologia, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Loredana Riccobono
- Unit: "Ex vivo/In vitro Models to Study the Immunopathology and the Pharmacology of Airway Diseases", Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Caterina Di Sano
- Unit: "Ex vivo/In vitro Models to Study the Immunopathology and the Pharmacology of Airway Diseases", Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela Marina Montalbano
- Unit: "Ex vivo/In vitro Models to Study the Immunopathology and the Pharmacology of Airway Diseases", Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosalia Gagliardo
- Unit: "Ex vivo/In vitro Models to Study the Immunopathology and the Pharmacology of Airway Diseases", Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulia Anzalone
- Unit: "Ex vivo/In vitro Models to Study the Immunopathology and the Pharmacology of Airway Diseases", Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Bonanno
- Unit: "Ex vivo/In vitro Models to Study the Immunopathology and the Pharmacology of Airway Diseases", Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Mark Gjomarkaj
- Unit: "Ex vivo/In vitro Models to Study the Immunopathology and the Pharmacology of Airway Diseases", Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
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Yang K, Song Y, Tang YB, Xu ZP, Zhou W, Hou LN, Zhu L, Yu ZH, Chen HZ, Cui YY. mAChRs activation induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition on lung epithelial cells. BMC Pulm Med 2014; 14:53. [PMID: 24678619 PMCID: PMC3975135 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been proposed as a mechanism in the progression of airway diseases and cancer. Here, we explored the role of acetylcholine (ACh) and the pathway involved in the process of EMT, as well as the effects of mAChRs antagonist. METHODS Human lung epithelial cells were stimulated with carbachol, an analogue of ACh, and epithelial and mesenchymal marker proteins were evaluated using western blot and immunofluorescence analyses. RESULTS Decreased E-cadherin expression and increased vimentin and α-SMA expression induced by TGF-β1 in alveolar epithelial cell (A549) were significantly abrogated by the non-selective mAChR antagonist atropine and enhanced by the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine. An EMT event also occurred in response to physostigmine alone. Furthermore, ChAT express and ACh release by A549 cells were enhanced by TGF-β1. Interestingly, ACh analogue carbachol also induced EMT in A549 cells as well as in bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, the induction of carbachol was abrogated by selective antagonist of M1 (pirenzepine) and M3 (4-DAMP) mAChRs, but not by M2 (methoctramine) antagonist. Moreover, carbachol induced TGF-β1 production from A549 cells concomitantly with the EMT process. Carbachol-induced EMT occurred through phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and ERK, which was inhibited by pirenzepine and 4-DAMP. CONCLUSIONS Our findings for the first time indicated that mAChR activation, perhaps via M1 and M3 mAChR, induced lung epithelial cells to undergo EMT and provided insights into novel therapeutic strategies for airway diseases in which lung remodeling occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hong-Zhuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Matera MG, Rogliani P, Cazzola M. Muscarinic receptor antagonists for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 15:961-77. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2014.899581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Alagha K, Palot A, Sofalvi T, Pahus L, Gouitaa M, Tummino C, Martinez S, Charpin D, Bourdin A, Chanez P. Long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonists for the treatment of chronic airway diseases. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2014; 5:85-98. [PMID: 24587893 PMCID: PMC3926345 DOI: 10.1177/2040622313518227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (neuronal and non-neuronal origin) regulates bronchoconstriction, and mucus secretion. It has an inflammatory effect by inducing attraction, survival and cytokine release from inflammatory cells. Muscarinic receptors throughout the bronchial tree are mainly restricted to muscarinic M1, M2 and M3 receptors. Three long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonists (LAMAs) were approved for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Europe: once-daily tiotropium bromide; once-daily glycopyrronium bromide; and twice-daily aclidinium bromide. All have higher selectivity for M3 receptors than for M2 receptors, and dissociate more slowly from the M3 receptors than they do from the M2 receptors. Some LAMAs showed anti-inflammatory effects [inhibition of neutrophil chemotactic activity and migration of alveolar neutrophils, decrease of several cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) including interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and leukotriene (LT)B4] and antiremodeling effects (inhibition of mucus gland hypertrophy and decrease in MUC5AC-positive goblet cell number, decrease in MUC5AC overexpression). In the clinic, LAMAs showed a significant improvement of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), quality of life, dyspnea and reduced the number of exacerbations in COPD and more recently in asthma. This review will focus on the three LAMAs approved in Europe in the treatment of chronic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuder Alagha
- Respiratory Department, AP-HM, Inserm CNRS U 1067, UMR7333, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Alain Palot
- Respiratory Department, AP-HM, Inserm CNRS U 1067, UMR7333, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Tunde Sofalvi
- Respiratory Department, AP-HM, Inserm CNRS U 1067, UMR7333, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Laurie Pahus
- Respiratory Department, AP-HM, Inserm CNRS U 1067, UMR7333, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Marion Gouitaa
- Respiratory Department, AP-HM, Inserm CNRS U 1067, UMR7333, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Celine Tummino
- Respiratory Department, AP-HM, Inserm CNRS U 1067, UMR7333, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Stephanie Martinez
- Respiratory Department, AP-HM, Inserm CNRS U 1067, UMR7333, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Denis Charpin
- Respiratory Department, AP-HM, Inserm CNRS U 1067, UMR7333, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Arnaud Bourdin
- Respiratory Department, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Chanez
- Respiratory Department, AP-HM, Inserm CNRS U 1067, UMR7333, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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Lainé DI. Long-acting muscarinic antagonists for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 3:43-53. [DOI: 10.1586/ecp.09.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ungurs MJ, Sinden NJ, Stockley RA. Progranulin is a substrate for neutrophil-elastase and proteinase-3 in the airway and its concentration correlates with mediators of airway inflammation in COPD. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 306:L80-7. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00221.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is an anti-inflammatory protein, yet its digestion by neutrophil-derived proteinases generates products that can stimulate epithelial cell lines to secrete the neutrophil chemoattractant interleukin (IL)-8. Because dysregulated neutrophilic inflammation is implicated in the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the possible influence of PGRN and digestion products may be of relevance to understanding and treating inflammation in the disease. PGRN was measured in sputum sol-phase samples from patients with a clinical diagnosis of COPD and chronic sputum production in a clinically stable state; PGRN correlated negatively with bacterial load (colony-forming units/ml) ( r = −0.446, P = 0.003, n = 43) and markers of neutrophilic inflammation, including neutrophil elastase (NE, nM) ( r = −0.562, P = 0.008, n = 21) and proteinase-3 (PR3, nM) ( r = −0.515, P = 0.017, n = 21). Products of PGRN digestion were detected in sputum sol phase, and PGRN conversion activity in sputum sol phase was inhibited with the serine proteinase inhibitor α1-antitrypsin. Digested PGRN at concentrations likely to be present in the airways did not stimulate IL-8 secretion from normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells. Infection of NHBE cells with live Haemophilus influenzae significantly increased PGRN secretion compared with untreated cells ( P ≤ 0.001). The concentration of PGRN relates negatively to the amplified airway inflammation associated with bacterial colonization in clinically stable COPD. This relationship is driven by the proteolytic action of the neutrophil-derived proteinases NE and PR3; the products released by this action are unlikely to stimulate significant IL-8 secretion from epithelial cells in the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Ungurs
- Centre for Translational Inflammation, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Nicola J. Sinden
- Centre for Translational Inflammation, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Robert A. Stockley
- The ADAPT project, Lung Function and Sleep Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Krimmer D, Ichimaru Y, Burgess J, Black J, Oliver B. Exposure to biomass smoke extract enhances fibronectin release from fibroblasts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83938. [PMID: 24386310 PMCID: PMC3873416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
COPD induced following biomass smoke exposure has been reported to be associated with a more fibrotic phenotype than cigarette smoke induced COPD. This study aimed to investigate if biomass smoke induced extracellular matrix (ECM) protein production from primary human lung fibroblasts in vitro. Primary human lung fibroblasts (n = 5–10) were stimulated in vitro for up to 72 hours with increasing concentrations of biomass smoke extract (BME) or cigarette smoke extract (CSE) prior to being assessed for deposition of ECM proteins, cytokine release, and activation of intracellular signalling molecules. Deposition of the ECM proteins perlecan and fibronectin was upregulated by both CSE (p<0.05) and BME (p<0.05). The release of the neutrophilic chemokine IL-8 was also enhanced by BME. ERK1/2 phosphorylation was significantly upregulated by BME (p<0.05). Chemical inhibition of ERK signalling molecules partially attenuated these effects (p<0.05). Stimulation with endotoxin had no effect. This study demonstrated that BME had similar effects to CSE in vitro and had the capacity to directly induce fibrosis by upregulating production of ECM proteins. The mechanisms by which both biomass and cigarette smoke exposure cause lung damage may be similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Krimmer
- The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- The Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yukikazu Ichimaru
- The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- The Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Janette Burgess
- The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- The Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Judith Black
- The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- The Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Brian Oliver
- The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- The Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Acetylcholine leads to signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT-1) mediated oxidative/nitrosative stress in human bronchial epithelial cell line. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1949-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Scott JP, Peters-Golden M. Antileukotriene agents for the treatment of lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188:538-44. [PMID: 23822826 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201301-0023pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) C4, D4, and E4, collectively termed cysteinyl LTs (cysLTs), are lipid mediators formed by the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. Originally recognized for their potent bronchoconstrictor actions, they were subsequently determined also to promote inflammation, microvascular permeability, and mucus secretion. These actions that are so central to asthma pathophysiology are mediated to a significant extent by ligation of the cysLT receptor 1 (CysLT1). Antagonism of CysLT1 and inhibition of 5-LO have both been shown to have clinical use in the management of asthma, but substantial interindividual heterogeneity is observed in the response to these agents. In this article, we review the biologic actions of LTs, their biosynthetic pathways and cognate receptors, the pharmacology of available anti-LT agents, and the clinical evidence for the use of anti-LT agents as monotherapy and combination therapy in asthma. We also consider heterogeneity of response, the possible roles of cysLT receptors other than CysLT1, the role of another class of LT, LTB4, and the potential role of LTs in lung diseases other than asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P Scott
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, USA
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Decramer ML, Chapman KR, Dahl R, Frith P, Devouassoux G, Fritscher C, Cameron R, Shoaib M, Lawrence D, Young D, McBryan D. Once-daily indacaterol versus tiotropium for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (INVIGORATE): a randomised, blinded, parallel-group study. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2013; 1:524-33. [DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(13)70158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Pace E, Ferraro M, Vincenzo SD, Bruno A, Giarratano A, Scafidi V, Lipari L, Benedetto DVD, Sciarrino S, Gjomarkaj M. Cigarette smoke increases BLT2 receptor functions in bronchial epithelial cells: in vitro and ex vivo evidence. Immunology 2013; 139:245-55. [PMID: 23347335 PMCID: PMC3647190 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) is a neutrophil chemotactic molecule with important involvement in the inflammatory responses of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Airway epithelium is emerging as a regulator of innate immune responses to a variety of insults including cigarette smoke, the major risk factor for COPD. In this study we have explored whether cigarette smoke extracts (CSE) or soluble mediators present in distal lung fluid samples (mini-bronchoalveolar lavages) from smokers alter the expression of the LTB(4) receptor 2 (BLT2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) in bronchial epithelial cells. We also evaluated the effects of CSE on the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and on the binding of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT-1) to ICAM-1 promoter as well as the adhesiveness of neutrophils to bronchial epithelial cells. CSE and mini-bronchoalveolar lavages from smokers increased BLT2 and ICAM-1 expression as well as the adhesiveness of neutrophils to bronchial epithelial cells and decreased PPAR-α expression. CSE induced the activation of STAT-1 and its binding to ICAM-1 promoter. These findings suggest that, in bronchial epithelial cells, CSE promote a prevalent induction of pro-inflammatory BLT2 receptors and activate mechanisms leading to increased neutrophil adhesion, a mechanism that contributes to airway neutrophilia and to tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Pace
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research CouncilPalermo, Italy
| | - Maria Ferraro
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research CouncilPalermo, Italy
| | - Serena Di Vincenzo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research CouncilPalermo, Italy
| | - Andreina Bruno
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research CouncilPalermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Giarratano
- Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione e delle'Emergenze, Università degli Studi di PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Scafidi
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research CouncilPalermo, Italy
| | - Luana Lipari
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Scienze neurologiche, Sezione di Istologia ed Embriologia, Università degli Studi di PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | - Denise Valentina Di Benedetto
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche, Sezione di Otorinolaringoiatria, Università degli Studi di PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | - Serafina Sciarrino
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research CouncilPalermo, Italy
| | - Mark Gjomarkaj
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research CouncilPalermo, Italy
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A new perspective on muscarinic receptor antagonism in obstructive airways diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:316-23. [PMID: 23643733 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholine has traditionally only been regarded as a neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system, causing bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion in asthma and COPD by muscarinic receptor activation on airway smooth muscle and mucus-producing cells. Recent studies in experimental models indicate that muscarinic receptor stimulation in the airways also induces pro-inflammatory, pro-proliferative and pro-fibrotic effects, which may involve activation of airway structural and inflammatory cells by neuronal as well as non-neuronal acetylcholine. In addition, mechanical changes caused by muscarinic agonist-induced bronchoconstriction may be involved in airway remodeling. Crosstalk between muscarinic receptors and β2-adrenoceptors on airway smooth muscle causes a reduced bronchodilator response to β2-agonists, and a similar mechanism could possibly apply to the poor inhibition of inflammatory and remodeling processes by these drugs. Collectively, these findings provide novel perspectives for muscarinic receptor antagonists in asthma and COPD, since these drugs may not only acutely affect cholinergic airways obstruction, but also have important beneficial effects on β2-agonist responsiveness, airway inflammation and remodeling. The clinical relevance of these findings is presently under investigation and starting to emerge.
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Saidi H, Adi-Bessalem S, Hammoudi-Triki D, Laraba-Djebari F. Effects of atropine and propranolol on lung inflammation in experimental envenomation: comparison of two buthidae venoms. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2013; 19:8. [PMID: 23849182 PMCID: PMC3710077 DOI: 10.1186/1678-9199-19-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous works had shown that scorpion venom induced neurotransmitter elevation and an inflammatory response associated with various anatomo-pathological modifications. The most dangerous scorpions species in Algeria responsible for these effects are Androctonus australis hector (Aah) and Androctonus amoreuxi (Aam). Results Comparison of the physiopathological effects induced by the two venoms showed differences in the kinetic of cytokine release and in lung injury. The lung edema was only observed in response to Aah venom and it was correlated with cell infiltration. In order to better understand the involved mechanism in inflammatory response, we used two antagonists, atropine (non-selective muscarinic antagonist) and propranolol (β adrenergic antagonist), which lead to a decrease of cell infiltration but has no effect on edema forming. Conclusion These results suggest another pathway in the development of lung injury following envenomation with Aam or Aah venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadjer Saidi
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumedienne, BP 32 El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria.
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Th17 immunity in children with allergic asthma and rhinitis: a pharmacological approach. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58892. [PMID: 23573194 PMCID: PMC3616002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Th17 cells and IL-17A play a role in the development and progression of allergic diseases. We analyzed the IL-17A levels in sputum supernatants (Ss), nasal wash (NW) and plasma (P) from Healthy Controls (HC) and children with Asthma/Rhinitis. We tested the expression of IL-17A, RORγ(t) and FOXP3 in peripheral blood T-lymphocytes from intermittent and mild-moderate asthma. The effect of Budesonide and Formoterol was tested “in vitro” on IL-17A, RORγ(t) and FOXP3 expression in cultured T-lymphocytes from mild-moderate asthma/persistent rhinitis patients, and on nasal and bronchial epithelial cells stimulated with NW and Ss from mild-moderate asthma/persistent rhinitis. Further, the effect of 12 weeks of treatment with Budesonide and Formoterol was tested “in vivo” in T-lymphocytes from mild-moderate asthma/persistent rhinitis patients. IL-17A was increased in Ss, NW and P from children with mild-moderate asthma compared with intermittent and HC. In cultured T-lymphocytes IL-17A and RORγ(t) expression were higher in mild-moderate asthma/persistent rhinitis than in mild-moderate asthma/intermittent rhinitis, while FOXP3 was reduced. Budesonide with Formoterol reduced IL-17A and RORγ(t), while increased FOXP3 in cultured T-lymphocytes from mild-moderate asthma/persistent rhinitis, and reduced the IL-8 release mediated by IL-17A present in NW and Ss from mild-moderate asthma/persistent rhinitis in nasal and bronchial epithelial cells. Finally, Budesonide with Formoterol reduced IL-17A levels in P and Ss, CD4+IL-17A+T-cells, in naïve children with mild-moderate asthma/persistent rhinitis after 12 weeks of treatment. Th17 mediated immunity may be involved in the airway disease of children with allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis. Budesonide with Formoterol might be a useful tool for its therapeutic control.
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Wedzicha JA, Decramer M, Seemungal TAR. The role of bronchodilator treatment in the prevention of exacerbations of COPD. Eur Respir J 2012; 40:1545-54. [PMID: 22835613 PMCID: PMC3511775 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00048912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are natural events in the progression of the disease, and are characterised by acute worsening of symptoms, especially dyspnoea. These heterogeneous events follow increased airway inflammation, often due to infection, and lead to decreased airflow and increased lung hyperinflation relative to stable COPD. Although exacerbation frequency generally increases as COPD progresses, some patients experience frequent exacerbations (≥ 2 per year) independently of disease severity. Exacerbations, especially frequent exacerbations, are associated with impaired health-related quality of life, reduced physical activity and poor disease prognosis. The cornerstone of pharmacotherapy for stable COPD is long-acting bronchodilators, including the long-acting β(2)-agonists (LABAs) and long-acting anti-muscarinic agents (LAMAs) alone or combined with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). While ICS treatment can potentially reduce the risk of exacerbations, clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of LABAs and LAMAs in reducing COPD symptoms, primarily by reducing lung hyperinflation secondary to reduced airway resistance. Sustained reduction in lung hyperinflation may in turn lessen dyspnoea during an exacerbation. Indeed, recent studies suggest that bronchodilators may also reduce the incidence of, or prevent, exacerbations. Using data from recent studies, this review explores the evidence and possible mechanisms through which bronchodilators may prevent exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga A Wedzicha
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine, University College London, Hampstead, London, UK.
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Santus P, Buccellati C, Centanni S, Fumagalli F, Busatto P, Blasi F, Sala A. Bronchodilators modulate inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subjects. Pharmacol Res 2012; 66:343-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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The non-neuronal cholinergic system as novel drug target in the airways. Life Sci 2012; 91:1113-8. [PMID: 22982180 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The parasympathetic nervous system is a key regulator of the human organism involved in the pathophysiology of various disorders through cholinergic mechanisms. In the lungs, acetylcholine (ACh) released by vagal nerve endings stimulates muscarinic receptors thereby increasing airway smooth muscle tone. Contraction of airway smooth muscle cells leads to increased respiratory resistance and dyspnea. An additional branch of the cholinergic system is the non-neuronal cholinergic system expressed in nearly all cell types present in the airways. Activation of this system may contribute to an increased cholinergic tone in the lungs, inducing pathophysiological processes like inflammation, remodeling, mucus hypersecretion and chronic cough. Selective muscarinic receptor antagonists specifically inhibit acetylcholine at the receptor inducing bronchodilation in patients with obstructive airway diseases. This paper reviews preclinical pharmacological research activities on anticholinergics including experimental models of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD. It discloses various options to follow up the non-neuronal cholinergic system as a novel drug target for the treatment of key aspects of obstructive airway diseases, in particular those of a chronic nature.
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Xu ZP, Yang K, Xu GN, Zhu L, Hou LN, Zhang WH, Chen HZ, Cui YY. Role of M3 mAChR in in vivo and in vitro models of LPS-induced inflammatory response. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:320-7. [PMID: 22910223 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We tested the potential role of the mAChR in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in in vivo and in vitro models and a possible signaling pathway involved in the inflammatory process. METHODS Anesthetized mice were challenged with intratracheal LPS to induce acute lung injury. The cytology and histopathology changes, expression of cytokines and pulmonary vascular permeability were used to evaluate the effects of the cholinergic agent. Alveolar macrophage cell line NR8383 was also used to confirm the role of mAChRs and the molecular mechanisms underlying the LPS-induced events. RESULTS LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) was significantly improved by atropine (a non-selective mAChR antagonist) and 4-DAMP (a M3 mAChR antagonist), as indicated by the diminution of neutrophil infiltration, pulmonary vascular permeability and IL-6 and TNF-α production. LPS-induced TNF-α production from the alveolar macrophage was significantly inhibited by atropine and 4-DAMP, but not pirenzepine (a M1 mAChR antagonist) and methoctramine (a M2 mAChR antagonist). Interestingly, LPS-induced TNF-α production was enhanced by the muscarinic receptor agonist pilocarpine, and treatment with pilocarpine alone was able to trigger TNF-α production from the alveolar macrophage, which was effectively attenuated by 4-DAMP. Western blot analysis showed that LPS-induced degradation of IκBα was strongly blocked by atropine/4-DAMP both in vivo and in vitro, indicating that M3 mAChR was involved in LPS-induced lung inflammation by mediating the NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Our findings bring the evidence that the blockage of mAChR exerts anti-inflammatory properties, in which the M3 mAChR plays an important role in the LPS-induced lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Peng Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
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Scott GD, Fryer AD. Role of parasympathetic nerves and muscarinic receptors in allergy and asthma. CHEMICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND ALLERGY 2012; 98:48-69. [PMID: 22767057 DOI: 10.1159/000336498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parasympathetic nerves control the symptoms and inflammation of allergic diseases primarily by signaling through peripheral muscarinic receptors. Parasympathetic signaling targets classic effector tissues such as airway smooth muscle and secretory glands and mediates acute symptoms of allergic disease such as airway narrowing and increased mucus secretion. In addition, parasympathetic signaling modulates inflammatory cells and non-neuronal resident cell types such as fibroblasts and smooth muscle contributing to chronic allergic inflammation and tissue remodeling. Importantly, muscarinic antagonists are experiencing a rebirth for the treatment of asthma and may be useful for treating other allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Scott
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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