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Abubakar M, Raza S, Hassan KM, Javed I, Hassan KM, Farrukh F, Hassan KM, Faraz MA. Efficacy, Safety, and Role of Antiplatelet Drugs in the Management of Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review of Literature. Cureus 2023; 15:e36335. [PMID: 37077602 PMCID: PMC10109212 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.36335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a complex condition characterized by myocardial ischemia or infarction which can lead to significant morbidity and death. Antiplatelet drugs play a crucial role in the management of ACS and have been shown to minimize the incidence of significant adverse cardiovascular events and recurrent myocardial infarction (MI). This comprehensive literature review is intended to summarize current information on the effectiveness, safety, and function of frequently used antiplatelet medications in treating ACS. Aspirin, clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, abciximab, tirofiban, dipyridamole, cilostazol, and novel antiplatelets are included in the review. Aspirin's effectiveness as a first-line antiplatelet medication in ACS is well established. It has significantly lowered the risk of serious adverse cardiovascular events. Clopidogrel, prasugrel, and ticagrelor are P2Y12 receptor inhibitors found to lower the incidence of recurrent ischemia episodes in ACS patients. Using glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors such as abciximab, tirofiban, and eptifibatide is effective in managing ACS, especially in high-risk patients. Dipyridamole effectively reduces the risk of recurrent ischemic events in patients with ACS, particularly when used with aspirin. Cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, has also been shown to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with ACS. Antiplatelet drugs' safety in managing ACS has also been well established. Aspirin is generally well-tolerated with a low risk of adverse effects, although the risk of bleeding events, particularly gastrointestinal bleeding, cannot be eliminated. The P2Y12 receptor inhibitors have been associated with a small increase in the risk of bleeding events, particularly in patients with a high risk of bleeding. The glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors are associated with a higher risk of bleeding than other antiplatelet drugs, especially in high-risk patients. To summarize, antiplatelet drugs play a crucial role in the management of ACS, and the efficacy and safety of these drugs have been well-established in the literature. The choice of antiplatelet drugs will depend on the patient's risk factors, including age, comorbidities, and bleeding risk. The novel antiplatelets may offer new therapeutic options for managing ACS, and further studies are needed to determine their role in managing this complex condition.
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Shyamlal BRK, Mathur M, Yadav DK, Mashevskaya IV, El-Shazly M, Saleh N, Chaudhary S. Discovery of Natural Product Inspired 3-Phenyl-1H-isochromen-1-ones as Highly Potent Antioxidant and Antiplatelet Agents: Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, SAR and in silico Studies. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 28:829-840. [PMID: 34784855 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666211116102031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several natural/synthetic molecules having structure similar to 1H-isochromen-1-ones have been reported to display promising antioxidants and platelet aggregation inhibitory activity. Isocoumarin (1H-2-benzopyran-1-one) skeleton, either whole or as a part of molecular framework, have been explored for their antioxidant or antiplatelet activities. INTRODUCTION Based on literature, a new prototype i.e., 3-phenyl-1H-isochromen-1-ones based compounds have been rationalized to possess both antioxidant as well as antiplatelet activities. Consequently, no reports are available regarding its inhibition either by cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) enzyme or by arachidonic acid (AA)-induced platelet aggregation. This prompted us to investigate 3-phenyl-1H-isochromen-1-ones towards antioxidant and antiplatelet agents. METHODS The goal of this work to identify new 3-phenyl-1H-isochromen-1-ones based compounds via synthesis of a series of analogues and performing in vitro antioxidant as well as AA-induced antiplatelet activities and then, identification of potent compounds by SAR and molecular docking studies. RESULTS Out of all synthesized 3-phenyl-1H-isochromen-1-ones analogues, five compounds showed 7-folds to 16-folds highly potent antioxidant activities than ascorbic acid. Altogether, ten 3-phenyl-1H-isochromen-1-one analogues displayed antioxidant activities in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Almost, all the 3-phenyl-1H-isochromen-1-one analogues exhibited potent AA-induced antiplatelet activity; few of them displayed 7-folds more activity as compared to aspirin. Further, in silico analysis validated the wet results. CONCLUSION We disclose the first detailed study for the identification of 3-phenyl-1H-isochromen-1-one analogues as highly potent antioxidant as well as antiplatelet agents. The article describes the scaffold designing, synthesis, bioevaluation, structure-activity relationship and in silico studies of pharmaceutically privileged bioactive 3-phenyl-1H-isochromen-1-one class of heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Rajesh Kumar Shyamlal
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry (OMC Lab), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur-302017. India
| | - Manas Mathur
- School of Agriculture, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur-302017. India
| | - Dharmendra K Yadav
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, 21936. South Korea
| | - Irina V Mashevskaya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Perm State University, Bukireva Street, Perm 614990. Russian Federation
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, Cairo. Egypt
| | - Na'il Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates (UAE) University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain. United Arab Emirates
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry (OMC Lab), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur-302017. India
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Fuertes Ferre G, Pérez Guerrero A, Linares Vicente JA, Jimeno Sánchez J, Alonso-Ventura V, Cubero Saldaña JL, Galache Osuna JG, Andrés Esteban EM, Diarte de Miguel JA, Ortas Nadal MDR, Casasnovas Lenguas JA. Triflusal in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and Acetylsalicylic Acid Hypersensitivity. Cardiology 2021; 146:426-430. [PMID: 33756460 DOI: 10.1159/000514414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetylsalicylic acid hypersensitivity (ASAH) limits therapeutic options in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), who benefit from dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), especially when undergoing stent implantation. Our aim was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of triflusal in patients with ACS and ASAH. METHODS AND RESULTS Two-center retrospective study of patients diagnosed with ACS and ASAH from January 1, 2000, to May 1, 2020. Sixty-six patients were treated with triflusal. ASAH was confirmed with tests in 15 patients (22.7%). Forty-nine patients (74.2%) presented history of other drug allergies. Fifty-nine patients (89.4%) underwent stent implantation. DAPT was prescribed for ≥12 months in 54 patients. No adverse reactions to triflusal were reported. During a median follow-up of 5.12 years [IQR 2.7-9.9], rate of cardiovascular (CV) mortality was 6.1%, nonfatal myocardial infarction 12.1%, and ischemic stroke 4.5%. No cases of definite stent thrombosis occurred. Bleeding Academic Research Consortium grade ≥2 was observed in 3 patients during follow-up. CONCLUSION In this series of patients presenting with ACS and ASA hypersensitivity, triflusal showed good tolerability and was associated with a low rate of CV and bleeding events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jose Luis Cubero Saldaña
- Department of Allergology, Lozano Blesa University Hospital, Aragon Institute for Health Research, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Eva María Andrés Esteban
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Prevention Research Unit, Aragon Institute for Health Research, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | - Jose Antonio Casasnovas Lenguas
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Prevention Research Unit, Aragon Institute for Health Research, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Ge J, Wang JW, Guo QY, Wen AD. Application of an LC-MS/MS Method to a Urinary Excretion Study of Triflusal and its Main Metabolite 2-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethyl Benzoic Acid in Human Urine. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412914666181105125225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
A validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (LCMS/
MS) was established to simultaneously determine the concentration of triflusal and its main
metabolite 2-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethyl benzoic acid(HTB) in human urine.
Methods:
The separation was performed on a Dikma C18 column using isocratic elution with
acetonitrile-4 mmol/L ammonium acetate aqueous solution containing 0.3 % formic acid water (78: 28,
V/V). The method involved extraction with methanol using protein precipitation. The precursor-toproduct
ion transitions with multiple reaction monitoring was m/z 247.1→161.1, 204.8→106.7and
136.9→93.0 for triflusal, HTB and salicylic acid(IS), respectively. The method showed good linear
relationships over the ranges of 0.08 to 48 μg/mL and0.5 to 50 μg/mL.
Results:
It was the first time that a urinary excretion study of triflusal capsule as oral. The cumulative
urinary recovery showed 8.5% and 2.7% for triflusal and HTB, respectively.
Conclusion:
This method was successfully used for evaluating the pharmacokinetic properties of triflusal
and HTB in urine in Chinese healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ge
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jin-Wen Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Qi-Yan Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Ai-Dong Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
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Fuertes Ferre G, Laita Monreal S, Ortas Nadal MDR, Sánchez Insa E, Sánchez Rubio-Lezcano J, Galache Osuna JG. Triflusal en pacientes con hipersensibilidad al ácido acetilsalicílico tratados con stent coronario. Rev Esp Cardiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Fuertes Ferre G, Laita Monreal S, Ortas Nadal MDR, Sánchez Insa E, Sánchez Rubio-Lezcano J, Galache Osuna JG. Triflusal in Patients With Aspirin Hypersensitivity Treated With Coronary Stent Implantation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 71:584-585. [PMID: 28559091 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Esther Sánchez Insa
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
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Desensibilización al ácido acetil salicílico en la nueva era del intervencionismo coronario percutáneo. Med Clin (Barc) 2015; 145:253-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Li H, Edin ML, Gruzdev A, Cheng J, Bradbury JA, Graves JP, DeGraff LM, Zeldin DC. Regulation of T helper cell subsets by cyclooxygenases and their metabolites. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2012. [PMID: 23201570 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenases and their metabolites are important regulators of inflammatory responses and play critical roles in regulating the differentiation of T helper cell subsets in inflammatory diseases. In this review, we highlight new information on regulation of T helper cell subsets by cyclooxygenases and their metabolites. Prostanoids influence cytokine production by both antigen presenting cells and T cells to regulate the differentiation of naïve CD4(+) T cells to Th1, Th2 and Th17 cell phenotypes. Cyclooxygenases and PGE2 generally exacerbate Th2 and Th17 phenotypes, while suppressing Th1 differentiation. Thus, cycloxygenases may play a critical role in diseases that involve immune cell dysfunction. Targeting of cyclooxygenases and their eicosanoid products may represent a new approach for treatment of inflammatory diseases, tumors and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Antonijoan RM, Gich I, Azaro A, Sainz S, Balanzó J, Izquierdo I, Borja J, Donado E, Blanch I, Barbanoj MJ. Gastrointestinal safety of triflusal solution in healthy volunteers: a proof of concept endoscopic study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 67:663-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-011-1004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 9:79-85. [PMID: 19106700 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e328323adb4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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