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Chen Y, Zhang W, Chen X, Zhang T, Wei H, Huang J, Fan C, Cai M, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Identification, diversity, and evolution analysis of Commd gene family in Haliotis discus hannai and immune response to biotic and abiotic stresses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109533. [PMID: 38575039 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The Commd (Copper Metabolism gene MURR1 Domain) family genes play crucial roles in various biological processes, including copper and sodium transport regulation, NF-κB activity, and cell cycle progression. Their function in Haliotis discus hannai, however, remains unclear. This study focused on identifying and analyzing the Commd genes in H. discus hannai, including their gene structure, phylogenetic relationships, expression profiles, sequence diversity, and alternative splicing. The results revealed significant homology between H. discus hannai's Commd genes and those of other mollusks. Both transcriptome quantitative analysis and qRT-PCR demonstrated the responsiveness of these genes to heat stress and Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. Notably, alternative splicing analysis revealed that COMMD2, COMMD4, COMMD5, and COMMD7 produce multiple alternative splice variants. Furthermore, sequence diversity analysis uncovered numerous missense mutations, specifically 9 in COMMD5 and 14 in COMMD10. These findings contribute to expanding knowledge on the function and evolution of the Commd gene family and underscore the potential role of COMMD in the innate immune response of H. discus hannai. This research, therefore, offers a novel perspective on the molecular mechanisms underpinning the involvement of Commd genes in innate immunity, paving the way for further explorations in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Huina Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jianpeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Mingyi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yilei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Ziping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Wooton-Kee CR. Therapeutic implications of impaired nuclear receptor function and dysregulated metabolism in Wilson's disease. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 251:108529. [PMID: 37741465 PMCID: PMC10841433 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace element that is required for the activity of many enzymes and cellular processes, including energy homeostasis and neurotransmitter biosynthesis; however, excess copper accumulation results in significant cellular toxicity. The liver is the major organ for maintaining copper homeostasis. Inactivating mutations of the copper-transporting P-type ATPase, ATP7B, result in Wilson's disease, an autosomal recessive disorder that requires life-long medicinal therapy or liver transplantation. Current treatment protocols are limited to either sequestration of copper via chelation or reduction of copper absorption in the gut (zinc therapy). The goal of these strategies is to reduce free copper, redox stress, and cellular toxicity. Several lines of evidence in Wilson's disease animal models and patients have revealed altered hepatic metabolism and impaired hepatic nuclear receptor activity. Nuclear receptors are transcription factors that coordinate hepatic metabolism in normal and diseased livers, and several hepatic nuclear receptors have decreased activity in Wilson's disease and Atp7b-/- models. In this review, we summarize the basic physiology that underlies Wilson's disease pathology, Wilson's disease animal models, and the possibility of targeting nuclear receptor activity in Wilson's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clavia Ruth Wooton-Kee
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics-Nutrition, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, United States of America.
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Bhattacharya A, Mahata S, Bandyopadhyay A, Mandal BB, Manivannan V. Application of 2,4,5-Tris(2-pyridyl)imidazole as "Turn-Off" Fluorescence Sensor for Cu (II) and Hg (II) ions and in vitro Cell Imaging. LUMINESCENCE 2022; 37:883-891. [PMID: 35318807 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The 2,4,5-tris(2-pyridyl)imidazole (L) molecule has been evaluated as a probe for dual sensing of Hg2+ and Cu2+ ions in EtOH/HEPES buffer medium (5mM, pH=7.34, 1:1, v/v). Probe L shows a good sensitive and selective turn-off response in the presence of both Hg2+ and Cu2+ ions, which is comprehensible under long UV light. The probe can detect Cu2+ ion in the pH range of 3-11 and Hg2+ ion in 6-8. The limit of detection for Cu2+ (0.77 μM) is well under the allowable limit prescribed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Two metal (Cu2+ /Hg2+ ) ions are needed per L for complete fluorescence quenching. The probe shows remarkable reversibility on treatment with Na2 EDTA, making the protocol more economical for practical purposes. Paper strip coated with the L solution of EtOH can detect the presence of Cu2+ and Hg2+ ions in the sample by visible quenching of the fluorescence intensity. DFT-TDDFT calculations support experimental observations, and d-orbitals of Cu2+ /Hg2+ provide a non-radiative decay pathway. Cell imaging study using HDF and MDA-MB-231 cells also supported the viability of L in detecting Cu2+ and Hg2+ ions in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araghni Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Satyajit Mahata
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ashutosh Bandyopadhyay
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Biman B Mandal
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India.,Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India.,School of Health Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Vadivelu Manivannan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
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Jin P, Lv C, Peng S, Cai L, Zhu J, Ma F. Genome-wide organization, evolutionary diversification of the COMMD family genes of amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri) with the possible role in innate immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 77:31-39. [PMID: 29551666 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The COMMD (COpper Metabolism gene MURR1 Domain) gene family with ten members participates in various biological processes, such as the regulation of copper and sodium transport, NF-κB activity and cell cycle progression. However, studies on the COMMD gene family in amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri) are yet largely unknown. In this study, we have identified and characterized the ten COMMD family members from amphioxus (designated as AmphiCOMMDs). Firstly, we clone the full length of AmphiCOMMDs, and all AmphiCOMMD proteins contain the conserved COMM domain with two NES (Nuclear Export Signal) motifs. Secondly, the genomic structure analysis demonstrates that genes of the COMMD family have undergone intron loss and gain during the process of divergence from amphioxus to vertebrates. Thirdly, phylogenetic analysis indicates that AmphiCOMMDs are more closely related to vertebrates, implying the AmphiCOMMDs may be the ancestor of the vertebrate COMMDs. Fourthly, AmphiCOMMDs are ubiquitously and differentially expressed in five investigated tissues (muscles, gills, intestine, heaptic cecum and notochord). Finally, our results show that expression levels of AmphiCOMMD genes are fluctuating after LPS stimulation to some different extent. Taken together, our studies have elaborated the evolutionary dynamic and the innate immune role of the COMMD family genes in amphioxus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jin
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Caiyun Lv
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Shuangli Peng
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Lu Cai
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Jiu Zhu
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Fei Ma
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China.
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Fieten H, Gill Y, Martin AJ, Concilli M, Dirksen K, van Steenbeek FG, Spee B, van den Ingh TSGAM, Martens ECCP, Festa P, Chesi G, van de Sluis B, Houwen RHJH, Watson AL, Aulchenko YS, Hodgkinson VL, Zhu S, Petris MJ, Polishchuk RS, Leegwater PAJ, Rothuizen J. The Menkes and Wilson disease genes counteract in copper toxicosis in Labrador retrievers: a new canine model for copper-metabolism disorders. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:25-38. [PMID: 26747866 PMCID: PMC4728329 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The deleterious effects of a disrupted copper metabolism are illustrated by hereditary diseases caused by mutations in the genes coding for the copper transporters ATP7A and ATP7B. Menkes disease, involving ATP7A, is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder of copper deficiency. Mutations in ATP7B lead to Wilson disease, which is characterized by a predominantly hepatic copper accumulation. The low incidence and the phenotypic variability of human copper toxicosis hamper identification of causal genes or modifier genes involved in the disease pathogenesis. The Labrador retriever was recently characterized as a new canine model for copper toxicosis. Purebred dogs have reduced genetic variability, which facilitates identification of genes involved in complex heritable traits that might influence phenotype in both humans and dogs. We performed a genome-wide association study in 235 Labrador retrievers and identified two chromosome regions containing ATP7A and ATP7B that were associated with variation in hepatic copper levels. DNA sequence analysis identified missense mutations in each gene. The amino acid substitution ATP7B:p.Arg1453Gln was associated with copper accumulation, whereas the amino acid substitution ATP7A:p.Thr327Ile partly protected against copper accumulation. Confocal microscopy indicated that aberrant copper metabolism upon expression of the ATP7B variant occurred because of mis-localization of the protein in the endoplasmic reticulum. Dermal fibroblasts derived from ATP7A:p.Thr327Ile dogs showed copper accumulation and delayed excretion. We identified the Labrador retriever as the first natural, non-rodent model for ATP7B-associated copper toxicosis. Attenuation of copper accumulation by the ATP7A mutation sheds an interesting light on the interplay of copper transporters in body copper homeostasis and warrants a thorough investigation of ATP7A as a modifier gene in copper-metabolism disorders. The identification of two new functional variants in ATP7A and ATP7B contributes to the biological understanding of protein function, with relevance for future development of therapy. Summary: Labrador retrievers with hereditary copper toxicosis are a useful new model for copper-metabolism disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hille Fieten
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yadvinder Gill
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Alan J Martin
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Mafalda Concilli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Karen Dirksen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank G van Steenbeek
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ellen C C P Martens
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paola Festa
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Giancarlo Chesi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, Molecular Genetics Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick H J H Houwen
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian L Watson
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Yurii S Aulchenko
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Victoria L Hodgkinson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA The Christopher S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Sha Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA The Christopher S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Michael J Petris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA The Christopher S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Roman S Polishchuk
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Peter A J Leegwater
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Rothuizen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Susnea I, Weiskirchen R. Trace metal imaging in diagnostic of hepatic metal disease. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2016; 35:666-686. [PMID: 25677057 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The liver is the most central organ and the largest gland of the body that influences and controls a variety of metabolic and catabolic processes. It produces inconceivable many essential proteins, is responsible for the recovery of various food components, degrades toxins, mediates the bile production, and is involved in the excretion of unwanted metabolites. Several of these anabolic or catabolic functions of the liver depend on trace elements. These are either integral part of enzymes, cofactors, or act as chemical catalysts. Therefore, a lack of trace elements can lead to organ failure or systemic illness. Conversely, excessive hepatic trace element deposition resulting from genetic disorders, intoxication, extensive dietary supply, or long-term parenteral nutrition may cause hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Although specific serum parameters currently allow rough assessment of metal deficit and excess, the precise quantification of hepatic metal content in liver is presently only possible by different titration or staining techniques of biopsy specimens. Recently, novel innovative metal imaging techniques were developed that are on the way to replace these traditional methods. In the present review, we summarize the function of different trace elements in liver health and disease and discuss the present knowledge on how quantitative biometal imaging techniques such as synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry enrich diagnostics in the detection and quantification of hepatic metal disorders. We will further discuss sample preparation, sensitivity, spatial resolution, specificity, quantification strategies, and potential future applications of metal bioimaging in experimental research and clinical daily routine. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 35:666-686, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliana Susnea
- Central Institute of Engineering, Electronics and Analytics (ZEA-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Jin P, Gao Y, Chen L, Ma F. Cloning and characterization of a COMMD4 gene from amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri): An insight into the function and evolution of COMMD4. Immunol Lett 2012; 148:110-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hayashi H, Shinohara T, Goto K, Fujita Y, Murakami Y, Hattori A, Tatsumi Y, Shimizu A, Ichiki T. Liver structures of a patient with idiopathic copper toxicosis. Med Mol Morphol 2012; 45:105-9. [PMID: 22718296 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-011-0556-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report describing the liver structures of a Japanese patient with idiopathic copper toxicosis, which should be differentiated from hepatolenticular degeneration of Wilson disease. An 11-year-old Japanese boy presented with ascites associated with biochemical liver damage. Involvement of hepatitis virus was ruled out by laboratory tests. Because urinary copper excretion was increased, Wilson disease was highly suspected, but the serum level of ceruloplasmin was normal, and Kayser-Fleischer rings were not detected by slit lamp examination. Brain images were within normal limits. ATP7B analysis was negative for mutations. Liver specimen showed cirrhosis associated with chronic active hepatitis. Almost all hepatocytes were positive for orcein-stained granules. Mallory bodies were found in some hepatocytes. Fatty change was minimal, and there were no glycogenated nuclei in the parenchyma. Combined regimens of trientine and zinc for 6 months improved the decompensated state of liver function. After 2.5 years of treatment, a second liver biopsy was performed. The post-treatment liver showed complete disappearance of portal inflammation and remarkable decrease in cuprothionein granules. Mallory bodies disappeared from the parenchyma. An abundance of hepatocellular Mallory bodies and heavy copper loading limited to the liver may be specific to idiopathic copper toxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Hayashi
- Department of Medicine, Aichi Gakuin University School of Pharmacy, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8650, Japan.
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Fieten H, Leegwater PAJ, Watson AL, Rothuizen J. Canine models of copper toxicosis for understanding mammalian copper metabolism. Mamm Genome 2012; 23:62-75. [PMID: 22147205 PMCID: PMC3275736 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-011-9378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary forms of copper toxicosis exist in man and dogs. In man, Wilson's disease is the best studied disorder of copper overload, resulting from mutations in the gene coding for the copper transporter ATP7B. Forms of copper toxicosis for which no causal gene is known yet are recognized as well, often in young children. Although advances have been made in unraveling the genetic background of disorders of copper metabolism in man, many questions regarding disease mechanisms and copper homeostasis remain unanswered. Genetic studies in the Bedlington terrier, a dog breed affected with copper toxicosis, identified COMMD1, a gene that was previously unknown to be involved in copper metabolism. Besides the Bedlington terrier, a number of other dog breeds suffer from hereditary copper toxicosis and show similar phenotypes to humans with copper storage disorders. Unlike the heterogeneity of most human populations, the genetic structure within a purebred dog population is homogeneous, which is advantageous for unraveling the molecular genetics of complex diseases. This article reviews the work that has been done on the Bedlington terrier, summarizes what was learned from studies into COMMD1 function, describes hereditary copper toxicosis phenotypes in other dog breeds, and discusses the opportunities for genome-wide association studies on copper toxicosis in the dog to contribute to the understanding of mammalian copper metabolism and copper metabolism disorders in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hille Fieten
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Vonk WIM, Bartuzi P, de Bie P, Kloosterhuis N, Wichers CGK, Berger R, Haywood S, Klomp LWJ, Wijmenga C, van de Sluis B. Liver-specific Commd1 knockout mice are susceptible to hepatic copper accumulation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29183. [PMID: 22216203 PMCID: PMC3245254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine copper toxicosis is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hepatic copper accumulation resulting in liver fibrosis and eventually cirrhosis. We have identified COMMD1 as the gene underlying copper toxicosis in Bedlington terriers. Although recent studies suggest that COMMD1 regulates hepatic copper export via an interaction with the Wilson disease protein ATP7B, its importance in hepatic copper homeostasis is ill-defined. In this study, we aimed to assess the effect of Commd1 deficiency on hepatic copper metabolism in mice. Liver-specific Commd1 knockout mice (Commd1Δhep) were generated and fed either a standard or a copper-enriched diet. Copper homeostasis and liver function were determined in Commd1Δhep mice by biochemical and histological analyses, and compared to wild-type littermates. Commd1Δhep mice were viable and did not develop an overt phenotype. At six weeks, the liver copper contents was increased up to a 3-fold upon Commd1 deficiency, but declined with age to concentrations similar to those seen in controls. Interestingly, Commd1Δhep mice fed a copper-enriched diet progressively accumulated copper in the liver up to a 20-fold increase compared to controls. These copper levels did not result in significant induction of the copper-responsive genes metallothionein I and II, neither was there evidence of biochemical liver injury nor overt liver pathology. The biosynthesis of ceruloplasmin was clearly augmented with age in Commd1Δhep mice. Although COMMD1 expression is associated with changes in ATP7B protein stability, no clear correlation between Atp7b levels and copper accumulation in Commd1Δhep mice could be detected. Despite the absence of hepatocellular toxicity in Commd1Δhep mice, the changes in liver copper displayed several parallels with copper toxicosis in Bedlington terriers. Thus, these results provide the first genetic evidence for COMMD1 to play an essential role in hepatic copper homeostasis and present a valuable mouse model for further understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying hepatic copper homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willianne I. M. Vonk
- Department of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, and Netherlands Metabolomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Complex Genetics Section, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paulina Bartuzi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Prim de Bie
- Department of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, and Netherlands Metabolomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Complex Genetics Section, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Kloosterhuis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina G. K. Wichers
- Department of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, and Netherlands Metabolomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Berger
- Department of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, and Netherlands Metabolomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Haywood
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Leo W. J. Klomp
- Department of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, and Netherlands Metabolomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Complex Genetics Section, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Mao X, Gluck N, Chen B, Starokadomskyy P, Li H, Maine GN, Burstein E. COMMD1 (copper metabolism MURR1 domain-containing protein 1) regulates Cullin RING ligases by preventing CAND1 (Cullin-associated Nedd8-dissociated protein 1) binding. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:32355-65. [PMID: 21778237 PMCID: PMC3173175 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.278408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cullin RING ligases (CRLs), the most prolific class of ubiquitin ligase enzymes, are multimeric complexes that regulate a wide range of cellular processes. CRL activity is regulated by CAND1 (Cullin-associated Nedd8-dissociated protein 1), an inhibitor that promotes the dissociation of substrate receptor components from the CRL. We demonstrate here that COMMD1 (copper metabolism MURR1 domain-containing 1), a factor previously found to promote ubiquitination of various substrates, regulates CRL activation by antagonizing CAND1 binding. We show that COMMD1 interacts with multiple Cullins, that the COMMD1-Cul2 complex cannot bind CAND1, and that, conversely, COMMD1 can actively displace CAND1 from CRLs. These findings highlight a novel mechanism of CRL activation and suggest that CRL regulation may underlie the pleiotropic activities of COMMD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xicheng Mao
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine and
| | - Nathan Gluck
- the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- the Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hebrew University, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel, and
| | - Baozhi Chen
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine and
| | | | - Haiying Li
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine and
| | - Gabriel N. Maine
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine and
- the Department of Clinical Pathology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan 48073
| | - Ezra Burstein
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine and
- Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
- the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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12
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Li XH, Lu Y, Ling Y, Fu QC, Xu J, Zang GQ, Zhou F, De-Min Y, Han Y, Zhang DH, Gong QM, Lu ZM, Kong XF, Wang JS, Zhang XX. Clinical and molecular characterization of Wilson's disease in China: identification of 14 novel mutations. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2011; 12:6. [PMID: 21219664 PMCID: PMC3025937 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-12-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wilson's disease (WND) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. Here we have evaluated 62 WND cases (58 probands) from the Chinese Han population to expand our knowledge of ATP7B mutations and to more completely characterize WND in China. METHODS the coding and promoter regions of the ATP7B gene were analyzed by direct sequencing in 62 Chinese patients (58 probands) with WND (male, n = 37; female, n = 25; age range, 2 ~ 61 years old). RESULTS neurologic manifestations were associated with older age at diagnosis (p < 0.0001) and longer diagnostic delay (p < 0.0001). Age at diagnosis was also correlated with urinary copper concentration (r = 0.58, p < 0.001). Forty different mutations, including 14 novel mutations, were identified in these patients. Common mutations included p.Arg778Leu (31.9%) and p.Pro992Leu (11.2%). Homozygous p.Arg778Leu and nonsense mutation/frameshift mutations were more often associated with primary hepatic manifestations (p = 0.0286 and p = 0.0383, respectively) and higher alanine transaminase levels at diagnosis (p = 0.0361 and p = 0.0047, respectively). Nonsense mutation/frameshift mutations were also associated with lower serum ceruloplasmin (p = 0.0065). CONCLUSIONS we identified 14 novel mutations and found that the spectrum of mutations of ATP7B in China is quite distinct from that of Western countries. The mutation type plays a role in predicting clinical manifestations. Genetic testing is a valuable tool to detect WND in young children, especially in patients younger than 8 years old. Four exons (8, 12, 13, and 16) and two mutations (p.Arg778Leu, p.Pro992Leu) should be considered high priority for cost-effective testing in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Hua Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Infectious and Respiratory Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lu
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Ling
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Infectious and Respiratory Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Chun Fu
- Liver Disease Research Center, Nanjing Military Command, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, No. 3 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai China
| | - Guo-Qing Zang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, No. 6 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Liver Disease Research Center, Nanjing Military Command, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu De-Min
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Infectious and Respiratory Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Infectious and Respiratory Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Hua Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Infectious and Respiratory Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Ming Gong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Infectious and Respiratory Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Meng Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Infectious and Respiratory Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Kong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Infectious and Respiratory Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-She Wang
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Infectious and Respiratory Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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13
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Sarkar B, Roberts EA. The puzzle posed by COMMD1, a newly discovered protein binding Cu(ii). Metallomics 2011; 3:20-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mt00031k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumitsu Ogra
- Laboratory of Chemical Toxicology and Environmental Health and High Technology Research Center, Showa Pharmaceutical University
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15
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Weiss KH, Runz H, Noe B, Gotthardt DN, Merle U, Ferenci P, Stremmel W, Füllekrug J. Genetic analysis of BIRC4/XIAP as a putative modifier gene of Wilson disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 2010; 33 Suppl 3:S233-40. [PMID: 20517649 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) is an autosomal-recessive copper overload disorder caused by mutations in the copper-transporting adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) ATP7B. It presents with a highly variable clinical phenotype ranging from asymptomatic to fulminant hepatic failure or progressive neurological involvement. No clear genotype-phenotype correlation has been established. Thus, variants in modifier genes could have an impact on WD manifestation and severity. Recently, the antiapoptotic protein baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 4 BIRC4/XIAP has been suggested as a regulator of copper-induced cell death. With the aim of investigating a putative role of BIRC4/XIAP as modifier gene in individuals with copper overload, we analyzed a WD patient cohort (n = 98) for sequence variants at the BIRC4/XIAP locus. When compared with clinical data, the previously described coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the BRIC4/XIAP locus (rs28382721, rs28382722, rs28382723, rs5956583, rs28382740, rs12838858, rs28382741) did not correlate with age of onset or clinical presentation in our collective. However, three previously unreported variants in the BIRC4/XIAP gene were identified (c.1-26 T > G; c.1408A > T; p.T470S; c.1019A > G; p.N340S). The two patients with variants leading to amino acid exchanges in the BIRC4/XIAP protein showed a remarkably early disease onset at the age of 5 years. Furthermore, one of these patients was only heterozygous for disease-causing mutations in the ATP7B gene. In summary, these data emphasize the need to further elucidate a role of BIRC4/XIAP variants as putative pathogenetic factors in copper overload disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Heinz Weiss
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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16
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Behari M, Pardasani V. Genetics of Wilsons disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2010; 16:639-44. [PMID: 20708958 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Wilson's disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of copper transport due to mutations in the ATP7B gene, responsible for transport of copper into bile from hepatocytes and its incorporation into apoceruloplasmin to form ceruloplasmin resulting in excessive accumulation of copper in the liver and extrahepatic tissues. Clinical features of WD result from toxic accumulation of copper in liver, brain and kidney. Early diagnosis is mandatory to initiate early treatment to prevent morbidity and mortality. More than 400 mutations have been reported, some of which are rather characteristic of geographical regions and ethnic population. Genetic testing is not useful as a routine procedure, but has its role in at risk individuals such as siblings and children of probands and in individuals with suggestive symptoms but where other tests are contradictory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Behari
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
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17
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Gupta A, Chattopadhyay I, Mukherjee S, Sengupta M, Das SK, Ray K. A novel COMMD1 mutation Thr174Met associated with elevated urinary copper and signs of enhanced apoptotic cell death in a Wilson Disease patient. Behav Brain Funct 2010; 6:33. [PMID: 20550661 PMCID: PMC2896338 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-6-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) results from accumulation of copper and caused due to mutations in ATP7B, a copper transporting ATPase. Besides regular hepatic and neurological symptoms, WD patients occasionally manifest atypical symptoms due to unknown cause. To understand the molecular etiology of atypical WD manifestations, we screened COMMD1, a gene implicated in canine copper toxicosis, in 109 WD patients including those with atypical symptoms. In a patient showing apoptotic symptoms and high urinary copper surpassing normal WD levels, we identified a novel, putative mutation in COMMD1. Two other changes were also identified in the gene. We have examined genotype-phenotype correlation between the detected changes and the atypical presentation of the WD patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Gupta
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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18
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Roberts EA, Lau CHF, da Silveira TR, Yang S. Developmental expression of Commd1 in the liver of the Jackson toxic milk mouse. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 363:921-5. [PMID: 17910951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/08/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) is due to mutations in ATP7B, which encodes an intracellular metal-transporting P-type ATPase. In WD holoceruloplasmin production and biliary excretion of copper are decreased, leading to copper overload, oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death. Other copper-binding proteins include COMMD1, which is inactive in the Bedlington terrier hereditary copper toxicosis, and XIAP, which regulates apoptosis. We examined developmental expression of Commd1 and Xiap in the Jackson toxic milk mouse (Atp7b(tx-J), G712D missense mutation in Atp7b). Expression of Commd1 mRNA appeared unchanged by PCR but real-time PCR demonstrated 3- to 4-fold increase over the first 6 months of life. Immunodetectable Xiap dropped over the first 8 months of life and was nearly undetectable from 6 months onward. Cytosolic NF-kappaB rose then dropped precipitously at 5-6 months. In tx-j mice hepatic copper accumulation leads to decreased Xiap, increased Commd1; these responses ultimately fail to prevent progressive apoptotic cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve A Roberts
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada.
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19
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de Bie P, van de Sluis B, Burstein E, van de Berghe PV, Muller P, Berger R, Gitlin JD, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW. Distinct Wilson's disease mutations in ATP7B are associated with enhanced binding to COMMD1 and reduced stability of ATP7B. Gastroenterology 2007; 133:1316-26. [PMID: 17919502 PMCID: PMC2857755 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Wilson's disease (WD) is characterized by hepatic copper overload and caused by mutations in the gene encoding the copper-transporting P-type adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) ATP7B. ATP7B interacts with COMMD1, a protein that is deleted in Bedlington terriers with hereditary copper toxicosis. Here we characterized the implications of the interaction between COMMD1 and ATP7B in relation to the pathogenesis of WD. METHODS Glutathione-S-transferase pull-down experiments, co-immunoprecipitations, immunofluorescence microscopy, site-directed mutagenesis, and biosynthetic labeling experiments were performed to characterize the interaction between COMMD1 and ATP7B and the effects of WD causing mutations. RESULTS COMMD1 specifically interacted with the amino-terminal region of ATP7B. This interaction was independent of intracellular copper levels and of the expression of the copper chaperone ATOX1. Four WD patient-derived mutations in this region of ATP7B significantly increased its binding to COMMD1. Two of these mutations also resulted in mislocalization and increased degradation rate of ATP7B. Although COMMD1 did not affect copper-induced trafficking of ATP7B, it markedly decreased the stability of newly synthesized ATP7B. CONCLUSIONS Our data implicate COMMD1 in the pathogenesis of WD and indicate that COMMD1 exerts its regulatory role in copper homeostasis through the regulation of ATP7B stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prim de Bie
- Laboratory of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands, Complex Genetics Section, DBG-Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Laboratory of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands, Complex Genetics Section, DBG-Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ezra Burstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Peter V.E. van de Berghe
- Laboratory of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia Muller
- Laboratory of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands, Complex Genetics Section, DBG-Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud Berger
- Laboratory of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan D. Gitlin
- Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Complex Genetics Section, DBG-Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo W.J. Klomp
- Laboratory of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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20
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Abstract
COMM Domain-containing or COMMD proteins are a recently discovered group of factors defined by the presence of a unique motif in their extreme carboxy termini (Copper metabolism MURR1, or COMM domain). This protein family is comprised of ten members which are widely conserved throughout evolution and share certain functional properties. At the present time, a number of seemingly discrete functions have been ascribed to these factors. These include the regulation of such events as the activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB, copper homeostasis, the function of the epithelial sodium channel, and cell proliferation. A unifying mechanism that would explain all these events is lacking at the moment, but recent studies suggest that regulation of the ubiquitin pathway may be the basis of many of the functions of the COMMD protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel N. Maine
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, U.S.A
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, U.S.A
| | - Ezra Burstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, U.S.A
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, U.S.A
- Gastroenterology Section at the Ann Arbor VA Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105, U.S.A
- Corresponding Author: Ezra Burstein, M.D., 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Biomedical Science Research Building, Room 1526, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, Tel: 734-615-1172, Fax: 734-647-7950,
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21
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Xuan A, Bookman I, Cox DW, Heathcote J. Three atypical cases of Wilson disease: assessment of the Leipzig scoring system in making a diagnosis. J Hepatol 2007; 47:428-33. [PMID: 17629589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The diagnosis of this condition in the absence of any neurological findings may pose a dilemma. In 2001, experts from The 8th International Conference on Wilson disease (WD) and Menkes disease in Leipzig, Germany proposed a scoring system that may facilitate diagnosis of WD. METHODS/RESULTS Three patients were identified as having an atypical presentation of WD as they all presented after the age 40. Two of the three presented with established cirrhosis, and none had any neuropsychiatric manifestations. All three patients fulfilled the Leipzig diagnostic criteria proposed by EASL prior to confirmatory mutation analysis. Patient A died of liver failure despite treatment. Patients B and C have remained with stable liver disease on chelation therapy. CONCLUSIONS We believe these patients represent a group most likely to be missed in the diagnostic work-up of liver disease due to a combination of atypical features such as older age of onset, presence of other confounders for liver disease, and sometimes absence of Kayser-Fleischer rings. The Leipzig scoring system proposed in 2003 was helpful in support of an initial diagnosis of Wilson disease in these patients, validated later by genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Xuan
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5.
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de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LWJ. Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes. J Med Genet 2007; 44:673-88. [PMID: 17717039 PMCID: PMC2752173 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2007.052746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The trace metal copper is essential for a variety of biological processes, but extremely toxic when present in excessive amounts. Therefore, concentrations of this metal in the body are kept under tight control. Central regulators of cellular copper metabolism are the copper-transporting P-type ATPases ATP7A and ATP7B. Mutations in ATP7A or ATP7B disrupt the homeostatic copper balance, resulting in copper deficiency (Menkes disease) or copper overload (Wilson disease), respectively. ATP7A and ATP7B exert their functions in copper transport through a variety of interdependent mechanisms and regulatory events, including their catalytic ATPase activity, copper-induced trafficking, post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions. This paper reviews the extensive efforts that have been undertaken over the past few years to dissect and characterise these mechanisms, and how these are affected in Menkes and Wilson disease. As both disorders are characterised by an extensive clinical heterogeneity, we will discus how the underlying genetic defects correlate with the molecular functions of ATP7A and ATP7B and with the clinical expression of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- P de Bie
- Laboratory of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Room KC.02.069.1, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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23
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Abstract
Progressive hepatolenticular degeneration, or Wilson's disease, is a genetic disorder of copper metabolism. Knowledge of the clinical presentations and treatment of the disease are important both to the generalist and to specialists in gastroenterology and hepatology, neurology, psychiatry, and paediatrics. Wilson's disease invariably results in severe disability and death if untreated. The diagnosis is easily overlooked but if discovered early, effective treatments are available that will prevent or reverse many manifestations of this disorder. Studies have identified the role of copper in disease pathogenesis and clinical, biochemical, and genetic markers that can be useful in diagnosis. There are several chelating agents and zinc salts for medical therapy. Liver transplantation corrects the underlying pathophysiology and can be lifesaving. The discovery of the Wilson's disease gene has opened up a new molecular diagnostic approach, and could form the basis of future gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Ala
- UCL Institute of Hepatology, Hampstead Campus, Division of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London, UK.
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