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Pan X, Tan X, McDonald J, Kaminga AC, Chen Y, Dai F, Qiu J, Zhao K, Peng Y. Chemokines in diabetic eye disease. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2024; 16:115. [PMID: 38790059 PMCID: PMC11127334 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-024-01297-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic eye disease is a common micro-vascular complication of diabetes and a leading cause of decreased vision and blindness in people of working age worldwide.Although previous studies have shown that chemokines system may be a player in pathogenesis of diabetic eye disease, it is unclear which chemokines play the most important role.To date, there is no meta-analysis which has investigated the role of chemokines in diabetic eye disease.We hope this study will contribute to a better understanding of both the signaling pathways of the chemokines in the pathophysiological process, and more reliable therapeutic targets for diabetic eye disease. METHODS Embase, PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library systematically searched for relevant studies from inception to Sep 1, 2023. A random-effect model was used and standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to summarize the associated measure between chemokines concentrations and diabetic eye disease. Network meta-analysis to rank chemokines-effect values according to ranked probabilities. RESULTS A total of 33 different chemokines involving 11,465 subjects (6559 cases and 4906 controls) were included in the meta-analysis. Results of the meta-analysis showed that concentrations of CC and CXC chemokines in the diabetic eye disease patients were significantly higher than those in the controls. Moreover, network meta-analysis showed that the effect of CCL8, CCL2, CXCL8 and CXCL10 were ranked highest in terms of probabilities. Concentrations of CCL8, CCL2, CXCL8 and CXCL10 may be associated with diabetic eye disease, especially in diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that CCL2 and CXCL8 may play key roles in pathogenesis of diabetic eye disease. Future research should explore putative mechanisms underlying these links, with the commitment to develop novel prophylactic and therapeutic for diabetic eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfeng Pan
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, 86 Ziyuan Rd, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China, 410007.
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Xinrui Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Judy McDonald
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Yuyao Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Feizhao Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Qiu
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, 86 Ziyuan Rd, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China, 410007
| | - Kunyan Zhao
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yunlong Peng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Pan X, Kaminga AC, Kinra S, Wen SW, Liu H, Tan X, Liu A. Chemokines in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Immunol 2022; 12:690082. [PMID: 35242125 PMCID: PMC8886728 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.690082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies suggested that chemokines may play an important role in the formation and mediation of immune microenvironments of patients affected by Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). The aim of this study was to summarise available evidence on the associations of different chemokines with T1DM. Methods Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane Library databases for studies on the associations of different chemokines with T1DM. The effect size of the associations were the standardized mean differences (SMDs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the chemokines concentrations, calculated as group differences between the T1DM patients and the controls. These were summarized using network meta-analysis, which was also used to rank the chemokines by surface under cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) probabilities. Results A total of 32 original studies on the association of different chemokines with T1DM were identified. Fifteen different chemokine nodes were compared between 15,683 T1DM patients and 15,128 controls, and 6 different chemokine receptor nodes were compared between 463 T1DM patients and 460 controls. Circulating samples (blood, serum, and plasma) showed that concentrations of CCL5 and CXCL1 were significantly higher in the T1DM patients than in the controls (SMD of 3.13 and 1.50, respectively). On the other hand, no significant difference in chemokine receptors between T1DM and controls was observed. SUCRA probabilities showed that circulating CCL5 had the highest rank in T1DM among all the chemokines investigated. Conclusion The results suggest that circulating CCL5 and CXCL1 may be promising novel biomarkers of T1DM. Future research should attempt to replicate these findings in longitudinal studies and explore potential mechanisms underlying this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfeng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Atipatsa C Kaminga
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mzuzu University, Mzuzu, Malawi
| | - Sanjay Kinra
- Departmentof Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shi Wu Wen
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OMNI) Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hongying Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinrui Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Aizhong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Ghaffari Laleh M, Bonyadi M, Shahriyari E, Jabbarpoor Bonyadi MH, Soheilian M, Yaseri M. Lack of Association between Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) Gene Promoter Polymorphism and Behcet's Disease with and without Ocular Involvement in Iranian Population: A Case-Control Study. Curr Eye Res 2021; 47:312-316. [PMID: 34459335 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2021.1963785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This case-control study aimed to evaluate the possible association of MCP-1 - 2518A/G genetic polymorphism with Behcet's disease (BD) in the Iranian patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was performed in 135 Behcet's patients (51 ocular and 84 non-ocular) and 79 healthy individuals. Peripheral blood samples were genotyped for MCP-1 - 2518A/G using the PCR-RFLP technique. RESULTS The statistical analysis of MCP-1 - 2518A/G showed no significant differences in genotype/allele frequencies between Behcet's patients and controls. There was no significant association in genotype/allele frequencies between either ocular or non-ocular BD patients and controls. Also, different genotype/allele frequencies between ocular and non-ocular BD were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS In this study, with a threshold P-value of 0.05 and an estimated power of 0.81 to detect a significant association (odds ratio ≥1.2), we did not observe any association of this variant with Behcet's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghaffari Laleh
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Center of Excellence for Biodiversity, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mortaza Bonyadi
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Center of Excellence for Biodiversity, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Shahriyari
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Center of Excellence for Biodiversity, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Masoud Soheilian
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yaseri
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Pan X, Kaminga AC, Wen SW, Liu A. Chemokines in hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Carcinogenesis 2021; 41:1682-1694. [PMID: 33300549 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that chemokines may play an important role in the formation and mediating of the immune microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The purpose of this meta-analysis was to explore the differences in blood or tissues chemokines concentrations between HCC patients and controls. Online databases, namely PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane Library, were systematically searched for relevant articles published on or before 15 January 2020. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals of the chemokines concentrations were calculated as group differences between the HCC patients and the controls. Sixty-five studies met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. Altogether they consisted of 26 different chemokines compared between 5828 HCC patients and 4909 controls; and 12 different chemokines receptors compared between 2053 patients and 2285 controls. The results of meta-analysis indicated that concentrations of CCL20, CXCL8 and CXCR4 in the HCC patients were significantly higher than those in the controls (SMD of 6.18, 1.81 and 1.04, respectively). Therefore, higher concentration levels of CCL20, CXCL8 and CXCR4 may indicate the occurrence of HCC Future research should explore the putative mechanisms underlying this linkage. Meanwhile, attempts can be made to replicate the existing findings in prospective cohort populations and explore the cause-and-effect relationships pertaining to this linkage in order to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfeng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Atipatsa C Kaminga
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mzuzu University, Mzuzu, Malawi
| | - Shi Wu Wen
- OMNI Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aizhong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Pan X, Kaminga AC, Wen SW, Liu A. Chemokines in Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:622438. [PMID: 34054797 PMCID: PMC8161229 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.622438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A growing number of studies found inconsistent results on the role of chemokines in the progression of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and prediabetes (PDM). The purpose of this meta-analysis was to summarize the results of previous studies on the association between the chemokines system and T2DM/PDM. Methods We searched in the databases, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane Library, for eligible studies published not later than March 1, 2020. Data extraction was performed independently by 2 reviewers, on a standardized, prepiloted form. Group differences in chemokines concentrations were summarized using the standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI), calculated by performing a meta-analysis using the random-effects model. Results We identified 98 relevant studies that investigated the association between 32 different chemokines and T2DM/PDM. Altogether, these studies involved 14,708 patients and 14,574 controls. Results showed that the concentrations of CCL1, CCL2, CCL4, CCL5, CCL11, CXCL8, CXCL10 and CX3CL1 in the T2DM patients were significantly higher than that in the controls, while no difference in these concentrations was found between the PDM patients and controls. Conclusion Progression of T2DM may be associated with elevated concentrations of chemokines. Meta-Analysis Registration PROSPERO, identifier CRD42019148305.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfeng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Atipatsa C Kaminga
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mzuzu University, Mzuzu, Malawi
| | - Shi Wu Wen
- OMNI Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Aizhong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Pan X, Kaminga AC, Wu Wen S, Liu A. Chemokines in post-traumatic stress disorder: A network meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 92:115-126. [PMID: 33242653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies on the association between chemokines concentrations and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) yielded inconsistent results. Therefore, the purpose of this network meta-analysis was to summarize these results. METHODS The databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Psyc-ARTICLES, Embase and Cochrane Library were searched for relevant articles published not later than January 15, 2020. Then, eligible studies were selected based on predefined study selection criteria. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated as group differences in chemokines concentrations. Moreover, network meta-analysis was used to rank chemokines effect values according to their respective surface under cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) probabilities. FINDINGS A total of 18 eligible studies that investigated the association between 9 different chemokines and PTSD were identified. They involved 1,510 patients and 2,012 controls. Results of the meta-analysis showed that the concentrations of CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5 in the PTSD patients were significantly higher than that in the controls (SMDs of 4.12, 6.11 and 1.53 respectively). However, although not statistically significant, concentrations of CCL2 tended to be lower in PTSD patients than in the controls (SMD = -0.76); whereas concentrations of CXCL12 tended to be higher in PTSD patients than in the controls (SMD = 0.37). SUCRA probabilities showed that, among all the chemokines studied, the effect of CCL5 was the highest in PTSD patients. INTERPRETATION Concentrations of CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5 may be associated with a trauma and/or PTSD. Also, CXCL12 and CCL2 may be the underlying biomarkers for trauma and/or PTSD. Thus, future studies with large population based samples are needed to further assess these associations. In addition, future research should explore possible mechanisms underlying these associations, with the aim to develop new diagnostics for PTSD. PROSPERO CRD42019147703.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfeng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Atipatsa C Kaminga
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mzuzu University, Mzuzu, Malawi
| | - Shi Wu Wen
- OMNI Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aizhong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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The Association of Chemokine Gene Polymorphisms with VKH and Behcet's Disease in a Chinese Han Population. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:1274960. [PMID: 28589131 PMCID: PMC5446887 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1274960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the association of chemokine gene polymorphisms and Behcet's disease (BD) and Vogt Koyanagi Harada (VKH) disease in a Chinese Han population. A case-control study was performed. Three hundred and seventy-one BD patients, 371 VKH disease patients, and 605 healthy controls were recruited to determine genetic variants of 26 SNPs in 12 chemokine genes with iPLEX Gold genotyping assay and Sequenom MassARRAY or TaqMan SNP assays. In this study, Puncorr values showed a weak association of five SNPs of five genes in BD and three SNPs of three genes in VKH disease. However, after Bonferroni correction, the 26 investigated SNPs showed no significant differences in genetic variants, including genotype and allele frequencies, between BD or VKH disease patients and healthy individuals. Haplotype analysis for the chemokine genes showed a significant association with the TC haplotype of CXCL12 in VKH. Stratified gender analysis and genotype-phenotype analysis were conducted to analyze the association of the 26 SNPs of 12 chemokine genes with BD and VKH disease. However, no significant association was observed after Bonferroni correction. This study showed no association of 26 SNPs in 12 chemokine genes with both BD and VKH disease in a Chinese Han population.
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Al Balwi MA, Hadadi AI, Alharbi W, Ballow M, AlAsiri A, AlAbdulrahman A, G.K. U, Aldrees M, AlAbdulkareem I, Hajeer AH. Analysis of CCR5 gene polymorphisms in 321 healthy Saudis using Next Generation Sequencing. Hum Immunol 2017; 78:384-386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Uveitides can be due to non-infectious and infectious etiologies. It has been observed that there is a gender difference with a greater preponderance of non-infectious uveitis in women than in men. This review will describe both non-infectious and infectious uveitides and describes some of the current autoimmune mechanisms thought to be underlying the gender difference. It will specifically look at non-infectious uveitides with systemic involvement including juvenile idiopathic arthritis, spondyloarthopathies, sarcoidosis, Behçet’s disease, and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease and at uveitides without systemic involvement including sympathetic ophthalmia, birdshot chorioretinitis, and the white dot syndromes. Infectious uveitides like acute retinal necrosis, progressive outer retinal necrosis, and cytomegalovirus mediated uveitis will be mentioned. Different uveitides with female- or male- predominance are presented and discussed.
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Yazdani N, Mojbafan M, Taleba M, Amiri P, Nejadian F, Ashtiani MK, Amoli MM. Sex-specific association of RANTES gene -403 variant in Meniere's disease. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 272:2221-5. [PMID: 24961438 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-014-3151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown the correlation between RANTES gene and inflammatory disorders; the aim of the present study was to investigate the association between RANTES promoter gene polymorphism and Meniere's disease (MD) in an Iranian population. In this study patients with MD comprising definite MD (N = 56) and probable MD (N = 15) were selected according to diagnostic criteria of AAO-HNS. The control group (N = 101) were healthy normal subjects who did not have a history of ear disease and vertigo. PCR-RFLP for RANTES -403G>A has been performed. We found a protective role for RANTES -403A allele in male group in our population. None of the male patients with MD were carrier of allele A which was significantly different from the presence of allele A in the male control group (AA+GA vs. GG: p = 0.0004, OR 0.05, 95 % CI 0.001-0.39). This difference was not significant in female group. There was no significant association between RANTES gene polymorphism and the level of hearing loss. our results showed a sex-specific association between RANTES gene polymorphism and MD but more studies are necessary to further assess this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Yazdani
- Otorhinolaryngology Research Center, Amir-Alam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Uveitis is a diverse group of intraocular inflammatory disease and is a significant cause of visual loss worldwide. Recent studies have identified various endogenous immune mechanisms and genetic factors that are involved in the pathogenesis of uveitis. This review provides an overview on the role of genetics in the development and clinical course of uveitis. METHODS PUBMED was used for literature search, and articles published from 1970 to 2012 that evaluated the genetic associations and mechanisms involved in the development and clinical features of uveitis were included. RESULTS Studies have demonstrated associations between various genetic factors and the development and clinical course of intraocular inflammatory conditions. Genes involved included genes expressing interleukins, chemokines, chemokine receptors, and tumor necrosis factor and genes involved in complement system, oxidation, and other intracellular molecular pathways. CONCLUSION Multiple genetic factors play important roles in the pathogenesis of uveitis and may influence the clinical course of uveitis. Further studies to investigate the genetic mechanisms of uveitis might identify additional genetic associations and might have the potential for identifying novel therapeutic targets in the treatment of intraocular inflammation.
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Hamzaoui K, Hamzaoui A. Immunological responses in patients with Behçet’s disease: advances in understanding. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.12.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Cénit MC, Márquez A, Cordero-Coma M, Gorroño-Echebarría MB, Fonollosa A, Adán A, Martínez-Berriotxoa A, Díaz Valle D, Pato E, Blanco R, Cañal J, Díaz-Llopis M, García Serrano JL, de Ramón E, del Rio MJ, Martín-Villa JM, Molins B, Ortego-Centeno N, Martín J. No evidence of association between common autoimmunity STAT4 and IL23R risk polymorphisms and non-anterior uveitis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72892. [PMID: 24312163 PMCID: PMC3843656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective STAT4 and IL23R loci represent common susceptibility genetic factors in autoimmunity. We decided to investigate for the first time the possible role of different STAT4/IL23R autoimmune disease-associated polymorphisms on the susceptibility to develop non-anterior uveitis and its main clinical phenotypes. Methods Four functional polymorphisms (rs3821236, rs7574865, rs7574070, and rs897200) located within STAT4 gene as well as three independent polymorphisms (rs7517847, rs11209026, and rs1495965) located within IL23R were genotyped using TaqMan® allelic discrimination in a total of 206 patients with non-anterior uveitis and 1553 healthy controls from Spain. Results No statistically significant differences were found when allele and genotype distributions were compared between non-anterior uveitis patients and controls for any STAT4 (rs3821236: P=0.39, OR=1.12, CI 95%=0.87-1.43; rs7574865: P=0.59 OR=1.07, CI 95%=0.84-1.37; rs7574070: P=0.26, OR=0.89, CI 95%=0.72-1.10; rs897200: P=0.22, OR=0.88, CI 95%=0.71-1.08;) or IL23R polymorphisms (rs7517847: P=0.49, OR=1.08, CI 95%=0.87-1.33; rs11209026: P=0.26, OR=0.78, CI 95%=0.51-1.21; rs1495965: P=0.51, OR=0.93, CI 95%=0.76-1.15). Conclusion Our results do not support a relevant role, similar to that described for other autoimmune diseases, of IL23R and STAT4 polymorphisms in the non-anterior uveitis genetic predisposition. Further studies are needed to discard a possible weak effect of the studied variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carmen Cénit
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, IPBLN, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Márquez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, IPBLN, CSIC, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Alfredo Adán
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - David Díaz Valle
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esperanza Pato
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Blanco
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, IFIMAV, Santander, Spain
| | - Joaquín Cañal
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | | | | | - Enrique de Ramón
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain
| | | | | | - Blanca Molins
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Javier Martín
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, IPBLN, CSIC, Granada, Spain
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Liu B, Sen HN, Nussenblatt R. Susceptibility Genes and Pharmacogenetics in Ocular Inflammatory Disorders. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2012; 20:315-23. [DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2012.710706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Behcet's Disease (BD) is a systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology. Increasing studies find that a sophisticated interlacing cytokine network is closely implicated in the onset, evolution and even organ damages of the disease. Cytokines involved can be categorized as Th1 type, Th2 type, Th17 type, chemokines and other proinflammatory cytokines, etc. The vicious cycle of cytokine network plays a substantial role in the disease pathogenesis and even in organ lesions, and might be disorganized by blocking one of the key links of the cytokines, which in turn may provide essential clues to outlook the target therapy regimen of cytokine agents in BD. There have been a number of case reports of the positive efficacies of cytokine (and cytokine blocker) agents including Infiximab (Human murine chimeric Anti-TNF α monoclonal antibody), Anakinra (recombinant, non-glycosylated human IL1 receptor antagonist) etc in BD. IFN-α had been used clinically in treating BD with uveitis with beneficial efficacy ever since the 1980s. The studies to date suggested that IL6, IP10 are involved in BD with nervous system lesions, IL17, IL18 are relevant to the superimposed uveitis in patients with BD. Some cytokines i.e. IL8, RANTES, MIP-1α are associated with the disease activity, whereas others are exemplified by that of IL10, whose level shows negative relevance to the disease activity, might be potentially cytokine of protecting effect. According to the related genetic study, the SNPs of numerous cytokines including IL1, TNFα, IFNγ, IL12, and IL18 are pertinent to BD. The recent GWAS (Genome Wide Association Studies) demonstrated that SNPs in the IL10 and IL23R-IL12RB2 region are associated with the disease. Most studies nowadays are confined within the cytokines in the peripheral blood levels, owing to the potentially significant roles of certain cytokines in local lesions. It warrants further in-depth study to address this issue. Moreover, it deserves multi-centre study considering the unique geographical "silk road" display picture of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Y Zhou
- Shanghai Clinical Centre of Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, China
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Abstract
The ability to identify individuals at risk of ocular disease, or to determine the potential severity of disease or response to therapy is the current focus of much research. These studies are being led by genetic analysis of individuals to determine associations with alterations in gens that may explain manifestations of particular diseases. In this review we consider the basic principles behind genetic studies in general and of ocular disease in particular. We address the methodologies being utilised, and the results derived so far. The potential and pitfalls of such studies are relevant to the concept of personalised medicine and better defined clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Wallace
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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17
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Hou S, Yang P, Du L, Jiang Z, Mao L, Shu Q, Zhou H, Kijlstra A. Monocyte chemoattractant protein–1 −2518 A/G single nucleotide polymorphism in Chinese Han patients with ocular Behçet's disease. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:79-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.09.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 08/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Uveitis is defined as an intraocular inflammation induced by different etiologies. Though the precise pathogenesis is still unknown, accumulating evidence shows that both innate and adaptive immune responses may be predominant mechanisms involved in the development of uveitis. Toll-like receptors have been shown to be expressed in the human eye and play an important role in infectious uveitis. The NOD proteins, expressed mainly in the cytosol by APCs, recognize the products of bacteria and participate in the development of uveitis. HLA genes have been associated with some uveitis entities, including acute anterior uveitis (HLA-B27), Behcet disease (HLA-B51), birdshot retinochoroidopathy (HLA-A29), Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (HLA-DR4), sarcoidosis, sympathetic ophthalmia, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome, and pars planitis (HLA-DR15). The exact mechanism whereby certain HLA genes predispose to a certain uveitis entity has not yet been elucidated. In addition, several studies have demonstrate that polymorphisms in certain immune response genes, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A (MICA), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and some chemokines, may contribute to the development of human uveitis. Polymorphisms in the gene coding for the costimulatory molecule known as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) were recently found in Chinese patients with VKH syndrome but not in patients with Behcet disease. Further developments in the unraveling of immune response genes may lead to a better understanding of human uveitis and will hopefully allow the development of novel treatment regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Du
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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19
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Liou JM, Lin JT, Huang SP, Wu CY, Wang HP, Lee YC, Chiu HM, Shun CT, Lin MT, Wu MS. RANTES-403 polymorphism is associated with reduced risk of gastric cancer in women. J Gastroenterol 2008; 43:115-23. [PMID: 18306985 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-007-2136-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men are more susceptible to gastric cancer (GC) than women. However, the genetic factors associated with the sex difference are not well understood. Chemokines have been shown to modulate tumor behavior, and the sex-specific effect of the chemokine polymorphisms on the host susceptibility to several diseases has been reported. We aimed to determine the role of chemokine polymorphisms on host susceptibility to GC, with special interest on their sex-specific effect. METHODS A hospital-based case-control study, including 177 patients with GC and 217 age-matched unaffected healthy controls, was performed in three major tertiary care hospitals. Genotyping for regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) -403 A/G and -28 C/G, CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) deletion, and CCR2-V64I was performed using peripheral blood DNA. RESULTS The RANTES -403 GA and AA genotypes were independently associated with a 2.3-fold reduced risk of developing GC (OR=0.44, 95% CI 0.22-0.90, P=0.025) compared with GG genotype in women, but not in men. The RANTES -28C/G and CCR2-V64I polymorphisms were not associated with different risk of developing GC. The tumor stage, histological features, and survival rate were not different when stratified by RANTES -403 and -28 and CCR2-V64I genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that women who inherit A allele at RANTES -403 may be at reduced risk of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Ming Liou
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan S. Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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Mattapallil MJ, Sahin A, Silver PB, Sun SH, Chan CC, Remmers EF, Hejtmancik JF, Caspi RR. Common genetic determinants of uveitis shared with other autoimmune disorders. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2008; 180:6751-9. [PMID: 18453595 PMCID: PMC2493541 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.10.6751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Uveitis is a complex multifactorial autoimmune disease of the eye characterized by inflammation of the uvea and retina, degeneration of the retina, and blindness in genetically predisposed patients. Using the rat model of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), we previously identified three quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with EAU on rat chromosomes 4, 12, and 10 (Eau1, Eau2, and Eau3). The primary goal of the current study is to delineate additional non-MHC chromosomal regions that control susceptibility to EAU, and to identify any QTLs that overlap with the QTLs of other autoimmune diseases. Using a set of informative microsatellite markers and F(2) generations of resistant and susceptible MHC class II-matched rat strains (F344 and LEW), we have identified several new significant or suggestive QTLs on rat chromosomes 2, 3, 7, 10, and 19 that control susceptibility to EAU. A protective allele was identified in the susceptible LEW strain in the Eau5 locus at D7Wox18, and epistatic interactions between QTLs were found to influence the severity of disease. The newly identified regions (Eau4 through Eau9) colocalize with the genetic determinants of other autoimmune disease models, and to disease-regulating syntenic regions identified in autoimmune patients on human chromosomes 4q21-31, 5q31-33, 16q22-24, 17p11-q12, 20q11-13, and 22q12-13. Our results suggest that uveitis shares some of the pathogenic mechanisms associated with other autoimmune diseases, and lends support to the "common gene, common pathway" hypothesis for autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azize Sahin
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Phyllis B. Silver
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Shu-Hui Sun
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Elaine F. Remmers
- Arthritis and Rheumatism Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - J. Fielding Hejtmancik
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Rachel R. Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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21
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Rozenbaum M, Boulman N, Slobodin G, Zisman D, Mader R, Yankevitch A, Weinberger A, Rosner I. Behcet disease in adult Druzes in north Israel: the influence of ethnic origin on disease expression and severity. J Clin Rheumatol 2007; 13:124-7. [PMID: 17551376 DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0b013e3180645878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behcet's disease (BD) is known to vary in severity and manifestations in different populations. OBJECTIVE In an attempt to sort out genetic and environmental influences on disease expression, we carried out a study to assess the clinical features of BD in the adult Druze and Arab populations in north Israel, comparing 2 disparate ethnic groups of similar genetic background inhabiting the same geographic region. METHODS We compared 23 Druze and 30 Arab patients with BD. All patients fulfilled the classification criteria of the International Study Group for BD. RESULTS Manifestations were similar in 2 groups. The most frequent BD manifestations among the Druzes were recurrent oral aphthae (100%) and genital aphthae (61%) versus 100% and 53% in Arab patients, followed by inflammatory ocular involvement, 65% versus 53%, respectively. Arthritis was noted in 39% of Druze, with 27% in Arabs. Anterior uveitis occurred in 9 Druze patients (48%) and panuveitis in 4, with no case of blindness when compared with 30% with anterior uveitis, 4 with panuveitis, and 4 cases of blindness (P < 0.04) among the Arabs. One Druze BD patient had deep vein thrombosis versus 8 Arab patients (P < 0.017). No pulmonary embolism, aortic aneurysm, nor valvular involvement was documented in the Druze versus 1 case of each in Arabs. No case of neuro-Behcet was reported in Druzes versus 6 cases of neuro-Behcet among Arabs (P < 0.023). The severity score was 4.0 (SD, 1.2) in Druze and 5.8 (SD, 1.9) in Arabs (P = 0.0004). The prevalence of HLA B51 did not differ significantly between the groups. CONCLUSION Druze BD patients in Israel have a milder disease than do Arabs, similar to observations in familial Mediterranean fever. Druze BD patients had significantly less severe ocular disease and neurologic manifestations. Our results suggest an ethnic influence on expression of BD not related to HLA B 51.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rozenbaum
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel
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22
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Abstract
Ocular inflammatory disease comprises of a diverse group of clinical entities that may result from autoimmune processes, infections, or both. While many individual ocular inflammatory diseases are quite rare, ocular inflammation is one of the more common causes of visual disability, including blindness, in the developed world. Better understanding of ocular inflammatory disease is an important step in designing more sophisticated therapies that may help prevent loss of visual function for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Levinson
- Ocular Inflammatory Disease Center, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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23
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Wallace GR, Kondeatis E, Vaughan RW, Verity DH, Chen Y, Fortune F, Madanat W, Kanawati CA, Graham EM, Stanford MR. IL-10 genotype analysis in patients with Behçet's disease. Hum Immunol 2006; 68:122-7. [PMID: 17321902 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Behçet's disease (BD) is a multisystem inflammatory disease characterized by recurrent orogenital ulceration, ocular inflammation, and skin lesions. The etiology of the disease is currently unknown but evidence suggests that there is a strong genetic component mediating the chronicity of the disorder. We have examined the association between polymorphisms at position -1082, and -819 in the promoter region of the gene encoding IL-10 in patients with Behçet's disease from two distinct patient populations. The IL-10 -1082AA genotype was weakly associated with BD when all patients were analyzed as a group (pc = 0.04, OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1-1.9), but not in the UK or Middle Eastern (ME) cohorts of patients alone compared to local controls. An association with IL-10 -819T was evident in all BD patients, (pc = 0.02, OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.0), and this was because of an association in the UK but not ME patients (pc = 0.0004, OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.4-3.3). The -1082A/-819T haplotype, which is linked to low production of this cytokine, was not significantly associated with Behçet's disease. This link between BD, a chronic, relapsing, autoinflammatory condition, and a genotype associated with low IL-10 production provides evidence that abnormalities in the genetic control of cytokine levels may be relevant in influencing the immune response in Behçet's disease in some patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R Wallace
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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24
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Abstract
Gender differences in susceptibility to complex disease such as asthma, diabetes, lupus, autism and major depression, among numerous other disorders, represent one of the hallmarks of non-Mendelian biology. It has been generally accepted that endocrinological differences are involved in the sexual dimorphism of complex disease; however, specific molecular mechanisms of such hormonal effects have not been elucidated yet. This paper will review evidence that sex hormone action may be mediated via gene-specific epigenetic modifications of DNA and histones. The epigenetic modifications can explain sex effects at DNA sequence polymorphisms and haplotypes identified in gender-stratified genetic linkage and association studies. Hormone-induced DNA methylation and histone modification changes at specific gene regulatory regions may increase or reduce the risk of a disease. The epigenetic interpretation of sexual dimorphism fits well into the epigenetic theory of complex disease, which argues for the primary pathogenic role of inherited and/or acquired epigenetic misregulation rather than DNA sequence variation. The new experimental strategies, especially the high throughput microarray-based epigenetic profiling, can be used for testing the epigenetic hypothesis of gender effects in complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Kaminsky
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
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25
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Mlynarski WM, Placha GP, Wolkow PP, Bochenski JP, Warram JH, Krolewski AS. Risk of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes is associated with functional polymorphisms in RANTES receptor gene (CCR5): a sex-specific effect. Diabetes 2005; 54:3331-5. [PMID: 16249462 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.11.3331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors have been implicated in the development of diabetic nephropathy. To determine whether the risk of diabetic nephropathy is influenced by two functional polymorphisms in the regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) receptor gene (CCR5), we recruited patients with type 1 diabetes, including 496 case subjects with overt proteinuria or end-stage renal disease and 298 control subjects with normoalbuminuria. Male carriers of the 59029G allele, which is associated with diminished expression of CCR5 on the surface of immunocompetent cells, had significantly higher risk of developing diabetic nephropathy than noncarriers (OR [95% CI] 1.9 [1.2-3.0]). Similarly, male carriers of the 32-bp deletion, which causes truncation of the protein, had significantly higher risk of diabetic nephropathy than noncarriers (2.3 [1.3-4.2]). Combining both polymorphisms, three haplotypes were distinguished: one nonrisk haplotype carrying the 59029A allele and the 32-bp insertion and two risk haplotypes carrying the 59029A allele with the 32-bp deletion and carrying the 59029G allele with the 32-bp insertion. The distribution of these haplotypes differed significantly (P < 0.00001) in men with and without diabetic nephropathy but was not associated with diabetic nephropathy in women. In conclusion, two functional polymorphisms in CCR5 that decrease expression of the RANTES receptor on immunocompetent cells are associated with increased risk of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes, but only in men.
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Park KS, Min K, Nam JH, Bang D, Lee ES, Lee S. Association of HYPA haplotype in the mannose-binding lectin gene-2 with Behçet's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 65:260-5. [PMID: 15730518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Behcet's disease (BD) is a multisystemic, recurrent inflammatory disease caused by the combinations of multiple genetic and environmental factors. Moreover, the MBL2 gene single-nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes are known to increase the susceptibility to inflammatory disease and to alter the serum levels of mannose-binding lectin (MBL. We postulated that the haplotypes of the MBL2 gene influence therapeutic response in BD, thus affecting the clinical symptoms in 282 BD patients. The promoter region, MBL2-550*C/*C (L/L) homozygote was found to have a lower frequency in BD patients than that in controls. No difference was observed in the allele frequencies of G-221C (Y/X), C+4T (P/Q) or Gly54Asp (A/B) of the MBL2 gene in BD patients and in controls. The HYPA haplotype contributed to BD occurrence, whereas the LYPA haplotype was negatively associated with BD. BD patients with several symptoms and with an earlier disease-onset age had a higher HYPA haplotype frequency. BD patients showing poor response (S) to therapy had a higher HYPA frequency than those showing good response (M). It seems that possessing HYPA increases the risk of BD and that the MBL2 HYPA haplotype plays a role in MBL levels and increases the susceptibility to BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Park
- Department of Biology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, South Korea.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy M Martin
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3375 SW Terwilliger Boulevard, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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28
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Wallace GR, John Curnow S, Wloka K, Salmon M, Murray PI. The role of chemokines and their receptors in ocular disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2004; 23:435-48. [PMID: 15219876 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The migration and infiltration of cells into the eye whether blood-borne leucocytes, endothelial or epithelial cells occurs in many ocular diseases. Dysregulation of this process is apparent in chronic inflammation, corneal graft rejection, allergic eye disease and other sight-threatening conditions. Under normal and inflammatory conditions, chemokines and their receptors are important contributors to cell migration. To date, 47 chemokines and 19 chemokine receptors have been identified and characterised. In recent years, investigations into the role of chemokines and their receptors in ocular disease have generated an increasing number of publications. In the eye, the best understood action of these molecules has arisen from the study of their ability to control the infiltration of leucocytes in uveitis. However, the involvement of chemokines in angiogenesis in several ocular conditions and in the survival of corneal transplants demonstrates the multifaceted nature of their effects. Interestingly, the constitutive expression of chemokines and their receptors in ocular tissues suggests that certain chemokines have a homeostatic function. In this review, we discuss the nature and function of chemokines in health and disease, and describe the role of chemokines in the pathogenesis of different ocular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R Wallace
- The Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, The University of Birmingham, City Hospital, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK.
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