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Van der Poorten O, Knuhtsen A, Sejer Pedersen D, Ballet S, Tourwé D. Side Chain Cyclized Aromatic Amino Acids: Great Tools as Local Constraints in Peptide and Peptidomimetic Design. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10865-10890. [PMID: 27690430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Constraining the conformation of flexible peptides is a proven strategy to increase potency, selectivity, and metabolic stability. The focus has mostly been on constraining the backbone dihedral angles; however, the correct orientation of the amino acid side chains (χ-space) that constitute the peptide pharmacophore is equally important. Control of χ-space utilizes conformationally constrained amino acids that favor, disfavor, or exclude the gauche (-), the gauche (+), or the trans conformation. In this review we focus on cyclic aromatic amino acids in which the side chain is connected to the peptide backbone to provide control of χ1- and χ2-space. The manifold applications for cyclized analogues of the aromatic amino acids Phe, Tyr, Trp, and His within peptide medicinal chemistry are showcased herein with examples of enzyme inhibitors and ligands for G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Van der Poorten
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bio-Engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Astrid Knuhtsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bio-Engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk Tourwé
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bio-Engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Berezowska I, Chung NN, Lemieux C, Wilkes BC, Schiller PW. Agonist vs antagonist behavior of delta opioid peptides containing novel phenylalanine analogues in place of Tyr(1). J Med Chem 2009; 52:6941-5. [PMID: 19827750 DOI: 10.1021/jm9004913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The novel phenylalanine analogues 4'-[N-((4'-phenyl)phenethyl)carboxamido]phenylalanine (Bcp) and 2',6'-dimethyl-4'-[N-((4'-phenyl)phenethyl)carboxamido]phenylalanine (Dbcp) were substituted for Tyr(1) in the delta opioid antagonist TIPP (H-Tyr-Tic-Phe-Phe-OH; Tic = tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid). Unexpectedly, [Bcp(1)]TIPP was a potent, selective delta opioid agonist, whereas [Dbcp(1)]TIPP retained high delta antagonist activity. Receptor docking studies indicated similar binding modes for the two peptides except for the biphenylethyl moiety which occupied distinct receptor subsites. The dipeptide H-Dbcp-Tic-OH was a highly selective delta antagonist with subnanomolar delta receptor affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Berezowska
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
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3
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Denissova I, Maretti L, Wilkes BC, Scaiano J, Guindon Y. Raising the Ceiling of Diastereoselectivity in Hydrogen Transfer on Acyclic Radicals. J Org Chem 2009; 74:2438-46. [DOI: 10.1021/jo802634w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Denissova
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2W 1R7, Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P.6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2K6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Luca Maretti
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2W 1R7, Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P.6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2K6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Brian C. Wilkes
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2W 1R7, Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P.6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2K6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - J.C. Scaiano
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2W 1R7, Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P.6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2K6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Yvan Guindon
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2W 1R7, Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P.6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2K6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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4
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Berezowska I, Chung NN, Lemieux C, Wilkes BC, Schiller PW. Dicarba analogues of the cyclic enkephalin peptides H-Tyr-c[D-Cys-Gly-Phe-D(or L)-Cys]NH(2) retain high opioid activity. J Med Chem 2007; 50:1414-7. [PMID: 17315860 PMCID: PMC2596712 DOI: 10.1021/jm061294n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dicarba analogues of the cyclic opioid peptides H-Tyr-c[d-Cys-Gly-Phe-d(or l)-Cys]NH2 were synthesized on solid phase by substituting allylglycines for the cysteines and cyclization by ring-closing metathesis between the side chains of the allylglycine residues. Mixtures of cis and trans isomers of the resulting olefinic peptides were obtained, and catalytic hydrogenation yielded the saturated -CH2-CH2- bridged peptides. The dicarba analogues retained high mu and delta agonist potencies. Remarkably, the trans isomer of H-Tyr-c[d-Allylgly-Gly-Phe-l-Allylgly]NH2 was a mu agonist/delta agonist with subnanomolar potency at both receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Allyl Compounds/chemical synthesis
- Allyl Compounds/chemistry
- Allyl Compounds/pharmacology
- Animals
- Brain/metabolism
- Enkephalins/chemical synthesis
- Enkephalins/chemistry
- Enkephalins/pharmacology
- Guinea Pigs
- Ileum/drug effects
- Ileum/physiology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Conformation
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/physiology
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemical synthesis
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Stereoisomerism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Vas Deferens/drug effects
- Vas Deferens/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peter W. Schiller
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. P.W. Schiller: Phone: +1-514-987-5576. Fax: +1-514-987-5513. E-mail:
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Chen H, Chung NN, Lemieux C, Zelent B, Vanderkooi JM, Gryczynski I, Wilkes BC, Schiller PW. [Aladan3]TIPP: a fluorescent delta-opioid antagonist with high delta-receptor binding affinity and delta selectivity. Biopolymers 2005; 80:325-31. [PMID: 15614807 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent analogues of the potent and highly selective delta-opioid antagonist TIPP (H-Tyr-Tic-Phe-Phe-OH) and TIP (H-Tyr-Tic-Phe-OH) containing the exceptionally environmentally sensitive fluorescent amino acid beta-(6'-dimethylamino-2'-naphthoyl)alanine (Aladan [Ald]) in place of Phe3 were synthesized. The Ald3- and D-Ald3 analogues of TIPP and TIP all retained delta-opioid antagonist properties. The most potent analogue, [Ald3]TIPP, showed a K(e) value of 2.03 nM in the mouse vas deferens assay and five times higher delta vs. mu selectivity (K(i)mu/K(i)delta = 7930) than the TIPP parent peptide in the opioid receptor binding assays. Theoretical conformational analyses of [Ald3]TIPP and [Ald3]TIP using molecular mechanics calculations resulted in a number of low-energy conformers, including some showing various patterns of aromatic ring stacking and others with the Ald side chain and a carbonyl group (fluorescence quencher) in close proximity. These ensembles of low-energy conformers are in agreement with the results of steady-state fluorescence experiments (fluorescence emission maxima and quantum yields) and fluorescence decay measurements (fluorescence lifetime components), which indicated that the fluorophore was either engaged in intramolecular hydrophobic interactions or in proximity of a fluorescence quencher (e.g., a carbonyl group). These fluorescent TIP(P) delta-opioid antagonists represent valuable pharmacological tools for various applications, including studies on membrane interactions, binding to receptors, cellular uptake and intracellular distribution, and tissue distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heru Chen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7
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6
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Van den Eynde I, Laus G, Schiller PW, Kosson P, Chung NN, Lipkowski AW, Tourwé D. A new structural motif for mu-opioid antagonists. J Med Chem 2005; 48:3644-8. [PMID: 15887972 DOI: 10.1021/jm0491795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of the structural features of the Dmt-Tic pharmacophore, a new motif leading to a fairly potent mu-opioid antagonist is described. This motif contains the 4-amino-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-2-benzazepine-3-one skeleton as a substitute for the Tic residue, which provides the conformational constraint compatible with the mu-opioid receptor. The stereoselective synthesis of four stereoisomers is performed starting from homochiral 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine (Dmt) and o-aminomethylphenylalanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Van den Eynde
- Eenheid Organische Chemie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2, Pleinlaan, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Lengyel I, Orosz G, Biyashev D, Kocsis L, Al-Khrasani M, Rónai A, Tömböly C, Fürst Z, Tóth G, Borsodi A. Side chain modifications change the binding and agonist properties of endomorphin 2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 290:153-61. [PMID: 11779147 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Side chain modifications were introduced to endomorphin 2 (E2) to improve its binding properties and biological activity. A number of C-terminal modifications decreased the binding affinity to the mu-opioid receptor and the intrinsic activity in rat brain membranes. The exception was E2-ol, which showed increased binding affinity to MOR and higher potency in stimulating [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding. N-methylation of Phe(3) (MePhe(3)) attenuated the binding affinity and produced a rightward shift of [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding curves. All derivatives had lower intrinsic activity than E2. Some of the modified peptides partially inhibited, while YPF-benzyl-allyl-amide fully inhibited, the E2 or [d-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Gly(5)ol]enkephalin stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding. Marked differences were found between the results obtained using tritiated E2, tritiated naloxone, and [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding, indicating the possible involvement of multiple binding sites. The data presented demonstrate that the C-terminal amide group has an essential role in the regulation of the binding and the agonist/antagonist properties of E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lengyel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary.
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Schiller PW, Weltrowska G, Berezowska I, Nguyen TM, Wilkes BC, Lemieux C, Chung NN. The TIPP opioid peptide family: development of delta antagonists, delta agonists, and mixed mu agonist/delta antagonists. Biopolymers 2000; 51:411-25. [PMID: 10797230 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0282(1999)51:6<411::aid-bip4>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the prototype delta opioid antagonists TIPP (H-Tyr-Tic-Phe-Phe-OH) and TIP (H-Tyr-Tic-Phe-OH) in 1992 was followed by extensive structure-activity relationship studies, leading to the development of analogues that are of interest as pharmacological tools or as potential therapeutic agents. Stable TIPP-derived delta opioid antagonists with subnanomolar delta receptor binding affinity and extraordinary delta receptor selectivity include TIPP[Psi] (H-Tyr-TicPsi[CH(2)NH]Phe-Phe-OH] and TICP[Psi] (H-Tyr-TicPsi[CH(2)NH]Cha-Phe-OH); Cha: cyclohexylalanine), which are widely used in opioid research. Theoretical conformational analyses in conjunction with the pharmacological characterization of conformationally constrained TIPP analogues led to a definitive model of the receptor-bound conformation of H-Tyr-Tic-(Phe-Phe)-OH-related delta opioid antagonists, which is characterized by all-trans peptide bonds. Further structure-activity studies revealed that the delta antagonist vs delta agonist behavior of TIP(P)-derived compounds depended on very subtle structural differences in diverse locations of the molecule and suggested a delta receptor model involving a number of different inactive receptor conformations. A further outcome of these studies was the identification of a new class of potent and very selective dipeptide delta agonists of the general formula H-Tyr-Tic-NH-X (X = arylalkyl), which are of interest for drug development because of their low molecular weight and lipophilic character. Most interestingly, TIPP analogues containing a C-terminal carboxamide group displayed a mixed mu agonist/delta antagonist profile, and thus were expected to be analgesics with a low propensity to produce tolerance and physical dependence. This turned out to be the case with the TIPP-derived mu agonist/delta antagonist DIPP-NH(2)[Psi] (H-Dmt-TicPsi[CH(2)NH]Phe-Phe-NH(2)); Dmt: 2',6'- dimethyltyrosine).
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Schiller
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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9
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Shenderovich MD, Liao S, Qian X, Hruby VJ. A three-dimensional model of the delta-opioid pharmacophore: comparative molecular modeling of peptide and nonpeptide ligands. Biopolymers 2000; 53:565-80. [PMID: 10766952 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0282(200006)53:7<565::aid-bip4>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A comparative molecular modeling study of delta-opioid ligands was performed under the assumption that potent peptide and nonpeptide agonists may have common three-dimensional (3D) arrangement of pharmacophore groups upon binding to the delta-receptor. Low-energy conformations of the agonists 7-spiroindanyloxymorphone (SIOM) and 2-methyl-4a-alpha-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,12, 12a-alpha-octahydro-quinolino[2,3,3-g]isoquinoline (TAN-67), and a partial agonist oxomorphindole (OMI) were determined by high-temperature molecular dynamics (MD). A good spatial overlap was found for the pharmacophore groups of SIOM, TAN-67, and OMI, including the basic nitrogen, phenol hydroxyl, and two aromatic ring. Based on this overlap we proposed a 3D pharmacophore model for nonpeptide delta-opioid agonists with a distance of 7.0 +/- 1.3 A between the two aromatic rings and of 8.2 +/- 1.0 A between the nitrogen and phenyl ring. The potent and highly delta-opioid receptor selective agonist [(2S,3R)-TMT(1)]DPDPE, which shares global backbone constraints of the 14-membered disulfide cycle and a strong preference for the trans rotamer of the TMT(1) side chain, was chosen as a peptide template of the delta-opioid pharmacophore. Extensive MD simulations at 300 K with the AMBER force field were performed for [(2S,3R)-TMT(1)]DPDPE and the less potent [(2S, 3S)-TMT(1)]DPDPE analogue. Multiple MD trajectories were collected for each peptide starting from the x-ray structures of DPDPE and [L-Ala(3)]DPDPE and from models proposed in the literature. Low-energy MD conformations were filtered by the nonpeptide pharmacophore query and then directly superimposed with SIOM, OMI, and TAN-67. Two conformers of [(2S,3R)-TMT(1)]DPDPE that showed the best overlap with the nonpeptide pharmacophore (rms deviation </= 1. 0 A for N,O atoms and centroids of two aromatic rings) were selected as possible delta-receptor binding conformations. These conformations have similar backbone structures, and trans rotamers of the TMT(1) side-chain group. They are reasonably close to the crystal structure of [L-Ala(3)]DPDPE, and differ significantly from the crystal structure of DPDPE. The conformer with a gauche(-) rotamer of Phe(4) is most consistent with structure-activity relationships of delta-opioid peptides. The proposed 3D models were used for rational design of new nonpeptide delta-receptor ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Shenderovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Schiller PW, Weltrowska G, Schmidt R, Berezowska I, Nguyen TM, Lemieux C, Chung NN, Carpenter KA, Wilkes BC. Subtleties of structure-agonist versus antagonist relationships of opioid peptides and peptidomimetics. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 1999; 19:573-88. [PMID: 10071786 DOI: 10.3109/10799899909036673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel delta opioid antagonists and delta opioid agonists structurally derived from the prototype delta antagonist TIPP (H-Tyr-Tic-Phe-Phe-OH), is reviewed. Both delta antagonists and delta agonists with extraordinary potency and unprecedented delta receptor selectivity were discovered. Some of them are already widely used as pharmacological tools and are also of interest as potential therapeutic agents for use in analgesia. The results of the performed structure-activity studies revealed that the delta antagonist versus delta agonist behavior of this class of compounds depended on very subtle structural differences in diverse locations of the molecule. These observations can be best explained with a receptor model involving a number of different inactive and active receptor conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Schiller
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Que., Canada
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