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Wang AY, Peng YQ, Cook JM, Yang DR, Zhang DY, Liao WJ. Host insect specificity and interspecific competition drive parasitoid diversification in a plant-insect community. Ecology 2023:e4062. [PMID: 37186391 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ecological interactions among plants, insect herbivores and parasitoids are pervasive in nature and play important roles in community assembling, but the codiversification of tri-trophic interactions has received less attention. Here we compare pairwise codiversification patterns between a set of 22 fig species, their herbivorous pollinating and galling wasps, and their parasitoids. The parasitoid phylogeny showed significant congruence and more cospeciation events with host insects phylogeny than with host plants. These results suggest that parasitoid phylogeny and speciation is more closely related to their host insects than to their host plants. The pollinating wasps hosted more parasitoid species than gallers and indicated a more intense interspecific competition among parasitoids associated with pollinators. Closer matching and fewer evolutionary host shifts were found between parasitoids and galler hosts than between parasitoids and pollinator hosts. These results suggest that interspecific competition among parasitoids, rather than resource availability of host wasps, is the main driver of the codiversification pattern in this community. Therefore, our study highlights the important role of interspecific competition among high trophic level insects in plant-insect tri-trophic community assembling. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Qiong Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - James M Cook
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Da-Rong Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Da-Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Jin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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2
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Althoff DM, Segraves KA. Evolution of antagonistic and mutualistic traits in the yucca-yucca moth obligate pollination mutualism. J Evol Biol 2021; 35:100-108. [PMID: 34855267 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Species interactions shape the evolution of traits, life histories and the pattern of speciation. What is less clear is whether certain types of species interaction are more or less likely to lead to phenotypic divergence among species. We used the brood pollination mutualism between yuccas and yucca moths to test how mutualistic (pollination) and antagonistic (oviposition) traits differ in the propensity to increase phenotypic divergence among pollinator moths. We measured traits of the tentacular mouthparts, structures used by females to actively pollinate flowers, as well as ovipositor traits to examine differences in the rate of evolution of these two suites of traits among pollinator species. Morphological analyses revealed two distinct groups of moths based on ovipositor morphology, but no such groupings were identified for tentacle morphology, even for moths that pollinated distantly related yuccas. In addition, ovipositor traits evolved at significantly faster rates than tentacular traits. These results support theoretical work suggesting that antagonism is more likely than mutualism to lead to phenotypic divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Althoff
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Kari A Segraves
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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3
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Heimpel GE, Abram PK, Brodeur J. A phylogenetic perspective on parasitoid host ranges with implications for biological control. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 44:95-100. [PMID: 33901732 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Interactions that shape parasitoid host ranges occur within the context of both host and parasitoid phylogenetic history. While host-associated speciation of parasitoids can lead to increased host specificity, it can also lead to a broadening of host range through radiation onto a new group of host species. In both cases, sister-species of parasitoids may have widely divergent host ranges. But how should host range be estimated? Traditional views of host ranges as simple lists of species have given way to analyses that can detect host phylogenetic signal. Host relatedness can also be codified into useful indices that reflect the phylogenetic breadth of host range. All of these considerations have important implications for biological control, particularly in the realm of risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Heimpel
- Dept. of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Ave, St. Paul MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Paul K Abram
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz Research and Development Centre, 6947 Hwy #7, Agassiz, BC, Canada
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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4
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Nooney C, Barber S, Gusnanto A, Gilks WR. A statistical method for analysing cospeciation in tritrophic ecology using electrical circuit theory. Stat Appl Genet Mol Biol 2017; 16:313-331. [PMID: 29166289 DOI: 10.1515/sagmb-2016-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a new method to test efficiently for cospeciation in tritrophic systems. Our method utilises an analogy with electrical circuit theory to reduce higher order systems into bitrophic data sets that retain the information of the original system. We use a sophisticated permutation scheme that weights interactions between two trophic layers based on their connection to the third layer in the system. Our method has several advantages compared to the method of Mramba et al. [Mramba, L. K., S. Barber, K. Hommola, L. A. Dyer, J. S. Wilson, M. L. Forister and W. R. Gilks (2013): "Permutation tests for analyzing cospeciation in multiple phylogenies: applications in tri-trophic ecology," Stat. Appl. Genet. Mol. Biol., 12, 679-701.]. We do not require triangular interactions to connect the three phylogenetic trees and an easily interpreted p-value is obtained in one step. Another advantage of our method is the scope for generalisation to higher order systems and phylogenetic networks. The performance of our method is compared to the methods of Hommola et al. [Hommola, K., J. E. Smith, Y. Qiu and W. R. Gilks (2009): "A permutation test of host-parasite cospeciation," Mol. Biol. Evol., 26, 1457-1468.] and Mramba et al. [Mramba, L. K., S. Barber, K. Hommola, L. A. Dyer, J. S. Wilson, M. L. Forister and W. R. Gilks (2013): "Permutation tests for analyzing cospeciation in multiple phylogenies: applications in tri-trophic ecology," Stat. Appl. Genet. Mol. Biol., 12, 679-701.] at the bitrophic and tritrophic level, respectively. This was achieved by evaluating type I error and statistical power. The results show that our method produces unbiased p-values and has comparable power overall at both trophic levels. Our method was successfully applied to a dataset of leaf-mining moths, parasitoid wasps and host plants [Lopez-Vaamonde, C., H. Godfray, S. West, C. Hansson and J. Cook (2005): "The evolution of host use and unusual reproductive strategies in achrysocharoides parasitoid wasps," J. Evol. Biol., 18, 1029-1041.], at both the bitrophic and tritrophic levels.
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5
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Bernardes SC, Pepato AR, von Rintelen T, von Rintelen K, Page TJ, Freitag H, de Bruyn M. The complex evolutionary history and phylogeography of Caridina typus (Crustacea: Decapoda): long-distance dispersal and cryptic allopatric species. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9044. [PMID: 28831142 PMCID: PMC5567278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08494-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary history of the old, diverse freshwater shrimp genus Caridina is still poorly understood, despite its vast distribution – from Africa to Polynesia. Here, we used nuclear and mitochondrial DNA to infer the phylogeographic and evolutionary history of C. typus, which is one of only four species distributed across the entire range of the genus. Despite this species’ potential for high levels of gene flow, questions have been raised regarding its phylogeographic structure and taxonomic status. We identified three distinct lineages that likely diverged in the Miocene. Molecular dating and ancestral range reconstructions are congruent with C. typus’ early dispersal to Africa, possibly mediated by the Miocene Indian Ocean Equatorial Jet, followed by back dispersal to Australasia after the Jet’s closure. Furthermore, several different species delimitation methods indicate each lineage represents a distinct (cryptic) species, contradicting current morphospecies delimitation of a single C. typus taxon. The evolutionary history of C. typus lineages is complex, in which ancient oceanic current systems and (currently unrecognised) speciation events preceded secondary sympatry of these cryptic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Bernardes
- Laboratório de Acarologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Almir R Pepato
- Laboratório de Acarologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Thomas von Rintelen
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Kristina von Rintelen
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Timothy J Page
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.,Water Planning Ecology, Queensland Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation, Dutton Park, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Hendrik Freitag
- Department of Biology, School of Science & Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
| | - Mark de Bruyn
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK. .,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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6
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Hall AAG, Steinbauer MJ, Taylor GS, Johnson SN, Cook JM, Riegler M. Unravelling mummies: cryptic diversity, host specificity, trophic and coevolutionary interactions in psyllid - parasitoid food webs. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:127. [PMID: 28587639 PMCID: PMC5461677 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0959-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitoids are hyperdiverse and can contain morphologically and functionally cryptic species, making them challenging to study. Parasitoid speciation can arise from specialisation on niches or diverging hosts. However, which process dominates is unclear because cospeciation across multiple parasitoid and host species has rarely been tested. Host specificity and trophic interactions of the parasitoids of psyllids (Hemiptera) remain mostly unknown, but these factors are fundamentally important for understanding of species diversity, and have important applied implications for biological control. RESULTS We sampled diverse parasitoid communities from eight Eucalyptus-feeding psyllid species in the genera Cardiaspina and Spondyliaspis, and characterised their phylogenetic and trophic relationships using a novel approach that forensically linked emerging parasitoids with the presence of their DNA in post-emergence insect mummies. We also tested whether parasitoids have cospeciated with their psyllid hosts. The parasitoid communities included three Psyllaephagus morphospecies (two primary and, unexpectedly, one heteronomous hyperparasitoid that uses different host species for male and female development), and the hyperparasitoid, Coccidoctonus psyllae. However, the number of genetically delimited Psyllaephagus species was three times higher than the number of recognisable morphospecies, while the hyperparasitoid formed a single generalist species. In spite of this, cophylogenetic analysis revealed unprecedented codivergence of this hyperparasitoid with its primary parasitoid host, suggesting that this single hyperparasitoid species is possibly diverging into host-specific species. Overall, parasitoid and hyperparasitoid diversification was characterised by functional conservation of morphospecies, high host specificity and some host switching between sympatric psyllid hosts. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that host specialisation, host codivergence and host switching are important factors driving the species diversity of endoparasitoid communities of specialist host herbivores. Specialisation in parasitoids can also result in heteronomous life histories that may be more common than appreciated. A host generalist strategy may be rare in endoparasitoids of specialist herbivores despite the high conservation of morphology and trophic roles, and endoparasitoid species richness is likely to be much higher than previously estimated. This also implies that the success of biological control requires detailed investigation to enable accurate identification of parasitoid-host interactions before candidate parasitoid species are selected as biological control agents for target pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan A G Hall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Martin J Steinbauer
- Department of Ecology, Environment & Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Gary S Taylor
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - James M Cook
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
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Mishchenko AV, Lengesova NA, Kuklina NG, Kostina OM, Solov’ev AV, Antonova EI, Omelyanchuk LV. Morphoecological aspects of preimaginal stages of development of the parasitic wasp Minotetrastichus frontalis (Nees, 1834) (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Eulophidae). Russ J Dev Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360416030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Nyman T, Leppänen SA, Várkonyi G, Shaw MR, Koivisto R, Barstad TE, Vikberg V, Roininen H. Determinants of parasitoid communities of willow-galling sawflies: habitat overrides physiology, host plant and space. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:5059-74. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tommi Nyman
- Department of Biology; University of Eastern Finland; P.O. Box 111 Joensuu FI-80101 Finland
- Institute for Systematic Botany; University of Zurich; Zollikerstrasse 107 Zurich CH-8008 Switzerland
| | - Sanna A. Leppänen
- Department of Biology; University of Eastern Finland; P.O. Box 111 Joensuu FI-80101 Finland
| | - Gergely Várkonyi
- Finnish Environment Institute; Friendship Park Research Centre; Lentiirantie 342 B Kuhmo FI-88900 Finland
| | - Mark R. Shaw
- National Museums of Scotland; Chambers Street Edinburgh EH1 1JF UK
| | - Reijo Koivisto
- Department of Biology; University of Eastern Finland; P.O. Box 111 Joensuu FI-80101 Finland
| | | | - Veli Vikberg
- Liinalammintie 11 as. 6; Turenki FI-14200 Finland
| | - Heikki Roininen
- Department of Biology; University of Eastern Finland; P.O. Box 111 Joensuu FI-80101 Finland
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9
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Noriyuki S. Host selection in insects: reproductive interference shapes behavior of ovipositing females. POPUL ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-015-0491-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Maunsell SC, Kitching RL, Burwell CJ, Morris RJ. Changes in host-parasitoid food web structure with elevation. J Anim Ecol 2014; 84:353-63. [PMID: 25244661 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Gradients in elevation are increasingly used to investigate how species respond to changes in local climatic conditions. Whilst many studies have shown elevational patterns in species richness and turnover, little is known about how food web structure is affected by elevation. Contrasting responses of predator and prey species to elevation may lead to changes in food web structure. We investigated how the quantitative structure of a herbivore-parasitoid food web changes with elevation in an Australian subtropical rain forest. On four occasions, spread over 1 year, we hand-collected leaf miners at twelve sites, along three elevational gradients (between 493 m and 1159 m a.s.l). A total of 5030 insects, including 603 parasitoids, were reared, and summary food webs were created for each site. We also carried out a replicated manipulative experiment by translocating an abundant leaf-mining weevil Platynotocis sp., which largely escaped parasitism at high elevations (≥ 900 m a.s.l.), to lower, warmer elevations, to test if it would experience higher parasitism pressure. We found strong evidence that the environmental change that occurs with increasing elevation affects food web structure. Quantitative measures of generality, vulnerability and interaction evenness decreased significantly with increasing elevation (and decreasing temperature), whilst elevation did not have a significant effect on connectance. Mined plant composition also had a significant effect on generality and vulnerability, but not on interaction evenness. Several relatively abundant species of leaf miner appeared to escape parasitism at higher elevations, but contrary to our prediction, Platynotocis sp. did not experience greater levels of parasitism when translocated to lower elevations. Our study indicates that leaf-mining herbivores and their parasitoids respond differently to environmental conditions imposed by elevation, thus producing structural changes in their food webs. Increasing temperatures and changes in vegetation communities that are likely to result from climate change may have a restructuring effect on host-parasitoid food webs. Our translocation experiment, however, indicated that leaf miners currently escaping parasitism at high elevations may not automatically experience higher parasitism under warmer conditions and future changes in food web structure may depend on the ability of parasitoids to adapt to novel hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Maunsell
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Nathan campus, Kessels Road, Brisbane, Qld, 4111, Australia
| | - Roger L Kitching
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Nathan campus, Kessels Road, Brisbane, Qld, 4111, Australia
| | - Chris J Burwell
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Nathan campus, Kessels Road, Brisbane, Qld, 4111, Australia.,Natural Environments Program, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Qld, 4101, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Morris
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
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11
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Zhang Y, Zhang S, Li Y, Ma S, Wang C, Xiang M, Liu X, An Z, Xu J, Liu X. Phylogeography and evolution of a fungal-insect association on the Tibetan Plateau. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:5337-55. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- School of Life Sciences; Shanxi University; Taiyuan 030006 China
- Department of Biology; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Shu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences; Shanxi University; Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Yuling Li
- Institute of Grassland; Qinghai Academy of Animal & Veterinary Sciences; Xining 810016 China
| | - Shaoli Ma
- Institute of Grassland; Qinghai Academy of Animal & Veterinary Sciences; Xining 810016 China
| | - Chengshu Wang
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology; Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Meichun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Grassland; Qinghai Academy of Animal & Veterinary Sciences; Xining 810016 China
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada L8S 4K1
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources; Yunnan University; Kunming 650091 China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
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12
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Deng J, Yu F, Li HB, Gebiola M, Desdevises Y, Wu SA, Zhang YZ. Cophylogenetic relationships between Anicetus parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and their scale insect hosts (Hemiptera: Coccidae). BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:275. [PMID: 24365056 PMCID: PMC3878026 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have investigated cospeciation between parasites and their hosts, but there have been few studies concerning parasitoids and insect hosts. The high diversity and host specialization observed in Anicetus species suggest that speciation and adaptive radiation might take place with species diversification in scale insect hosts. Here we examined the evolutionary history of the association between Anicetus species and their scale insect hosts via distance-based and tree-based methods. RESULTS A total of 94 Anicetus individuals (nine parasitoid species) and 113 scale insect individuals (seven host species) from 14 provinces in China were collected in the present study. DNA sequence data from a mitochondrial gene (COI) and a nuclear ribosomal gene (28S D2 region) were used to reconstruct the phylogenies of Anicetus species and their hosts. The distance-based analysis showed a significant fit between Anicetus species and their hosts, but tree-based analyses suggested that this significant signal could be observed only when the cost of host-switching was high, indicating the presence of parasite sorting on related host species. CONCLUSIONS This study, based on extensive rearing of parasitoids and species identification, provides strong evidence for a prevalence of sorting events and high host specificity in the genus Anicetus, offering insights into the diversification process of Anicetus species parasitizing scale insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hai-Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Marco Gebiola
- CNR,– Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, UOS di Portici, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
- Department of Entomology, The University of Arizona, 410 Forbes Building, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Yves Desdevises
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7232, Integrative Biology of Marine Organisms, Observatoire Océanologique, F-66650 Banyuls/Mer, France
- CNRS, UMR 7232, Integrative Biology of Marine Organisms, Observatoire Océanologique, F-66650 Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - San-An Wu
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yan-Zhou Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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13
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de Vienne DM, Refrégier G, López-Villavicencio M, Tellier A, Hood ME, Giraud T. Cospeciation vs host-shift speciation: methods for testing, evidence from natural associations and relation to coevolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:347-385. [PMID: 23437795 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Hosts and their symbionts are involved in intimate physiological and ecological interactions. The impact of these interactions on the evolution of each partner depends on the time-scale considered. Short-term dynamics - 'coevolution' in the narrow sense - has been reviewed elsewhere. We focus here on the long-term evolutionary dynamics of cospeciation and speciation following host shifts. Whether hosts and their symbionts speciate in parallel, by cospeciation, or through host shifts, is a key issue in host-symbiont evolution. In this review, we first outline approaches to compare divergence between pairwise associated groups of species, their advantages and pitfalls. We then consider recent insights into the long-term evolution of host-parasite and host-mutualist associations by critically reviewing the literature. We show that convincing cases of cospeciation are rare (7%) and that cophylogenetic methods overestimate the occurrence of such events. Finally, we examine the relationships between short-term coevolutionary dynamics and long-term patterns of diversification in host-symbiont associations. We review theoretical and experimental studies showing that short-term dynamics can foster parasite specialization, but that these events can occur following host shifts and do not necessarily involve cospeciation. Overall, there is now substantial evidence to suggest that coevolutionary dynamics of hosts and parasites do not favor long-term cospeciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M de Vienne
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Refrégier
- Université Paris-Sud, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, UMR 8621, 91405, Orsay, France
- CNRS, UMR8621, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - M López-Villavicencio
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - A Tellier
- Section of Population Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - M E Hood
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - T Giraud
- Université Paris-Sud, Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, 91405, Orsay, France
- CNRS, UMR8079, 91405, Orsay, France
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Leppänen SA, Altenhofer E, Liston AD, Nyman T. ECOLOGICAL VERSUS PHYLOGENETIC DETERMINANTS OF TROPHIC ASSOCIATIONS IN A PLANT-LEAFMINER-PARASITOID FOOD WEB. Evolution 2013; 67:1493-502. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Segar ST, Lopez-Vaamonde C, Rasplus JY, Cook JM. The global phylogeny of the subfamily Sycoryctinae (Pteromalidae): Parasites of an obligate mutualism. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 65:116-25. [PMID: 22683561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Desneux N, Blahnik R, Delebecque CJ, Heimpel GE. Host phylogeny and specialisation in parasitoids. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:453-60. [PMID: 22404869 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The host range of insect parasitoids and herbivores is influenced by both preference-related traits which mediate host choice behaviour, and performance-related traits which mediate the physiological suitability of the consumer-resource interaction. In a previous study, we characterised the influence of preference- and performance-related traits on the host range of the aphid parasitoid Binodoxys communis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and herein we build upon those data sets by mapping a series of these traits onto the phylogeny of the (aphid) host species. We found a strong effect of host phylogeny on overall parasitoid reproduction on the 20 host species tested, but no effect of the phylogeny of host plants of the aphids. We found an effect of aphid phylogeny on host acceptance and sting rates (related to preference) from behavioural observations and for pupal survivorship (related to performance), showing that both classes of traits show phylogenetic conservatism with respect to host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Desneux
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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17
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Wilson JS, Forister ML, Dyer LA, O'Connor JM, Burls K, Feldman CR, Jaramillo MA, Miller JS, Rodríguez-Castañeda G, Tepe EJ, Whitfield JB, Young B. Host conservatism, host shifts and diversification across three trophic levels in two Neotropical forests. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:532-46. [PMID: 22268676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Host-parasite systems have been models for understanding the connection between shifts in resource use and diversification. Despite theoretical expectations, ambiguity remains regarding the frequency and importance of host switches as drivers of speciation in herbivorous insects and their parasitoids. We examine phylogenetic patterns with multiple genetic markers across three trophic levels using a diverse lineage of geometrid moths (Eois), specialist braconid parasitoids (Parapanteles) and plants in the genus Piper. Host-parasite associations are mapped onto phylogenies, and levels of cospeciation are assessed. We find nonrandom patterns of host use within both the moth and wasp phylogenies. The moth-plant associations in particular are characterized by small radiations of moths associated with unique host plants in the same geographic area (i.e. closely related moths using the same host plant species). We suggest a model of diversification that emphasizes an interplay of factors including host shifts, vicariance and adaptation to intraspecific variation within hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Wilson
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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18
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Shevtsova E, Hansson C. Species recognition through wing interference patterns (WIPs) in Achrysocharoides Girault (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) including two new species. Zookeys 2011:9-30. [PMID: 22287914 PMCID: PMC3238038 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.154.2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Wing interference patterns (WIPs) are shown to be an important tool for species recognition in the genus Achrysocharoides Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). This is demonstrated by combining information from two previously published papers, comprising two cases of cryptic species, and by new material including the description of two new species, Achrysocharoides maieri and Achrysocharoides serotinae from North America. The cryptic species were initially separated through their distinct male WIPs. Subsequent analyses of the external morphology uncovered additional morphological differences supporting the original findings through WIPs, and biological data further strengthened the identity of these species. The new species described here also differ in their WIPs but the WIPs are similar in both sexes. Thus they provide a strong link between male and female and demonstrate that WIPs can also be useful for species recognition when the sexes are otherwise difficult to associate. Both new species are from Connecticut, USA, and were reared from Phyllonorycter propinquinella (Braun) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on black cherry (Prunus serotina); Achrysocharoides maieri has also been reared from Ph. nr crataegella on pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica). To facilitate the identification of the new species they are included in a previously published key to North American species of Achrysocharoides. As a supplement to colourful WIPs we also demonstrate that grey scale images of uncoated wings from scanning electron microscopy can be used for visualization of the thickness distribution pattern in wing membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Shevtsova
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
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19
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Hernández-López A, Rougerie R, Augustin S, Lees DC, Tomov R, Kenis M, Çota E, Kullaj E, Hansson C, Grabenweger G, Roques A, López-Vaamonde C. Host tracking or cryptic adaptation? Phylogeography of Pediobius saulius (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), a parasitoid of the highly invasive horse-chestnut leafminer. Evol Appl 2011; 5:256-69. [PMID: 25568046 PMCID: PMC3353352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical biological control is often advocated as a tool for managing invasive species. However, accurate evaluations of parasitoid species complexes and assessment of host specificity are impeded by the lack of morphological variation. Here, we study the possibility of host races/species within the eulophid wasp Pediobius saulius, a pupal generalist parasitoid that parasitize the highly invasive horse-chestnut leaf-mining moth Cameraria ohridella. We analysed the population genetic structure, host associations and phylogeographic patterns of P. saulius in Europe using the COI mitochondrial gene. This marker strongly supports a division into at least five highly differentiated parasitoid complexes, within two of which clades with differing degrees of host specialization were found: a Balkan clade that mainly (but not only) attacks C. ohridella and a more generalist European group that attacks many hosts, including C. ohridella. The divergence in COI (up to 7.6%) suggests the existence of cryptic species, although this is neither confirmed by nuclear divergence nor morphology. We do not find evidence of host tracking. The higher parasitism rates observed in the Balkans and the scarcity of the Balkan–Cameraria haplotypes out of the Balkans open the possibility of using these Balkan haplotypes as biological control agents of C. ohridella elsewhere in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David C Lees
- INRA, UR0633 Zoologie Forestière Orléans, France ; Department of Entomology Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | | | - Marc Kenis
- CABI Europe-Switzerland Delémont, Switzerland
| | - Ejup Çota
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Agricultural University of Tirana Tirana, Albania
| | - Endrit Kullaj
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Agricultural University of Tirana Tirana, Albania
| | | | - Giselher Grabenweger
- Institute of Plant Health, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety Vienna, Austria
| | - Alain Roques
- INRA, UR0633 Zoologie Forestière Orléans, France
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20
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21
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WEEKS SC, CHAPMAN EG, ROGERS DC, SENYO DM, HOEH WR. Evolutionary transitions among dioecy, androdioecy and hermaphroditism in limnadiid clam shrimp (Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata). J Evol Biol 2009; 22:1781-99. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Pexton JJ, de Boer JG, Heimpel GE, Vet LE, Whitfield JB, Ode PJ. Competition and brood reduction: testing alternative models of clutch-size evolution in parasitoids. Behav Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arn147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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Althoff DM. A test of host-associated differentiation across the ‘parasite continuum’ in the tri-trophic interaction among yuccas, bogus yucca moths, and parasitoids. Mol Ecol 2008; 17:3917-27. [PMID: 18662219 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M Althoff
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 130 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
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24
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Jousselin E, Van Noort S, Berry V, Rasplus JY, Rønsted N, Erasmus JC, Greeff JM. ONE FIG TO BIND THEM ALL: HOST CONSERVATISM IN A FIG WASP COMMUNITY UNRAVELED BY COSPECIATION ANALYSES AMONG POLLINATING AND NONPOLLINATING FIG WASPS. Evolution 2008; 62:1777-1797. [PMID: 18419750 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Jousselin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations, Campus International de Baillarguet, CS-30 016, 34 988 Montferrier sur Lez, France
- E-mail:
| | - Simon Van Noort
- Natural History Division, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of Cape Town, PO Box 61, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Vincent Berry
- Département Informatique, LIRMM- CNRS, 161, rue Ada 34392 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Yves Rasplus
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations, Campus International de Baillarguet, CS-30 016, 34 988 Montferrier sur Lez, France
| | - Nina Rønsted
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jaco M Greeff
- Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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25
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Virgins in the wild: mating status affects the behavior of a parasitoid foraging in the field. Oecologia 2008; 156:913-20. [PMID: 18446375 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-1037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In haplodiploid organisms, virgin females can produce offspring, albeit only sons. They may therefore face a trade-off between either: (1) searching for hosts and producing sons immediately; or (2) searching for mates and perhaps producing both sons and daughters later in life. Although this trade-off raises a theoretical interest, it has not been approached experimentally. The objective of this article is thus to document the effect of mating status on the foraging behavior of a haplodiploid parasitoid. For this, we recorded the behavior of virgin and mated female Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) after being released, in the field, on a colony of their aphid hosts. Half of the virgin females were mated by a wild male after less than 10 min of foraging. Evidently, virgin females attract males while foraging on host patches, so that the two activities are not mutually exclusive. Nonetheless, virgin females stayed motionless more often and for longer periods than mated females. Consequently, they attacked aphids at a lower rate, and in turn, attacked fewer aphids on each patch. Moreover, contrary to mated females, virgins did not aggregate their progeny on large patches. We conclude that in L. testaceipes, the trade-off may not be as hypothesized. By dispersing across patches more than mated females, virgins could promote future mating opportunities for their sons and increase their inclusive fitness. However, by moving too frequently, females may lose immediate mating opportunities for themselves and the immediate advantage of producing offspring of both sexes. The observed behavior of virgin L. testaceipes females on host patches could reflect an optimal solution to such a trade-off.
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26
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Innocent TM, Savage J, West SA, Reece SE. Lethal combat and sex ratio evolution in a parasitoid wasp. Behav Ecol 2007; 18:709-715. [PMID: 24273326 PMCID: PMC3836406 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arm034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex allocation theory provides excellent opportunities for testing how behavior and life histories are adjusted in response to environmental variation. One of the most successful areas from this respect is Hamilton's local mate competition theory. As predicted by theory, a large number of animal species have been shown to adjust their offspring sex ratios (proportion male) conditionally, laying less female-biased sex ratios as the number of females that lay eggs on a patch increases. However, recent studies have shown that this predicted pattern is not followed by 2 parasitoid species in the genus Melittobia, which always produce extremely female-biased sex ratios. A possible explanation for this is that males fight fatally and that males produced by the first female to lay eggs on a patch have a competitive advantage over later emerging males. This scenario would negate the advantage of later females producing a less female-biased sex ratio. Here we examine fatal fighting and sex ratio evolution in another species, Melittobia acasta. We show that females of this species also fail to adjust their offspring sex ratio in response to the number of females laying eggs on a patch. We then show that although earlier emerging males do have an advantage in winning fights, this advantage 1) can be reduced by an interaction with body size, with larger males more likely to win fights and 2) only holds for a brief period around the time at which the younger males emerge from their pupae. This suggests that lethal male combat cannot fully explain the lack of sex ratio shift observed in Melittobia species. We discuss alternative explanations.
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Lopez-Vaamonde C, Wikström N, Labandeira C, Godfray HCJ, Goodman SJ, Cook JM. Fossil-calibrated molecular phylogenies reveal that leaf-mining moths radiated millions of years after their host plants. J Evol Biol 2006; 19:1314-26. [PMID: 16780532 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Coevolution has been hypothesized as the main driving force for the remarkable diversity of insect-plant associations. Dating of insect and plant phylogenies allows us to test coevolutionary hypotheses and distinguish between the contemporaneous radiation of interacting lineages vs. insect 'host tracking' of previously diversified plants. Here, we used nuclear DNA to reconstruct a molecular phylogeny for 100 species of Phyllonorycter leaf-mining moths and 36 outgroup taxa. Ages for nodes in the moth phylogeny were estimated using a combination of a penalized likelihood method and a Bayesian approach, which takes into account phylogenetic uncertainty. To convert the relative ages of the moths into dates, we used an absolute calibration point from the fossil record. The age estimates of (a selection of) moth clades were then compared with fossil-based age estimates of their host plants. Our results show that the principal radiation of Phyllonorycter leaf-mining moths occurred well after the main radiation of their host plants and may represent the dominant associational mode in the fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lopez-Vaamonde
- INRA-Orleans, Laboratoire de Zoologie Forestiere, Ardon, Olivet Cedex, France.
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28
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Jiang ZF, Huang DW, Chen LL, Zhen WQ, Fu YG, Peng ZQ. Rampant host switching and multiple female body colour transitions in Philotrypesis (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Agaonidae). J Evol Biol 2006; 19:1157-66. [PMID: 16780516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Figs (Ficus, Moraceae) and their associated fig waSPS (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea and Agaonidae) have attracted much attention and have been used as a model system for many studies. Fig waSPS belonging to the genus Philotrypesis are very common in most figs but their taxonomy, ecology and biology are currently poorly explored. A previous study on African Philotrypesis showed that their host association is phylogenetically conserved at subsection level. We reconstructed a molecular phylogeny with extended sampling from seven sections of figs. Our study suggested that the diversification of Philotrypesis is less constrained by host figs. Host switching is rampant between figs at species level and even at section level. We also investigated the evolution of the body colour forms in female Philotrypesis. Our study first suggested that female body colour is not evolutionarily stable and that there have been multiple transitions. Possible mechanisms for multiple colour transitions are expected to be determined in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-F Jiang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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29
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