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Ruan R, Feng T, Li Y, Yue H, Ye H, Du H, Liu Q, Ruan J, Li C, Wei Q. Screening and identification of female-specific DNA sequences in octaploid sturgeon using comparative genomics with high-throughput sequencing. Genomics 2021; 113:4237-4244. [PMID: 34785350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, six candidate female-specific DNA sequences of octaploid Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii) were identified using comparative genomic approaches with high-throughput sequencing data. Their specificity was confirmed by traditional PCR. Two of these sex-specific sequences were also validated as female-specific in other eight sturgeon species and two hybrid sturgeons. The identified female-specific DNA fragments suggest that the family Acipenseridae has a ZZ/ZW sex-determining system. However, one of the two DNA sequences has been deleted in some sturgeons such as Sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus), Beluga (Huso huso) and Kaluga (H. dauricus). The difference of sex-specific sequences among sturgeons indicates that there are different sex-specific regions among species of sturgeon. This study not only provided the sex-specific DNA sequences for management, conservation and studies of sex-determination mechanisms in sturgeons, but also confirmed the capability of the workflow to identify sex-specific DNA sequences in the polyploid species with complex genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Tong Feng
- Agricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Huamei Yue
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Huan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Hao Du
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Qingyou Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Jue Ruan
- Agricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China.
| | - Chuangju Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China.
| | - Qiwei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China.
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2
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The phage gene wmk is a candidate for male killing by a bacterial endosymbiont. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007936. [PMID: 31504075 PMCID: PMC6736233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia are the most widespread maternally-transmitted bacteria in the animal kingdom. Their global spread in arthropods and varied impacts on animal physiology, evolution, and vector control are in part due to parasitic drive systems that enhance the fitness of infected females, the transmitting sex of Wolbachia. Male killing is one common drive mechanism wherein the sons of infected females are selectively killed. Despite decades of research, the gene(s) underlying Wolbachia-induced male killing remain unknown. Here using comparative genomic, transgenic, and cytological approaches in fruit flies, we identify a candidate gene in the eukaryotic association module of Wolbachia prophage WO, termed WO-mediated killing (wmk), which transgenically causes male-specific lethality during early embryogenesis and cytological defects typical of the pathology of male killing. The discovery of wmk establishes new hypotheses for the potential role of phage genes in sex-specific lethality, including the control of arthropod pests and vectors.
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3
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Branca A, Le Ru B, Calatayud PA, Obonyo J, Musyoka B, Capdevielle-Dulac C, Kaiser-Arnauld L, Silvain JF, Gauthier J, Paillusson C, Gayral P, Herniou EA, Dupas S. Relative Influence of Host, Wolbachia, Geography and Climate on the Genetic Structure of the Sub-saharan Parasitic Wasp Cotesia sesamiae. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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4
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Martínez-Rodríguez P, Rolán-Alvarez E, Del Mar Pérez-Ruiz M, Arroyo-Yebras F, Carpena-Catoira C, Carvajal-Rodríguez A, Bella JL. Geographic and Temporal Variation of Distinct Intracellular Endosymbiont Strains of Wolbachia sp. in the Grasshopper Chorthippus parallelus: a Frequency-Dependent Mechanism? MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2019; 77:1036-1047. [PMID: 30762095 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wolbachia is an intracellular endosymbiont that can produce a range of effects on host fitness, but the temporal dynamics of Wolbachia strains have rarely been experimentally evaluated. We compare interannual strain frequencies along a geographical region for understanding the forces that shape Wolbachia strain frequency in natural populations of its host, Chorthippus parallelus (Orthoptera, Acrididae). General linear models show that strain frequency changes significantly across geographical and temporal scales. Computer simulation allows to reject the compatibility of the observed patterns with either genetic drift or sampling errors. We use consecutive years to estimate total Wolbachia strain fitness. Our estimation of Wolbachia fitness is significant in most cases, within locality and between consecutive years, following a negatively frequency-dependent trend. Wolbachia spp. B and F strains show a temporal pattern of variation that is compatible with a negative frequency-dependent natural selection mechanism. Our results suggest that such a mechanism should be at least considered in future experimental and theoretical research strategies that attempt to understand Wolbachia biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Martínez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología (Genética), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - M Del Mar Pérez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Biología (Genética), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Arroyo-Yebras
- Departamento de Biología (Genética), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - José L Bella
- Departamento de Biología (Genética), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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5
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Rapaport T, Villaseñor FA, Altman RM, Nepomnaschy PA. Sex ratio and maternal age in a natural fertility, subsistence population: Daughters, sons, daughters. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 169:368-376. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Rapaport
- Maternal and Child Health Laboratory, Faculty of Health SciencesSimon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Fernando A. Villaseñor
- Maternal and Child Health Laboratory, Faculty of Health SciencesSimon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial ScienceSimon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Rachel M. Altman
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial ScienceSimon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Pablo A. Nepomnaschy
- Maternal and Child Health Laboratory, Faculty of Health SciencesSimon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
- Crawford Laboratory of Evolutionary StudiesSimon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
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6
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Telschow A, Gadau J, Werren JH, Kobayashi Y. Genetic Incompatibilities Between Mitochondria and Nuclear Genes: Effect on Gene Flow and Speciation. Front Genet 2019; 10:62. [PMID: 30853974 PMCID: PMC6396729 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of speciation is, according to the biological species concept, the reduction in gene flow between genetically diverging populations. Most of the previous theoretical studies analyzed the effect of nuclear genetic incompatibilities on gene flow. There is, however, an increasing number of empirical examples suggesting that cytoplasmically inherited genetic elements play an important role in speciation. Here, we present a theoretical analysis of mitochondrial driven speciation, in which genetic incompatibilities occur between mitochondrial haplotypes and nuclear alleles. Four population genetic models with mainland-island structure were analyzed that differ with respect to the type of incompatibility and the underlying genetics. Gene flow reduction was measured on selectively neutral alleles of an unlinked locus and quantified by the effective migration rate. Analytical formulae for the different scenarios were derived using the fitness graph method. For the models with haploid genetics, we found that mito-nuclear incompatibilities (MtNI) are as strong as nuclear-nuclear incompatibilities (NNI) in reducing gene flow at the unlinked locus, but only if males and females migrate in equal number. For models with diploid genetics, we found that MtNI reduce gene flow stronger than NNI when incompatibilities are recessive, but weaker when they are dominant. For both haploid and diploid MtNI, we found that gene flow reduction is stronger if females are the migrating sex, but weaker than NNI when males are the migrating sex. These results encourage further examination on the role of mitochondria on genetic divergence and speciation and point toward specific factors (e.g., migrating sex) that could be the focus of an empirical test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arndt Telschow
- Institute for Environmental Systems Research, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gadau
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Westfalian Wilhelms-University, Münster, Germany
| | - John H Werren
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Yutaka Kobayashi
- School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology, Kami, Japan
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7
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Duplouy A, Hornett EA. Uncovering the hidden players in Lepidoptera biology: the heritable microbial endosymbionts. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4629. [PMID: 29761037 PMCID: PMC5947162 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lepidoptera is one of the most widespread and recognisable insect orders. Due to their remarkable diversity, economic and ecological importance, moths and butterflies have been studied extensively over the last 200 years. More recently, the relationship between Lepidoptera and their heritable microbial endosymbionts has received increasing attention. Heritable endosymbionts reside within the host’s body and are often, but not exclusively, inherited through the female line. Advancements in molecular genetics have revealed that host-associated microbes are both extremely prevalent among arthropods and highly diverse. Furthermore, heritable endosymbionts have been repeatedly demonstrated to play an integral role in many aspects of host biology, particularly host reproduction. Here, we review the major findings of research of heritable microbial endosymbionts of butterflies and moths. We promote the Lepidoptera as important models in the study of reproductive manipulations employed by heritable endosymbionts, with the mechanisms underlying male-killing and feminisation currently being elucidated in moths and butterflies. We also reveal that the vast majority of research undertaken of Lepidopteran endosymbionts concerns Wolbachia. While this highly prevalent bacterium is undoubtedly important, studies should move towards investigating the presence of other, and interacting endosymbionts, and we discuss the merits of examining the microbiome of Lepidoptera to this end. We finally consider the importance of understanding the influence of endosymbionts under global environmental change and when planning conservation management of endangered Lepidoptera species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Duplouy
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emily A Hornett
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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8
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Smith DAS, Gordon IJ, Traut W, Herren J, Collins S, Martins DJ, Saitoti K, Ireri P, Ffrench-Constant R. A neo-W chromosome in a tropical butterfly links colour pattern, male-killing, and speciation. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.0821. [PMID: 27440667 PMCID: PMC4971206 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually antagonistic selection can drive both the evolution of sex chromosomes and speciation itself. The tropical butterfly the African Queen, Danaus chrysippus, shows two such sexually antagonistic phenotypes, the first being sex-linked colour pattern, the second, susceptibility to a male-killing, maternally inherited mollicute, Spiroplasma ixodeti, which causes approximately 100% mortality in male eggs and first instar larvae. Importantly, this mortality is not affected by the infection status of the male parent and the horizontal transmission of Spiroplasma is unknown. In East Africa, male-killing of the Queen is prevalent in a narrow hybrid zone centred on Nairobi. This hybrid zone separates otherwise allopatric subspecies with different colour patterns. Here we show that a neo-W chromosome, a fusion between the W (female) chromosome and an autosome that controls both colour pattern and male-killing, links the two phenotypes thereby driving speciation across the hybrid zone. Studies of the population genetics of the neo-W around Nairobi show that the interaction between colour pattern and male-killer susceptibility restricts gene flow between two subspecies of D. chrysippus Our results demonstrate how a complex interplay between sex, colour pattern, male-killing, and a neo-W chromosome, has set up a genetic 'sink' that keeps the two subspecies apart. The association between the neo-W and male-killing thus provides a 'smoking gun' for an ongoing speciation process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian J Gordon
- BirdLife International, Africa Partnership Secretariat, Box 3502-00100, Nairobi, Kenya Department of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, Box 4068-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Walther Traut
- Institut für Biologie, Zentrum für medizinische Struktur- und Zellbiologie, Universität Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jeremy Herren
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Lab, ICIPE, Box 30772-00506, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Steve Collins
- African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), Box 14308-0800, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dino J Martins
- Insect Committee of Nature Kenya, Box 24467-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kennedy Saitoti
- Department of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, Box 4068-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Piera Ireri
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Kenyatta University, Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Richard Ffrench-Constant
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK
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9
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Sex-specific early survival drives adult sex ratio bias in snowy plovers and impacts mating system and population growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017. [PMID: 28634289 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620043114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult sex ratio (ASR) is a central concept in population biology and a key factor in sexual selection, but why do most demographic models ignore sex biases? Vital rates often vary between the sexes and across life history, but their relative contributions to ASR variation remain poorly understood-an essential step to evaluate sex ratio theories in the wild and inform conservation. Here, we combine structured two-sex population models with individual-based mark-recapture data from an intensively monitored polygamous population of snowy plovers. We show that a strongly male-biased ASR (0.63) is primarily driven by sex-specific survival of juveniles rather than adults or dependent offspring. This finding provides empirical support for theories of unbiased sex allocation when sex differences in survival arise after the period of parental investment. Importantly, a conventional model ignoring sex biases significantly overestimated population viability. We suggest that sex-specific population models are essential to understand the population dynamics of sexual organisms: reproduction and population growth are most sensitive to perturbations in survival of the limiting sex. Overall, our study suggests that sex-biased early survival may contribute toward mating system evolution and population persistence, with implications for both sexual selection theory and biodiversity conservation.
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10
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Johannesen J. Tracing the history and ecological context of Wolbachia double infection in a specialist host ( Urophora cardui)-parasitoid ( Eurytoma serratulae) system. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:986-996. [PMID: 28168034 PMCID: PMC5288247 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia is the most widespread bacteria in insects, yet the ecology of novel acquisitions in natural host populations is poorly understood. Using temporal data separated by 12 years, I tested the hypothesis that immigration of a parasitoid wasp led to transmission of its Wolbachia strain to its dipteran host, resulting in double‐strain infection, and I used geographic and community surveys to explore the history of transmission in fly and parasitoid. Double infection in the fly host was present before immigration of the parasitoid. Equal prevalence of double infection in males and females, constant prevalence before and after immigration in two regions, and increase in one region of immigration indicate little if no competition between strains. Double infection was present throughout the fly's distribution range, but proportions varied highly (0–0.71, mean = 0.26). Two fly‐specific MLST strains, observed in Eastern and Western Europe, respectively, differed at hcpA only. Flies with either fly‐strain could be double infected with the parasitoid's strain. The geographic distribution of double infection implies that it is older than the fly host's extent distribution range and that different proportions of double infection are caused by demographic fluctuations in the fly. The geographic data in combination with community surveys of infections and strains further suggest that the parasitoid strain was the fly's ancestral strain that was transmitted to the parasitoid, that is, the reverse transmission route as first hypothesized. Based on these findings together with a comparison of oviposition strategies of other hosts harboring related Wolbachia strains, I hypothesize that trans‐infection during an insect host's puparial metamorphosis might be important in promoting horizontal transmission among diverse holometabolic taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jes Johannesen
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology Zoological Institute University of Mainz Mainz Germany
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11
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Noriyuki S, Suzuki-Ohno Y, Takakura KI. Variation of clutch size and trophic egg proportion in a ladybird with and without male-killing bacterial infection. Evol Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-016-9861-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Rebelo H, Froufe E, Ferrand N, Jones G. Integrating molecular ecology and predictive modelling: implications for the conservation of the barbastelle bat (Barbastella barbastellus) in Portugal. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-012-0622-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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VERNE S, JOHNSON M, BOUCHON D, GRANDJEAN F. Effects of parasitic sex-ratio distorters on host genetic structure in the Armadillidium vulgare-Wolbachia association. J Evol Biol 2011; 25:264-76. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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14
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Kobayashi Y, Achaz G, Telschow A. Effect of parasitic sex-ratio distorters on host gene frequencies in a mainland-island context. J Evol Biol 2011; 24:1695-705. [PMID: 21605214 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
It was previously argued that infection by parasitic sex-ratio distorters can enhance both random genetic drift and genetic influx from outside the population. However, these two enhancement effects have been studied independently. Here, we study the equilibrium frequencies of alleles (neutral and selected) in a mainland-island scenario where both genetic drift and genetic influx are enhanced due to infection by a cytoplasmic feminizing element. Interestingly, our model reveals that at neutral loci, the two effects almost exactly cancel each other out, such that infection has only a very minor effect on the equilibrium frequency distributions of alleles. At selected loci, in contrast, the two effects are unbalanced and infection has conspicuous effects. Despite the cryptic effects of infection at neutral loci, we demonstrate that temporally spaced data can be used to evaluate the effect of infection on genetic drift and that on gene flow separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kobayashi
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
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15
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Exploring demographic, physical, and historical explanations for the genetic structure of two lineages of Greater Antillean bats. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17704. [PMID: 21445291 PMCID: PMC3061861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Observed patterns of genetic structure result from the interactions of demographic, physical, and historical influences on gene flow. The particular strength of various factors in governing gene flow, however, may differ between species in biologically relevant ways. We investigated the role of demographic factors (population size and sex-biased dispersal) and physical features (geographic distance, island size and climatological winds) on patterns of genetic structure and gene flow for two lineages of Greater Antillean bats. We used microsatellite genetic data to estimate demographic characteristics, infer population genetic structure, and estimate gene flow among island populations of Erophylla sezekorni/E. bombifrons and Macrotus waterhousii (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Using a landscape genetics approach, we asked if geographic distance, island size, or climatological winds mediate historical gene flow in this system. Samples from 13 islands spanning Erophylla's range clustered into five genetically distinct populations. Samples of M. waterhousii from eight islands represented eight genetically distinct populations. While we found evidence that a majority of historical gene flow between genetic populations was asymmetric for both lineages, we were not able to entirely rule out incomplete lineage sorting in generating this pattern. We found no evidence of contemporary gene flow except between two genetic populations of Erophylla. Both lineages exhibited significant isolation by geographic distance. Patterns of genetic structure and gene flow, however, were not explained by differences in relative effective population sizes, island area, sex-biased dispersal (tested only for Erophylla), or surface-level climatological winds. Gene flow among islands appears to be highly restricted, particularly for M. waterhousii, and we suggest that this species deserves increased taxonomic attention and conservation concern.
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16
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KOBAYASHI Y, TELSCHOW A. Cytoplasmic feminizing elements in a two-population model: infection dynamics, gene flow modification, and the spread of autosomal suppressors. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:2558-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Yamauchi A, Telschow A, Kobayashi Y. Evolution of cytoplasmic sex ratio distorters: Effect of paternal transmission. J Theor Biol 2010; 266:79-87. [PMID: 20558180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic organisms carry various genetic factors the so-called cytoplasmic genetic elements (CGEs), in their cytoplasm. Numerous examples are known in which CGEs possess the ability to control sex determination of their host organisms and cause sex ratio distortion (SRD). In general, CGEs are inherited maternally from female hosts, via egg cytoplasm to offspring. Thus, the elements tend to evolve abilities to avoid entrance into "dead-end" males. Previous theoretical studies have revealed that, as long as maternal transmission is perfect, CGEs evolve the highest levels of ability to cause SRD. However, it is recently reported that some CGEs transmit from male to offspring through infection to female in mating. This raises the question of how such a paternal contribution alters selective forces and SRD evolution. In the present study, the evolutionary process of SRD ability of CGEs was analyzed theoretically. The main finding is that paternal transmission results in evolution towards intermediate levels of SRD. Further, coexistence was observed of different CGEs inducing different levels of SRD. These results point to the importance of paternal transmission in the evolution of CGEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamauchi
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2-509-3, Otsu 520-2113, Japan.
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18
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Hornett EA, Engelstädter J, Hurst GDD. Hidden cytoplasmic incompatibility alters the dynamics of male-killer/host interactions. J Evol Biol 2009; 23:479-87. [PMID: 20040002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Wolbachia manipulate the reproduction of their arthropod hosts in a variety of ways. Recent work has demonstrated that these bacteria may combine phenotypes - possessing a 'male killing' phenotype and, where males survive, induce cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). We here develop a mathematical model to investigate the extent to which 'hidden' CI may affect the evolutionary dynamics of host genes that suppress male-killing activity. We observed that for high prevalence infections, CI drives both suppressor and bacterium to higher frequency, such that the strain appears to solely exhibit CI. In contrast, for low prevalence infections, CI impedes suppressor invasion as surviving infected males are incompatible with the majority of females in the population. Our results demonstrate that 'hidden' phenotypes as well as observable ones can impact on the dynamics of the interaction, and knowledge of these is therefore required to predict when suppressor genes will invade, and the consequences of their invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Hornett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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19
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Engelstädter J, Hurst GD. The Ecology and Evolution of Microbes that Manipulate Host Reproduction. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2009. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Engelstädter
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, CH-8092 Switzerland;
| | - Gregory D.D. Hurst
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB United Kingdom
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Dannowski J, Flor M, Telschow A, Hammerstein P. THE EFFECT OF SIBMATING ON THE INFECTION DYNAMICS OF MALE-KILLING BACTERIA. Evolution 2009; 63:2525-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00749.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kobayashi Y, Hammerstein P, Telschow A. The neutral effective migration rate in a mainland-island context. Theor Popul Biol 2008; 74:84-92. [PMID: 18550138 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Genetic influx into a population often does not correspond to the real migration rate (m) of individuals, due to class structure within the population. The effective migration rate (m(e)) is a concept to measure gene flow in such a situation. The ratio of the effective migration rate to the real migration rate (m(e)/m) is called the gene flow factor, and represents the degree of gene flow modification. Prior authors proposed different definitions of the effective migration rate. These may be categorized into two groups: the neutral effective migration rate and the selective effective migration rate. In this article, we construct a general model of a class-structured population with a mainland-island structure. Using the model, we prove that the gene flow factor of the neutral effective migration rate converges to the mean reproductive value of immigrants if the limit is taken with the real migration rate converging to zero. This limit theorem provides a novel interpretation of gene flow and can be used to derive approximation formulae of the neutral effective migration rate. We illustrate this method analyzing two examples, sex ratio distortion due to extrinsic factors and hybrid zones with underdominance.
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Hornett EA, Duplouy AMR, Davies N, Roderick GK, Wedell N, Hurst GDD, Charlat S. YOU CAN'T KEEP A GOOD PARASITE DOWN: EVOLUTION OF A MALE-KILLER SUPPRESSOR UNCOVERS CYTOPLASMIC INCOMPATIBILITY. Evolution 2008; 62:1258-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Engelstädter J, Telschow A, Yamamura N. Coexistence of cytoplasmic incompatibility and male-killing-inducing endosymbionts, and their impact on host gene flow. Theor Popul Biol 2008; 73:125-33. [PMID: 17915272 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Male-killing (MK) and cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) inducing bacteria are among the most common endosymbionts of arthropods. Previous theoretical research has demonstrated that these two types of endosymbionts cannot stably coexist within a single unstructured host population if no doubly infected host individuals occur. Here, we analyse a model of two host subpopulations connected by migration. We demonstrate that coexistence of MK- and CI-inducing endosymbionts is possible if migration rates are sufficiently low. In particular, our results suggest that for coexistence to be possible, migration rates into the subpopulation infected predominantly with MK-inducing endosymbionts must be considerably low, while migration rates from the MK- to the CI-infected subpopulation can be very high. We also analyse how the presence of MK- and CI-inducing endosymbionts affects host gene flow between the two subpopulations. Employing the concept of the 'effective migration rate', we demonstrate that compared with an uninfected subdivided population, gene flow is increased towards the MK-infected island, but decreased towards the CI-infected island. We discuss our results with respect to the butterfly Hypolimnas bolina, in which infection polymorphism of CI- and MK-inducing Wolbachia has been reported across South-Pacific island populations.
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Telschow A, Flor M, Kobayashi Y, Hammerstein P, Werren JH. Wolbachia-induced unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility and speciation: mainland-island model. PLoS One 2007; 2:e701. [PMID: 17684548 PMCID: PMC1934337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Wolbachia are among the most common endosymbionts in the world. In many insect species these bacteria induce a sperm-egg incompatibility between the gametes of infected males and uninfected females, commonly called unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). It is generally believed that unidirectional CI cannot promote speciation in hosts because infection differences between populations will be unstable and subsequent gene flow will eliminate genetic differences between diverging populations. In the present study we investigate this question theoretically in a mainland-island model with migration from mainland to island. Our analysis shows that (a) the infection polymorphism is stable below a critical migration rate, (b) an (initially) uninfected “island” can better maintain divergence at a selected locus (e.g. can adapt locally) in the presence of CI, and (c) unidirectional CI selects for premating isolation in (initially) uninfected island populations if they receive migration from a Wolbachia-infected mainland. Interestingly, premating isolation is most likely to evolve if levels of incompatibility are intermediate and if either the infection causes fecundity reductions or Wolbachia transmission is incomplete. This is because under these circumstances an infection pattern with an infected mainland and a mostly uninfected island can persist in the face of comparably high migration. We present analytical results for all three findings: (a) a lower estimation of the critical migration rate in the presence of local adaptation, (b) an analytical approximation for the gene flow reduction caused by unidirectional CI, and (c) a heuristic formula describing the invasion success of mutants at a mate preference locus. These findings generally suggest that Wolbachia-induced unidirectional CI can be a factor in divergence and speciation of hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arndt Telschow
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. a.telschow@ ecology.kyoto-u.ac.jp
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Flor M, Hammerstein P, Telschow A. Wolbachia-induced unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility and the stability of infection polymorphism in parapatric host populations. J Evol Biol 2007; 20:696-706. [PMID: 17305835 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Wolbachia are intracellular, maternally inherited bacteria that are widespread among arthropods and commonly induce a reproductive incompatibility between infected male and uninfected female hosts known as unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). If infected and uninfected populations occur parapatrically, CI acts as a post-zygotic isolation barrier. We investigate the stability of such infection polymorphisms in a mathematical model with two populations linked by migration. We determine critical migration rates below which infected and uninfected populations can coexist. Analytical solutions of the critical migration rate are presented for mainland-island models. These serve as lower estimations for a more general model with two-way migration. The critical migration rate is positive if either Wolbachia causes a fecundity reduction in infected female hosts or its transmission is incomplete, and is highest for intermediate levels of CI. We discuss our results with respect to local adaptations of the Wolbachia host, speciation, and pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Flor
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Male-killing bacteria are maternally inherited endosymbionts that selectively kill male offspring of their arthropod hosts. Using both analytical techniques and computer simulations, we studied the impact of these bacteria on the population genetics of their hosts. In particular, we derived and corroborated formulas for the fixation probability of mutant alleles, mean times to fixation and fixation or extinction, and heterozygosity for varying male-killer prevalence. Our results demonstrate that infections with male-killing bacteria impede the spread of beneficial alleles, facilitate the spread of deleterious alleles, and reduce genetic variation. The reason for this lies in the strongly reduced fitness of infected females combined with no or very limited gene flow from infected females to uninfected individuals. These two properties of male-killer-infected populations reduce the population size relevant for the initial emergence and spread of mutations. In contrast, use of Wright's equation relating sex ratio to effective population size produces misleading predictions. We discuss the relationship to the similar effect of background selection, the impact of other sex-ratio-distorting endosymbionts, and how our results affect the interpretation of empirical data on genetic variation in male-killer-infected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Engelstädter
- Department of Biology, University College London, London NW1 2HE, United Kingdom.
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