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Wang Y, Liu Y, Qu S, Liang W, Sun L, Ci D, Ren Z, Fan LM, Qian W. Nitrogen starvation induces genome-wide activation of transposable elements in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:2374-2384. [PMID: 36178606 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) availability is a major limiting factor for plant growth and agricultural productivity. Although the gene regulation network in response to N starvation has been extensively studied, it remains unknown whether N starvation has an impact on the activity of transposable elements (TEs). Here, we report that TEs can be transcriptionally activated in Arabidopsis under N starvation conditions. Through genetic screening of idm1-14 suppressors, we cloned GLU1, which encodes a glutamate synthase that catalyzes the synthesis of glutamate in the primary N assimilation pathway. We found that glutamate synthase 1 (GLU1) and its functional homologs GLU2 and glutamate transport 1 (GLT1) are redundantly required for TE silencing, suggesting that N metabolism can regulate TE activity. Transcriptome and methylome analyses revealed that N starvation results in genome-wide TE activation without inducing obvious alteration of DNA methylation. Genetic analysis indicated that N starvation-induced TE activation is also independent of other well-established epigenetic mechanisms, including histone methylation and heterochromatin decondensation. Our results provide new insights into the regulation of TE activity under stressful environments in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shaofeng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenjie Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Linhua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dong Ci
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, 261000, China
| | - Zhitong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Liu-Min Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Weiqiang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, 261000, China
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2
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Przybyla-Toscano J, Christ L, Keech O, Rouhier N. Iron-sulfur proteins in plant mitochondria: roles and maturation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2014-2044. [PMID: 33301571 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are prosthetic groups ensuring electron transfer reactions, activating substrates for catalytic reactions, providing sulfur atoms for the biosynthesis of vitamins or other cofactors, or having protein-stabilizing effects. Hence, metalloproteins containing these cofactors are essential for numerous and diverse metabolic pathways and cellular processes occurring in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria are organelles where the Fe-S cluster demand is high, notably because the activity of the respiratory chain complexes I, II, and III relies on the correct assembly and functioning of Fe-S proteins. Several other proteins or complexes present in the matrix require Fe-S clusters as well, or depend either on Fe-S proteins such as ferredoxins or on cofactors such as lipoic acid or biotin whose synthesis relies on Fe-S proteins. In this review, we have listed and discussed the Fe-S-dependent enzymes or pathways in plant mitochondria including some potentially novel Fe-S proteins identified based on in silico analysis or on recent evidence obtained in non-plant organisms. We also provide information about recent developments concerning the molecular mechanisms involved in Fe-S cluster synthesis and trafficking steps of these cofactors from maturation factors to client apoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Przybyla-Toscano
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Loïck Christ
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
| | - Olivier Keech
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Light-Independent Nitrogen Assimilation in Plant Leaves: Nitrate Incorporation into Glutamine, Glutamate, Aspartate, and Asparagine Traced by 15N. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101303. [PMID: 33023108 PMCID: PMC7600499 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although the nitrate assimilation into amino acids in photosynthetic leaf tissues is active under the light, the studies during 1950s and 1970s in the dark nitrate assimilation provided fragmental and variable activities, and the mechanism of reductant supply to nitrate assimilation in darkness remained unclear. 15N tracing experiments unraveled the assimilatory mechanism of nitrogen from nitrate into amino acids in the light and in darkness by the reactions of nitrate and nitrite reductases, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, aspartate aminotransferase, and asparagine synthetase. Nitrogen assimilation in illuminated leaves and non-photosynthetic roots occurs either in the redundant way or in the specific manner regarding the isoforms of nitrogen assimilatory enzymes in their cellular compartments. The electron supplying systems necessary to the enzymatic reactions share in part a similar electron donor system at the expense of carbohydrates in both leaves and roots, but also distinct reducing systems regarding the reactions of Fd-nitrite reductase and Fd-glutamate synthase in the photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organs.
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Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a macro-nutrient that is essential for growth development and resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses of plants. Nitrogen is a constituent of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, chlorophyll, and various primary and secondary metabolites. The atmosphere contains huge amounts of nitrogen but it cannot be taken up directly by plants. Plants can take up nitrogen in the form of nitrate, ammonium, urea, nitrite, or a combination of all these forms. In addition, in various leguminous rhizobia, bacteria can convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia and supply it to the plants. The form of nitrogen nutrition is also important in plant growth and resistance against pathogens. Nitrogen content has an important function in crop yield. Nitrogen deficiency can cause reduced root growth, change in root architecture, reduced plant biomass, and reduced photosynthesis. Hence, understanding the function and regulation of N metabolism is important. Several enzymes and intermediates are involved in nitrogen assimilation. Here we provide an overview of the important enzymes such as nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthase, GOGAT, glutamate dehydrogenase, and alanine aminotransferase that are involved in nitrogen metabolism.
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Yoneyama T, Suzuki A. Exploration of nitrate-to-glutamate assimilation in non-photosynthetic roots of higher plants by studies of 15N-tracing, enzymes involved, reductant supply, and nitrate signaling: A review and synthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 136:245-254. [PMID: 30710774 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Roots of the higher plants can assimilate inorganic nitrogen by an enzymatic reduction of the most oxidized form (+6) nitrate to the reduced form (-2) glutamate. For such reactions, the substrates (originated from photosynthates) must be imported to supply energy through the reductant-generating systems within the root cells. Intensive studies over last 70 years (reviewed here) revealed the precise mechanisms of nitrate-to-glutamate transformation in roots with elaborate searches of 15N-tracing, enzymes involved, the reductant-supplying system, and nitrate signaling. In the 1970s, the tracing of 15N-labeled nitrate and ammonia in the roots demonstrated the sequential reduction and assimilation of nitrate to nitrite, ammonia, glutamine amide, and then glutamate. These reactions involve nitrate reductase (NADH-NR, EC 1.7.1.1) in the cytosol, nitrite reductase (ferredoxin [Fd]-NiR, EC 1.7.7.1), glutamine synthetase (GS2, EC 6.3.1.2), and glutamate synthase (Fd-GOGAT, EC 1.4.7.1) in the plastids. NADH for NR is generated by glycolysis in the cytosol, and NADPH for Fd-NIR and Fd-GOGAT are produced by the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP). Electrons from NADPH are conveyed to reduce NIR and Fd-GOGAT through Fd-NADP+ reductase (FNR, EC 1.6.7.1) specifically in the roots. Physiological and molecular analyses showed the parallel inductions of NR, NIR, GS2, Fd-GOGAT, OPPP enzymes, FNR, and Fd in response to a short-term nitrate supply. Recent studies proposed a molecular mechanism of nitrate-induction of these genes and proteins. Roots can also assimilate the reduced form of inorganic ammonia by the combination of cytosolic GS1 and plastidic NADH-GOGAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadakatsu Yoneyama
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Akira Suzuki
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France.
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Wu F, Yu P, Yang X, Han Z, Wang M, Mao L. Exploring Ferredoxin-Dependent Glutamate Synthase as an Enzymatic Bioelectrocatalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:12700-12704. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- University of CAS, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- University of CAS, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaoti Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- University of CAS, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhongjie Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- University of CAS, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- University of CAS, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Beijing 100190, China
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7
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Bi Z, Zhang Y, Wu W, Zhan X, Yu N, Xu T, Liu Q, Li Z, Shen X, Chen D, Cheng S, Cao L. ES7, encoding a ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase, functions in nitrogen metabolism and impacts leaf senescence in rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 259:24-34. [PMID: 28483051 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate synthase (GOGAT) is a key enzyme for nitrogen metabolism and ammonium assimilation in plants. In this study, an early senescence 7 (es7) mutant was identified and characterized. The leaves of the es7 mutant begin to senesce at the tillering stage about 60day after sowing, and become increasingly senescent as the plants develop at the heading stage. When es7 plants are grown under photorespiration-suppressed conditions (high CO2), the senescence phenotype and chlorophyll content are rescued. qRT-PCR analysis showed that senescence- associated genes were up-regulated significantly in es7. A map-based cloning strategy was used to identify ES7, which encodes a ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase (Fd-GOGAT). ES7 was expressed constitutively, and the ES7 protein was localized in chloroplast. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that several genes related to nitrogen metabolism were differentially expressed in es7. Further, we also demonstrated that chlorophyll synthesis-associated genes were significantly down-regulated in es7. In addition, when seedlings are grown under increasing nitrogen concentrations (NH4NO3) for 15days, the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were significantly lower in es7. Our results demonstrated that ES7 is involved in nitrogen metabolism, effects chlorophyll synthesis, and may also associated with photorespiration, impacting leaf senescence in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China; Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China.
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China; Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China.
| | - Weixun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China; Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China.
| | - Xiaodeng Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China; Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China.
| | - Ning Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China; Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China.
| | - Tingting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China; Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China.
| | - Qunen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China; Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China.
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China; Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China.
| | - Xihong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China; Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China.
| | - Daibo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China; Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China.
| | - Shihua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China; Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China.
| | - Liyong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China; Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China.
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8
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Isolation and characterization of a spotted leaf 32 mutant with early leaf senescence and enhanced defense response in rice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41846. [PMID: 28139777 PMCID: PMC5282590 DOI: 10.1038/srep41846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a complex biological process and defense responses play vital role for rice development, their molecular mechanisms, however, remain elusive in rice. We herein reported a rice mutant spotted leaf 32 (spl32) derived from a rice cultivar 9311 by radiation. The spl32 plants displayed early leaf senescence, identified by disintegration of chloroplasts as cellular evidence, dramatically decreased contents of chlorophyll, up-regulation of superoxide dismutase enzyme activity and malondialdehyde, as physiological characteristic, and both up-regulation of senescence-induced STAY GREEN gene and senescence-associated transcription factors, and down-regulation of photosynthesis-associated genes, as molecular indicators. Positional cloning revealed that SPL32 encodes a ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase (Fd-GOGAT). Compared to wild type, enzyme activity of GOGAT was significantly decreased, and free amino acid contents, particularly for glutamate and glutamine, were altered in spl32 leaves. Moreover, the mutant was subjected to uncontrolled oxidative stress due to over-produced reactive oxygen species and damaged scavenging pathways, in accordance with decreased photorespiration rate. Besides, the mutant showed higher resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae than its wild type, coupled with up-regulation of four pathogenesis-related marker genes. Taken together, our results highlight Fd-GOGAT is associated with the regulation of leaf senescence and defense responses in rice.
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9
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Yang X, Nian J, Xie Q, Feng J, Zhang F, Jing H, Zhang J, Dong G, Liang Y, Peng J, Wang G, Qian Q, Zuo J. Rice Ferredoxin-Dependent Glutamate Synthase Regulates Nitrogen-Carbon Metabolomes and Is Genetically Differentiated between japonica and indica Subspecies. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:1520-1534. [PMID: 27677460 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants assimilate inorganic nitrogen absorbed from soil into organic forms as Gln and Glu through the glutamine synthetase/glutamine:2-oxoglutarate amidotransferase (GS/GOGAT) cycle. Whereas GS catalyzes the formation of Gln from Glu and ammonia, GOGAT catalyzes the transfer of an amide group from Gln to 2-oxoglutarate to produce two molecules of Glu. However, the regulatory role of the GS/GOGAT cycle in the carbon-nitrogen balance is not well understood. Here, we report the functional characterization of rice ABNORMAL CYTOKININ RESPONSE 1 (ABC1) gene that encodes a ferredoxin-dependent (Fd)-GOGAT. The weak mutant allele abc1-1 mutant shows a typical nitrogen-deficient syndrome, whereas the T-DNA insertional mutant abc1-2 is seedling lethal. Metabolomics analysis revealed the accumulation of an excessive amount of amino acids with high N/C ratio (Gln and Asn) and several intermediates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle in abc1-1, suggesting that ABC1 plays a critical role in nitrogen assimilation and carbon-nitrogen balance. Five non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in the ABC1 coding region and characterized as three distinct haplotypes, which have been highly and specifically differentiated between japonica and indica subspecies. Collectively, these results suggest that ABC1/OsFd-GOGAT is essential for plant growth and development by modulating nitrogen assimilation and the carbon-nitrogen balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinqiang Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qingjun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongwei Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Juli Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Jianru Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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10
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Plett D, Holtham L, Baumann U, Kalashyan E, Francis K, Enju A, Toubia J, Roessner U, Bacic A, Rafalski A, Dhugga KS, Tester M, Garnett T, Kaiser BN. Nitrogen assimilation system in maize is regulated by developmental and tissue-specific mechanisms. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 92:293-312. [PMID: 27511191 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We found metabolites, enzyme activities and enzyme transcript abundances vary significantly across the maize lifecycle, but weak correlation exists between the three groups. We identified putative genes regulating nitrate assimilation. Progress in improving nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) of crop plants has been hampered by the complexity of the N uptake and utilisation systems. To understand this complexity we measured the activities of seven enzymes and ten metabolites related to N metabolism in the leaf and root tissues of Gaspe Flint maize plants grown in 0.5 or 2.5 mM NO3 (-) throughout the lifecycle. The amino acids had remarkably similar profiles across the lifecycle except for transient responses, which only appeared in the leaves for aspartate or in the roots for asparagine, serine and glycine. The activities of the enzymes for N assimilation were also coordinated to a certain degree, most noticeably with a peak in root activity late in the lifecycle, but with wide variation in the activity levels over the course of development. We analysed the transcriptional data for gene sets encoding the measured enzymes and found that, unlike the enzyme activities, transcript levels of the corresponding genes did not exhibit the same coordination across the lifecycle and were only weakly correlated with the levels of various amino acids or individual enzyme activities. We identified gene sets which were correlated with the enzyme activity profiles, including seven genes located within previously known quantitative trait loci for enzyme activities and hypothesise that these genes are important for the regulation of enzyme activities. This work provides insights into the complexity of the N assimilation system throughout development and identifies candidate regulatory genes, which warrant further investigation in efforts to improve NUE in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Plett
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Luke Holtham
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Ute Baumann
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Elena Kalashyan
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Karen Francis
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Akiko Enju
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - John Toubia
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
- ACRF South Australian Cancer Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | | | - Kanwarpal S Dhugga
- DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Carretera México Veracruz, Km. 45, El Batán, Texcoco, Estado De México, 56237, USA
| | - Mark Tester
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Trevor Garnett
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia.
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia.
- The Plant Accelerator, Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, 5064, Australia.
| | - Brent N Kaiser
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
- Centre For Carbon Water and Food, The Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
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11
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Chen H, Li C, Liu L, Zhao J, Cheng X, Jiang G, Zhai W. The Fd-GOGAT1 mutant gene lc7 confers resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae in rice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26411. [PMID: 27211925 PMCID: PMC4876388 DOI: 10.1038/srep26411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease resistance is an important goal of crop improvement. The molecular mechanism of resistance requires further study. Here, we report the identification of a rice leaf color mutant, lc7, which is defective in chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis but confers resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae (Xoo). Map-based cloning revealed that lc7 encodes a mutant ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase1 (Fd-GOGAT1). Fd-GOGAT1 has been proposed to have great potential for improving nitrogen-use efficiency, but its function in bacterial resistance has not been reported. The lc7 mutant accumulates excessive levels of ROS (reactive oxygen species) in the leaves, causing the leaf color to become yellow after the four-leaf stage. Compared to the wild type, lc7 mutants have a broad-spectrum high resistance to seven Xoo strains. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and qRT-PCR analysis indicate that many defense pathways that are involved in this broad-spectrum resistance are activated in the lc7 mutant. These results suggest that Fd-GOGAT1 plays an important role in broad-spectrum bacterial blight resistance, in addition to modulating nitrogen assimilation and chloroplast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Chen
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chunrong Li
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiying Zhao
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuzhen Cheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Guanghuai Jiang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenxue Zhai
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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12
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Gaufichon L, Rothstein SJ, Suzuki A. Asparagine Metabolic Pathways in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:675-89. [PMID: 26628609 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic nitrogen in the form of ammonium is assimilated into asparagine via multiple steps involving glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) and asparagine synthetase (AS) in Arabidopsis. The asparagine amide group is liberated by the reaction catalyzed by asparaginase (ASPG) and also the amino group of asparagine is released by asparagine aminotransferase (AsnAT) for use in the biosynthesis of amino acids. Asparagine plays a primary role in nitrogen recycling, storage and transport in developing and germinating seeds, as well as in vegetative and senescence organs. A small multigene family encodes isoenzymes of each step of asparagine metabolism in Arabidopsis, except for asparagine aminotransferase encoded by a single gene. The aim of this study is to highlight the structure of the genes and encoded enzyme proteins involved in asparagine metabolic pathways; the regulation and role of different isogenes; and kinetic and physiological properties of encoded enzymes in different tissues and developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Gaufichon
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Steven J Rothstein
- University of Guelph, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Akira Suzuki
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
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13
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Hanke G, Mulo P. Plant type ferredoxins and ferredoxin-dependent metabolism. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:1071-1084. [PMID: 23190083 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ferredoxin (Fd) is a small [2Fe-2S] cluster-containing protein found in all organisms performing oxygenic photosynthesis. Fd is the first soluble acceptor of electrons on the stromal side of the chloroplast electron transport chain, and as such is pivotal to determining the distribution of these electrons to different metabolic reactions. In chloroplasts, the principle sink for electrons is in the production of NADPH, which is mostly consumed during the assimilation of CO2 . In addition to this primary function in photosynthesis, Fds are also involved in a number of other essential metabolic reactions, including biosynthesis of chlorophyll, phytochrome and fatty acids, several steps in the assimilation of sulphur and nitrogen, as well as redox signalling and maintenance of redox balance via the thioredoxin system and Halliwell-Asada cycle. This makes Fds crucial determinants of the electron transfer between the thylakoid membrane and a variety of soluble enzymes dependent on these electrons. In this article, we will first describe the current knowledge on the structure and function of the various Fd isoforms present in chloroplasts of higher plants and then discuss the processes involved in oxidation of Fd, introducing the corresponding enzymes and discussing what is known about their relative interaction with Fd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Hanke
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, DE-49076, Osnabrück, Germany
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14
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Kissen R, Winge P, Tran DHT, Jørstad TS, Størseth TR, Christensen T, Bones AM. Transcriptional profiling of an Fd-GOGAT1/GLU1 mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana reveals a multiple stress response and extensive reprogramming of the transcriptome. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:190. [PMID: 20307264 PMCID: PMC2858750 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamate plays a central position in the synthesis of a variety of organic molecules in plants and is synthesised from nitrate through a series of enzymatic reactions. Glutamate synthases catalyse the last step in this pathway and two types are present in plants: NADH- or ferredoxin-dependent. Here we report a genome wide microarray analysis of the transcriptional reprogramming that occurs in leaves and roots of the A. thaliana mutant glu1-2 knocked-down in the expression of Fd-GOGAT1 (GLU1; At5g04140), one of the two genes of A. thaliana encoding ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase. RESULTS Transcriptional profiling of glu1-2 revealed extensive changes with the expression of more than 5500 genes significantly affected in leaves and nearly 700 in roots. Both genes involved in glutamate biosynthesis and transformation are affected, leading to changes in amino acid compositions as revealed by NMR metabolome analysis. An elevated glutamine level in the glu1-2 mutant was the most prominent of these changes. An unbiased analysis of the gene expression datasets allowed us to identify the pathways that constitute the secondary response of an FdGOGAT1/GLU1 knock-down. Among the most significantly affected pathways, photosynthesis, photorespiratory cycle and chlorophyll biosynthesis show an overall downregulation in glu1-2 leaves. This is in accordance with their slight chlorotic phenotype. Another characteristic of the glu1-2 transcriptional profile is the activation of multiple stress responses, mimicking cold, heat, drought and oxidative stress. The change in expression of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis is also revealed. The expression of a substantial number of genes encoding stress-related transcription factors, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, glutathione S-transferases and UDP-glycosyltransferases is affected in the glu1-2 mutant. This may indicate an induction of the detoxification of secondary metabolites in the mutant. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of the glu1-2 transcriptome reveals extensive changes in gene expression profiles revealing the importance of Fd-GOGAT1, and indirectly the central role of glutamate, in plant development. Besides the effect on genes involved in glutamate synthesis and transformation, the glu1-2 mutant transcriptome was characterised by an extensive secondary response including the downregulation of photosynthesis-related pathways and the induction of genes and pathways involved in the plant response to a multitude of stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Kissen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per Winge
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Diem Hong Thi Tran
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tommy S Jørstad
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Current address: Scandpower AS, NO-7462 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Tone Christensen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Current address: Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7489 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Atle M Bones
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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15
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Potel F, Valadier MH, Ferrario-Méry S, Grandjean O, Morin H, Gaufichon L, Boutet-Mercey S, Lothier J, Rothstein SJ, Hirose N, Suzuki A. Assimilation of excess ammonium into amino acids and nitrogen translocation in Arabidopsis thaliana--roles of glutamate synthases and carbamoylphosphate synthetase in leaves. FEBS J 2009; 276:4061-76. [PMID: 19555410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating the physiological role of ferredoxin-glutamate synthases (EC 1.4.1.7), NADH-glutamate synthase (EC 1.4.1.14) and carbamoylphosphate synthetase (EC 6.3.5.5) in Arabidopsis. Phenotypic analysis revealed a high level of photorespiratory ammonium, glutamine/glutamate and asparagine/aspartate in the GLU1 mutant lacking the major ferredoxin-glutamate synthase, indicating that excess photorespiratory ammonium was detoxified into amino acids for transport out of the veins. Consistent with these results, promoter analysis and in situ hybridization demonstrated that GLU1 and GLU2 were expressed in the mesophyll and phloem companion cell-sieve element complex. However, these phenotypic changes were not detected in the GLU2 mutant defective in the second ferredoxin-glutamate synthase gene. The impairment in primary ammonium assimilation in the GLT mutant under nonphotorespiratory high-CO(2) conditions underlined the importance of NADH-glutamate synthase for amino acid trafficking, given that this gene only accounted for 3% of total glutamate synthase activity. The excess ammonium from either endogenous photorespiration or the exogenous medium was shifted to arginine. The promoter analysis and slight effects on overall arginine synthesis in the T-DNA insertion mutant in the single carbamoylphosphate synthetase large subunit gene indicated that carbamoylphosphate synthetase located in the chloroplasts was not limiting for ammonium assimilation into arginine. The data provided evidence that ferredoxin-glutamate synthases, NADH-glutamate synthase and carbamoylphosphate synthetase play specific physiological roles in ammonium assimilation in the mesophyll and phloem for the synthesis and transport of glutamine, glutamate, arginine, and derived amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Potel
- Unité de Nutrition Azotée des Plantes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Versailles, France
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16
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Jamai A, Salomé PA, Schilling SH, Weber APM, McClung CR. Arabidopsis photorespiratory serine hydroxymethyltransferase activity requires the mitochondrial accumulation of ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:595-606. [PMID: 19223513 PMCID: PMC2660619 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.063289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The dual affinity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase for O(2) and CO(2) results in the net loss of fixed carbon and energy in a process termed photorespiration. The photorespiratory cycle is complex and occurs in three organelles, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, and mitochondria, which necessitates multiple steps to transport metabolic intermediates. Genetic analysis has identified a number of mutants exhibiting photorespiratory chlorosis at ambient CO(2), including several with defects in mitochondrial serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) activity. One class of mutants deficient in SHMT1 activity affects SHM1, which encodes the mitochondrial SHMT required for photorespiration. In this work, we describe a second class of SHMT1-deficient mutants defective in a distinct gene, GLU1, which encodes Ferredoxin-dependent Glutamate Synthase (Fd-GOGAT). Fd-GOGAT is a chloroplastic enzyme responsible for the reassimilation of photorespiratory ammonia as well as for primary nitrogen assimilation. We show that Fd-GOGAT is dual targeted to the mitochondria and the chloroplasts. In the mitochondria, Fd-GOGAT interacts physically with SHMT1, and this interaction is necessary for photorespiratory SHMT activity. The requirement of protein-protein interactions and complex formation for photorespiratory SHMT activity demonstrates more complicated regulation of this crucial high flux pathway than anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Jamai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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17
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Carillo P, Mastrolonardo G, Nacca F, Parisi D, Verlotta A, Fuggi A. Nitrogen metabolism in durum wheat under salinity: accumulation of proline and glycine betaine. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2008; 35:412-426. [PMID: 32688798 DOI: 10.1071/fp08108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of salinity on amino acid, proline and glycine betaine accumulation in leaves of different stages of development in durum wheat under high and low nitrogen supply. Our results suggest that protective compounds against salt stress are accumulated in all leaves. The major metabolites are glycine betaine, which preferentially accumulates in younger tissues, and proline, which is found predominantly in older tissues. Proline tended to accumulate early, at the onset of the stress, while glycine betaine accumulation was observed during prolonged stress. Nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) are positively correlated with these compatible solutes: proline is associated with NR in the oldest leaves of high-nitrate plants and glycine betaine is associated with GOGAT in the youngest leaves of both low- and high-nitrate plants. In high-nitrate conditions proline accounts for more than 39% of the osmotic adjustment in the cytoplasmic compartments of old leaves. Its nitrogen-dependent accumulation may offer an important advantage in that it can be metabolised to allow reallocation of energy, carbon and nitrogen from the older leaves to the younger tissues. The contribution of glycine betaine is higher in young leaves and is independent of nitrogen nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronia Carillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Gabriella Mastrolonardo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesco Nacca
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Danila Parisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Angelo Verlotta
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Amodio Fuggi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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18
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Blanco L, Reddy PM, Silvente S, Bucciarelli B, Khandual S, Alvarado-Affantranger X, Sánchez F, Miller S, Vance C, Lara-Flores M. Molecular cloning, characterization and regulation of two different NADH-glutamate synthase cDNAs in bean nodules. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2008; 31:454-72. [PMID: 18182018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
NADH-dependent glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT) is a key enzyme in primary ammonia assimilation in Phaseolus vulgaris nodules. Two different types of cDNA clones of PvNADH-GOGAT were isolated from the nodule cDNA libraries. The full-length cDNA clones of PvNADH-GOGAT-I (7.4 kb) and PvNADH-GOGAT-II (7.0 kb), which displayed an 83% homology between them, were isolated using cDNA library screening, 'cDNA library walking' and RT-PCR amplification. Southern analysis employing specific 5' cDNA probes derived from PvNADH-GOGAT-I and PvNADH-GOGAT-II indicated the existence of a single copy of each gene in the bean genome. Both these proteins contain approximately 100 amino acid sequences theoretically addressing each isoenzyme to different subcellular compartments. RT-PCR analysis indicated that PvNADH-GOGAT-II expression is higher than PvNADH-GOGAT-I during nodule development. Expression analysis by RT-PCR also revealed that both of these genes are differentially regulated by sucrose. On the other hand, the expression of PvNADH-GOGAT-I, but not PvNADH-GOGAT-II, was inhibited with nitrogen compounds. In situ hybridization and promoter expression analyses demonstrated that the NADH-GOGAT-I and -II genes are differentially expressed in bean root and nodule tissues. In silico analyses of the NADH-GOGAT promoters revealed the presence of potential cis elements in them that could mediate differential tissue-specific, and sugar and amino acid responsive expression of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Blanco
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Univrsidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av Universidad, C.P. 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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19
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20
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Chaffei C, Suzuki A, Masclaux-Daubresse C, Ghorbel MH, Gouia H. Implication du glutamate, de l'isocitrate et de la malate déshydrogénases dans l'assimilation de l'azote chez la tomate stressée par le cadmium. C R Biol 2006; 329:790-803. [PMID: 17027640 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2006.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 06/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tomato seedlings grown on nitric medium and treated with various cadmium concentrations (0 to 50 microM) were used. Results obtained show that cadmium remains predominantly located in the roots, which then seem to play the role of trap-organs. Increasing cadmium concentration in the medium leads particularly to a decrease in NO3- accumulation, together with a decrease in the activity of glutamine synthetase and in the quantity of plastidic isoform ARNm (GS2), and, on the contrary, to an increase of the cytosolic isoform ARNm (GS1). On the other hand, stimulations were observed for NADH-dependent glutamate synthase, NADH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase, ARNm quantity of this enzyme, ammonium accumulation, and protease activity. In parallel, stimulations were observed for NAD+ and NADP+-dependent malate dehydrogenase and NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. These results were discussed in relation to the hypothesis attributing to the dehydrogenase enzymes (GDH, MDH, ICDH) an important role in the plant defence processes against cadmium-induced stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiraz Chaffei
- Unité de recherche Nutrition et métabolisme azotés et protéines de stress (99UR/09-20), département de biologie, faculté des sciences de Tunis, campus universitaire El Manar I, 1060 Tunis, Tunisie.
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21
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Feraud M, Masclaux-Daubresse C, Ferrario-Méry S, Pageau K, Lelandais M, Ziegler C, Leboeuf E, Jouglet T, Viret L, Spampinato A, Paganelli V, Hammouda MB, Suzuki A. Expression of a ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase gene in mesophyll and vascular cells and functions of the enzyme in ammonium assimilation in Nicotiana tabacum (L.). PLANTA 2005; 222:667-77. [PMID: 16034598 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
GLU1 encodes the major ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase (Fd-GOGAT, EC 1.4.7.1) in Arabidopsis thaliana (ecotype Columbia). With the aim of providing clues on the role of Fd-GOGAT, we analyzed the expression of Fd-GOGAT in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi). The 5' flanking element of GLU1 directed the expression of the uidA reporter gene in the palisade and spongy parenchyma of mesophyll, in the phloem cells of vascular tissue and in the roots of tobacco. White light, red light or sucrose induced GUS expression in the dark-grown seedlings in a pattern similar to the GLU1 mRNA accumulation in Arabidopsis. The levels of GLU2 mRNA encoding the second Fd-GOGAT and NADH-glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT, EC 1.4.1.14) were not affected by light. Both in the light and in darkness, (15)NH4(+) was incorporated into [5-(15)N]glutamine and [2-(15)N]glutamate by glutamine synthetase (GS, EC 6.3.1.2) and Fd-GOGAT in leaf disks of transgenic tobacco expressing antisense Fd-GOGAT mRNA and in wild-type tobacco. In the light, low level of Fd-glutamate synthase limited the [2-(15)N]glutamate synthesis in transgenic leaf disks. The efficient dark labeling of [2-(15)N]glutamate in the antisense transgenic tobacco leaves indicates that the remaining Fd-GOGAT (15-20% of the wild-type activity) was not the main limiting factor in the dark ammonium assimilation. The antisense tobacco under high CO2 contained glutamine, glutamate, asparagine and aspartate as the bulk of the nitrogen carriers in leaves (62.5%), roots (69.9%) and phloem exudates (53.2%). The levels of glutamate, asparagine and aspartate in the transgenic phloem exudates were similar to the wild-type levels while the glutamine level increased. The proportion of these amino acids remained unchanged in the roots of the transgenic plants. Expression of GLU1 in mesophyll cells implies that Fd-GOGAT assimilates photorespiratory and primary ammonium. GLU1 expression in vascular cells indicates that Fd-GOGAT provides amino acids for nitrogen translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Feraud
- Unité de Nutrition Azotée des Plantes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Route de St-Cyr, 78026, Versailles cedex, France
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22
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Boisson M, Mondon K, Torney V, Nicot N, Laine AL, Bahrman N, Gouy A, Daniel-Vedele F, Hirel B, Sourdille P, Dardevet M, Ravel C, Le Gouis J. Partial sequences of nitrogen metabolism genes in hexaploid wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2005; 110:932-40. [PMID: 15714330 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-004-1913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to partially sequence genes controlling nitrogen metabolism in wheat species in order to find sequence polymorphism that would enable their mapping. Primers were designed for nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate synthase (GOGAT), and gene fragments were amplified on Triticum aestivum, T. durum, T. monococcum, T. speltoides and T. tauschii. We obtained more than 8 kb of gene sequences, mainly as coding regions (60%). Polymorphism was quantified by comparing two-by-two the three genomes of the hexaploid cultivar Arche and genomes of diploid wheat species. On average, the polymorphism rate was higher for non-coding regions, where it ranged from 1/60 to 1/23, than for coding regions (range: 1/110-1/40) except when the hexaploid D genome was compared to that of T. tauschii (1/800 and 1/816, respectively). Genome-specific primers were devised for the ferredoxin-dependent (Fd)-GOGAT gene, and they enabled the mapping of this gene on homoeologous chromosomes of group 2 using Chinese Spring deletion lines. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detected between the two hexaploid wheat cultivars Arche and Recital was used to genetically map Fd-GOGAT on chromosome 2D using a population of dihaploid lines. Fd-GOGAT-specific primers were used to estimate the SNP rate on a set of 11 hexaploid and nine Durum wheat genotypes leading to the estimate of 1 SNP/515 bp. We demonstrate that polymorphism detection enables heterologous, homeologous and even paralogous copies to be assigned, even if the elaboration of specific primer pairs is time-consuming and expensive because of the sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boisson
- INRA URGAP, Domaine de Brunehaut, Péronne, BP 136, 80200, Estrées-Mons, France
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Suzuki A, Knaff DB. Glutamate synthase: structural, mechanistic and regulatory properties, and role in the amino acid metabolism. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2005; 83:191-217. [PMID: 16143852 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-004-3478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Accepted: 09/20/2004] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium ion assimilation constitutes a central metabolic pathway in many organisms, and glutamate synthase, in concert with glutamine synthetase (GS, EC 6.3.1.2), plays the primary role of ammonium ion incorporation into glutamine and glutamate. Glutamate synthase occurs in three forms that can be distinguished based on whether they use NADPH (NADPH-GOGAT, EC 1.4.1.13), NADH (NADH-GOGAT, EC 1.4.1.14) or reduced ferredoxin (Fd-GOGAT, EC 1.4.7.1) as the electron donor for the (two-electron) conversion of L-glutamine plus 2-oxoglutarate to L-glutamate. The distribution of these three forms of glutamate synthase in different tissues is quite specific to the organism in question. Gene structures have been determined for Fd-, NADH- and NADPH-dependent glutamate synthases from different organisms, as shown by searches in nucleic acid sequence data banks. Fd-glutamate synthase contains two electron-carrying prosthetic groups, the redox properties of which are discussed. A description of the ferredoxin binding by Fd-glutamate synthase is also presented. In plants, including nitrogen-fixing legumes, Fd-glutamate synthase and NADH-glutamate synthase supply glutamate during the nitrogen assimilation and translocation. The biological functions of Fd-glutamate synthase and NADH-glutamate synthase, which show a highly tissue-specific distribution pattern, are tightly related to the regulation by the light and metabolite sensing systems. Analysis of mutants and transgenic studies have provided insights into the primary individual functions of Fd-glutamate synthase and NADH-glutamate synthase. These studies also provided evidence that glutamate dehydrogenase (NADH-GDH, EC 1.4.1.2) does not represent a significant alternate route for glutamate formation in plants. Taken together, biochemical analysis and genetic and molecular data imply that Fd-glutamate synthase incorporates photorespiratory and non-photorespiratory ammonium and provides nitrogen for transport to maintain nitrogen status in plants. Fd-glutamate synthase also plays a role that is redundant, in several important aspects, to that played by NADH-glutamate synthase in ammonium assimilation and nitrogen transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Suzuki
- Unité de Nutrition Azotée des Plantes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Route de Saint-Cyr, 78026 Versailles cedex, France.
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Tan-Kristanto A, Hoffmann A, Woods R, Batterham P, Cobbett C, Sinclair C. Translational asymmetry as a sensitive indicator of cadmium stress in plants: a laboratory test with wild-type and mutant Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2003; 159:471-477. [PMID: 33873351 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• Translational and bilateral asymmetry have been proposed as sensitive measures of stress in plants, but few studies have addressed the asymmetry-stress association for individuals grown under strictly defined conditions. Here, we assess the impact of cadmium (Cd) stress on various asymmetry measures in a wild-type and mutant strain of Arabidopsis thaliana. • Fitness measures (fresh weight, pod count and shoot length) and developmental stability (DS) measures (bilateral asymmetry and translational asymmetry (TA)) were compared between plants grown under different cadmium concentrations. • Cadmium stress sharply increased TA in both strains but had inconsistent effects on bilateral asymmetry. The TA effects were detected at a Cd concentration when effects on growth and reproduction were not yet evident. • Translational asymmetry, but not bilateral asymmetry, may therefore act as a sensitive indicator of cadmium stress and could be used to assess soil contamination in transplanted A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Phil Batterham
- Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research; University of Melbourne
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The Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Genetic Manipulation of Primary Ammonia Assimilation. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/0-306-48138-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Suzuki A, Rioual S, Lemarchand S, Godfroy N, Roux Y, Boutin JP, Rothstein S. Regulation by light and metabolites of ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase in maize. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2001; 112:524-530. [PMID: 11473712 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1120409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of Fd-glutamate synthase (Fd-GOGAT, EC 1.4.1.7) and NADH-glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT, EC 1.4.1.14) was investigated in maize (Zea mays L. cv. DEA) (1) during development starting from 7- to 11-day-old seedlings, (2) by treatment of 7-day-old etiolated leaves with intermittent light pulses to activate (red) and inactivate (far-red) phytochromes and (3) in 7-day-old green leaves grown under 16-h light/8-h dark cycles. Fd-GOGAT mRNA accumulated 4-fold, and the enzyme polypeptide (3-fold) and activity (3-fold) also increased in leaf cells, while NADH-GOGAT activity remained constantly low. Leaf-specific induction of Fd-GOGAT mRNA (3-fold) occurred in etiolated leaves by low fluence red light, and far-red light reversibly repressed the mRNA accumulation. Red/far-red reversible induction also occurred for Fd-GOGAT polypeptide (2-fold) and activity (2-fold), implicating the phytochrome-dependent induction of Fd-GOGAT. In contrast, NADH-GOGAT activity remained constant, irrespective of red/far-red light treatments. Fd-GOGAT showed diurnal changes under light/dark cycles with the maximum early in the morning and the minimum in the afternoon at the levels of mRNA, enzyme polypeptide and activity. Gln diurnally changed in parallel with Fd-GOGAT mRNA. The induction of Fd-GOGAT provides evidence that light and metabolites are the major signal for the Gln and Glu formation in maize leaf cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Suzuki
- Unité de Nutrition Azotée des Plantes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Route de St-Cyr, F-78026 Versailles cedex, France; Laboratoire de Biologie des Semences, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Route de St-Cyr, F-78026 Versailles cedex, France; Pioneer Hi-Bred International, 7300 N.W. 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA 50131-1004, USA
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Grossman A, Takahashi H. MACRONUTRIENT UTILIZATION BY PHOTOSYNTHETIC EUKARYOTES AND THE FABRIC OF INTERACTIONS. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 52:163-210. [PMID: 11337396 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.52.1.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organisms acclimate to a continually fluctuating nutrient environment. Acclimation involves responses specific for the limiting nutrient as well as responses that are more general and occur when an organism experiences different stress conditions. Specific responses enable organisms to efficiently scavenge the limiting nutrient and may involve the induction of high-affinity transport systems and the synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes that facilitate the release of the nutrient from extracellular organic molecules or from internal reserves. General responses include changes in cell division rates and global alterations in metabolic activities. In photosynthetic organisms there must be precise regulation of photosynthetic activity since when severe nutrient limitation prevents continued cell growth, excitation of photosynthetic pigments could result in the formation of reactive oxygen species, which can severely damage structural and functional features of the cell. This review focuses on ways that photosynthetic eukaryotes assimilate the macronutrients nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, and the mechanisms that govern assimilatory activities. Also discussed are molecular responses to macronutrient limitation and the elicitation of those responses through integration of environmental and cellular cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution of Washington 260 Panama Street, Stanford, California 94305; e-mail: , RIKEN Plant Science Center, 2-l Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan; e-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Dincturk
- Department of Molecular Biology of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 80626, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Abstract
DNA coding for the ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase (EC 1.4.7.1) of spinach chloroplasts has been cloned and sequenced. It consists of 5015 bp and starts with the codon for the N-terminal cysteine of the mature protein. Ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase is one of the key enzymes in the early stages of ammonia assimilation in plants, algae and cyanobacteria. In addition to the ferredoxin-dependent enzyme, there are two other forms of glutamate synthase, one of which uses NADH as the electron donor and a second that uses NADPH. Although all three forms catalyze the reductive transamidation of the amido nitrogen from glutamine to 2-oxoglutarate to form two molecules of glutamate, ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthases differ from the NADH and NADPH-dependent forms in subunit composition and amino acid sequence. The recent availability of sequence data for glutamate synthases from spinach and from two archael species has produced a clearer and more detailed picture of the evolution of this key enzyme in nitrogen metabolism and the origins of the two subunit/domain structure of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Dincturk
- Department of Chemistry, and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Lubbock 79409-1061, USA.
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Denby KJ, Last RL. Diverse regulatory mechanisms of amino acid biosynthesis in plants. GENETIC ENGINEERING 2000; 21:173-89. [PMID: 10822497 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4707-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K J Denby
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Hayakawa, Hopkins, Peat, Yamaya, Tobin. Quantitative intercellular localization of NADH-dependent glutamate synthase protein in different types of root cells in rice plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 119:409-16. [PMID: 9952435 PMCID: PMC32116 DOI: 10.1104/pp.119.2.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/1998] [Accepted: 11/02/1998] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative analysis with immunogold-electron microscopy using a single-affinity-purified anti-NADH-glutamate synthase (GOGAT) immunoglobulin G (IgG) as the primary antibody showed that the NADH-GOGAT protein was present in various forms of plastids in the cells of the epidermis and exodermis, in the cortex parenchyma, and in the vascular parenchyma of root tips (<10 mm) of rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings supplied with 1 mM NH4+ for 24 h. The values of the mean immunolabeling density of plastids were almost equal among these different cell types in the roots. However, the number of plastids per individual cell type was not identical, and some parts of the cells in the epidermis and exodermis contained large numbers of plastids that were heavily immunolabeled. Although there was an indication of labeling in the mitochondria using the single-affinity-purified anti-NADH-GOGAT IgG, this was not confirmed when a twice-affinity-purified IgG was used, indicating an exclusively plastidial location of the NADH-GOGAT protein in rice roots. These results, together with previous work from our laboratory (K. Ishiyama, T. Hayakawa, and T. Yamaya [1998] Planta 204: 288-294), suggest that the assimilation of exogeneously supplied NH4+ ions is primarily via the cytosolic glutamine synthetase/plastidial NADH-GOGAT cycle in specific regions of the epidermis and exodermis in rice roots. We also discuss the role of the NADH-GOGAT protein in vascular parenchyma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayakawa
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Biochemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan (T.H., T. Y.)
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Goto S, Akagawa T, Kojima S, Hayakawa T, Yamaya T. Organization and structure of NADH-dependent glutamate synthase gene from rice plants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1387:298-308. [PMID: 9748637 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(98)00142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genomic clones for NADH-dependent glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT; EC 1.4.1.14) were obtained from a genomic library of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Sasanishki). A genomic clone (lambdaOS42, 14 kb) covered an entire structural gene and a 3.7 kb 5'-upstream region from the first methionine. Another clone (lambdaOS23, 14 kb) contained a 2.8 kb 3'-downstream region from the stop codon. A 7047 bp long clone (lambdaOSR51) consisting of full length cDNA for NADH-GOGAT was isolated from a cDNA library prepared using mRNA from roots of rice seedlings treated with 1 mM NH4Cl for 12 h. The presumed transcribed region (11.7 kb) consisted of 23 exons separated by 22 introns. Rice NADH-GOGAT is synthesized as a 2166 amino acid protein with a molecular mass of 236.7 kDa that includes a 99 amino acid presequence. DNA gel blot analysis suggested that NADH-GOGAT occurred as a single gene in rice. Primer extension experiments map the transcription start of NADH-GOGAT to identical positions. The 3. 7 kb 5'-upstream region was able to transiently express a reporter gene in cultured rice cells. Putative motifs related to the regulation of NADH-GOGAT gene expression were looked for within the 5'-upstream region by database.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Goto
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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