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Thoma J, Stenitzer D, Grabherr R, Staudacher E. Identification, Characterization, and Expression of a β-Galactosidase from Arion Species (Mollusca). Biomolecules 2022; 12:1578. [PMID: 36358928 PMCID: PMC9687990 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Galactosidases (β-Gal, EC 3.2.1.23) catalyze the cleavage of terminal non-reducing β-D-galactose residues or transglycosylation reactions yielding galacto-oligosaccharides. In this study, we present the isolation and characterization of a β-galactosidase from Arion lusitanicus, and based on this, the cloning and expression of a putative β-galactosidase from Arion vulgaris (A0A0B7AQJ9) in Sf9 cells. The entire gene codes for a protein consisting of 661 amino acids, comprising a putative signal peptide and an active domain. Specificity studies show exo- and endo-cleavage activity for galactose β1,4-linkages. Both enzymes, the recombinant from A. vulgaris and the native from A. lusitanicus, display similar biochemical parameters. Both β-galactosidases are most active in acidic environments ranging from pH 3.5 to 4.5, and do not depend on metal ions. The ideal reaction temperature is 50 °C. Long-term storage is possible up to +4 °C for the A. vulgaris enzyme, and up to +20 °C for the A. lusitanicus enzyme. This is the first report of the expression and characterization of a mollusk exoglycosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Thoma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgassse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Stenitzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgassse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Staudacher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgassse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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2
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Mollusc N-glycosylation: Structures, Functions and Perspectives. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121820. [PMID: 34944464 PMCID: PMC8699351 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molluscs display a sophisticated N-glycan pattern on their proteins, which is, in terms of involved structural features, even more diverse than that of vertebrates. This review summarises the current knowledge of mollusc N-glycan structures, with a focus on the functional aspects of the corresponding glycoproteins. Furthermore, the potential of mollusc-derived biomolecules for medical applications is addressed, emphasising the importance of mollusc research.
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3
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Dolashka P, Daskalova A, Dolashki A, Voelter W. De Novo Structural Determination of the Oligosaccharide Structure of Hemocyanins from Molluscs. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111470. [PMID: 33105875 PMCID: PMC7690630 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have shown that glycosylation of proteins plays diverse functions in the lives of organisms, has crucial biological and physiological roles in pathogen–host interactions, and is involved in a large number of biological events in the immune system, and in virus and bacteria recognition. The large amount of scientific interest in glycoproteins of molluscan hemocyanins is due not only to their complex quaternary structures, but also to the great diversity of their oligosaccharide structures with a high carbohydrate content (2–9%). This great variety is due to their specific monosaccharide composition and different side chain composition. The determination of glycans and glycopeptides was performed with the most commonly used methods for the analysis of biomolecules, including peptides and proteins, including Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation–Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF-TOF), Liquid Chromatography - Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS), Liquid Chromatography (LC-Q-trap-MS/MS) or Nano- Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (nano-ESI-MS) and others. The molluscan hemocyanins have complex carbohydrate structures with predominant N-linked glycans. Of interest are identified structures with methylated hexoses and xyloses arranged at different positions in the carbohydrate moieties of molluscan hemocyanins. Novel acidic glycan structures with specific glycosylation positions, e.g., hemocyanins that enable a deeper insight into the glycosylation process, were observed in Rapana venosa, Helix lucorum, and Haliotis tuberculata. Recent studies demonstrate that glycosylation plays a crucial physiological role in the immunostimulatory and therapeutic effect of glycoproteins. The remarkable diversity of hemocyanin glycan content is an important feature of their immune function and provides a new concept in the antibody–antigen interaction through clustered carbohydrate epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Dolashka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria or (A.D.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.:+359-887193423
| | - Asya Daskalova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria or (A.D.); (A.D.)
| | - Aleksandar Dolashki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria or (A.D.); (A.D.)
| | - Wolfgang Voelter
- Interfacultary Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany;
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4
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Tjondro HC, Loke I, Chatterjee S, Thaysen-Andersen M. Human protein paucimannosylation: cues from the eukaryotic kingdoms. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:2068-2100. [PMID: 31410980 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Paucimannosidic proteins (PMPs) are bioactive glycoproteins carrying truncated α- or β-mannosyl-terminating asparagine (N)-linked glycans widely reported across the eukaryotic domain. Our understanding of human PMPs remains limited, despite findings documenting their existence and association with human disease glycobiology. This review comprehensively surveys the structures, biosynthetic routes and functions of PMPs across the eukaryotic kingdoms with the aim of synthesising an improved understanding on the role of protein paucimannosylation in human health and diseases. Convincing biochemical, glycoanalytical and biological data detail a vast structural heterogeneity and fascinating tissue- and subcellular-specific expression of PMPs within invertebrates and plants, often comprising multi-α1,3/6-fucosylation and β1,2-xylosylation amongst other glycan modifications and non-glycan substitutions e.g. O-methylation. Vertebrates and protists express less-heterogeneous PMPs typically only comprising variable core fucosylation of bi- and trimannosylchitobiose core glycans. In particular, the Manα1,6Manβ1,4GlcNAc(α1,6Fuc)β1,4GlcNAcβAsn glycan (M2F) decorates various human neutrophil proteins reportedly displaying bioactivity and structural integrity demonstrating that they are not degradation products. Less-truncated paucimannosidic glycans (e.g. M3F) are characteristic glycosylation features of proteins expressed by human cancer and stem cells. Concertedly, these observations suggest the involvement of human PMPs in processes related to innate immunity, tumorigenesis and cellular differentiation. The absence of human PMPs in diverse bodily fluids studied under many (patho)physiological conditions suggests extravascular residence and points to localised functions of PMPs in peripheral tissues. Absence of PMPs in Fungi indicates that paucimannosylation is common, but not universally conserved, in eukaryotes. Relative to human PMPs, the expression of PMPs in plants, invertebrates and protists is more tissue-wide and constitutive yet, similar to their human counterparts, PMP expression remains regulated by the physiology of the producing organism and PMPs evidently serve essential functions in development, cell-cell communication and host-pathogen/symbiont interactions. In most PMP-producing organisms, including humans, the N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase isoenzymes and linkage-specific α-mannosidases are glycoside hydrolases critical for generating PMPs via N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnT-I)-dependent and GnT-I-independent truncation pathways. However, the identity and structure of many species-specific PMPs in eukaryotes, their biosynthetic routes, strong tissue- and development-specific expression, and diverse functions are still elusive. Deep exploration of these PMP features involving, for example, the characterisation of endogenous PMP-recognising lectins across a variety of healthy and N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase-deficient human tissue types and identification of microbial adhesins reactive to human PMPs, are amongst the many tasks required for enhanced insight into the glycobiology of human PMPs. In conclusion, the literature supports the notion that PMPs are significant, yet still heavily under-studied biomolecules in human glycobiology that serve essential functions and create structural heterogeneity not dissimilar to other human N-glycoprotein types. Human PMPs should therefore be recognised as bioactive glycoproteins that are distinctly different from the canonical N-glycoprotein classes and which warrant a more dedicated focus in glycobiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C Tjondro
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Ian Loke
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Sayantani Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
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5
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Velkova L, Dolashka P, Van Beeumen J, Devreese B. N-glycan structures of β-HlH subunit of Helix lucorum hemocyanin. Carbohydr Res 2017; 449:1-10. [PMID: 28672164 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The carbohydrate structures of molluscan hemocyanins have recently received particular interest due to their specific monosaccharide composition, as well as their immunostimulatory properties and application in clinical studies. For the first time, we investigated N-glycans of the structural subunit β-HlH of hemocyanin isolated from Helix lucorum. In total, 32 different glycans were enzymatically liberated and characterized by tandem mass spectrometry using a Q-Trap mass spectrometer. Our study revealed a highly heterogeneous mixture of glycans with composition Hex3-7HexNAc2-5MeHex0-4Pent0-1Fuc0-1. The oligosaccharide chains are mostly modified at the inner core by β1-2-linked xylose to β-mannose, by α1-6-fucosylation of the innermost GlcNAc residue (the Asn-bound GlcNAc), and by methylation. The glycans of β-HlH mainly contain a terminal MeHex residue; in some cases even two, three or four of these residues occur. Several carbohydrate chains in β-HlH are core-fucosylated without Xyl and also possess a high degree of methylation. This study shows the presence of mono- and bi-antennary N-glycans as well as hybrid type structures with or without core-fucosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila Velkova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 9 G. Bonchev St., Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
| | - Pavlina Dolashka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 9 G. Bonchev St., Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Jozef Van Beeumen
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Ghent University, KL Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Bart Devreese
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Ghent University, KL Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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6
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Pietrzyk AJ, Bujacz A, Mak P, Potempa B, Niedziela T. Structural studies of Helix aspersa agglutinin complexed with GalNAc: A lectin that serves as a diagnostic tool. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 81:1059-68. [PMID: 26416237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lectins belong to a differentiated group of proteins known to possess sugar-binding properties. Due to this fact, they are interesting research targets in medical diagnostics. Helix aspersa agglutinin (HAA) is a lectin that recognizes the epitopes containing α-d-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), which is present at the surface of metastatic cancer cells. Although several reports have already described the use of HAA as a diagnostic tool, this protein was not characterized on the molecular level. Here, we present for the first time the structural information about lectin isolated from mucus of Helix aspersa (garden snail). The amino acid sequence of this agglutinin was determined by Edman degradation and tertiary as well as quaternary structure by X-ray crystallography. The high resolution crystal structure (1.38Å) and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis provide the detailed information about a large part of the HAA natural glycan chain. The topology of the GalNAc binding cleft and interaction with lectin are very well defined in the structure and fully confirmed by STD HSQC NMR spectroscopy. Together, this provides structural clues regarding HAA specificity and opens possibilities to rational modifications of this important diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka J Pietrzyk
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, Lodz 90-924, Poland
| | - Anna Bujacz
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, Lodz 90-924, Poland.
| | - Paweł Mak
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Potempa
- University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, 501 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Tomasz Niedziela
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, Wrocław 53-114, Poland
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7
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Zhou H, Hanneman AJ, Chasteen ND, Reinhold VN. Anomalous N-glycan structures with an internal fucose branched to GlcA and GlcN residues isolated from a mollusk shell-forming fluid. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:4547-55. [PMID: 23919883 DOI: 10.1021/pr4006734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the structural details of a unique N-linked valence epitope on the major protein within the extrapallial (EP) fluid of the mollusk, Mytilus edulis. Fluids from this area are considered to be responsible for shell expansion by a self-assembly process that provides an organic framework for the growth of CaCO3 crystals. Previous reports from our laboratories have described the purification and amino acid sequence of this EP protein, which was found to be a glycoprotein (EPG) of approximately 28 KDa with 14.3% carbohydrate on a single N-linked consensus site. Described herein is the de novo sequence of the major glycan and its glycomers. The sequence was determined by ion trap sequential mass spectrometry (ITMS(n)) resolving structure by tracking precursor-product relationships through successive rounds of collision induced disassociation (CID), thereby spatially resolving linkage and branching details within the confines of the ion trap. Three major glycomers were detected, each possessing a 6-linked fucosylated N-linked core. Two glycans possessed four and five identical antennae, while the third possessed four antennas, but with an additional methylfucose 2-linked to the glucuronic acid moiety, forming a pentasaccharide. The tetrasaccharide structure was: 4-O-methyl-GlcA(1-4)[GlcNAc(1-3)]Fuc(1-4)GlcNAc, while the pentasaccharide was shown to be as follows: mono-O-methyl-Fuc(1-2)-4-O-methyl-GlcA(1-4)[GlcNAc(1-3)]Fuc(1-4)GlcNAc. Samples were differentially deuteriomethylated (CD3/CH3) to localize indigenous methylation, further analyzed by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to confirm monomer compositions, and finally gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to assign structural and stereoisomers. The interfacial shell surface location of this major extrapallial glycoprotein, its calcium and heavy metal binding properties and unique structure suggests a probable role in shell formation and possibly metal ion detoxification. A closely related terminal tetrasaccharide structure has been reported in spermatozoan glycolipids of freshwater bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Glycomics Center, University of New Hampshire , 35 Colovos Road, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
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8
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Shiota H, Kanzaki H, Hatanaka T, Nitoda T. TMG-chitotriomycin as a probe for the prediction of substrate specificity of β-N-acetylhexosaminidases. Carbohydr Res 2013; 375:29-34. [PMID: 23685037 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
TMG-chitotriomycin (1) produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces annulatus NBRC13369 was examined as a probe for the prediction of substrate specificity of β-N-acetylhexosaminidases (HexNAcases). According to the results of inhibition assays, 14 GH20 HexNAcases from various organisms were divided into 1-sensitive and 1-insensitive enzymes. Three representatives of each group were investigated for their substrate specificity. The 1-sensitive HexNAcases hydrolyzed N-acetylchitooligosaccharides but not N-glycan-type oligosaccharides, whereas the 1-insensitive enzymes hydrolyzed N-glycan-type oligosaccharides but not N-acetylchitooligosaccharides, indicating that TMG-chitotriomycin can be used as a molecular probe to distinguish between chitin-degrading HexNAcases and glycoconjugate-processing HexNAcases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Shiota
- Laboratory of Bioresources Chemistry, The Graduate School of Environmental & Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
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9
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Staudacher E. Methylation--an uncommon modification of glycans. Biol Chem 2013; 393:675-85. [PMID: 22944672 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A methyl (Me) group on a sugar residue is a rarely reported event. Until now, this type of modification has been found in the animal kingdom only in worms and molluscs, whereas it is more frequently present in some species of bacteria, fungi, algae and plants, but not in mammals. The monosaccharides involved as well as the positions of the Me groups on the sugar vary with species. Methylation appears to play a role in some recognition events, but details are still unknown. This review summarises the current knowledge on methylation of sugars in all types of organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Staudacher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Schiller B, Hykollari A, Yan S, Paschinger K, Wilson IBH. Complicated N-linked glycans in simple organisms. Biol Chem 2013; 393:661-73. [PMID: 22944671 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although countless genomes have now been sequenced, the glycomes of the vast majority of eukaryotes still present a series of unmapped frontiers. However, strides are being made in a few groups of invertebrate and unicellular organisms as regards their N-glycans and N-glycosylation pathways. Thereby, the traditional classification of glycan structures inevitably approaches its boundaries. Indeed, the glycomes of these organisms are rich in surprises, including a multitude of modifications of the core regions of N-glycans and unusual antennae. From the actually rather limited glycomic information we have, it is nevertheless obvious that the biotechnological, developmental and immunological relevance of these modifications, especially in insect cell lines, model organisms and parasites means that deciphering unusual glycomes is of more than just academic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Schiller
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, A-1190 Wien, Austria
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11
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Stepan H, Pabst M, Altmann F, Geyer H, Geyer R, Staudacher E. O-Glycosylation of snails. Glycoconj J 2012; 29:189-98. [PMID: 22581130 PMCID: PMC3372779 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9391-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The glycosylation abilities of snails deserve attention, because snail species serve as intermediate hosts in the developmental cycles of some human and cattle parasites. In analogy to many other host-pathogen relations, the glycosylation of snail proteins may likewise contribute to these host-parasite interactions. Here we present an overview on the O-glycan structures of 8 different snails (land and water snails, with or without shell): Arion lusitanicus, Achatina fulica, Biomphalaria glabrata, Cepaea hortensis, Clea helena, Helix pomatia, Limax maximus and Planorbarius corneus. The O-glycans were released from the purified snail proteins by β-elimination. Further analysis was carried out by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and – for the main structures – by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Snail O-glycans are built from the four monosaccharide constituents: N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose, mannose and fucose. An additional modification is a methylation of the hexoses. The common trisaccharide core structure was determined in Arion lusitanicus to be N-acetylgalactosamine linked to the protein elongated by two 4-O-methylated galactose residues. Further elongations by methylated and unmethylated galactose and mannose residues and/or fucose are present. The typical snail O-glycan structures are different to those so far described. Similar to snail N-glycan structures they display methylated hexose residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herwig Stepan
- Department of Chemistry, Glycobiology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Muthana SM, Campbell CT, Gildersleeve JC. Modifications of glycans: biological significance and therapeutic opportunities. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:31-43. [PMID: 22195988 DOI: 10.1021/cb2004466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates play a central role in a wide range of biological processes. As with nucleic acids and proteins, modifications of specific sites within the glycan chain can modulate a carbohydrate's overall biological function. For example, acylation, methylation, sulfation, epimerization, and phosphorylation can occur at various positions within a carbohydrate to modulate bioactivity. Therefore, there is significant interest in identifying discrete carbohydrate modifications and understanding their biological effects. Additionally, enzymes that catalyze those modifications and proteins that bind modified glycans provide numerous targets for therapeutic intervention. This review will focus on modifications of glycans that occur after the oligomer/polymer has been assembled, generally referred to as post-glycosylational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saddam M. Muthana
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Christopher T. Campbell
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Jeffrey C. Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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13
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Gesteira TF, Coulson-Thomas VJ, Ogata FT, Farias EHC, Cavalheiro RP, de Lima MA, Cunha GLA, Nakayasu ES, Almeida IC, Toma L, Nader HB. A novel approach for the characterisation of proteoglycans and biosynthetic enzymes in a snail model. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:1862-9. [PMID: 21854878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans encompass a heterogeneous group of glycoconjugates where proteins are substituted with linear, highly negatively charged glycosaminoglycan chains. Sulphated glycosaminoglycans are ubiquitous to the animal kingdom of the Eukarya domain. Information on the distribution and characterisation of proteoglycans in invertebrate tissues is limited and restricted to a few species. By the use of multidimensional protein identification technology and immunohistochemistry, this study shows for the first time the presence and tissue localisation of different proteoglycans, such as perlecan, aggrecan, and heparan sulphate proteoglycan, amongst others, in organs of the gastropoda Achatina fulica. Through a proteomic analysis of Golgi proteins and immunohistochemistry of tissue sections, we detected the machinery involved in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, related to polymer formation (polymerases), as well as secondary modifications (sulphation and uronic acid epimerization). Therefore, this work not only identifies both the proteoglycan core proteins and glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic enzymes in invertebrates but also provides a novel method for the study of glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarsis F Gesteira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Levy-Ontman O, Arad SM, Harvey DJ, Parsons TB, Fairbanks A, Tekoah Y. Unique N-glycan moieties of the 66-kDa cell wall glycoprotein from the red microalga Porphyridium sp. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:21340-52. [PMID: 21515680 PMCID: PMC3122194 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.175042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the structural determination of the N-linked glycans in the 66-kDa glycoprotein, part of the unique sulfated complex cell wall polysaccharide of the red microalga Porphyridium sp. Structures were elucidated by a combination of normal phase/reverse phase HPLC, positive ion MALDI-TOF MS, negative ion electrospray ionization, and MS/MS. The sugar moieties of the glycoprotein consisted of at least four fractions of N-linked glycans, each composed of the same four monosaccharides, GlcNAc, Man, 6-O-MeMan, and Xyl, with compositions Man(8-9)Xyl(1-2)Me(3)GlcNAc(2). The present study is the first report of N-glycans with the terminal Xyl attached to the 6-mannose branch of the 6-antenna and to the 3-oxygen of the penultimate (core) GlcNAc. Another novel finding was that all four glycans contain three O-methylmannose residues in positions that have never been reported before. Although it is known that some lower organisms are able to methylate terminal monosaccharides in glycans, the present study on Porphyridium sp. is the first describing an organism that is able to methylate non-terminal mannose residues. This study will thus contribute to understanding of N-glycosylation in algae and might shed light on the evolutionary development from prokaryotes to multicellular organisms. It also may contribute to our understanding of the red algae polysaccharide formation. The additional importance of this research lies in its potential for biotechnological applications, especially in evaluating the use of microalgae as cell factories for the production of therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshrat Levy-Ontman
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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Velkova L, Dolashka P, Lieb B, Dolashki A, Voelter W, Van Beeumen J, Devreese B. Glycan structures of the structural subunit (HtH1) of Haliotis tuberculata hemocyanin. Glycoconj J 2011; 28:385-95. [PMID: 21660411 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-011-9337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The oligosaccharide structures of the structural subunit HtH1 of Haliotis tuberculata hemocyanin (HtH) were studied by mass spectral sequence analysis of the glycans. The proposed structures are based on MALDI-TOF-MS data before and after treatment with the specific exoglycosidases β1-3,4,6-galactosidase and α1-6(>2,3,4) fucosidase followed by sequence analysis via electrospray ionization MS/MS-spectra. In total, 15 glycans were identified as a highly heterogeneous group of structures. As in most molluscan hemocyanins, the glycans of HtH1 contain a terminal MeHex, but more interestingly, a novel structural motif was observed: MeHex[Fuc(α1-3)-]GlcNAc, including thus MeHex and (α1-3)-Fuc residues being linked to an internal GlcNAc residue. While the functional unit (FU) c (HtH1-c) is completely lacking any potential glycosylation site, FU-h possesses a second exposed sugar attachment site between beta-strands 8 and 9 within the beta sandwich domain compared to the other FUs. The glycosylation pattern/sites show a high degree of conservation. In FU-h two prominent potential glycosylation sites can be detected. The finding that HtH1 is not able to form multidecameric structures in vivo could be explained by the presence of the exposed glycan on the surface of FU-h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila Velkova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia
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16
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Paschinger K, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Furukawa K, Wilson IBH. Presence of galactosylated core fucose on N-glycans in the planaria Dugesia japonica. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:561-567. [PMID: 21630384 PMCID: PMC3155867 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Planarial species are of especial interest to biologists due to the phenomenon of pluripotency and, in comparison to other developmental processes, it can be hypothesised that glycan-lectin interactions may play a role. In order to examine the N-glycans of one of these organisms, Dugesia japonica, peptide:N-glycosidase A was employed and the released glycans were subject to pyridylamination, HPLC and mass spectrometric analysis. A range of oligomannosidic glycans was observed with a trimethylated Man(5) GlcNAc(2) structure being the dominant species. Three glycans were also observed to contain deoxyhexose; in particular, a glycan with the composition Hex(4) HexNAc(2) Fuc(1) Me(2) was revealed by exoglycosidase digestion, in combination with MS/MS, to contain a galactosylated core α1,6-fucose residue, whereas this core modification was found to be capped with a methylhexose residue in the case of a Hex(5) HexNAc(2) Fuc(1) Me(3) structure. This is the first report of these types of structures in a platyhelminth and indicates that the 'GalFuc' modification of N-glycans is not just restricted to molluscs and nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Paschinger
- Department für Chemie, Universität für BodenkulturMuthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Ebrahim Razzazi-Fazeli
- Vetomics Core Facility for Research, Veterinärmedizinische UniversitätA-1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Kiyoshi Furukawa
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of TechnologyNagaoka 940-2188, Japan
| | - Iain BH Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für BodenkulturMuthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
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17
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Natsuka S, Hirohata Y, Nakakita SI, Sumiyoshi W, Hase S. Structural analysis of N-glycans of the planarian Dugesia japonica. FEBS J 2011; 278:452-60. [PMID: 21205195 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between phylogeny and glycan structures, we analyzed the structure of planarian N-glycans. The planarian Dugesia japonica, a member of the flatworm family, is a lower metazoan. N-glycans were prepared from whole worms by hydrazinolysis, followed by tagging with the fluorophore 2-aminopyridine at their reducing end. The labeled N-glycans were purified, and separated by three HPLC steps. By comparison with standard pyridylaminated N-glycans, it was shown that the N-glycans of planarian include high mannose-type and pauci-mannose-type glycans. However, many of the major N-glycans from planarians have novel structures, as their elution positions did not match those of the standard glycans. The results of mass spectrometry and sugar component analyses indicated that these glycans include methyl mannoses, and that the most probable linkage was 3-O-methylation. Furthermore, the methyl residues on the most abundant glycan may be attached to the non-reducing-end mannose, as the glycans were resistant to α-mannosidase digestion. These results indicate that methylated high-mannose-type glycans are the most abundant structure in planarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Natsuka
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Japan.
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18
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Ituarte S, Dreon MS, Pasquevich MY, Fernández PE, Heras H. Carbohydrates and glycoforms of the major egg perivitellins from Pomacea apple snails (Architaenioglossa: Ampullariidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 157:66-72. [PMID: 20471490 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Ituarte
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CONICET CCT La Plata-Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 120, (1900) La Plata, Argentina
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19
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Dolashka P, Velkova L, Shishkov S, Kostova K, Dolashki A, Dimitrov I, Atanasov B, Devreese B, Voelter W, Van Beeumen J. Glycan structures and antiviral effect of the structural subunit RvH2 of Rapana hemocyanin. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:2361-7. [PMID: 20863484 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Molluscan hemocyanins are very large biological macromolecules and they act as oxygen-transporting glycoproteins. Most of them are glycoproteins with molecular mass around 9000 kDa. The oligosaccharide structures of the structural subunit RvH2 of Rapana venosa hemocyanin (RvH) were studied by sequence analysis of glycans using MALDI-TOF-MS and tandem mass spectrometry on a Q-Trap mass spectrometer after enzymatical liberation of the N-glycans from the polypeptides. Our study revealed a highly heterogeneous mixture of glycans of the compositions Hex(0-9) HexNAc(2-4) Hex(0-3) Pent(0-3) Fuc(0-3). A novel type of N-glycan, with an internal fucose residue connecting one GalNAc(β1-2) and one hexuronic acid, was detected, as also occurs in subunit RvH1. A glycan with the same structure but with two deoxyhexose residues was observed as a doubly charged ion. Antiviral effects of the native molecules of RvH and also of Helix lucorum hemocyanin (HlH), of their structural subunits, and of the glycosylated functional unit RvH2-e and the non-glycosylated unit RvH2-c on HSV virus type 1 were investigated. Only glycosylated FU RvH2-e exhibits this antiviral activity. The carbohydrate chains of the FU are likely to interact with specific regions of glycoproteins of HSV, through van der Waals interactions in general or with certain amino acid residues in particular. Several clusters of these residues can be identified on the surface of RvH2-e.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Dolashka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, G. Bonchev 9, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
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20
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Velkova L, Dimitrov I, Schwarz H, Stevanovic S, Voelter W, Salvato B, Dolashka-Angelova P. Structure of hemocyanin from garden snail Helix lucorum. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 157:16-25. [PMID: 20433940 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hemocyanins are giant extracellular oxygen carriers in the hemolymph of many molluscs and arthropods with different quaternary structure. They are represented in the hemolymph of molluscs with one, two or three isoforms, as decameric, didecameric, multidecameric and tubules aggregates. We describe here the structure of the hemocyanin Helix lucorum (HlH), species in the series of molluscan hemocyanins. In contrast with other molluscan hemocyanins, three different hemocyanin isopolypeptides were isolated from the hemolymph of the garden snail H. lucorum, named as beta-HlH, alpha(D)-HlH and alpha(N)-HlH. Their molecular masses were determined by size exclusion chromatography to be 1068 kDa (beta-HlH) and 1079 kDa (alpha(D)-HlH, and alpha(N)-HlH). Native HlH exhibits a predominant didecameric structure as revealed by electron microscopy and additionally few tridecamers are shown in the electron micrographs of HlH resulting from the association of a further decamer with one didecamer. The three isoforms are represented mainly as homogeneous didecamers, but they have different behaviour after dissociation and reassociation in the pH-stabilizing buffer, containing 20 mM CaCl(2). All isoforms were reassociated into didecamers and tubules with different length, but in contrast to alpha(D)-HlH isoform, longer tubules were observed in beta-HlH. Moreover the structure of beta-HlH was analysed after limited proteolysis with trypsin followed by FPLC and HPLC separation of the cleavage products. Eight different functional units were identified by their N-terminal sequences and molecular masses. The protein characteristics, including UV absorption at 340 nm, fluorescence and CD spectra of the native molecule and its units confirmed the structure of multimer protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Velkova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str bl.9, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
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21
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Stepan H, Bleckmann C, Geyer H, Geyer R, Staudacher E. Determination of 3-O- and 4-O-methylated monosaccharide constituents in snail glycans. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1504-7. [PMID: 20400065 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The N- and O-glycans of Arianta arbustorum, Achatina fulica, Arion lusitanicus and Planorbarius corneus were analysed for their monosaccharide pattern by reversed-phase HPLC after labelling with 2-aminobenzoic acid or 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Glucosamine, galactosamine, mannose, galactose, glucose, fucose and xylose were identified. Furthermore, three different methylated sugars were detected: 3-O-methyl-mannose and 3-O-methyl-galactose were confirmed to be a common snail feature; 4-O-methyl-galactose was detected for the first time in snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herwig Stepan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2003-2004. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:273-361. [PMID: 18825656 PMCID: PMC7168468 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is the third update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings the topic to the end of 2004. Both fundamental studies and applications are covered. The main topics include methodological developments, matrices, fragmentation of carbohydrates and applications to large polymeric carbohydrates from plants, glycans from glycoproteins and those from various glycolipids. Other topics include the use of MALDI MS to study enzymes related to carbohydrate biosynthesis and degradation, its use in industrial processes, particularly biopharmaceuticals and its use to monitor products of chemical synthesis where glycodendrimers and carbohydrate-protein complexes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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23
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Park Y, Zhang Z, Laremore TN, Li B, Sim JS, Im AR, Ahn MY, Kim YS, Linhardt RJ. Variation of acharan sulfate and monosaccharide composition and analysis of neutral N-glycans in African giant snail (Achatina fulica). Glycoconj J 2008; 25:863-77. [PMID: 18670878 PMCID: PMC2630192 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Acharan sulfate content from African giant snail (Achatina fulica) was compared in eggs and snails of different ages. Acharan sulfate was not found in egg. Acharan sulfate disaccharide -->4)-alpha-D-GlcNpAc (1-->4)-alpha-L-IdoAp2S(1-->, analyzed by SAX (strong-anion exchange)-HPLC was observed soon after hatching and increases as the snails grow. Monosaccharide compositional analysis showed that mole % of glucosamine, a major monosaccharide of acharan sulfate, increased with age while mole % of galactose decreased with age. These results suggest that galactans represent a major energy source during development, while acharan sulfate appearing immediately after hatching, is essential for the snail growth. The structures of neutral N-glycans released from eggs by peptide N-glycosidase F (PNGase F), were next elucidated using ESI-MS/MS, MALDI-MS/MS, enzyme digestion, and monosaccharide composition analysis. Three types of neutral N-glycan structures were observed, truncated (Hex(2-4)-HexNAc(2)), high mannose (Hex(5-9)-HexNAc(2)), and complex (Hex(3)-HexNAc(2-10)) types. None showed core fucosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youmie Park
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Tatiana N. Laremore
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Boyangzi Li
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Soo Sim
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Rang Im
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Young Ahn
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Shik Kim
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
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24
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Revealing the anti-HRP epitope in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis. Glycoconj J 2008; 26:385-95. [PMID: 18726691 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Beck A, Hillen N, Dolashki A, Stevanovic S, Salvato B, Voelter W, Dolashka-Angelova P. Oligosaccharide structure of a functional unit RvH1-b of Rapana venosa hemocyanin using HPLC/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Biochimie 2007; 89:938-49. [PMID: 17400357 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study the structures of two glycopeptides (G1 and G1'), isolated from FU RvH(1)-b and two glycopeptides (G2 and G3), isolated from the structural subunit RvH(1) of Rapana venosa hemocyanin, were determined. To structurally characterize the site-specific carbohydrate heterogeneity and binding site of the N-linked glycopeptide(s), a combination of capillary reversed-phase chromatography and ion trap mass spectrometry was used. The amino acid sequences of glycopeptides G1 and G1' determined by Edman degradation and MS/MS sequencing demonstrated that the oligosaccharides are linked to N-glycosylation sites. Two peptides (a glycosylated (G1) and non-glycosylated one) were identified in this fraction and no linkage sites were observed in the latter one. Based on the sequencing of the glycosylated fractions G1, G1', G2 and G3, the carbohydrate structure Man(alpha1-6)Man(alpha1-3)Man(beta1-4)GlcNAc(beta1-4)[Fuc(alpha1-6)]GlcNAc-R could be identified for glycopeptides G1 and G3, and only the typical core structure Man(alpha1-6)Man(alpha1-3)Man(beta1-4)GlcNAc(beta1-4)GlcNAc-R was found for G1' and G2. The Fuc residue found in glycopeptides G1 and G3 is attached to N-acetyl-glucosamine of the carbohydrate core, as often found in other glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Beck
- Klinisch-chemisches Zentrallaboratorium der Universitätskliniken, Abteilung Innere Medizin IV, Universität Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Gutternigg M, Kretschmer-Lubich D, Paschinger K, Rendić D, Hader J, Geier P, Ranftl R, Jantsch V, Lochnit G, Wilson IBH. Biosynthesis of truncated N-linked oligosaccharides results from non-orthologous hexosaminidase-mediated mechanisms in nematodes, plants, and insects. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:27825-40. [PMID: 17636254 PMCID: PMC2850174 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704235200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In many invertebrates and plants, the N-glycosylation profile is dominated by truncated paucimannosidic N-glycans, i.e. glycans consisting of a simple trimannosylchitobiosyl core often modified by core fucose residues. Even though they lack antennal N-acetylglucosamine residues, the biosynthesis of these glycans requires the sequential action of GlcNAc transferase I, Golgi mannosidase II, and, finally, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases. In Drosophila, the recently characterized enzyme encoded by the fused lobes (fdl) gene specifically removes the non-reducing N-acetylglucosamine residue from the alpha1,3-antenna of N-glycans. In the present study, we examined the products of five beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase genes from Caenorhabditis elegans (hex-1 to hex-5, corresponding to reading frames T14F9.3, C14C11.3, Y39A1C.4, Y51F10.5, and Y70D2A.2) in addition to three from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtHEX1, AtHEX2, and AtHEX3, corresponding to reading frames At1g65590, At3g55260, and At1g05590). Based on homology, the Caenorhabditis HEX-1 and all three Arabidopsis enzymes are members of the same sub-family as the aforementioned Drosophila fused lobes enzyme but either act as chitotriosidases or non-specifically remove N-acetylglucosamine from both N-glycan antennae. The other four Caenorhabditis enzymes are members of a distinct sub-family; nevertheless, two of these enzymes displayed the same alpha1,3-antennal specificity as the fused lobes enzyme. Furthermore, a deletion of part of the Caenorhabditis hex-2 gene drastically reduces the native N-glycan-specific hexosaminidase activity in mutant worm extracts and results in a shift in the N-glycan profile, which is a demonstration of its in vivo enzymatic relevance. Based on these data, it is hypothesized that the genetic origin of paucimannosidic glycans in nematodes, plants, and insects involves highly divergent members of the same hexosaminidase gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gutternigg
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | | | - Katharina Paschinger
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Dubravko Rendić
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Josef Hader
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Petra Geier
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Ramona Ranftl
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Verena Jantsch
- Abteilung für Chromosomenbiologie, Vienna Biocenter II, A-1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Günter Lochnit
- Institut für Biochemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität, D-35292 Gießen, Germany
| | - Iain B. H. Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: ; Tel: +43-1-36006-6541; Fax: +43-1-36006-6076
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Gutternigg M, Bürgmayr S, Pöltl G, Rudolf J, Staudacher E. Neutral N-glycan patterns of the gastropods Limax maximus, Cepaea hortensis, Planorbarius corneus, Arianta arbustorum and Achatina fulica. Glycoconj J 2007; 24:475-89. [PMID: 17516162 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-007-9040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The N-glycosylation potentials of Limax maximus, Cepaea hortensis, Planorbarius corneus, Arianta arbustorum and Achatina fulica were analysed by investigation of the N-glycan structures of the skin and viscera glycoproteins by a combination of HPLC and mass-spectrometry methods. It is one of the first steps to enlarge the knowledge on the glycosylation abilities of gastropods, which may help to establish new cell culture systems, to uncover new means for pest control for some species, and to identify carbohydrate-epitopes which may be relevant for immune response. All snails analysed contained mainly oligomannosidic and small paucimannosidic structures, often terminated with 3-O-methylated mannoses. The truncated structures carried modifications by beta1-2-linked xylose to the beta-mannose residue, and/or an alpha-fucosylation, mainly alpha1,6-linked to the innermost N-acetylglucosaminyl residue of the core. Many of these structures were missing the terminal N-acetylglucosamine, which has been shown to be a prerequisite for processing to complex N-glycans in the Golgi. In some species (Planorbarius corneus and Achatina fulica) traces of large structures, terminated by 3-O-methylated galactoses and carrying xylose and/or fucose residues, were also detected. In Planorbarius viscera low amounts of terminal alpha1-2-fucosylation were determined. Combining these results, gastropods seem to be capable to produce all kinds of structures ranging from those typical in mammals through to structures similar to those found in plants, insects or nematodes. The detailed knowledge of this very complex glycosylation system of the gastropods will be a valuable tool to understand the principle rules of glycosylation in all organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gutternigg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
The asparagine-linked carbohydrate moieties of plant and insect glycoproteins are the most abundant environmental immune determinants. They are the structural basis of what is known as cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs). Despite some structural variation, the two main motifs are the xylose and the core-3-linked fucose, which form the essential part of two independent epitopes. Plants contain both epitopes, insect glycoproteins only fucose. These epitopes and other fucosylated determinants are also found in helminth parasites where they exert remarkable immunomodulatory effects. About 20% or more of allergic patients generate specific anti-glycan IgE, which is often accompanied by IgG. Even though antibody-binding glycoproteins are widespread in pollens, foods and insect venoms, CCDs do not appear to cause clinical symptoms in most, if not all patients. When IgE binding is solely due to CCDs, a glycoprotein allergen thus can be rated as clinical irrelevant allergen. Low binding affinity between IgE and plant N-glycans now drops out as a plausible explanation for the benign nature of CCDs. This rather may result from blocking antibodies induced by an incidental 'immune therapy' ('glyco-specific immune therapy') exerted by everyday contact with plant materials, e.g. fruits or vegetables. The need to detect and suppress anti-CCD IgE without interference from peptide epitopes can be best met by artificial glycoprotein allergens. Hydroxyproline-linked arabinose (single beta-arabinofuranosyl residues) has been identified as a new IgE-binding carbohydrate epitope in the major mugwort allergen. However, currently the occurrence of this O-glycan determinant appears to be rather restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Altmann
- Divison of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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Sanchez JF, Lescar J, Chazalet V, Audfray A, Gagnon J, Alvarez R, Breton C, Imberty A, Mitchell EP. Biochemical and Structural Analysis of Helix pomatia Agglutinin. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:20171-80. [PMID: 16704980 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m603452200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Helix pomatia agglutinin (HPA) is a N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) binding lectin found in the albumen gland of the roman snail. As a constituent of perivitelline fluid, HPA protects fertilized eggs from bacteria and is part of the innate immunity system of the snail. The peptide sequence deduced from gene cloning demonstrates that HPA belongs to a family of carbohydrate-binding proteins recently identified in several invertebrates. This domain is also present in discoidin from the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. Investigation of the lectin specificity was performed with the use of glycan arrays, demonstrating that several GalNAc-containing oligosaccharides are bound and rationalizing the use of this lectin as a cancer marker. Titration microcalorimetry performed on the interaction between HPA and GalNAc indicates an affinity in the 10(-4) M range with an enthalpy-driven binding mechanism. The crystal structure of HPA demonstrates the occurrence of a new beta-sandwich lectin fold. The hexameric quaternary state was never observed previously for a lectin. The high resolution structure complex of HPA with GalNAc characterizes a new carbohydrate binding site and rationalizes the observed preference for alphaGalNAc-containing oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Frederic Sanchez
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier, 38041 Grenoble, France
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Robledo Y, Marigómez I, Angulo E, Cajaraville MP. Glycosylation and sorting pathways of lysosomal enzymes in mussel digestive cells. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 324:319-33. [PMID: 16450124 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-005-0125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to contribute to the understanding of the synthesis, maturation and activation of lysosomal enzymes in an invertebrate cellular model: the endo-lysosomal system (ELS) of mussel digestive cells. The activities of 5'-nucleotidase (AMPase), arylsulphatase (ASase) and acid phosphatase (AcPase), which are transported towards acidic compartments as membrane proteins, were localised by enzyme cytochemistry. AcPase activity was found within large heterolysosomes and residual bodies. ASase was located in endosomes, endolysosomes and heterolysosomes. AcPase and ASase activities were recorded within small vesicles and cisterns of the trans-Golgi network. Conversely, AMPase activity was primarily found in microvilli and apical vesicles and, less conspicuously, in lysosomes and the cis-side of the Golgi and the cis-Golgi network (CGN). In order to understand the processes of synthesis and maturation of these lysosomal enzymes, selected glycoconjugates were localised after lectin cytochemistry. N-acetylglucosamine, mannose and fucose residues were almost ubiquitous in the ELS, as were galactose residues, which were apparently less abundant. N-acetylglucosamine residues occurred in the inner membrane co-localised with mannose residues within the lysosomal and pre-lysosomal acidic compartments. Based on these results, glycosylation and sorting pathways are proposed for both soluble and membrane enzymes. Unlike in mammalian cells, O-glycosylation is fully completed in the CGN, mannose addition in N-glycosylation extends beyond the CGN and galactose addition is fully achieved at the intermediate side. Sorting of soluble lysosomal enzymes, as in crustaceans, is mediated by the indirect transport of membrane-linked proteins with GlcNAc1-P6Man residues that are removed in endolysosomes and heterolysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Robledo
- Department of Zoology & Animal Cell Biology, School of Science & Technology, University of the Basque Country, P.O. BOX 644, Bilbo, Basque Country, Spain
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