1
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Goulding MQ. Acclimation of intertidally reproducing sea-snails protects embryos from lethal effects of transient hyperthermia. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol 2024. [PMID: 38291725 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Embryos of Ilyanassa obsoleta (from Massachusetts and Florida) and Phrontis vibex (from Florida) were exposed to temperatures from 33 to 37°C. In both species, very young embryos are especially sensitive to thermal stress. Brief early heat shock did not disturb spiral cleavage geometry but led to variable, typically severe defects in larval morphogenesis and tissue differentiation. In Ilyanassa but not P. vibex, early heat shock resulted in immediate slowing or arrest of interphase progression during early cleavage. This reversible arrest was correlated with improved prognosis for larval development and (in Massachusetts snails, at least) depended on parental acclimation to warm temperature (~25.5°C). Embryos from Massachusetts snails housed at lower temperature (16°C) exhibited cytokinesis failure when briefly incubated at 33°C during early cleavage, and tissue differentiation failure during incubation at 33°C begun at later stages. This preliminary study reveals a case in which stress-conditioned parents may endow embryos with protection against potentially lethal thermal stress during the most vulnerable stages of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Q Goulding
- Research Division, International Snail Station, Seattle, Washington, USA
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2
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Chaurasia S, Rastogi V, Maddheshiya N, Dhungel D, Ramalingam K. Eyelid Lesion of Molluscum contagiosum: A Case Report and Literature Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e52272. [PMID: 38357070 PMCID: PMC10865165 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a common viral infection in children that affects the skin and oral mucous membranes. It is caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV), a double-stranded DNA virus in the Poxviridae family. Transmission takes place via direct skin contact, self-inoculation, and exposure to contaminated objects. Clinically, it is characterized by the presence of a single or multiple enlarged dome-shaped or doughnut-shaped flesh-colored papules with central umbilication, usually called "mollusca". The diagnosis of MC is based mainly on clinical observations, in addition to histopathological examinations to reveal characteristic molluscum bodies, also known as Henderson-Patterson bodies. Current treatment methods include mechanical, chemical, immune modulation, and antiviral treatments. In this context, we present a case involving a 42-year-old male infected with MC, outlining both the clinical and histopathological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Chaurasia
- Oral Pathology, Universal College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital, Bhairahawa, NPL
| | - Varun Rastogi
- Oral Pathology, Universal College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital, Bhairahawa, NPL
| | - Nisha Maddheshiya
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, IND
| | - Dilasha Dhungel
- Oral Pathology, Universal College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital, Bhairahawa, NPL
| | - Karthikeyan Ramalingam
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
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3
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Qi L, Xu B, Kong L, Li Q. Checklist of the micromolluscs in the intertidal zone of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, China. Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e105444. [PMID: 38327352 PMCID: PMC10848653 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e105444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The diversity of the sedimentary environment and molluscs is rich in the intertidal zone of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. At present, many of the investigations focus on macromolluscs, while the diversity of micromolluscs is seriously underestimated. New information In this study, the survey of micromolluscs was carried out in the intertidal zone of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. The collection and preservation of micromolluscs, as well as the preparation methods of morphological characteristic structures by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were explored. A total of 20 species were described in this survey. These can be assigned to 16 families, four orders (Vetigastropoda (1), Caenogastropoda (10), Heterobranchia (5) and Autobranchia (3)) and two classes (Gastropoda (17), Bivalvia (3)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, ChinaKey Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Biyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, ChinaKey Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Lingfeng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, ChinaKey Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
- Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, ChinaSanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of ChinaSanyaChina
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, ChinaLaboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan LaboratoryQingdaoChina
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, ChinaKey Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
- Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, ChinaSanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of ChinaSanyaChina
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, ChinaLaboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan LaboratoryQingdaoChina
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4
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Krings W, Wägele H, Neumann C, Gorb SN. Coping with abrasive food: diverging composition of radular teeth in two Porifera-consuming nudibranch species ( Mollusca, Gastropoda). J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20220927. [PMID: 37221862 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Molluscs forage with their radula, a chitinous membrane with teeth. Adaptations to hard or abrasive ingesta were well studied in Polyplacophora and Patellogastropoda, but for other taxa there are large gaps in knowledge. Here, we investigated the nudibranch gastropods Felimare picta and Doris pseudoargus, both of which feed on Porifera. Tooth morphologies were documented by scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical properties were tested by nanoindentation. We found that these parameters are rather similar in both species, indicating that teeth are similar in their function. To study the composition, teeth were visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), to determine the degree of tanning, and analysed with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, to test the elemental composition. The emitted autofluorescence signal and the inorganic content differed between the species. This was especially prominent when studying the inner and outer tooth surfaces (leading and trailing edges). In F. picta, we detected high proportions of Si, whereas teeth of D. pseudoargus contained high amounts of Ca, which influenced the autofluorescence signal in CLSM. Employing nanoindentation, we determined high Young's modulus and hardness values for the leading edges of teeth, which relate to the Si and Ca content. This highlights that teeth with a similar morphology and mechanical properties can be mechanically enhanced via different chemical pathways in Nudibranchia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencke Krings
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, Universität Leipzig, Liebigstraße 12, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Behavioral Biology, Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Mammalogy and Palaeoanthropology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Heike Wägele
- Department of Phylogenetics and Evolutionary Biology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Charlotte Neumann
- Department of Behavioral Biology, Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Mammalogy and Palaeoanthropology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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5
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Korshunova T, Lundin K, Malmberg K, Martynov A. Narrowly defined taxa on a global scale: The phylogeny and taxonomy of the genera Catriona and Tenellia (Nudibranchia, Trinchesiidae) favours fine-scale taxonomic differentiation and dissolution of the "lumpers & splitters" dilemma. Evol Appl 2023; 16:428-460. [PMID: 36793683 PMCID: PMC9923469 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
By applying morphological and molecular data on two genera of the nudibranch molluscs it is shown that the tension between taxonomic practice and evolutionary processes persists. A review of the related genera Catriona and Tenellia is used to demonstrate that the fine-scale taxonomic differentiation is an important tool in the integration of morphological and molecular data. This is highlighted by the hidden species problem and provides strong argument that the genus must be kept as a maximally narrowly-defined entity. Otherwise, we are forced to compare a highly disparate species under the putatively lumped name "Tenellia". We demonstrate this in the present study by applying a suite of delimitation methods and describing a new species of Tenellia from the Baltic Sea. The new species possesses fine-scale morphological distinguishing features, which were not investigated before. The true, narrowly defined genus Tenellia represents a peculiar taxon with a clearly expressed paedomorphic characters and predominantly brackish-water habitats. The phylogenetically related genus Catriona, of which three new species are described here, clearly demonstrates different features. A lumping decision to call many morphologically and evolutionary different taxa as "Tenellia" will downgrade the taxonomic and phylogenetic resolution of the entire family Trinchesiidae to just a single genus. The dissolution of the dilemma of "lumpers & splitters", which still significantly affects taxonomy, will further help to make systematics a true evolutionary discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kennet Lundin
- Gothenburg Natural History Museum Gothenburg Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Klas Malmberg
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden.,Aquatilis Gothenburg Sweden
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6
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Vermeij GJ. Evolutionary norm-breaking and extinction in the marine tropics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2217880120. [PMID: 36574705 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217880120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary innovations, defined as character states that transcend clade norms, are often studied in an exclusively phylogenetic context, but their distribution in time and space indicates that geography also influences the evolution of new ecological, morphological, and physiological traits. In an analysis of 99 fossillzable, norm-breaking innovations in tropical marine Neogene molluscan clades that arose uniquely in either (but not in both) the Indo-West Pacific (IWP) or Atlantic-East Pacific (AEP) realms, I show that there are far more innovations in the IWP (79%) than those in the AEP (21%). Most of the innovations are interpretable as defensive or competitive adaptations or as indicators of extreme habitat specialization. Although the innovations arose in taxonomically rich biotas, only 9% are associated with subclades comprising 10 or more species each, indicating that they contributed little to overall taxonomic richness. Compilations of extant species in 30 pantropical molluscan clades show that the IWP accounts for 71% of tropical shallow-water species, implying that the per-species incidence of norm-breaking innovations is higher there than in the AEP. Only 5% of innovations became extinct in the IWP as compared with 38% in the AEP, mirroring a similar difference in the magnitudes of Late Miocene and later taxonomic extinction in the two realms. These data imply that large-scale disruption strongly limits norm-breaking innovation. Opportunities for adaptive innovation are therefore likely to be few in today's heavily overexploited and disturbed biosphere.
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7
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Chen C, Watanabe HK, Gena K, Johnson SB. Anatomical shifts linked with unusual diets in deep-sea snails. Ecology 2023; 104:e3847. [PMID: 36336886 PMCID: PMC10078515 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- X-STAR, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | | | - Kaul Gena
- The Papua New Guinea University of Technology, Lae, Papua New Guinea
| | - Shannon B Johnson
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), Moss Landing, California, USA
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8
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Mukherjee K, Moroz LL. Transposon-derived transcription factors across metazoans. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1113046. [PMID: 36960413 PMCID: PMC10027918 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1113046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TE) could serve as sources of new transcription factors (TFs) in plants and some other model species, but such evidence is lacking for most animal lineages. Here, we discovered multiple independent co-options of TEs to generate 788 TFs across Metazoa, including all early-branching animal lineages. Six of ten superfamilies of DNA transposon-derived conserved TF families (ZBED, CENPB, FHY3, HTH-Psq, THAP, and FLYWCH) were identified across nine phyla encompassing the entire metazoan phylogeny. The most extensive convergent domestication of potentially TE-derived TFs occurred in the hydroid polyps, polychaete worms, cephalopods, oysters, and sea slugs. Phylogenetic reconstructions showed species-specific clustering and lineage-specific expansion; none of the identified TE-derived TFs revealed homologs in their closest neighbors. Together, our study established a framework for categorizing TE-derived TFs and informing the origins of novel genes across phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishanu Mukherjee
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Leonid L. Moroz, ; Krishanu Mukherjee,
| | - Leonid L. Moroz
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, United States
- Departments of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Leonid L. Moroz, ; Krishanu Mukherjee,
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9
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Thoma J, Stenitzer D, Grabherr R, Staudacher E. Identification, Characterization, and Expression of a β-Galactosidase from Arion Species ( Mollusca). Biomolecules 2022; 12:1578. [PMID: 36358928 PMCID: PMC9687990 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Galactosidases (β-Gal, EC 3.2.1.23) catalyze the cleavage of terminal non-reducing β-D-galactose residues or transglycosylation reactions yielding galacto-oligosaccharides. In this study, we present the isolation and characterization of a β-galactosidase from Arion lusitanicus, and based on this, the cloning and expression of a putative β-galactosidase from Arion vulgaris (A0A0B7AQJ9) in Sf9 cells. The entire gene codes for a protein consisting of 661 amino acids, comprising a putative signal peptide and an active domain. Specificity studies show exo- and endo-cleavage activity for galactose β1,4-linkages. Both enzymes, the recombinant from A. vulgaris and the native from A. lusitanicus, display similar biochemical parameters. Both β-galactosidases are most active in acidic environments ranging from pH 3.5 to 4.5, and do not depend on metal ions. The ideal reaction temperature is 50 °C. Long-term storage is possible up to +4 °C for the A. vulgaris enzyme, and up to +20 °C for the A. lusitanicus enzyme. This is the first report of the expression and characterization of a mollusk exoglycosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Thoma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgassse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Stenitzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgassse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Staudacher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgassse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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10
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Chen C, Hilário A, Rodrigues CF, Ramirez-Llodra E. Integrative taxonomy of a new cocculinid limpet dominating the Aurora Vent Field in the central Arctic ocean. R Soc Open Sci 2022; 9:220885. [PMID: 36249326 PMCID: PMC9554515 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host lush chemosynthetic communities, dominated by endemic fauna that cannot live in other ecosystems. Despite over 500 active vents found worldwide, the Arctic has remained a little-studied piece of vent biogeography. Though located as early as 2001, the faunal communities of the Aurora Vent Field on the ultra-slow spreading Gakkel Ridge remained unsampled until recently, owing to difficulties with sampling on complex topography below permanent ice. Here, we report an unusual cocculinid limpet abundant on inactive chimneys in Aurora (3883-3884 m depth), describing it as Cocculina aurora n. sp. using an integrative approach combining traditional dissection, electron microscopy, molecular phylogeny, and three-dimensional anatomical reconstruction. Gross anatomy of the new species was typical for Cocculina, but it has a unique radula with broad, multi-cuspid rachidian where the outermost lateral is reduced compared to typical cocculinids. A phylogenetic reconstruction using the mitochondrial COI gene also confirmed its placement in Cocculina. Only the second cocculinid found at vents following the description of the Antarctic Cocculina enigmadonta, this is currently the sole cocculinid restricted to vents. Our discovery adds to the evidence that Arctic vents host animal communities closely associated with wood falls and distinct from other parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- X-STAR, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Ana Hilário
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Clara F. Rodrigues
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eva Ramirez-Llodra
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
- REV Ocean, Lysaker, Norway
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11
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Krings W, Brütt JO, Gorb SN. Micro-cracks and micro-fractures reveal radular tooth architecture and its functional significance in the paludomid gastropod Lavigeria grandis. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2022; 380:20210335. [PMID: 35909353 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Most molluscan taxa forage with their radula, a chitinous membrane with embedded teeth. The teeth are the actual interfaces between the animal and its ingesta and serve as load-transmitting regions. During foraging, these structures have to withstand high stresses without structural failure and without a high degree of wear. Mechanisms contributing to this failure- and wear-resistance were well studied in the heavily mineralized teeth of Polyplacophora and Patellogastropoda, but for the rather chitinous teeth of non-limpet snails, we are confronted with a large gap in data. The work presented here on the paludomid gastropod Lavigeria grandis aims to shed some light on radular tooth composition and its contribution to failure- and wear-prevention in this type of radula. The teeth were fractured and the micro-cracks studied in detail by scanning electron microscopy, revealing layers within the teeth. Two layers of distinct fibre densities and orientations were detected, covered by a thin layer containing high proportions of calcium and silicon, as determined by elemental dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Our results clearly demonstrate the presence of failure- and wear-prevention mechanisms in snail radulae without the involvement of heavy mineralization-rendering this an example of a highly functional biological lightweight structure. This article is part of the theme issue 'Nanocracks in nature and industry'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencke Krings
- Department of Behavioral Biology, Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Mammalogy and Palaeoanthropology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Ole Brütt
- Department of Behavioral Biology, Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Mammalogy and Palaeoanthropology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Abstract
Latitudinal diversity gradients are among the most striking patterns in nature. Despite a large body of work investigating both geographic and environmental drivers, biogeographical provinces have not been included in statistical models of diversity patterns. Instead, spatial studies tend to focus on species-area and local-regional relationships. Here, we investigate correlates of a latitudinal diversity pattern in Australian coastal molluscs. We use an online database of greater than 300 000 specimens and quantify diversity using four methods to account for sampling variation. Additionally, we present a biogeographic scheme using factor analysis that allows for both gradients and sharp boundaries between clusters. The factors are defined on the basis of species composition and are independent of diversity. Regardless of the measure used, diversity is not directly explained by combinations of abiotic variables. Instead, transitions between regions better explain the observed patterns. Biogeographic gradients can in turn be explained by environmental variables, suggesting that environmental controls on diversity may be indirect. Faunas within provinces are homogeneous regardless of environmental variability. Thus, transitions between provinces explain most of the variation in diversity because small-scale factors are dampened. This explanation contrasts with the species-energy hypothesis. Future work should more carefully consider biogeographic gradients when investigating diversity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Kerr
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, UK
| | - John Alroy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia
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13
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Lobov AA, Babkina IY, Danilov LG, Masharskiy AE, Predeus AV, Mikhailova NA, Granovitch AI, Maltseva AL. Species-Specific Proteins in the Oviducts of Snail Sibling Species: Proteotranscriptomic Study of Littorina fabalis and L. obtusata. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:biology10111087. [PMID: 34827080 PMCID: PMC8614816 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Genus Littorina subgenus Neritrema (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda) includes the "obtusata" group of closely related species (Littorina obtusata and L. fabalis). The anatomy of the adult reproductive system (pallial oviduct) is the only reliable feature used for species identification in females of these species. Reproductive system anatomy and reproduction-associated proteins often diverge between sibling species. Despite being of high evolutionary interest, the molecular basis of this divergence remains poorly understood. We performed proteotranscriptomic comparison of oviducts of L. obtusata and L. fabalis by RNA-seq on Illumina HiSeq 2500 and two-dimensional protein electrophoresis (2D DIGE) with MS/MS identification of the species-specific proteins. The interspecies differences in the oviduct were associated with (1) metabolic proteins reflecting overall physiological differences between L. obtusata and L. fabalis, (2) receptor proteins, and (3) transcripts related to transposable elements (TEs). Various receptors identified may recognize a wide variety of ligands from pathogen-associated molecular patterns to specific carbohydrates on the sperm surface. Therefore, these may participate in immune defense as well as in sperm storage and regulation. Species-specificity of multiple TE sequences (coding for reverse transcriptase and ribonuclease H) may indicate the important role of these genomic elements in the Littorina species divergence, which has not been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arseniy A. Lobov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.Y.B.); (A.I.G.); (A.L.M.)
- Laboratory of Regenerative Biomedicine, Institute of Cytology of the RAS, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: or
| | - Irina Y. Babkina
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.Y.B.); (A.I.G.); (A.L.M.)
| | - Lavrentii G. Danilov
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Alexey E. Masharskiy
- Core Facility Center, “Development of Molecular and Cell Technologies” and “Biobank”, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | | | - Natalia A. Mikhailova
- Centre of Cell Technologies, Institute of Cytology of the RAS, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Andrei I. Granovitch
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.Y.B.); (A.I.G.); (A.L.M.)
| | - Arina L. Maltseva
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.Y.B.); (A.I.G.); (A.L.M.)
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Petraccioli A, Crovato P, Guarino FM, Mezzasalma M, Odierna G, Picariello O, Maio N. Chromosome Diversity and Evolution in Helicoide a (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora): A Synthesis from Original and Literature Data. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2551. [PMID: 34573517 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The superfamily Helicoidea is a large and diverse group of Eupulmonata. The superfamily has been the subject of several molecular and phylogenetic studies which greatly improved our knowledge on the evolutionary relationships and historical biogeography of many families. In contrast, the available karyological information on Helicoidea still results in an obscure general picture, lacking a homogeneous methodological approach and a consistent taxonomic record. Nevertheless, the available karyological information highlights the occurrence of a significant chromosomal diversity in the superfamily in terms of chromosome number (varying from 2n = 40 to 2n = 62), chromosome morphology and the distribution of different karyological features among different taxonomic groups. Here we performed a molecular and a comparative cytogenetic analysis on of 15 Helicoidea species of three different families. Furthermore, to provide an updated assessment of the chromosomal diversity of the superfamily we reviewed all the available chromosome data. Finally, superimposing all the chromosome data gathered from different sources on the available phylogenetic relationships of the studied taxa, we discuss the overall observed chromosome diversity in Helicoidea and advance a hypothesis on its chromosomal evolution. Abstract We performed a molecular and a comparative cytogenetic analysis on different Helicoidea species and a review of all the available chromosome data on the superfamily to provide an updated assessment of its karyological diversity. Standard karyotyping, banding techniques, and Fluorescence in situ hybridization of Nucleolus Organizer Region loci (NOR-FISH) were performed on fifteen species of three families: two Geomitridae, four Hygromiidae and nine Helicidae. The karyotypes of the studied species varied from 2n = 44 to 2n = 60, highlighting a high karyological diversity. NORs were on a single chromosome pair in Cernuella virgata and on multiple pairs in four Helicidae, representing ancestral and derived conditions, respectively. Heterochromatic C-bands were found on pericentromeric regions of few chromosomes, being Q- and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) negative. NOR-associated heterochromatin was C-banding and chromomycin A3 (CMA3) positive. Considering the available karyological evidence on Helicoidea and superimposing the chromosome data gathered from different sources on available phylogenetic inferences, we describe a karyotype of 2n = 60 with all biarmed elements as the ancestral state in the superfamily. From this condition, an accumulation of chromosome translocations led to karyotypes with a lower chromosome number (2n = 50–44). This process occurred independently in different lineages, while an augment of the chromosome number was detectable in Polygyridae. Chromosome inversions were also relevant chromosome rearrangements in Helicoidea, leading to the formation of telocentric elements in karyotypes with a relatively low chromosome count.
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15
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Abstract
Traditional molecular methods and omics-techniques across molluscan taxonomy increasingly inform biology of Mollusca. Recovery of DNA and RNA for such studies is challenged by common biological properties of the highly diverse molluscs. Molluscan biomineralization, adhesive structures and mucus involve polyphenolic proteins and mucopolysaccharides that hinder DNA extraction or copurify to inhibit enzyme-catalysed molecular procedures. DNA extraction methods that employ the detergent hexadecyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) to remove these contaminants importantly facilitate molecular-level study of molluscs. Molluscan pigments may stain DNA samples and interfere with spectrophotometry, necessitating gel electrophoresis or fluorometry for accurate quantification. RNA can reliably be extracted but the 'hidden break' in 28S rRNA of molluscs (like most protostomes) causes 18S and 28S rRNA fragments to co-migrate electrophoretically. This challenges the standard quality control based on the ratio of 18S and 28S rRNA, developed for deuterostome animals. High-AT content in molluscan rRNA prevents the effective purification of polyadenylated mRNA. Awareness of these matters aids the continuous expansion of molecular malacology, enabling work also with museum specimens and next-generation sequencing, with the latter imposing unprecedented demands on DNA quality. Alternative methods to extract nucleic acids from molluscs are available from literature and, importantly, from communications with others who study the molecular biology of molluscs. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Molluscan genomics: broad insights and future directions for a neglected phylum'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coen M Adema
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87112, USA
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16
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Scaros AT, Andouche A, Baratte S, Croll RP. Histamine and histidine decarboxylase in the olfactory system and brain of the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758). J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:1095-1112. [PMID: 31721188 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cephalopods are radically different from any other invertebrate. Their molluscan heritage, innovative nervous system, and specialized behaviors create a unique blend of characteristics that are sometimes reminiscent of vertebrate features. For example, despite differences in the organization and development of their nervous systems, both vertebrates and cephalopods use many of the same neurotransmitters. One neurotransmitter, histamine (HA), has been well studied in both vertebrates and invertebrates, including molluscs. While HA was previously suggested to be present in the cephalopod central nervous system (CNS), Scaros, Croll, and Baratte only recently described the localization of HA in the olfactory system of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. Here, we describe the location of HA using an anti-HA antibody and a probe for histidine decarboxylase (HDC), a synthetic enzyme for HA. We extended previous descriptions of HA in the olfactory organ, nerve, and lobe, and describe HDC staining in the same regions. We found HDC-positive cell populations throughout the CNS, including the optic gland and the peduncle, optic, dorso-lateral, basal, subvertical, frontal, magnocellular, and buccal lobes. The distribution of HA in the olfactory system of S. officinalis is similar to the presence of HA in the chemosensory organs of gastropods but is different than the sensory systems in vertebrates or arthropods. However, HA's widespread abundance throughout the rest of the CNS of Sepia is a similarity shared with gastropods, vertebrates, and arthropods. Its widespread use with differing functions across Animalia provokes questions regarding the evolutionary history and adaptability of HA as a transmitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia T Scaros
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Aude Andouche
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystemes Aquatiques (BOREA), MNHN, CNRS, SU, UCN, UA, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Baratte
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystemes Aquatiques (BOREA), MNHN, CNRS, SU, UCN, UA, Paris, France
| | - Roger P Croll
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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17
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Tomašových A, Gallmetzer I, Haselmair A, Kaufman DS, Mavrič B, Zuschin M. A decline in molluscan carbonate production driven by the loss of vegetated habitats encoded in the Holocene sedimentary record of the Gulf of Trieste. Sedimentology 2019; 66:781-807. [PMID: 30983639 PMCID: PMC6446828 DOI: 10.1111/sed.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbonate sediments in non-vegetated habitats on the north-east Adriatic shelf are dominated by shells of molluscs. However, the rate of carbonate molluscan production prior to the 20th century eutrophication and overfishing on this and other shelves remains unknown because: (i) monitoring of ecosystems prior to the 20th century was scarce; and (ii) ecosystem history inferred from cores is masked by condensation and mixing. Here, based on geochronological dating of four bivalve species, carbonate production during the Holocene is assessed in the Gulf of Trieste, where algal and seagrass habitats underwent a major decline during the 20th century. Assemblages of sand-dwelling Gouldia minima and opportunistic Corbula gibba are time-averaged to >1000 years and Corbula gibba shells are older by >2000 years than shells of co-occurring Gouldia minima. This age difference is driven by temporally disjunct production of two species coupled with decimetre-scale mixing. Stratigraphic unmixing shows that Corbula gibba declined in abundance during the highstand phase and increased again during the 20th century. In contrast, one of the major contributors to carbonate sands - Gouldia minima - increased in abundance during the highstand phase, but declined to almost zero abundance over the past two centuries. Gouldia minima and herbivorous gastropods associated with macroalgae or seagrasses are abundant in the top-core increments but are rarely alive. Although Gouldia minima is not limited to vegetated habitats, it is abundant in such habitats elsewhere in the Mediterranean Sea. This live-dead mismatch reflects the difference between highstand baseline communities (with soft-bottom vegetated zones and hard-bottom Arca beds) and present-day oligophotic communities with organic-loving species. Therefore, the decline in light penetration and the loss of vegetated habitats with high molluscan production traces back to the 19th century. More than 50% of the shells on the sea floor in the Gulf of Trieste reflect inactive production that was sourced by heterozoan carbonate factory in algal or seagrass habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Tomašových
- Earth Science InstituteSlovak Academy of SciencesDúbravska cesta 9Bratislava84005Slovakia
| | - Ivo Gallmetzer
- Department of PalaeontologyUniversity of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14Vienna1090Austria
| | - Alexandra Haselmair
- Department of PalaeontologyUniversity of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14Vienna1090Austria
| | - Darrell S. Kaufman
- School of Earth Sciences & Environmental SustainabilityNorthern Arizona UniversityCampus Box 4099FlagstaffAZ86011USA
| | - Borut Mavrič
- Marine Biology StationNational Institute of BiologyFornače 41PiranSI‐6330Slovenia
| | - Martin Zuschin
- Department of PalaeontologyUniversity of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14Vienna1090Austria
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18
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Clements JC, Bourque D, McLaughlin J, Stephenson M, Comeau LA. Wanted dead or alive: Polydora websteri recruit to both live oysters and empty shells of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. J Fish Dis 2018; 41:855-858. [PMID: 29473677 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J C Clements
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, Moncton, NB, Canada
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - D Bourque
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - J McLaughlin
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - M Stephenson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - L A Comeau
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, Moncton, NB, Canada
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19
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Rodrigo AP, Costa PM. The Role of the Cephalopod Digestive Gland in the Storage and Detoxification of Marine Pollutants. Front Physiol 2017; 8:232. [PMID: 28473775 PMCID: PMC5397501 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The relevance of cephalopods for fisheries and even aquaculture, is raising concerns on the relationship between these molluscs and environmental stressors, from climate change to pollution. However, how these organisms cope with environmental toxicants is far less understood than for other molluscs, especially bivalves, which are frontline models in aquatic toxicology. Although, sharing the same basic body plan, cephalopods hold distinct adaptations, often unique, as they are active predators with high growth and metabolic rates. Most studies on the digestive gland, the analog to the vertebrate liver, focused on metal bioaccumulation and its relation to environmental concentrations, with indication for the involvement of special cellular structures (like spherulae) and proteins. Although the functioning of phase I and II enzymes of detoxification in molluscs is controversial, there is evidence for CYP-mediated bioactivation, albeit with lower activity than vertebrates, but this issue needs yet much research. Through novel molecular tools, toxicology-relevant genes and proteins are being unraveled, from metallothioneins to heat-shock proteins and phase II conjugation enzymes, which highlights the importance of increasing genomic annotation as paramount to understand toxicant-specific pathways. However, little is known on how organic toxicants are stored, metabolized and eliminated, albeit some evidence from biomarker approaches, particularly those related to oxidative stress, suggesting that these molluscs' digestive gland is indeed responsive to chemical aggression. Additionally, cause-effect relationships between pollutants and toxicopathic effects are little understood, thus compromising, if not the deployment of these organisms for biomonitoring, at least understanding how they are affected by anthropogenically-induced global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Rodrigo
- Environmental Toxicology Lab, MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de LisboaCaparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro M Costa
- Environmental Toxicology Lab, MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de LisboaCaparica, Portugal
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20
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Greve C, Ruiz-Tagle Lui M, Sivalingam S, Ludwig KU, Wägele H, Donath A. The complete mitochondrial genome of the 'solar-powered' sea slug Plakobranchus cf. ocellatus (Heterobranchia: Panpulmonata: Sacoglossa). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2017; 2:130-131. [PMID: 33473741 PMCID: PMC7799614 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2016.1247667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We present the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Plakobranchus cf. ocellatus (Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), a so-called ‘solar-powered’ sea slug with long-term retention of chloroplasts. The mitochondrial genome was 14,177 bp in length containing the standard set of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNAs, and 22 tRNAs. The base composition of 27.3% A, 15.6% C, 18.6% G, and 38.5% T showed a strong A + T bias. The genome organization of P. cf. ocellatus is identical to the other sacoglossan mitogenomes sequenced so far, except for Ascobulla fragilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Greve
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research (zmb), Bonn, Germany
| | - Maximiliano Ruiz-Tagle Lui
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research (zmb), Bonn, Germany
| | - Sugirthan Sivalingam
- Life & Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kerstin U Ludwig
- Life & Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heike Wägele
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research (zmb), Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Donath
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research (zmb), Bonn, Germany
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21
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Shen X, Song J, Meng X, Tian M, Yan B, Cheng H, Cai Y, Zhao J. The first representative of Coelomactra antiquata mitochondrial genome from Liaoning (China) and phylogenetic consideration. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2016; 1:525-527. [PMID: 33473543 PMCID: PMC7800962 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2016.1197064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Coelomactra antiquata is a famous delicacy and a promising new candidate for aquaculture, which belongs to the family Mactridae (Mollusca: Veneroida). The complete mitochondrial genome of C. antiquata (Liao Ning province, in China, LN) was finished, which is the first representative from this province. The results showed that the total length of LN-mtDNA sequence is 16,797 bp and the content of A + T is 65.01%. It encodes 35 genes, including 12 protein-coding genes, 21 transfer RNA genes and two ribosomal RNA genes. All coding genes are encoded on the heavy strand. Compared with the typical gene content of animal mitochondrial genomes, atp8 and trnSer(UCN) genes are missing in the mitochondrial genome. The complete mitochondrial genome contains 26 non-coding regions (1598 bp), one major non-coding region consists of 1046 bp in which 4.9 tandem repeat sequences (99bp per sequence) was observed. The phylogenetic tree showed that Liaoning population was clustered into one clade with Shandong (Rizhao, Jiaonan and Jimo) and Guangxi (Beihai) populations, meanwhile all of them are far from the Fujian populations (Pingtan, Zhangzhou and Changle). So, Liaoning, Shandong and Guangxi populations have a close relationship. Actually, Fujian is located between Liaoning, Shandong and Guangxi. So, the result challenges the previously assumed relevance between geographic distance and genetic distance. The genetic distance of Liaoning C. antiquata and Fujian (Changle, Zhangzhou and Pingtan) C. antiquata (0.176–0.177) is greater than the genetic distance between Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mytilus trossulus (0.160). The genetic difference of Liaoning population and Fujian populations has reached species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources, Lianyungang, P.R. China.,College of Marine Science, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, P.R. China.,Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, P.R. China
| | - Jun Song
- College of Marine Science, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, P.R. China
| | - Xueping Meng
- College of Marine Science, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, P.R. China
| | - Mei Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources, Lianyungang, P.R. China
| | - Binlun Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources, Lianyungang, P.R. China.,College of Marine Science, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, P.R. China
| | - Hanliang Cheng
- College of Marine Science, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, P.R. China
| | - Yuling Cai
- College of Marine Science, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Marine Science, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, P.R. China
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22
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Price MR, Forsman ZH, Knapp I, Hadfield MG, Toonen RJ. The complete mitochondrial genome of Achatinella mustelina (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Stylommatophora). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2016; 1:175-177. [PMID: 33644335 PMCID: PMC7871653 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2016.1149787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Achatinella mustelina, an endangered Hawaiian tree snail. The mitogenome is 16 323 bp in length and has a base composition of A (34.7%), T (42.6%), C (12.7%) and G (10.0%). Similar to other Pulmonates, it contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes and 22 tRNA genes. To our knowledge, this is the first mitochondrial genome sequenced within the Achatinelloidea superfamily, which contains a high number of endangered species. As such, this mitogenome will be useful in conservation genetics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Price
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.,Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Zac H Forsman
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kane'ohe, HI, USA
| | - Ingrid Knapp
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kane'ohe, HI, USA
| | - Michael G Hadfield
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Robert J Toonen
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kane'ohe, HI, USA
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23
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González VL, Andrade SCS, Bieler R, Collins TM, Dunn CW, Mikkelsen PM, Taylor JD, Giribet G. A phylogenetic backbone for Bivalvia: an RNA-seq approach. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20142332. [PMID: 25589608 PMCID: PMC4308999 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bivalves are an ancient and ubiquitous group of aquatic invertebrates with an estimated 10 000–20 000 living species. They are economically significant as a human food source, and ecologically important given their biomass and effects on communities. Their phylogenetic relationships have been studied for decades, and their unparalleled fossil record extends from the Cambrian to the Recent. Nevertheless, a robustly supported phylogeny of the deepest nodes, needed to fully exploit the bivalves as a model for testing macroevolutionary theories, is lacking. Here, we present the first phylogenomic approach for this important group of molluscs, including novel transcriptomic data for 31 bivalves obtained through an RNA-seq approach, and analyse these data with published genomes and transcriptomes of other bivalves plus outgroups. Our results provide a well-resolved, robust phylogenetic backbone for Bivalvia with all major lineages delineated, addressing long-standing questions about the monophyly of Protobranchia and Heterodonta, and resolving the position of particular groups such as Palaeoheterodonta, Archiheterodonta and Anomalodesmata. This now fully resolved backbone demonstrates that genomic approaches using hundreds of genes are feasible for resolving phylogenetic questions in bivalves and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L González
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sónia C S Andrade
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Rüdiger Bieler
- Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Timothy M Collins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Casey W Dunn
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Paula M Mikkelsen
- Paleontological Research Institution and Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - John D Taylor
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Gonzalo Giribet
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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24
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Gan HM, Gan HY, Tan MH, Penny SS, Willan RC, Austin CM. The complete mitogenome of the giant clam Tridacna squamosa (Heterodonta: Bivalvia: Tridacnidae). Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2015; 27:3220-1. [PMID: 25648928 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1007355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The complete mitochondrial genome of the commercially and ecologically important and internationally vulnerable giant clam Tridacna squamosa was recovered by genome skimming using the MiSeq platform. The T. squamosa mitogenome has 20,930 base pairs (62.35% A+T content) and is made up of 12 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal subunit genes, 24 transfer RNAs, and a 2594 bp non-coding AT-rich region. The mitogenome has a relatively large insertion in the atp6 gene. This is the first mitogenome to be sequenced from the genus Tridacna, and the family Tridacnidae and represents a new gene order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ming Gan
- a School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan , Petaling Jaya , Selangor , Malaysia .,b Genomics Facility, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan , Petaling Jaya , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Huan You Gan
- a School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan , Petaling Jaya , Selangor , Malaysia .,b Genomics Facility, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan , Petaling Jaya , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Mun Hua Tan
- a School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan , Petaling Jaya , Selangor , Malaysia .,b Genomics Facility, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan , Petaling Jaya , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Shane S Penny
- c Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University , Darwin , Australia , and
| | - Richard C Willan
- d Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory , Darwin , Australia
| | - Christopher M Austin
- a School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan , Petaling Jaya , Selangor , Malaysia .,b Genomics Facility, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan , Petaling Jaya , Selangor , Malaysia .,c Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University , Darwin , Australia , and.,d Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory , Darwin , Australia
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25
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Nandhini G, Rajkumar K, Kanth KS, Nataraj P, Ananthakrishnan P, Arunachalam M. Molluscum contagiosum in a 12-year-old child - report of a case and review of literature. J Int Oral Health 2015; 7:63-6. [PMID: 25709372 PMCID: PMC4336666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is an infection of the skin and mucous membrane caused by a DNA virus from the poxvirus family. It usually affects any part of the body and presents as pearly, flesh colored dome shaped nodule with a central umbilication. Clinical diagnosis can be supplemented with histopathology for the confirmed diagnosis of MC. This article presents a case of 12-year-old male child afflicted with MC along with a review of the literature on MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nandhini
- Reader, Department of Oral Pathology, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India,Correspondence: Dr. Nandhini G. 186/2, Nallantha Flats, 4th Avenue, Anna Nagar West, Chennai - 600 040, Tamil Nadu, India. Phone: +91-9840192610.
| | - K Rajkumar
- Professor & Head, Department of Oral Pathology, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Sudheer Kanth
- Reader, Department of Oral Pathology, Mamata Dental College, Khammam, Telangana, India
| | - Priyadharsini Nataraj
- Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - M Arunachalam
- Post-graduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Jiao W, Fu X, Li J, Li L, Feng L, Lv J, Zhang L, Wang X, Li Y, Hou R, Zhang L, Hu X, Wang S, Bao Z. Large-scale development of gene-associated single-nucleotide polymorphism markers for molluscan population genomic, comparative genomic, and genome-wide association studies. DNA Res 2013; 21:183-93. [PMID: 24277739 PMCID: PMC3989488 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dst048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mollusca is the second most diverse group of animals in the world. Despite their perceived importance, omics-level studies have seldom been applied to this group of animals largely due to a paucity of genomic resources. Here, we report the first large-scale gene-associated marker development and evaluation for a bivalve mollusc, Chlamys farreri. More than 21,000 putative single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified from the C. farreri transcriptome. Primers and probes were designed and synthesized for 4500 SNPs, and 1492 polymorphic markers were successfully developed using a high-resolution melting genotyping platform. These markers are particularly suitable for population genomic analysis due to high polymorphism within and across populations, a low frequency of null alleles, and conformation to neutral expectations. Unexpectedly, high cross-species transferability was observed, suggesting that the transferable SNPs may largely represent ancestral genetic variations that have been preserved differentially among subfamilies of Pectinidae. Gene annotations were available for 73% of the markers, and 65% could be anchored to the recently released Pacific oyster genome. Large-scale association analysis revealed key candidate genes responsible for scallop growth regulation, and provided markers for further genetic improvement of C. farreri in breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Brembs
- Zoology - Neurogenetics, Universität Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
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Schilthuizen M. Rapid, habitat-related evolution of land snail colour morphs on reclaimed land. Heredity (Edinb) 2013; 110:247-52. [PMID: 23149460 PMCID: PMC3669759 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2012.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
I made use of the known dates of reclamation (and of afforestations) in the IJsselmeerpolders in The Netherlands to assess evolutionary adaptation in Cepaea nemoralis. At 12 localities (three in each polder), I sampled a total of 4390 adult individuals in paired open and shaded habitats, on average 233 m apart, and scored these for genetic shell colour polymorphisms. The results show (highly) significant differentiation at most localities, although the genes involved differed per locality. Overall, though, populations in shaded habitats had evolved towards darker shells than those in adjacent open habitats, whereas a 'Cain & Sheppard' diagram (proportion yellow shells plotted against 'effectively unbanded' shells) failed to reveal a clear pattern. This might suggest that thermal selection is more important than visual selection in generating this pattern. Trait differentiation, regardless of whether they were plotted against polder age or habitat age, showed a linear increase of differentiation with time, corresponding to a mean rate of trait evolution of 15-31 kilodarwin. In conclusion, C. nemoralis is capable of rapid and considerable evolutionary differentiation over 1-25 snail generations, though equilibrium may be reached only at longer time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schilthuizen
- Research Department, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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29
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Riesgo A, Andrade SCS, Sharma PP, Novo M, Pérez-Porro AR, Vahtera V, González VL, Kawauchi GY, Giribet G. Comparative description of ten transcriptomes of newly sequenced invertebrates and efficiency estimation of genomic sampling in non-model taxa. Front Zool 2012; 9:33. [PMID: 23190771 PMCID: PMC3538665 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-9-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED INTRODUCTION Traditionally, genomic or transcriptomic data have been restricted to a few model or emerging model organisms, and to a handful of species of medical and/or environmental importance. Next-generation sequencing techniques have the capability of yielding massive amounts of gene sequence data for virtually any species at a modest cost. Here we provide a comparative analysis of de novo assembled transcriptomic data for ten non-model species of previously understudied animal taxa. RESULTS cDNA libraries of ten species belonging to five animal phyla (2 Annelida [including Sipuncula], 2 Arthropoda, 2 Mollusca, 2 Nemertea, and 2 Porifera) were sequenced in different batches with an Illumina Genome Analyzer II (read length 100 or 150 bp), rendering between ca. 25 and 52 million reads per species. Read thinning, trimming, and de novo assembly were performed under different parameters to optimize output. Between 67,423 and 207,559 contigs were obtained across the ten species, post-optimization. Of those, 9,069 to 25,681 contigs retrieved blast hits against the NCBI non-redundant database, and approximately 50% of these were assigned with Gene Ontology terms, covering all major categories, and with similar percentages in all species. Local blasts against our datasets, using selected genes from major signaling pathways and housekeeping genes, revealed high efficiency in gene recovery compared to available genomes of closely related species. Intriguingly, our transcriptomic datasets detected multiple paralogues in all phyla and in nearly all gene pathways, including housekeeping genes that are traditionally used in phylogenetic applications for their purported single-copy nature. CONCLUSIONS We generated the first study of comparative transcriptomics across multiple animal phyla (comparing two species per phylum in most cases), established the first Illumina-based transcriptomic datasets for sponge, nemertean, and sipunculan species, and generated a tractable catalogue of annotated genes (or gene fragments) and protein families for ten newly sequenced non-model organisms, some of commercial importance (i.e., Octopus vulgaris). These comprehensive sets of genes can be readily used for phylogenetic analysis, gene expression profiling, developmental analysis, and can also be a powerful resource for gene discovery. The characterization of the transcriptomes of such a diverse array of animal species permitted the comparison of sequencing depth, functional annotation, and efficiency of genomic sampling using the same pipelines, which proved to be similar for all considered species. In addition, the datasets revealed their potential as a resource for paralogue detection, a recurrent concern in various aspects of biological inquiry, including phylogenetics, molecular evolution, development, and cellular biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Riesgo
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes, CSIC, c/ Accés a la Cala St. Francesc 14, Blanes, Girona, 17300, Spain
| | - Sónia C S Andrade
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Prashant P Sharma
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Marta Novo
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Current address: Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, BIOSI 1, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3TL, UK
| | - Alicia R Pérez-Porro
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes, CSIC, c/ Accés a la Cala St. Francesc 14, Blanes, Girona, 17300, Spain
| | - Varpu Vahtera
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Current address: Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoology Unit, Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vanessa L González
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Gisele Y Kawauchi
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Gonzalo Giribet
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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Baeumler N, Haszprunar G, Ruthensteiner B. Development of the excretory system in a polyplacophoran mollusc: stages in metanephridial system development. Front Zool 2012; 9:23. [PMID: 22973977 PMCID: PMC3494531 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-9-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Two types of excretory systems, protonephridia and metanephridial systems are common among bilaterians. The homology of protonephridia of lophotrochozoan taxa has been widely accepted. In contrast, the homology of metanephridial systems - including coelomic cavities as functional units - among taxa as well as the homology between the two excretory systems is a matter of ongoing discussion. This particularly concerns the molluscan kidneys, which are mostly regarded as being derived convergently to the metanephridia of e.g. annelids because of different ontogenetic origin. A reinvestigation of nephrogenesis in polyplacophorans, which carry many primitive traits within molluscs, could shed light on these questions. RESULTS The metanephridial system of Lepidochitona corrugata develops rapidly in the early juvenile phase. It is formed from a coelomic anlage that soon achieves endothelial organization. The pericardium and heart are formed from the central portion of the anlage. The nephridial components are formed by outgrowth from lateral differentiations of the anlage. Simultaneously with formation of the heart, podocytes appear in the atrial wall of the pericardium. In addition, renopericardial ducts, kidneys and efferent nephroducts, all showing downstream ciliation towards the internal lumen, become differentiated (specimen length: 0.62 mm). Further development consists of elongation of the kidney and reinforcement of filtration and reabsorptive structures. CONCLUSIONS During development and in fully formed condition the metanephridial system of Lepidochitona corrugata shares many detailed traits (cellular and overall organization) with the protonephridia of the same species. Accordingly, we suggest a serial homology of various cell types and between the two excretory systems and the organs as a whole. The formation of the metanephridial system varies significantly within Mollusca, thus the mode of formation cannot be used as a homology criterion. Because of similarities in overall organization, we conclude that the molluscan metanephridial system is homologous with that of the annelids not only at the cellular but also at the organ level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Baeumler
- Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Münchhausenstr. 21, 81247 München, Germany
- Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität-München, Großhadernerstrasse 2, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gerhard Haszprunar
- Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Münchhausenstr. 21, 81247 München, Germany
- Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität-München, Großhadernerstrasse 2, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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31
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Vinther J, Sperling EA, Briggs DEG, Peterson KJ. A molecular palaeobiological hypothesis for the origin of aplacophoran molluscs and their derivation from chiton-like ancestors. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:1259-68. [PMID: 21976685 PMCID: PMC3282371 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aplacophorans have long been argued to be basal molluscs. We present a molecular phylogeny, including the aplacophorans Neomeniomorpha (Solenogastres) and Chaetodermomorpha (Caudofoveata), which recovered instead the clade Aculifera (Aplacophora + Polyplacophora). Our relaxed Bayesian molecular clock estimates an Early Ordovician appearance of the aculiferan crown group consistent with the presence of chiton-like molluscs with seven or eight dorsal shell plates by the Late Cambrian (approx. 501-490 Ma). Molecular, embryological and palaeontological data indicate that aplacophorans, as well as chitons, evolved from a paraphyletic assemblage of chiton-like ancestors. The recovery of cephalopods as a sister group to aculiferans suggests that the plesiomorphic condition in molluscs might be a morphology similar to that found in monoplacophorans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Vinther
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, PO Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA.
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32
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Gilbert PUPA, Young A, Coppersmith SN. Measurement of c-axis angular orientation in calcite (CaCO3) nanocrystals using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:11350-5. [PMID: 21693647 PMCID: PMC3136314 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1107917108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that the ability to manipulate the polarization of synchrotron radiation can be exploited to enhance the capabilities of X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, to include linear dichroism effects. By acquiring spectra at the same photon energies but different polarizations, and using a photoelectron emission spectromicroscope (PEEM), one can quantitatively determine the angular orientation of micro- and nanocrystals with a spatial resolution down to 10 nm. XANES-PEEM instruments are already present at most synchrotrons, hence these methods are readily available. The methods are demonstrated here on geologic calcite (CaCO(3)) and used to investigate the prismatic layer of a mollusk shell, Pinctada fucata. These XANES-PEEM data reveal multiply oriented nanocrystals within calcite prisms, previously thought to be monocrystalline. The subdivision into multiply oriented nanocrystals, spread by more than 50°, may explain the excellent mechanical properties of the prismatic layer, known for decades but never explained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Young
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
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Abstract
Analysis of the origin and evolution of neurons is crucial for revealing principles of organization of neural circuits with unexpected implications for genomic sciences, biomedical applications and regenerative medicine. This article presents an overview of some controversial ideas about the origin and evolution of neurons and nervous systems, focusing on the independent origin of complex brains and possible independent origins of neurons. First, earlier hypotheses related to the origin of neurons are summarized. Second, the diversity of nervous systems and convergent evolution of complex brains in relation to current views about animal phylogeny is discussed. Third, the lineages of molluscs and basal metazoans are used as illustrated examples of multiple origins of complex brains and neurons. Finally, a hypothesis about the independent origin of complex brains, centralized nervous systems and neurons is outlined. Injury-associated mechanisms leading to secretion of signal peptides (and related molecules) can be considered as evolutionary predecessors of inter-neuronal signaling and the major factors in the appearance of neurons in the first place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L Moroz
- Department of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Fla., USA.
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Rundell RJ. Cryptic diversity, molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the rock- and leaf litter-dwelling land snails of Belau (Republic of Palau, Oceania). Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008; 363:3401-12. [PMID: 18765361 PMCID: PMC2607371 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The endemic diplommatinid land snails (Caenogastropoda: Mollusca) of Belau (Republic of Palau, Micronesia) are an exceptionally diverse group of largely undescribed species distributed among rock and leaf litter habitats on most of Belau's 586 islands. Diplommatinid shell morphology (e.g. shell sculpture) reflects habitat type. In this study, I analysed a subset of the 90 diplommatinid species representing a broad geographical spread of islands in order to reveal the species' phylogenetic relationships and biogeography within the Belau archipelago. Diplommatinid species from the islands of Yap, Pohnpei, Kosrae and Guam are also included in the analysis. One nuclear (28S rRNA) and two mitochondrial (16S rRNA, COI) gene regions comprising 1906bp were used for phylogenetic reconstruction. Results show that (i) the Belau Diplommatinidae are not monophyletic, as Guam and Yap species should be included as part of the radiation, (ii) Pohnpei and Kosrae species are highly divergent from Belau diplommatinids, (iii) there is little evidence for in situ radiation within individual Belau islands, (iv) spined and heavily calcified rock-dwelling species form a well-supported clade, and (v) Belau diplommatinid genera are in need of revision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Rundell
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, 1025 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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35
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Lieb B, Dimitrova K, Kang HS, Braun S, Gebauer W, Martin A, Hanelt B, Saenz SA, Adema CM, Markl J. Red blood with blue-blood ancestry: intriguing structure of a snail hemoglobin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:12011-6. [PMID: 16877545 PMCID: PMC1567689 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601861103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylogenetic enigma of snail hemoglobin, its isolated occurrence in a single gastropod family, the Planorbidae, and the lack of sequence data, stimulated the present study. We present here the complete cDNA and predicted amino acid sequence of two hemoglobin polypeptides from the planorbid Biomphalaria glabrata (intermediate host snail for the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni). Both isoforms contain 13 different, cysteine-free globin domains, plus a small N-terminal nonglobin "plug" domain with three cysteines for subunit dimerization (total M(r) approximately 238 kDa). We also identified the native hemoglobin molecule and present here a preliminary 3D reconstruction from electron microscopical images (3 nm resolution); it suggests a 3 x 2-mer quaternary structure (M(r) approximately 1.43 MDa). Moreover, we identified a previously undescribed rosette-like hemolymph protein that has been mistaken for hemoglobin. We also detected expression of an incomplete hemocyanin as trace component. The combined data show that B. glabrata hemoglobin evolved from pulmonate myoglobin, possibly to replace a less-efficient hemocyanin, and reveals a surprisingly simple evolutionary mechanism to create a high molecular mass respiratory protein from 78 similar globin domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Lieb
- *Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55099 Mainz, Germany; and
| | | | - Hio-Sun Kang
- *Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55099 Mainz, Germany; and
| | - Sabrina Braun
- *Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55099 Mainz, Germany; and
| | - Wolfgang Gebauer
- *Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55099 Mainz, Germany; and
| | - Andreas Martin
- *Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55099 Mainz, Germany; and
| | - Ben Hanelt
- Biology Department, University of New Mexico, 269 Castetter Hall, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Steven A. Saenz
- Biology Department, University of New Mexico, 269 Castetter Hall, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Coen M. Adema
- Biology Department, University of New Mexico, 269 Castetter Hall, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Jürgen Markl
- *Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55099 Mainz, Germany; and
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Giribet G, Okusu A, Lindgren AR, Huff SW, Schrödl M, Nishiguchi MK. Evidence for a clade composed of molluscs with serially repeated structures: monoplacophorans are related to chitons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:7723-8. [PMID: 16675549 PMCID: PMC1472512 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0602578103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoplacophorans are among the rarest members of the phylum Mollusca. Previously only known from fossils since the Cambrian, the first living monoplacophoran was discovered during the famous second Galathea deep-sea expedition. The anatomy of these molluscs shocked the zoological community for presenting serially repeated gills, nephridia, and eight sets of dorsoventral pedal retractor muscles. Seriality of organs in supposedly independent molluscan lineages, i.e., in chitons and the deep-sea living fossil monoplacophorans, was assumed to be a relic of ancestral molluscan segmentation and was commonly accepted to support a direct relationship with annelids. We were able to obtain one specimen of a monoplacophoran Antarctic deep-sea species for molecular study. The first molecular data on monoplacophorans, analyzed together with the largest data set of molluscs ever assembled, clearly illustrate that monoplacophorans and chitons form a clade. This "Serialia" concept may revolutionize molluscan systematics and may have important implications for metazoan evolution as it allows for new interpretations for primitive segmentation in molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Giribet
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, BioLabs 1119, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Abstract
In Korea, common whelk (Buccinum undatum) is a popular edible shellfish. The aim of this study was to observe the sensitization rate to common whelk and to characterize its allergens. We carried out skin prick test (SPT) in 1,700 patients with various allergic diseases. Specific IgE were detected by ELISA in the patient sera and ELISA inhibition tests were conducted. IgE-binding components were identified by means of SDS-PAGE and IgE-immunoblotting. The effects of digestive enzymes were evaluated in both raw and thermally treated extracts. SPT to common whelk was positive (>/=2+) in 83 (4.9%) patients studied. Twenty-four (38.7%) out of 62 SPT positive patients had high serum specific IgE to common whelk. ELISA inhibition test showed significant inhibitions by abalone as well as by common whelk. IgE-immunoblotting demonstrated three IgE-binding components (40, 71, 82 kDa), which were digested by simulated intestinal fluid and moderately digested by simulated gastric fluid, and the digestibility of allergens remained unchanged after thermal treatment. In conclusion, IgE-sensitization rate to common whelk was 4.9% in allergy patients. IgE-immunoblotting demonstrated three IgE-binding components, which were degraded by digestive enzymes. Further studies are needed to evaluate the clinical significance of the sensitized patients to common whelk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Jae Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Department of Allergy-Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Grewal PS, Grewal SK, Tan L, Adams BJ. Parasitism of molluscs by nematodes: types of associations and evolutionary trends. J Nematol 2003; 35:146-156. [PMID: 19265989 PMCID: PMC2620629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there are no confirmed fossil records of mollusc parasitic nematodes, diverse associations of more than 108 described nematode species with slugs and snails provide a fertile ground for speculation of how mollusc parasitism evolved in nematodes. Current phylogenic resolution suggests that molluscs have been independently acquired as hosts on a number of occasions. However, molluscs are significant as hosts for only two major groups of nematodes: as intermediate hosts for metastrongyloids and as definitive hosts for a number of rhabditids. Of the 61 species of nematodes known to use molluscs as intermediate hosts, 49 belong to Metastrongyloidea (Order Strongylida); of the 47 species of nematodes that use molluscs as definitive hosts, 33 belong to the Order Rhabditida. Recent phylogenetic hypotheses have been unable to resolve whether metastrongyloids are sister taxa to those rhabditids that use molluscs as definitive hosts. Although most rhabditid nematodes have been reported not to kill their mollusc hosts prior to their reproduction, some species are pathogenic. In fact, infective juveniles of Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita vector a lethal bacterium into the slug host in which they reproduce. This life cycle is remarkably similar to the entomopathogenic nematodes in the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae. Also, the discoveries of Alloionema and Pellioditis in slugs are interesting, as these species have been speculated to represent the ancestral forms of the entomopathogenic nematodes. Development of the infective stage appears to be an important step toward the acquisition of molluscs as definitive hosts, and the association with specific bacteria may have arisen in conjunction with the evolution of necromeny.
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Buchmann K, Uldal A, Lyholt HC. A checklist of metazoan parasites from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Acta Vet Scand 1995; 36:299-318. [PMID: 7502947 PMCID: PMC8095422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
An extensive literature survey on metazoan parasites from rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss has been conducted. The taxa Monogenea, Cestoda, Digenea, Nematoda, Acanthocephala, Crustacea and Hirudinea are covered. A total of 169 taxonomic entities are recorded in rainbow trout worldwide although few of these may prove synonyms in future analyses of the parasite specimens. These records include Monogenea (15), Cestoda (27), Digenea (37), Nematoda (39), Acanthocephala (23), Crustacea (17), Mollusca (6) and Hirudinea (5). The large number of parasites in this salmonid reflects its cosmopolitan distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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