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Deetanya P, Sitthiyotha T, Chomanee N, Chunsrivirot S, Wangkanont K. Biochemical and ligand binding properties of recombinant Xenopus laevis cortical granule lectin-1. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10396. [PMID: 36061023 PMCID: PMC9434060 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intelectins are putative innate immune lectins that are found throughout chordates. The first intelectin reported was Xenopus laevis cortical granule lectin-1 (XCGL-1 or XL-35). XCGL-1 is critical in fertilization membrane development in Xenopus. Here, we explored the biochemical properties of XCGL-1. The cysteines responsible for forming intermolecular disulfide bonds were identified. XCGL-1 adopted a four-lobed structure as observed by electron microscopy. The full-length XCGL-1 and the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) bind galactose-containing carbohydrates at nanomolar to micromolar affinities. Molecular modeling suggested that galactoside ligands coordinated the binding site calcium ion and interacted with residues around the groove made available by the non-conserved substitution compared to human intelectin-1. Folding conditions for production of recombinant XCGL-1 CRD were also investigated. Our results not only provide new biochemical insights into the function of XCGL-1, but may also provide foundation for further applications of XCGL-1 as glycobiology tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peerapon Deetanya
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Crop, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thassanai Sitthiyotha
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nusara Chomanee
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Surasak Chunsrivirot
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kittikhun Wangkanont
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Crop, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Corresponding author.
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2
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Jimenez EC. Post-translationally modified conopeptides: Biological activities and pharmacological applications. Peptides 2021; 139:170525. [PMID: 33684482 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Conus venoms comprise a large variety of biologically active peptides (conopeptides or conotoxins) that are employed for prey capture and other biological functions. Throughout the course of evolution of the cone snails, they have developed an envenomation scheme that necessitates a potent mixture of peptides, most of which are highly post-translationally modified, that can cause rapid paralysis of their prey. The great diversity of these peptides defines the ecological interactions and evolutionary strategy of cone snails. Such scheme has led to some pharmacological applications for pain, epilepsy, and myocardial infarction, that could be further explored to ultimately find unique peptide-based therapies. This review focuses on ∼ 60 representative post-translationally modified conopeptides that were isolated from Conus venoms. Various conopeptides reveal post-translational modifications of specific amino acids, such as hydroxylation of proline and lysine, gamma-carboxylation of glutamate, formation of N-terminal pyroglutamate, isomerization of l- to d-amino acid, bromination of tryptophan, O-glycosylation of threonine or serine, sulfation of tyrosine, and cysteinylation of cysteine, other than the more common disulfide crosslinking and C-terminal amidation. Many of the post-translationally modified peptides paved the way for the characterization, by alternative analytical methods, of other pharmacologically important peptides that are classified under 27 conopeptide families denoting pharmacological classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsie C Jimenez
- Department of Physical Sciences, College of Science, University of the Philippines Baguio, Baguio City, 2600, Philippines.
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3
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Zhou GP, Liao SM, Chen D, Huang RB. The Cooperative Effect between Polybasic Region (PBR) and Polysialyltransferase Domain (PSTD) within Tumor-Target Polysialyltranseferase ST8Sia II. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 19:2831-2841. [PMID: 31755393 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191121145924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
ST8Sia II (STX) is a highly homologous mammalian polysialyltransferase (polyST), which is a validated tumor-target in the treatment of cancer metastasis reliant on tumor cell polysialylation. PolyST catalyzes the synthesis of α2,8-polysialic acid (polySia) glycans by carrying out the activated CMP-Neu5Ac (Sia) to N- and O-linked oligosaccharide chains on acceptor glycoproteins. In this review article, we summarized the recent studies about intrinsic correlation of two polybasic domains, Polysialyltransferase domain (PSTD) and Polybasic region (PBR) within ST8Sia II molecule, and suggested that the critical amino acid residues within the PSTD and PBR motifs of ST8Sia II for polysialylation of Neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAM) are related to ST8Sia II activity. In addition, the conformational changes of the PSTD domain due to point mutations in the PBR or PSTD domain verified an intramolecular interaction between the PBR and the PSTD. These findings have been incorporated into Zhou's NCAM polysialylation/cell migration model, which will provide new perspectives on drug research and development related to the tumor-target ST8Sia II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Ping Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-refinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, China.,Gordon Life Science Institute, NC 27804, United States
| | - Si-Ming Liao
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-refinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Dong Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-refinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Ri-Bo Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-refinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, China
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4
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Lu B, Liu XH, Liao SM, Lu ZL, Chen D, Troy Ii FA, Huang RB, Zhou GP. A Possible Modulation Mechanism of Intramolecular and Intermolecular Interactions for NCAM Polysialylation and Cell Migration. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2271-2282. [PMID: 31648641 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191018094805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia) is a novel glycan that posttranslationally modifies neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAMs) in mammalian cells. Up-regulation of polySia-NCAM expression or NCAM polysialylation is associated with tumor cell migration and progression in many metastatic cancers and neurocognition. It has been known that two highly homologous mammalian polysialyltransferases (polySTs), ST8Sia II (STX) and ST8Sia IV (PST), can catalyze polysialylation of NCAM, and two polybasic domains, polybasic region (PBR) and polysialyltransferase domain (PSTD) in polySTs play key roles in affecting polyST activity or NCAM polysialylation. However, the molecular mechanisms of NCAM polysialylation and cell migration are still not entirely clear. In this minireview, the recent research results about the intermolecular interactions between the PBR and NCAM, the PSTD and cytidine monophosphate-sialic acid (CMP-Sia), the PSTD and polySia, and as well as the intramolecular interaction between the PBR and the PSTD within the polyST, are summarized. Based on these cooperative interactions, we have built a novel model of NCAM polysialylation and cell migration mechanisms, which may be helpful to design and develop new polysialyltransferase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lu
- The National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Xue-Hui Liu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Si-Ming Liao
- The National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Zhi-Long Lu
- The National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Dong Chen
- The National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Frederic A Troy Ii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CA, 95817, United States
| | - Ri-Bo Huang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China.,Life Science and Biotechnology College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Guo-Ping Zhou
- The National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
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5
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Peng LX, Liu XH, Lu B, Liao SM, Zhou F, Huang JM, Chen D, Troy FA, Zhou GP, Huang RB. The Inhibition of Polysialyltranseferase ST8SiaIV Through Heparin Binding to Polysialyltransferase Domain (PSTD). Med Chem 2019; 15:486-495. [PMID: 30569872 DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666181218101623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polysialic acid (polySia) is a unique carbohydrate polymer produced on the surface Of Neuronal Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM) in a number of cancer cells, and strongly correlates with the migration and invasion of tumor cells and with aggressive, metastatic disease and poor clinical prognosis in the clinic. Its synthesis is catalyzed by two polysialyltransferases (polySTs), ST8SiaIV (PST) and ST8SiaII (STX). Selective inhibition of polySTs, therefore, presents a therapeutic opportunity to inhibit tumor invasion and metastasis due to NCAM polysialylation. Heparin has been found to be effective in inhibiting the ST8Sia IV activity, but no clear molecular rationale. It has been found that polysialyltransferase domain (PSTD) in polyST plays a significant role in influencing polyST activity, and thus it is critical for NCAM polysialylation based on the previous studies. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the three different types of heparin (unfractionated hepain (UFH), low molecular heparin (LMWH) and heparin tetrasaccharide (DP4)) is bound to the PSTD; and if so, what are the critical residues of the PSTD for these binding complexes? METHODS Fluorescence quenching analysis, the Circular Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy were used to determine and analyze interactions of PSTD-UFH, PSTD-LMWH, and PSTD-DP4. RESULTS The fluorescence quenching analysis indicates that the PSTD-UFH binding is the strongest and the PSTD-DP4 binding is the weakest among these three types of the binding; the CD spectra showed that mainly the PSTD-heparin interactions caused a reduction in signal intensity but not marked decrease in α-helix content; the NMR data of the PSTD-DP4 and the PSTDLMWH interactions showed that the different types of heparin shared 12 common binding sites at N247, V251, R252, T253, S257, R265, Y267, W268, L269, V273, I275, and K276, which were mainly distributed in the long α-helix of the PSTD and the short 3-residue loop of the C-terminal PSTD. In addition, three residues K246, K250 and A254 were bound to the LMWH, but not to DP4. This suggests that the PSTD-LMWH binding is stronger than the PSTD-DP4 binding, and the LMWH is a more effective inhibitor than DP4. CONCLUSION The findings in the present study demonstrate that PSTD domain is a potential target of heparin and may provide new insights into the molecular rationale of heparin-inhibiting NCAM polysialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xin Peng
- Life Science and Technology College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004 China; 2Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Xue-Hui Liu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Lu
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Si-Ming Liao
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Ji-Min Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Dong Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Frederic A Troy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CL, United States
| | - Guo-Ping Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China.,Gordon Life Science Institute, 53 South Cottage Road Belmont, MA 02478, United States
| | - Ri-Bo Huang
- Life Science and Technology College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004 China; 2Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
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6
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Ruiz-May E, Hucko S, Howe KJ, Zhang S, Sherwood RW, Thannhauser TW, Rose JKC. A comparative study of lectin affinity based plant N-glycoproteome profiling using tomato fruit as a model. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:566-79. [PMID: 24198434 PMCID: PMC3916654 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.028969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectin affinity chromatography (LAC) can provide a valuable front-end enrichment strategy for the study of N-glycoproteins and has been used to characterize a broad range eukaryotic N-glycoproteomes. Moreover, studies with mammalian systems have suggested that the use of multiple lectins with different affinities can be particularly effective. A multi-lectin approach has also been reported to provide a significant benefit for the analysis of plant N-glycoproteins; however, it has yet to be determined whether certain lectins, or combinations of lectins are optimal for plant N-glycoproteome profiling; or whether specific lectins show preferential association with particular N-glycosylation sites or N-glycan structures. We describe here a comparative study of three mannose-binding lectins, concanavalin A, snowdrop lectin, and lentil lectin, to profile the N-glycoproteome of mature green stage tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit pericarp. Through coupling lectin affinity chromatography with a shotgun proteomics strategy, we identified 448 putative N-glycoproteins, whereas a parallel lectin affinity chromatography plus hydrophilic interaction chromatography analysis revealed 318 putative N-glycosylation sites on 230 N-glycoproteins, of which 100 overlapped with the shotgun analysis, as well as 17 N-glycan structures. The use of multiple lectins substantially increased N-glycoproteome coverage and although there were no discernible differences in the structures of N-glycans, or the charge, isoelectric point (pI) or hydrophobicity of the glycopeptides that differentially bound to each lectin, differences were observed in the amino acid frequency at the -1 and +1 subsites of the N-glycosylation sites. We also demonstrated an alternative and complementary in planta recombinant expression strategy, followed by affinity MS analysis, to identify the putative N-glycan structures of glycoproteins whose abundance is too low to be readily determined by a shotgun approach, and/or combined with deglycosylation for predicted deamidated sites, using a xyloglucan-specific endoglucanase inhibitor protein as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliel Ruiz-May
- From the ‡Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Simon Hucko
- §USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Kevin J. Howe
- §USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Sheng Zhang
- ¶Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Robert W. Sherwood
- ¶Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | | | - Jocelyn K. C. Rose
- From the ‡Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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7
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Incorporation of post-translational modified amino acids as an approach to increase both chemical and biological diversity of conotoxins and conopeptides. Amino Acids 2013; 46:125-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Glycosylation of conotoxins. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:623-42. [PMID: 23455513 PMCID: PMC3705362 DOI: 10.3390/md11030623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Conotoxins are small peptides present in the venom of cone snails. The snail uses this venom to paralyze and capture prey. The constituent conopeptides display a high level of chemical diversity and are of particular interest for scientists as tools employed in neurological studies and for drug development, because they target with exquisite specificity membrane receptors, transporters, and various ion channels in the nervous system. However, these peptides are known to contain a high frequency and variability of post-translational modifications-including sometimes O-glycosylation-which are of importance for biological activity. The potential application of specific conotoxins as neuropharmalogical agents and chemical probes requires a full characterization of the relevant peptides, including the structure of the carbohydrate part. In this review, the currently existing knowledge of O-glycosylation of conotoxins is described.
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9
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Hocking HG, Gerwig GJ, Dutertre S, Violette A, Favreau P, Stöcklin R, Kamerling JP, Boelens R. Structure of the O-glycosylated conopeptide CcTx from Conus consors venom. Chemistry 2012; 19:870-9. [PMID: 23281027 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The glycopeptide CcTx, isolated from the venom of the piscivorous cone snail Conus consors, belongs to the κA-family of conopeptides. These toxins elicit excitotoxic responses in the prey by acting on voltage-gated sodium channels. The structure of CcTx, a first in the κA-family, has been determined by high-resolution NMR spectroscopy together with the analysis of its O-glycan at Ser7. A new type of glycopeptide O-glycan core structure, here registered as core type 9, containing two terminal L-galactose units {α-L-Galp-(1→4)-α-D-GlcpNAc-(1→6)-[α-L-Galp-(1→2)-β-D-Galp-(1→3)-]α-D-GalpNAc-(1→O)}, is highlighted. A sequence comparison to other putative members of the κA-family suggests that O-linked glycosylation might be more common than previously thought. This observation alone underlines the requirement for more careful and in-depth investigations into this type of post-translational modification in conotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry G Hocking
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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10
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Zhang Y, Muthana SM, Farnsworth D, Ludek O, Adams K, Barchi JJ, Gildersleeve JC. Enhanced epimerization of glycosylated amino acids during solid-phase peptide synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:6316-25. [PMID: 22390544 PMCID: PMC3324660 DOI: 10.1021/ja212188r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycopeptides are extremely useful for basic research and clinical applications, but access to structurally defined glycopeptides is limited by the difficulties in synthesizing this class of compounds. In this study, we demonstrate that many common peptide coupling conditions used to prepare O-linked glycopeptides result in substantial amounts of epimerization at the α position. In fact, epimerization resulted in up to 80% of the non-natural epimer, indicating that it can be the major product in some reactions. Through a series of mechanistic studies, we demonstrate that the enhanced epimerization relative to nonglycosylated amino acids is due to a combination of factors, including a faster rate of epimerization, an energetic preference for the unnatural epimer over the natural epimer, and a slower overall rate of peptide coupling. In addition, we demonstrate that use of 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (TMP) as the base in peptide couplings produces glycopeptides with high efficiency and low epimerization. The information and improved reaction conditions will facilitate the preparation of glycopeptides as therapeutic compounds and vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalong Zhang
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - Saddam M. Muthana
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - David Farnsworth
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - Olaf Ludek
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - Kristie Adams
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - Joseph J. Barchi
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - Jeffrey C. Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
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11
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2003-2004. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:273-361. [PMID: 18825656 PMCID: PMC7168468 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is the third update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings the topic to the end of 2004. Both fundamental studies and applications are covered. The main topics include methodological developments, matrices, fragmentation of carbohydrates and applications to large polymeric carbohydrates from plants, glycans from glycoproteins and those from various glycolipids. Other topics include the use of MALDI MS to study enzymes related to carbohydrate biosynthesis and degradation, its use in industrial processes, particularly biopharmaceuticals and its use to monitor products of chemical synthesis where glycodendrimers and carbohydrate-protein complexes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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12
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Bulaj G, Olivera BM. Folding of conotoxins: formation of the native disulfide bridges during chemical synthesis and biosynthesis of Conus peptides. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:141-55. [PMID: 17961068 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Conopeptides from >700 species of predatory marine Conus snails provide an impressive molecular diversity of cysteine-rich peptides. Most of the estimated 50,000-100,000 distinct conopeptides range in size from 10 to 50 amino acid residues, often with multiple posttranslational modifications. The great majority contain from two to four disulfide bridges. As the biosynthetic and chemical production of this impressive repertoire of disulfide-rich peptides has been investigated, particularly the formation of native disulfide bridges, differences between in vivo and in vitro oxidative folding have become increasingly evident. In this article, we provide an overview of the molecular diversity of conotoxins with an emphasis on the cysteine patterns and disulfide frameworks. The conotoxin folding studies reviewed include regioselective and direct oxidation strategies, recombinant expression, optimization of folding methods, mechanisms of in vitro folding, and preliminary data on the biosynthesis of conotoxins in venom ducts. Despite these studies, how the cone snails efficiently produce properly folded conotoxins remains unanswered. As chemists continue to master oxidative folding techniques, insights gleaned from how conotoxins are folded in vivo will likely lead to the development of the new folding methods, as well as shed some light on fundamental mechanisms relevant to the protein folding problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Bulaj
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA.
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13
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Jalili PR, Sharma D, Ball HL. Enhancement of ionization efficiency and selective enrichment of phosphorylated peptides from complex protein mixtures using a reversible poly-histidine tag. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2007; 18:1007-17. [PMID: 17383192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
To improve the detection of phosphorylated peptides/proteins, a combination of optimized MS-based strategies were used involving chemical derivatization with a polyhistidine-tag (His-tag) and affinity enrichment of the resulting His-tag peptides on a nanoscale Ni(2+)-IMAC column. The phosphoserine and phosphothreonine peptides were derivatized using a one-pot beta-elimination/Michael addition reaction with a reversible His-tag possessing a thiol-containing Cys residue. The His-tag peptides were enriched selectively by Ni(2+)-IMAC and released using either imidazole or cleavage with Factor Xa. This novel capture and enzyme-mediated release provided an additional element of selectivity and yielded phosphopeptide-specific modifications with enhanced MS ionization characteristics. The eluted peptides were mapped using MALDI-TOF MS and QTRAP ESI-MS/MS techniques. The results obtained for a model peptide and two tryptic protein digests show that the method is highly specific and allows selective enrichment of phosphorylated peptides at low concentrations of femtomoles per microliter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah R Jalili
- Protein Chemistry Technology Center, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8816, USA
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Grant MA, Shanmugasundaram K, Rigby AC. Conotoxin therapeutics: a pipeline for success? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2007; 2:453-68. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.4.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bittner S, Scherzer R, Harlev E. The five bromotryptophans. Amino Acids 2006; 33:19-42. [PMID: 17031473 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The five regioisomeric bromotryptophans (BrTrps) play an important role in the life of sponges and lower marine invertebrates. These bromo-amino acids, which are formed by post-translational modifications, are not found in nature in their free state, but rather are involved in more complex structures. Any of the BrTrps can be part of a peptide, a cyclic peptide, an indole alkaloid, an ergot alkaloid, a macrocycle and others. The present review covers the synthesis, physical and spectroscopic properties of the five BrTrps. It also describes the many exiting pharmacological and biological activities played by the BrTrps and by various secondary metabolites containing brominated tryptophan moieties. Of special interest are cyclic peptides containing the 2-BrTrp unit, which were isolated from marine sponges e.g. konbamide, orbiculamide A, the various keramamides, jaspamide eusynstyelamide and more. Important families of non-cyclic peptides containing the 6-BrTrp, include the styelins, the conotoxins, the cathelicidins and several constrained macrocyclic peptides. Many marine secondary BrTrp-containing, non-peptidic metabolites also display a remarkable spectrum of bioactivities, which can be harnessed for therapeutic and other purposes. Examples are: barettin, bromotryptanthrin, tetraacetyl clionamide, cyclocinamide A, clavicipitic acid, various brominated beta-carbolines. In this review we have presented the various synthetic routes leading to the preparation of the five BrTrps and many of its derivatives. Also, we have introduced the reader to many synthetic routes leading to BrTrp-containing non-peptidic natural products. Although the functional role of the various compounds in the human body is only poorly understood, its effects were extensively studied. Almost all of these compounds exhibit important therapeutic properties e.g. antifungal, antimicrobial, antihelmintic, insecticidal ichthyotoxic and anticancer activity. In the present review attempts have been made to provide synopsis, synthesis and symbiosis of chemical and biological actions, which may provide future guidance and facilitate further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bittner
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Marx UC, Daly NL, Craik DJ. NMR of conotoxins: structural features and an analysis of chemical shifts of post-translationally modified amino acids. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2006; 44 Spec No:S41-50. [PMID: 16826542 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Conotoxins are small conformationally constrained peptides found in the venom of marine snails of the genus Conus. They are usually cysteine rich and frequently contain a high degree of post-translational modifications such as C-terminal amidation, hydroxylation, carboxylation, bromination, epimerisation and glycosylation. Here we review the role of NMR in determining the three-dimensional structures of conotoxins and also provide a compilation and analysis of 1H and 13C chemical shifts of post-translationally modified amino acids and compare them with data from common amino acids. This analysis provides a reference source for chemical shifts of post-translationally modified amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute C Marx
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for Functional and Applied Genomics, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
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Jakubowski JA, Kelley WP, Sweedler JV. Screening for post-translational modifications in conotoxins using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry: an important component of conotoxin discovery. Toxicon 2006; 47:688-99. [PMID: 16574181 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has emerged as an important technique for conotoxin analysis due to its capacity for selective, sensitive, information-rich analyses. Using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, Conus venom can be fractionated and the peptides surveyed for specific post-translational modifications, indicating those toxin components likely to have an important biological function. With Conus striatus and Conus victoriae venom as models, bromination, carboxylation and glycosylation modifications are identified through characteristics such as isotopic distribution and labile losses observed during mass spectrometric analysis. This modification screening approach enables the identification of a C. victoriae bromo-carboxy-conotoxin, designated vc5c, as a candidate for detailed mass spectrometric analysis. Using a cDNA sequence coupled with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and nanoelectrospray ionization-ion trap-mass spectrometry, the sequence of vc5c is determined to be ICCYPNXWCCD, where W is 6-bromotryptophan, X is gamma-carboxy glutamate and C is disulfide-linked cysteine. This represents the ninth T-superfamily (-CC-CC- scaffold) toxin that has been isolated from venom and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Jakubowski
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue 63-5, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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