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Baudry M, Wang Y, Bi X, Luo YL, Wang Z, Kamal Z, Shirokov A, Sullivan E, Lagasca D, Khalil H, Lee G, Fosnaugh K, Bey P, Medi S, Coulter G. Identification and neuroprotective properties of NA-184, a calpain-2 inhibitor. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2024; 12:e1181. [PMID: 38429943 PMCID: PMC10907882 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Our laboratory has shown that calpain-2 activation in the brain following acute injury is directly related to neuronal damage and the long-term functional consequences of the injury, while calpain-1 activation is generally neuroprotective and calpain-1 deletion exacerbates neuronal injury. We have also shown that a relatively selective calpain-2 inhibitor, referred to as C2I, enhanced long-term potentiation and learning and memory, and provided neuroprotection in the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice. Using molecular dynamic simulation and Site Identification by Ligand Competitive Saturation (SILCS) software, we generated about 130 analogs of C2I and tested them in a number of in vitro and in vivo assays. These led to the identification of two interesting compounds, NA-112 and NA-184. Further analyses indicated that NA-184, (S)-2-(3-benzylureido)-N-((R,S)-1-((3-chloro-2-methoxybenzyl)amino)-1,2-dioxopentan-3-yl)-4-methylpentanamide, selectively and dose-dependent inhibited calpain-2 activity without evident inhibition of calpain-1 at the tested concentrations in mouse brain tissues and human cell lines. Like NA-112, NA-184 inhibited TBI-induced calpain-2 activation and cell death in mice and rats, both male and females. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses indicated that NA-184 exhibited properties, including stability in plasma and liver and blood-brain barrier permeability, that make it a good clinical candidate for the treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Baudry
- Western University of Health SciencesPomonaCaliforniaUSA
- NeurAegis, IncIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Yubin Wang
- Western University of Health SciencesPomonaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Xiaoning Bi
- Western University of Health SciencesPomonaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Yun Lyna Luo
- Western University of Health SciencesPomonaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gary Lee
- Nanosyn, IncSanta ClaraCaliforniaUSA
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2
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Izmest Ev AN, Vinogradov DB, Kravchenko AN, Kolotyrkina NG, Gazieva GA. Diastereoselective Synthesis of Dispiro[Imidazothiazolotriazine-Pyrrolidin-Oxindoles] and Their Isomerization Pathways in Basic Medium. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16359. [PMID: 38003560 PMCID: PMC10671214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly diastereoselective methods for the synthesis of two series of regioisomeric polynuclear dispyroheterocyclic compounds with five or six chiral centers, comprising moieties of pyrrolidinyloxindole and imidazo[4,5-e]thiazolo[3,2-b]-1,2,4-triazine of linear structure or imidazo[4,5-e]thiazolo[2,3-c]-1,2,4-triazine of angular structure, have been developed on the basis of a [3+2] cycloaddition of azomethine ylides to functionalized imidazothiazolotriazines. Depending on the structure of the ethylenic component, cycloaddition proceeds as an anti-exo process for linear derivatives, while cycloaddition to angular ones resulted in a syn-endo diastereomer. Novel pathways of isomerization for the synthesized anti-exo products upon treatment with sodium alkoxides have been found, which resulted in two more series of diastereomeric dispiro[imidazothiazolotriazine-pyrrolidin-oxindoles] inaccessible with the direct cycloaddition reaction. For the first series, the inversion of the configuration of one stereocenter, i.e., C-4' atom of the pyrrolidine cycle, (epimerization) was established. For the second one, configuration of the obtained diastereomer formally corresponded to the syn-endo approach of the azomethine ylide in the case of cycloaddition to the ethylenic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei N Izmest Ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., Moscow 119991, Russia
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", 4 Leninsky Prosp., Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Dmitry B Vinogradov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Angelina N Kravchenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Natalya G Kolotyrkina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Galina A Gazieva
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., Moscow 119991, Russia
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3
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Xu Y, Li Z, Wang Y, Li C, Zhang M, Chen H, Chen W, Zhong Q, Pei J, Chen W, Haenen GRMM, Moalin M. Unraveling the Antioxidant Activity of 2R, 3R-dihydroquercetin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14220. [PMID: 37762525 PMCID: PMC10532074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that in an oxidative environment, the flavonoid 2R,3R-dihydroquercetin (2R,3R-DHQ) oxidizes into a product that rearranges to form quercetin. As quercetin is a very potent antioxidant, much better than 2R,3R-DHQ, this would be an intriguing form of targeting the antioxidant quercetin. The aim of the present study is to further elaborate on this targeting. We can confirm the previous observation that 2R,3R-DHQ is oxidized by horseradish peroxidase (HRP), with H2O2 as the oxidant. However, HPLC analysis revealed that no quercetin was formed, but instead an unstable oxidation product. The inclusion of glutathione (GSH) during the oxidation process resulted in the formation of a 2R,3R-DHQ-GSH adduct, as was identified using HPLC with IT-TOF/MS detection. GSH adducts appeared on the B-ring of the 2R,3R-DHQ quinone, indicating that during oxidation, the B-ring is oxidized from a catechol to form a quinone group. Ascorbate could reduce the quinone back to 2R,3R-DHQ. No 2S,3R-DHQ was detected after the reduction by ascorbate, indicating that a possible epimerization of 2R,3R-DHQ quinone to 2S,3R-DHQ quinone does not occur. The fact that no epimerization of the oxidized product of 2R,3R-DHQ is observed, and that GSH adducts the oxidized product of 2R,3R-DHQ on the B-ring, led us to conclude that the redox-modulating activity of 2R,3R-DHQ quinone resides in its B-ring. This could be confirmed by chemical calculation. Apparently, the administration of 2R,3R-DHQ in an oxidative environment does not result in 'biotargeting' quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.X.); (H.C.); (W.C.); (Q.Z.); (J.P.)
| | - Zhengwen Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, 2025 Chengluo Avenue, Chengdu 610106, China;
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalized Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.W.); (C.L.); (G.R.M.M.H.)
| | - Chujie Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalized Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.W.); (C.L.); (G.R.M.M.H.)
| | - Ming Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.X.); (H.C.); (W.C.); (Q.Z.); (J.P.)
| | - Haiming Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.X.); (H.C.); (W.C.); (Q.Z.); (J.P.)
| | - Wenxue Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.X.); (H.C.); (W.C.); (Q.Z.); (J.P.)
| | - Qiuping Zhong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.X.); (H.C.); (W.C.); (Q.Z.); (J.P.)
| | - Jianfei Pei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.X.); (H.C.); (W.C.); (Q.Z.); (J.P.)
| | - Weijun Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.X.); (H.C.); (W.C.); (Q.Z.); (J.P.)
| | - Guido R. M. M. Haenen
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalized Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.W.); (C.L.); (G.R.M.M.H.)
| | - Mohamed Moalin
- Research Centre Material Sciences, Zuyd University of Applied Science, 6400 AN Heerlen, The Netherlands;
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4
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Tang Y, Xiao D, Liu C. Two-Step Epimerization of Deoxynivalenol by Quinone-Dependent Dehydrogenase and Candida parapsilosis ACCC 20221. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040286. [PMID: 37104224 PMCID: PMC10146952 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), one of the main mycotoxins with enteric toxicity, genetic toxicity, and immunotoxicity, and is widely found in corn, barley, wheat, and rye. In order to achieve effective detoxification of DON, the least toxic 3-epi-DON (1/357th of the toxicity of DON) was chosen as the target for degradation. Quinone-dependent dehydrogenase (QDDH) reported from Devosia train D6-9 detoxifies DON by converting C3-OH to a ketone group with toxicity of less than 1/10 that of DON. In this study, the recombinant plasmid pPIC9K-QDDH was constructed and successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115. Within 12 h, recombinant QDDH converted 78.46% of the 20 μg/mL DON to 3-keto-DON. Candida parapsilosis ACCC 20221 was screened for its activity in reducing 86.59% of 3-keto-DON within 48 h; its main products were identified as 3-epi-DON and DON. In addition, a two-step method was performed for epimerizing DON: 12 h catalysis by recombinant QDDH and 6 h transformation of the C. parapsilosis ACCC 20221 cell catalyst. The production rates of 3-keto-DON and 3-epi-DON were 51.59% and 32.57%, respectively, after manipulation. Through this study, effective detoxification of 84.16% of DON was achieved, with the products being mainly 3-keto-DON and 3-epi-DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Tang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wu Shan, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Dingna Xiao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wu Shan, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chendi Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wu Shan, Guangzhou 510640, China
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5
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Yi R, Kern R, Pollet P, Lin H, Krishnamurthy R, Liotta CL. Erythrose and Threose: Carbonyl Migrations, Epimerizations, Aldol, and Oxidative Fragmentation Reactions under Plausible Prebiotic Conditions. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202816. [PMID: 36367459 PMCID: PMC10107292 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The prebiotic generation of sugars in the context of origins of life studies is of considerable interest. Among the important intramolecular processes of sugars are carbonyl migrations and accompanying epimerizations. Herein we describe the carbonyl migration-epimerization process occurring down the entire carbon chain of chirally pure d-tetroses sugars under mild conditions. Employing chirally pure 1-13 C-erythrose, 4-13 C-erythrose and 1-13 C-threose, we (1) identify all the species formed as the carbonyl migrates down the four-carbon chain and (2) assess the rates associated with the production of each of these species. Competing aldol reactions and oxidative fragmentation processes were also observed. Further observations of self-condensation of glycolaldehyde mainly yielding 2-keto-hexoses (sorbose and tagatose) and tetrulose also provides a basis for understanding the effect of carbonyl migrations on the product distribution in plausible prebiotic scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Yi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA.,Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-IE-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Ryan Kern
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Pamela Pollet
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Huacan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
| | | | - Charles L Liotta
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
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6
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Bastian AA, Bastian M, Jäger M, Loznik M, Warszawik EM, Yang X, Tahiri N, Fodran P, Witte MD, Thoma A, Köhler J, Minnaard AJ, Herrmann A. Late-Stage Modification of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics Overcomes Bacterial Resistance Mediated by APH(3') Kinases. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200883. [PMID: 35388562 PMCID: PMC9321007 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The continuous emergence of antimicrobial resistance is causing a threat to patients infected by multidrug‐resistant pathogens. In particular, the clinical use of aminoglycoside antibiotics, broad‐spectrum antibacterials of last resort, is limited due to rising bacterial resistance. One of the major resistance mechanisms in Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria is phosphorylation of these amino sugars at the 3’‐position by O‐phosphotransferases [APH(3’)s]. Structural alteration of these antibiotics at the 3’‐position would be an obvious strategy to tackle this resistance mechanism. However, the access to such derivatives requires cumbersome multi‐step synthesis, which is not appealing for pharma industry in this low‐return‐on‐investment market. To overcome this obstacle and combat bacterial resistance mediated by APH(3’)s, we introduce a novel regioselective modification of aminoglycosides in the 3’‐position via palladium‐catalyzed oxidation. To underline the effectiveness of our method for structural modification of aminoglycosides, we have developed two novel antibiotic candidates overcoming APH(3’)s‐mediated resistance employing only four synthetic steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas A Bastian
- Department of Chemical Biology, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,AGILeBiotics B.V., De Mudden 14, 9747 AV, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maria Bastian
- AGILeBiotics B.V., De Mudden 14, 9747 AV, Groningen (The, Netherlands
| | - Manuel Jäger
- Department of Chemical Biology, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands
| | - Mark Loznik
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany.,Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eliza M Warszawik
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40, W. J. Kolff Institute-FB41, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen (The, Netherlands
| | - Xintong Yang
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nabil Tahiri
- Department of Chemical Biology, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands
| | - Peter Fodran
- Department of Chemical Biology, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands
| | - Martin D Witte
- Department of Chemical Biology, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands
| | - Anne Thoma
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany.,Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jens Köhler
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Department of Chemical Biology, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany.,Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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7
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Abstract
The past decade has seen impressive advances in understanding the biosynthesis of ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides (RiPPs). One of the most common modifications found in these natural products is macrocyclization, a strategy also used by medicinal chemists to improve metabolic stability and target affinity and specificity. Another tool of the peptide chemist, modification of the amides in a peptide backbone, has also been observed in RiPPs. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms of biosynthesis of a subset of macrocyclic RiPP families, chosen because of the unusual biochemistry involved: the five classes of lanthipeptides (thioether cyclization by Michael-type addition), sactipeptides and ranthipeptides (thioether cyclization by radical chemistry), thiopeptides (cyclization by [4+2] cycloaddition), and streptide (cyclization by radical C-C bond formation). In addition, the mechanisms of backbone amide methylation, backbone epimerization, and backbone thioamide formation are discussed, as well as an unusual route to small molecules by posttranslational modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunji Lee
- Department of Chemistry and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Wilfred A van der Donk
- Department of Chemistry and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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8
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Demeter F, Bereczki I, Borbás A, Herczeg M. Synthesis of Four Orthogonally Protected Rare l-Hexose Thioglycosides from d-Mannose by C-5 and C-4 Epimerization. Molecules 2022; 27:3422. [PMID: 35684360 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
l-Hexoses are important components of biologically relevant compounds and precursors of some therapeuticals. However, they typically cannot be obtained from natural sources and due to the complexity of their synthesis, their commercially available derivatives are also very expensive. Starting from one of the cheapest d-hexoses, d-mannose, using inexpensive and readily available chemicals, we developed a reaction pathway to obtain two orthogonally protected l-hexose thioglycoside derivatives, l-gulose and l-galactose, through the corresponding 5,6-unsaturated thioglycosides by C-5 epimerization. From these derivatives, the orthogonally protected thioglycosides of further two l-hexoses (l-allose and l-glucose) were synthesized by C-4 epimerization. The preparation of the key intermediates, the 5,6-unsaturated derivatives, was systematically studied using various protecting groups. By the method developed, we are able to produce highly functionalized l-gulose derivatives in 9 steps (total yields: 21–23%) and l-galactose derivatives in 12 steps (total yields: 6–8%) starting from d-mannose.
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9
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Gao H, Niu J, Yang H, Lu Z, Zhou L, Meng F, Lu F, Chen M. Epimerization of Deoxynivalenol by the Devosia Strain A6-243 Assisted by Pyrroloquinoline Quinone. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 14:toxins14010016. [PMID: 35050993 PMCID: PMC8779532 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a secondary metabolite produced by several Fusarium species that is hazardous to humans and animals after entering food chains. In this study, by adding cofactors, the Devosia strain A6-243 is identified as the DON-transforming bacteria from a bacterial consortium with the ability to biotransform DON of Pseudomonas sp. B6-24 and Devosia strain A6-243, and its effect on the biotransformation process of DON is studied. The Devosia strain A6-243 completely biotransformed 100 μg/mL of DON with the assistance of the exogenous addition of PQQ (pyrroloquinoline quinone) within 48 h and produced non-toxic 3-epi-DON (3-epi-deoxynivalenol), while Pseudomonas sp. B6-24 was not able to biotransform DON, but it had the ability to generate PQQ. Moreover, the Devosia strain A6-243 not only degraded DON, but also exhibited the ability to degrade 3-keto-DON (3-keto-deoxynivalenol) with the same product 3-epi-DON, indicating that DON epimerization by the Devosia strain A6-243 is a two-step enzymatic reaction. The most suitable conditions for the biodegradation process of the Devosia strain A6-243 were a temperature of 16–37 °C and pH 7.0–10, with 15–30 μM PQQ. In addition, the Devosia strain A6-243 was found to completely remove DON (6.7 μg/g) from DON-contaminated wheat. The results presented a reference for screening microorganisms with the ability of biotransform DON and laid a foundation for the development of enzymes for the detoxification of mycotoxins in grain and its products.
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10
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Domzalski A, Margent L, Vigo V, Dewan F, Pilarsetty NVK, Xu Y, Kawamura A. Unambiguous Stereochemical Assignment of Cyclo(Phe-Pro), Cyclo(Leu-Pro), and Cyclo(Val-Pro) by Electronic Circular Dichroic Spectroscopy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195981. [PMID: 34641525 PMCID: PMC8512403 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
2,5-diketopiperazines (DKPs) are cyclic dipeptides ubiquitously found in nature. In particular, cyclo(Phe-Pro), cyclo(Leu-Pro), and cyclo(Val-Pro) are frequently detected in many microbial cultures. Each of these DKPs has four possible stereoisomers due to the presence of two chirality centers. However, absolute configurations of natural DKPs are often ambiguous due to the lack of a simple, sensitive, and reproducible method for stereochemical assignment. This is an important problem because stereochemistry is a key determinant of biological activity. Here, we report a synthetic DKP library containing all stereoisomers of cyclo(Phe-Pro), cyclo(Leu-Pro), and cyclo(Val-Pro). The library was subjected to spectroscopic characterization using mass spectrometry, NMR, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD). It turned out that ECD can clearly differentiate DKP stereoisomers. Thus, our ECD dataset can serve as a reference for unambiguous stereochemical assignment of cyclo(Phe-Pro), cyclo(Leu-Pro), and cyclo(Val-Pro) samples from natural sources. The DKP library was also subjected to a biological screening using assays for E. coli growth and biofilm formation, which revealed distinct biological effects of cyclo(D-Phe-L-Pro).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Domzalski
- Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA; (A.D.); (F.D.); (Y.X.)
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY 10065, USA; (L.M.); (V.V.)
| | - Liliana Margent
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY 10065, USA; (L.M.); (V.V.)
| | - Valeria Vigo
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY 10065, USA; (L.M.); (V.V.)
| | - Faizunnahar Dewan
- Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA; (A.D.); (F.D.); (Y.X.)
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY 10065, USA; (L.M.); (V.V.)
| | | | - Yujia Xu
- Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA; (A.D.); (F.D.); (Y.X.)
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY 10065, USA; (L.M.); (V.V.)
- Chemistry Ph.D. Program, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Akira Kawamura
- Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA; (A.D.); (F.D.); (Y.X.)
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY 10065, USA; (L.M.); (V.V.)
- Chemistry Ph.D. Program, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-212-772-5339
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11
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Liu X, Le Bourvellec C, Guyot S, Renard CMGC. Reactivity of flavanols: Their fate in physical food processing and recent advances in their analysis by depolymerization. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:4841-4880. [PMID: 34288366 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Flavanols, a subgroup of polyphenols, are secondary metabolites with antioxidant properties naturally produced in various plants (e.g., green tea, cocoa, grapes, and apples); they are a major polyphenol class in human foods and beverages, and have recognized effect on maintaining human health. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate their changes (i.e., oxidation, polymerization, degradation, and epimerization) during various physical processing (i.e., heating, drying, mechanical shearing, high-pressure, ultrasound, and radiation) to improve the nutritional value of food products. However, the roles of flavanols, in particular for their polymerized forms, are often underestimated, for a large part because of analytical challenges: they are difficult to extract quantitatively, and their quantification demands chemical reactions. This review examines the existing data on the effects of different physical processing techniques on the content of flavanols and highlights the changes in epimerization and degree of polymerization, as well as some of the latest acidolysis methods for proanthocyanidin characterization and quantification. More and more evidence show that physical processing can affect content but also modify the structure of flavanols by promoting a series of internal reactions. The most important reactivity of flavanols in processing includes oxidative coupling and rearrangements, chain cleavage, structural rearrangements (e.g., polymerization, degradation, and epimerization), and addition to other macromolecules, that is, proteins and polysaccharides. Some acidolysis methods for the analysis of polymeric proanthocyanidins have been updated, which has contributed to complete analysis of proanthocyanidin structures in particular regarding their proportion of A-type proanthocyanidins and their degree of polymerization in various plants. However, future research is also needed to better extract and characterize high-polymer proanthocyanidins, whether in their native or modified forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwei Liu
- INRAE, Avignon University, UMR408 SQPOV, Avignon, France
| | | | - Sylvain Guyot
- INRAE, UR1268 BIA, Team Polyphenol, Reactivity & Processing (PRP), Le Rheu, France
| | - Catherine M G C Renard
- INRAE, Avignon University, UMR408 SQPOV, Avignon, France.,INRAE, TRANSFORM, Nantes, France
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12
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Reed AD, Theriot CM. Contribution of Inhibitory Metabolites and Competition for Nutrients to Colonization Resistance against Clostridioides difficile by Commensal Clostridium. Microorganisms 2021; 9:371. [PMID: 33673352 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is an anaerobic pathogen that causes significant morbidity and mortality. Understanding the mechanisms of colonization resistance against C. difficile is important for elucidating the mechanisms by which C. difficile is able to colonize the gut after antibiotics. Commensal Clostridium play a key role in colonization resistance. They are able to modify bile acids which alter the C. difficile life cycle. Commensal Clostridium also produce other inhibitory metabolites including antimicrobials and short chain fatty acids. They also compete with C. difficile for vital nutrients such as proline. Understanding the mechanistic effects that these metabolites have on C. difficile and other gut pathogens is important for the development of new therapeutics against C. difficile infection (CDI), which are urgently needed.
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13
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Feng Y, Hua X, Shen Q, Matthews M, Zhang Y, Fisher AJ, Lyu X, Yang R. Insight into the potential factors influencing the catalytic direction in cellobiose 2-epimerase by crystallization and mutagenesis. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2020; 76:1104-1113. [PMID: 33135681 DOI: 10.1107/s205979832001222x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE) is commonly recognized as an epimerase as most CEs mainly exhibit an epimerization activity towards disaccharides. In recent years, several CEs have been found to possess bifunctional epimerization and isomerization activities. They can convert lactose into lactulose, a high-value disaccharide that is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. However, the factors that determine the catalytic direction in CEs are still not clear. In this study, the crystal structures of three newly discovered CEs, CsCE (a bifunctional CE from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus), StCE (a bifunctional CE from Spirochaeta thermophila DSM 6578) and BtCE (a monofunctional CE from Bacillus thermoamylovorans B4166), were determined at 1.54, 2.05 and 1.80 Å resolution, respectively, in order to search for structural clues to their monofunctional/bifunctional properties. A comparative analysis of the hydrogen-bond networks in the active pockets of diverse CEs, YihS and mannose isomerase suggested that the histidine corresponding to His188 in CsCE is uniquely required to catalyse isomerization. By alignment of the apo and ligand-bound structures of diverse CEs, it was found that bifunctional CEs tend to have more flexible loops and a larger entrance around the active site, and that the flexible loop 148-181 in CsCE displays obvious conformational changes during ligand binding. It was speculated that the reconstructed molecular interactions of the flexible loop during ligand binding helped to motivate the ligands to stretch in a manner beneficial for isomerization. Further site-directed mutagenesis analysis of the flexible loop in CsCE indicated that the residue composition of the flexible loop did not greatly impact epimerization but affects isomerization. In particular, V177D and I178D mutants showed a 50% and 80% increase in isomerization activity over the wild type. This study provides new information about the structural characteristics involved in the catalytic properties of CEs, which can be used to guide future molecular modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Melissa Matthews
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yuzhu Zhang
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Andrew J Fisher
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xiaomei Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruijin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
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14
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Hurlburt NK, Guan J, Ong H, Yu H, Chen X, Fisher AJ. Structural characterization of a nonhydrolyzing UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase from Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2020; 76:557-567. [PMID: 33135674 PMCID: PMC7605110 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x20013680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial nonhydrolyzing UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerases catalyze the reversible interconversion of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and UDP-N-acetylmannosamine (UDP-ManNAc). UDP-ManNAc is an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of certain cell-surface polysaccharides, including those in some pathogenic bacteria, such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Many of these epimerases are allosterically regulated by UDP-GlcNAc, which binds adjacent to the active site and is required to initiate UDP-ManNAc epimerization. Here, two crystal structures of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase from Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A (NmSacA) are presented. One crystal structure is of the substrate-free enzyme, while the other structure contains UDP-GlcNAc substrate bound to the active site. Both structures form dimers as seen in similar epimerases, and substrate binding to the active site induces a large conformational change in which two Rossmann-like domains clamp down on the substrate. Unlike other epimerases, NmSacA does not require UDP-GlcNAc to instigate the epimerization of UDP-ManNAc, although UDP-GlcNAc was found to enhance the rate of epimerization. In spite of the conservation of residues involved in binding the allosteric UDP-GlcNAc observed in similar UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerases, the structures presented here do not contain UDP-GlcNAc bound in the allosteric site. These structural results provide additional insight into the mechanism and regulation of this critical enzyme and improve the structural understanding of the ability of NmSacA to epimerize modified substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasper Guan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hoonsan Ong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andrew J. Fisher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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15
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Pospelov EV, Golovanov IS, Ioffe SL, Sukhorukov AY. The Cyclic Nitronate Route to Pharmaceutical Molecules: Synthesis of GSK's Potent PDE4 Inhibitor as a Case Study. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163613. [PMID: 32784502 PMCID: PMC7464803 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An efficient asymmetric synthesis of GlaxoSmithKline’s potent PDE4 inhibitor was accomplished in eight steps from a catechol-derived nitroalkene. The key intermediate (3-acyloxymethyl-substituted 1,2-oxazine) was prepared in a straightforward manner by tandem acylation/(3,3)-sigmatropic rearrangement of the corresponding 1,2-oxazine-N-oxide. The latter was assembled by a (4 + 2)-cycloaddition between the suitably substituted nitroalkene and vinyl ether. Facile acetal epimerization at the C-6 position in 1,2-oxazine ring was observed in the course of reduction with NaBH3CN in AcOH. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the epimerization may proceed through an unusual tricyclic oxazolo(1,2)oxazinium cation formed via double anchimeric assistance from a distant acyloxy group and the nitrogen atom of the 1,2-oxazine ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny V. Pospelov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.P.); (I.S.G.); (S.L.I.)
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan S. Golovanov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.P.); (I.S.G.); (S.L.I.)
| | - Sema L. Ioffe
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.P.); (I.S.G.); (S.L.I.)
| | - Alexey Yu. Sukhorukov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.P.); (I.S.G.); (S.L.I.)
- Department of Innovational Materials and Technologies Chemistry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-499-135-53-29
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16
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Kröger L, Daniliuc CG, Ensan D, Borgert S, Nienberg C, Lauwers M, Steinkrüger M, Jose J, Pietsch M, Wünsch B. Synthesis and SAR of Tetracyclic Inhibitors of Protein Kinase CK2 Derived from Furocarbazole W16. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:871-881. [PMID: 32168422 PMCID: PMC7418559 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase CK2 modulates the activity of more than 300 proteins and thus plays a crucial role in various physiological and pathophysiological processes including neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system and cancer. The enzymatic activity of CK2 is controlled by the equilibrium between the heterotetrameric holoenzyme CK2α2β2 and its monomeric subunits CK2α and CK2β. A series of analogues of W16 ((3aR,4S,10S,10aS)‐4‐{[(S)‐4‐benzyl‐2‐oxo‐1,3‐oxazolidin‐3‐yl]carbonyl}‐10‐(3,4,5‐trimethoxyphenyl)‐4,5,10,10a‐tetrahydrofuro[3,4‐b]carbazole‐1,3(3aH)‐dione ((+)‐3
a)) was prepared in an one‐pot, three‐component Levy reaction. The stereochemistry of the tetracyclic compounds was analyzed. Additionally, the chemically labile anhydride structure of the furocarbazoles 3 was replaced by a more stable imide (9) and N‐methylimide (10) substructure. The enantiomer (−)‐3
a (Ki=4.9 μM) of the lead compound (+)‐3
a (Ki=31 μM) showed a more than sixfold increased inhibition of the CK2α/CK2β interaction (protein‐protein interaction inhibition, PPII) in a microscale thermophoresis (MST) assay. However, (−)‐3
a did not show an increased enzyme inhibition of the CK2α2β2 holoenzyme, the CK2α subunit or the mutated CK2α′ C336S subunit in the capillary electrophoresis assay. In the pyrrolocarbazole series, the imide (−)‐9
a (Ki=3.6 μM) and the N‐methylimide (+)‐10
a (Ki=2.8 μM) represent the most promising inhibitors of the CK2α/CK2β interaction. However, neither compound could inhibit enzymatic activity. Unexpectedly, the racemic tetracyclic pyrrolocarbazole (±)‐12, with a carboxy moiety in the 4‐position, displays the highest CK2α/CK2β interaction inhibition (Ki=1.8 μM) of this series of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Kröger
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 8149, Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Deeba Ensan
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 8149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Borgert
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 8149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Nienberg
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 8149, Münster, Germany
| | - Miriam Lauwers
- Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Köln, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931, Köln, Germany
| | - Michaela Steinkrüger
- Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Köln, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931, Köln, Germany
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 8149, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Pietsch
- Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Köln, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931, Köln, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 8149, Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Waldeyerstraße 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
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17
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Tamura K, Ono M, Kawabe T, Ohara M, Yonemochi E. Degradation Pathway of a Taxane Derivative DS80100717 Drug Substance and Drug Product. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:392-397. [PMID: 32238657 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The degradation pathway of a taxane derivative and anticancer agent, DS80100717, was investigated. Several degradants were generated under acidic, basic, and oxidative stress conditions in solution. The chemical structures of eight degradants of DS80100717 were elucidated using MS and NMR. The major degradant of the DS80100717 drug substance derived by heating in solid-state was the N-oxide form via oxidation and C2'-epimer of the side chain via acid hydrolysis. We proposed previously unreported degradation pathways of DS80100717 with taxane derivatives such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, and cabazitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Tamura
- Analytical and Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Makoto Ono
- Quality Assurance Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Takefumi Kawabe
- Analytical and Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Motomu Ohara
- Analytical and Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Etsuo Yonemochi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University
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18
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Ushimaru R, Chen Z, Zhao H, Fan PH, Liu HW. Identification of the Enzymes Mediating the Maturation of the Seryl-tRNA Synthetase Inhibitor SB-217452 during the Biosynthesis of Albomycins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:3558-3562. [PMID: 31863717 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Albomycin δ2 is a sulfur-containing sideromycin natural product that shows potent antibacterial activity against clinically important pathogens. The l-serine-thioheptose dipeptide partial structure, known as SB-217452, has been found to be the active seryl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor component of albomycin δ2 . Herein, it is demonstrated that AbmF catalyzes condensation between the 6'-amino-4'-thionucleoside with the d-ribo configuration and seryl-adenylate supplied by the serine adenylation activity of AbmK. Formation of the dipeptide is followed by C3'-epimerization to produce SB-217452 with the d-xylo configuration, which is catalyzed by the radical S-adenosyl-l-methionine enzyme AbmJ. Gene deletion suggests that AbmC is involved in peptide assembly linking SB-217452 with the siderophore moiety. This study establishes how the albomycin biosynthetic machinery generates its antimicrobial component SB-217452.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richiro Ushimaru
- Department of Chemistry, and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Zhang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Houyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Po-Hsun Fan
- Department of Chemistry, and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Hung-Wen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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19
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Martin-Gómez H, Jorba M, Albericio F, Viñas M, Tulla-Puche J. Chemical Modification of Microcin J25 Reveals New Insights on the Stereospecific Requirements for Antimicrobial Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205152. [PMID: 31627419 PMCID: PMC6829517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, microcin J25, a potent antimicrobial lasso peptide that acts on Gram-negative bacteria, was subjected to a harsh treatment with a base in order to interrogate its stability and mechanism of action and explore its structure-activity relationship. Despite the high stability reported for this lasso peptide, the chemical treatment led to the detection of a new product. Structural studies revealed that this product retained the lasso topology, but showed no antimicrobial activity due to the epimerization of a key residue for the activity. Further microbiological assays also demonstrated that it showed a high synergistic effect with colistin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Martin-Gómez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marta Jorba
- Department of Pathology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical School & IDIBELL Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Campus Bellvitge, 08907 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry-Organic Chemistry Section, University of Barcelona Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- School of Chemistry and Physics. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa.
| | - Miguel Viñas
- Department of Pathology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical School & IDIBELL Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Campus Bellvitge, 08907 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
| | - Judit Tulla-Puche
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry-Organic Chemistry Section, University of Barcelona Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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20
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Wu QQ, Liang YF, Ma SB, Li H, Gao WY. Stability and stabilization of (-)-gallocatechin gallate under various experimental conditions and analyses of its epimerization, auto-oxidation, and degradation by LC-MS. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:5984-5993. [PMID: 31215023 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND (-)-Gallocatechin gallate (GCG) shows multi-bioactivities. Its stability, however, has not been investigated systematically yet. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the stability of GCG and to find ways to stabilize it in biological assays. Furthermore, the epimerization of the compound, its auto-oxidation and degradation were also analyzed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). RESULTS The stability of GCG was concentration-dependent and was sensitive to pH, temperature, bivalent cations, and dissolved oxygen level. The results also showed that GCG was not stable in common buffers (50 mmol L-1 , pH 7.4, 37 °C) or in cell culture medium DMEM/F12 under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37 °C). Our experiments indicated that nitrogen-saturation and the addition of ascorbic acid (VC) could stabilize GCG in biological assays. In addition, LC-MS determination indicated that GCG was able to be epimerized to its epimer (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Meanwhile it was also able to be auto-oxidized to theasinensin and compound P2 and degraded to gallocatechin and gallic acid in pure water at 100 °C. CONCLUSION The stability of GCG should be seriously considered in research on the bioactivity of it to avoid possible artifacts. Nitrogen-saturation and use of VC are good ways to make GCG stable in biological assays. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems and College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Fei Liang
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems and College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Sheng-Bo Ma
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems and College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Heng Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems and College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen-Yun Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems and College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, China
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21
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Zhai Y, Zhong L, Gao H, Lu Z, Bie X, Zhao H, Zhang C, Lu F. Detoxification of Deoxynivalenol by a Mixed Culture of Soil Bacteria With 3 -epi-Deoxynivalenol as the Main Intermediate. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2172. [PMID: 31616395 PMCID: PMC6764018 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a widely distributed mycotoxin that frequently occurs in various agricultural raw materials and feeds. DON acts as a virulence factor that accelerates the spread of plant diseases; moreover, its accumulation in grains causes yield loss and serious health problems to humans and livestock. Biodegradation of DON into less- or non-toxic substances using naturally existing microorganisms is considered the best approach for DON detoxification. Although various single isolates and mixed cultures capable of detoxifying DON have been reported, details of the metabolic pathways and the degrading enzymes/coding genes involved are scarce. In this study, we aimed to isolate DON-degrading bacteria from soil samples and explore the mechanisms. Toward this end, 85 soil samples collected from different provinces in China were enriched under aerobic conditions with mineral media containing 50 μg/ml of DON as the sole carbon source. The bacterial consortium LZ-N1 exhibited highly efficient and steady DON-transforming activity. High-throughput sequencing was used to characterize the composition of the involved microflora, and analysis of 16S rRNA sequences indicated that LZ-N1 was composed of at least 11 bacterial genera, with Pseudomonas accounting for nearly half the relative abundance. Coincubation of a mixed culture of two novel strains from the LZ-N1 consortium, namely Pseudomonas sp. Y1 and Lysobacter sp. S1, showed sustained transformation of DON into the metabolite 3-epi-deoxynivalenol, with no degradation products detected after 72 h. The cell-free supernatant, lysate, and cell debris of the mixed culture possessed DON-degrading ability, with the supernatant reaching a DON degradation rate of 100% within 48 h with 50 μg/ml of DON. This is the first report of two-step enzymatic epimerization of DON by a mixed culture, which may provide a new insight into this pathway for future applications in detoxification of DON-contaminated cereals and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Zhai
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaomei Bie
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haizhen Zhao
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengxia Lu
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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22
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Chiku K, Wada M, Atsuji H, Hosonuma A, Yoshida M, Ono H, Kitaoka M. Epimerization and Decomposition of Kojibiose and Sophorose by Heat Treatment under Neutral pH Conditions. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2019; 66:1-9. [PMID: 34354514 PMCID: PMC8056910 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2018_0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the stabilities of kojibiose and sophorose when heated under neutral pH conditions. Kojibiose and sophorose epimerized at the C-2 position of glucose on the reducing end, resulting in the production of 2-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannose and 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannose, respectively. Under weak alkaline conditions, kojibiose was decomposed due to heating into its mono-dehydrated derivatives, including 3-deoxy-2,3-unsaturated compounds and bicyclic 3,6-anhydro compounds. Following these experiments, we propose a kinetic model for the epimerization and decomposition of kojibiose and sophorose by heat treatment under neutral pH and alkaline conditions. The proposed model shows a good fit with the experimental data collected in this study. The rate constants of a reversible epimerization of kojibiose at pH 7.5 and 90 °C were (1.6 ± 0.1) × 10-5 s-1 and (3.2 ± 0.2) × 10-5 s-1 for the forward and reverse reactions, respectively, and were almost identical to those [(1.5 ± 0.1) × 10-5 s-1 and (3.5 ± 0.4) × 10-5 s-1] of sophorose. The rate constant of the decomposition reaction for kojibiose was (4.7 ± 1.1) × 10-7 s-1 whereas that for sophorose [(3.7 ± 0.2) × 10-6 s-1] was about ten times higher. The epimerization reaction was not significantly affected by the variation in the buffer except for a borate buffer, and depended instead upon the pH value (concentration of hydroxide ions), indicating that epimerization occurred as a function of the hydroxide ion. These instabilities are an extension of the neutral pH conditions for keto-enol tautomerization that are often observed under strong alkaline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Chiku
- Faculty of Applied Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Mami Wada
- Faculty of Applied Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Haruka Atsuji
- Faculty of Applied Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Arisa Hosonuma
- Faculty of Applied Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Mitsuru Yoshida
- Faculty of Applied Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Hiroshi Ono
- Advanced Analysis Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
| | - Motomitsu Kitaoka
- Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
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23
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Kim WE, Patel A, Hur GH, Tufar P, Wuo MG, McCammon JA, Burkart MD. Mechanistic Probes for the Epimerization Domain of Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases. Chembiochem 2018; 20:147-152. [PMID: 30194895 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are responsible for the synthesis of a variety of bioactive natural products with clinical and economic significance. Interestingly, these large multimodular enzyme machineries incorporate nonproteinogenic d-amino acids through the use of auxiliary epimerization domains, converting l-amino acids into d-amino acids that impart into the resulting natural products unique bioactivity and resistance to proteases. Due to the large and complex nature of NRPSs, several questions remain unanswered about the mechanism of the catalytic domain reactions. We have investigated the use of mechanism-based crosslinkers to probe the mechanism of an epimerization domain in gramicidin S biosynthesis. In addition, MD simulations were performed, showcasing the possible roles of catalytic residues within the epimerization domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojoo E Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Ashay Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0636, USA
| | - Gene H Hur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Peter Tufar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Michael G Wuo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - J Andrew McCammon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0636, USA
| | - Michael D Burkart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
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24
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Tykesson E, Hassinen A, Zielinska K, Thelin MA, Frati G, Ellervik U, Westergren-Thorsson G, Malmström A, Kellokumpu S, Maccarana M. Dermatan sulfate epimerase 1 and dermatan 4- O-sulfotransferase 1 form complexes that generate long epimerized 4- O-sulfated blocks. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13725-13735. [PMID: 29976758 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
During the biosynthesis of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS), a variable fraction of glucuronic acid is converted to iduronic acid through the activities of two epimerases, dermatan sulfate epimerases 1 (DS-epi1) and 2 (DS-epi2). Previous in vitro studies indicated that without association with other enzymes, DS-epi1 activity produces structures that have only a few adjacent iduronic acid units. In vivo, concomitant with epimerization, dermatan 4-O-sulfotransferase 1 (D4ST1) sulfates the GalNAc adjacent to iduronic acid. This sulfation facilitates DS-epi1 activity and enables the formation of long blocks of sulfated iduronic acid-containing domains, which can be major components of CS/DS. In this report, we used recombinant enzymes to confirm the concerted action of DS-epi1 and D4ST1. Confocal microscopy revealed that these two enzymes colocalize to the Golgi, and FRET experiments indicated that they physically interact. Furthermore, FRET, immunoprecipitation, and cross-linking experiments also revealed that DS-epi1, DS-epi2, and D4ST1 form homomers and are all part of a hetero-oligomeric complex where D4ST1 directly interacts with DS-epi1, but not with DS-epi2. The cooperation of DS-epi1 with D4ST1 may therefore explain the processive mode of the formation of iduronic acid blocks. In conclusion, the iduronic acid-forming enzymes operate in complexes, similar to other enzymes active in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. This knowledge shed light on regulatory mechanisms controlling the biosynthesis of the structurally diverse CS/DS molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Tykesson
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Antti Hassinen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland, and
| | - Katarzyna Zielinska
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin A Thelin
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Giacomo Frati
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Ellervik
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Malmström
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sakari Kellokumpu
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Marco Maccarana
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden,
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25
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Kawauchi G, Umemiya S, Taniguchi T, Monde K, Hayashi Y. Enantio- and Diastereoselective Synthesis of Latanoprost using an Organocatalyst. Chemistry 2018; 24:8409-8414. [PMID: 29603816 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An enantioselective total synthesis of latanoprost was achieved. Its chiral cyclopentane core structure was constructed through an organocatalyst-mediated [3+2]-cycloaddition reaction, and chirality in the ω-side chain was generated by prolinate-anion-mediated α-aminoxylation of an aldehyde. Highly diastereoselective domino acetalization and an oxy-Michael reaction were key steps for the generation of C9 chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Kawauchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Umemiya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tohru Taniguchi
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Frontier Research Center for, Advanced Material and Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 11, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kenji Monde
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Frontier Research Center for, Advanced Material and Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 11, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yujiro Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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26
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Bayu A, Yoshida A, Karnjanakom S, Zuo Z, Hao X, Abudula A, Guan G. An Effective Heterogeneous Catalyst of [BMIM] 3 PMo 12 O 40 for Selective Sugar Epimerization. Chempluschem 2018; 83:383-389. [PMID: 31957351 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of heterogeneous catalysts for the epimerization of sugars has received much less attention than that for the isomerization of sugars. To date, molybdates are the most effective catalysts for the epimerization of sugars, although they lack stability toward hydrolysis of their active sites in water. To solve the issue of the formation of a highly water-soluble heteropolyblue (PMored ) for phosphomolybdates (PMos) in aqueous reaction systems, herein, a 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium phosphomolybdate ([BMIM]3 PMo12 O40 ) was synthesized through an ion-exchange method. This catalyst was effective and selective for the C2-epimerization of sugars under mild reaction conditions (<100 °C; 1-2 h) with good water-tolerant properties. The reaction was confirmed to occur in a heterogeneous manner and no leaching of PMored was detected by means of UV/Vis spectroscopy. Moreover, the catalyst can be simply separated by filtration and reused for at least eight cycles without a drop in catalytic activity. XRD, FTIR, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements indicate that the catalyst is stable under the reaction conditions. In a comparison of the catalytic activity and surface wettability with those of other PMo salts, that is, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium phosphomolybdate ([EMIM]3 PMo12 O40 ), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium ([HexMIM]3 PMo12 O40 ), [choline]3 PMo12 O40 , and cetyltrimethylammonium phosphomolybdate ([CTA]3 PMo12 O40 ), it is found that [BMIM]3 PMo12 O40 has more appropriate hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance, which should be responsible for better catalytic activity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asep Bayu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 1-Bunkyocho, Hirosaki, 036-8560, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yoshida
- Department of Renewable Energy, Institute of Regional Innovation (IRI), Hirosaki University, 2-1-3, Matsubara, Aomori, 030-0813, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 1-Bunkyocho, Hirosaki, 036-8560, Japan
| | - Surachai Karnjanakom
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 1-Bunkyocho, Hirosaki, 036-8560, Japan
| | - Zhijun Zuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, P. R. China
| | - Xiaogang Hao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, P. R. China
| | - Abuliti Abudula
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 1-Bunkyocho, Hirosaki, 036-8560, Japan
| | - Guoqing Guan
- Department of Renewable Energy, Institute of Regional Innovation (IRI), Hirosaki University, 2-1-3, Matsubara, Aomori, 030-0813, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 1-Bunkyocho, Hirosaki, 036-8560, Japan
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27
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Arbour CA, Saraha HY, McMillan TF, Stockdill JL. Exploiting the MeDbz Linker To Generate Protected or Unprotected C-Terminally Modified Peptides. Chemistry 2017; 23:12484-12488. [PMID: 28741313 PMCID: PMC5674808 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
C-terminally modified peptides are important targets for pharmaceutical and biochemical applications. Known methods for C-terminal diversification are limited mainly in terms of the scope of accessible modifications or by epimerization of the C-terminal amino acid. In this work, we present a broadly applicable approach that enables access to a variety of C-terminally functionalized peptides in either protected or unprotected form. This chemistry proceeds without epimerization of C-terminal Ala and tolerates nucleophiles of varying nucleophilicity. Finally, unprotected peptides bearing nucleophilic side chain groups can be selectively functionalized by strong nucleophiles, whereas macrocyclization is observed for weaker nucleophiles. The potential utility of this method is demonstrated through the divergent synthesis of the conotoxin conopressin G and GLP-1(7-36) and analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Arbour
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Hasina Y Saraha
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Timothy F McMillan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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28
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Ishizu T, Tsutsumi H, Yokoyama E, Kawamoto H, Yokota R. Conformational Change and Epimerization of Diketopiperazines Containing Proline Residue in Water. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2017; 65:598-602. [PMID: 28566652 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c17-00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In water, diketopiperazines cyclo(L-Pro-L-Xxx) and cyclo(L-Pro-D-Xxx) (Xxx=Phe, Tyr) formed an intramolecular hydrophobic interaction between the main skeleton part and their benzene ring, and both cyclo(L-Pro-L-Xxx) and cyclo(L-Pro-D-Xxx) took a folded conformation. The conformational changes from folded to extended conformation by addition of several deuterated organic solvents (acetone-d6, metanol-d4, dimethyl sulfoxide-d6 (DMSO-d6)) and the temperature rise were investigated using 1H-NMR spectra. The results suggested that the intrarmolecular hydrophobic interaction of cyclo(L-Pro-D-Xxx) formed more strongtly than that of cyclo(L-Pro-L-Xxx). Under a basic condition of 1.0×10-1 mol/L potassium deuteroxide, enolization of O1-C1-C9-H9 moiety of cyclo(L-Pro-L-Xxx) occurred, while that of the O4-C4-C3-H3 moiety did not. Cyclo(L-Pro-L-Xxx) epimerized to cyclo(D-Pro-L-Xxx), while cyclo(L-Pro-D-Xxx) did not change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ishizu
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsumi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University
| | - Emi Yokoyama
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University
| | - Haruka Kawamoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University
| | - Runa Yokota
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University
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29
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Kuschel B, Seitl I, Glück C, Mu W, Jiang B, Stressler T, Fischer L. Hidden Reaction: Mesophilic Cellobiose 2-Epimerases Produce Lactulose. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:2530-2539. [PMID: 28252294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lactulose (4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-d-fructofuranose) is a prebiotic sugar derived from the milk sugar lactose (4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-d-glucopyranose). In our study we observed for the first time that known cellobiose 2-epimerases (CEs; EC 5.1.3.11) from mesophilic microorganisms were generally able to catalyze the isomerization reaction of lactose into lactulose. Commonly, CEs catalyze the C2-epimerization of d-glucose and d-mannose moieties at the reducing end of β-1,4-glycosidic-linked oligosaccharides. Thus, epilactose (4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-d-mannopyranose) is formed with lactose as substrate. So far, only four CEs, exclusively from thermophilic microorganisms, have been reported to additionally catalyze the isomerization reaction of lactose into lactulose. The specific isomerization activity of the seven CEs in this study ranged between 8.7 ± 0.1 and 1300 ± 37 pkat/mg. The results indicate that very likely all CEs are able to catalyze both the epimerization as well as the isomerization reaction, whereby the latter is performed at a comparatively much lower reaction rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Kuschel
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 25, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ines Seitl
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 25, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Claudia Glück
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 25, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Timo Stressler
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 25, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lutz Fischer
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 25, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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30
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Abstract
![]()
The eye lens crystallins represent
an ideal target for studying
the effects of aging on protein structure. Herein we examine separately
the water-soluble (WS) and water-insoluble (WI) crystallin fractions
and identify sites of isomerization and epimerization. Both collision-induced
dissociation and radical-directed dissociation are needed for detection
of these non-mass-shifting post-translational modifications. Isomerization
levels differ significantly between the WS and the WI fractions from
sheep, pig, and cow eye lenses. Residues that are most susceptible
to isomerization are identified site-specifically and are found to
reside in structurally disordered regions. However, isomerization
in structured domains, although less common, often yields more dramatic
effects on solubility. Numerous isomerization hotspots were also identified
and occur in regions with aspartic acid and serine repeats. For example, 128KMEIVDDDVPSLW140 in βB3
crystallin contains three sequential aspartic acid residues and is
isomerized heavily in the WI fractions, while it is not modified at
all in the WS fractions. Potential causes for enhanced isomerization
at sites with acidic residue repeats are presented. The importance
of acidic residue repeats extends beyond the lens, as they are found
in many other long-lived proteins associated with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana A Lyon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Georgette M Sabbah
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ryan R Julian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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31
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Lari GM, Gröninger OG, Li Q, Mondelli C, López N, Pérez-Ramírez J. Catalyst and Process Design for the Continuous Manufacture of Rare Sugar Alcohols by Epimerization-Hydrogenation of Aldoses. ChemSusChem 2016; 9:3407-3418. [PMID: 27739630 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sugar alcohols are applied in the food, pharmaceutical, polymer, and fuel industries and are commonly obtained by reduction of the corresponding saccharides. In view of the rarity of some sugar substrates, epimerization of a readily available monosaccharide has been proposed as a solution, but an efficient catalytic system has not yet been identified. Herein, a molybdenum heteropolyacid-based catalyst is developed to transform glucose, arabinose, and xylose into less-abundant mannose, ribose, and lyxose, respectively. Adsorption of molybdic acid onto activated carbon followed by ion exchange to the cesium form limits leaching of the active phase, which greatly improves the catalyst stability over 24 h on stream. The hydrogenation of mixtures of epimers is studied over ruthenium catalysts, and it is found that the precursor to the desired polyol is advantageously converted with faster kinetics. This is explained by density functional theory on the basis of its more favorable adsorption on the metal surface and the lower energy barrier for the addition of a hydrogen atom to the primary carbon atom. Finally, different designs for a continuous process for the conversion of glucose into mannitol are studied, and it is uncovered that two reactors in series with one containing the epimerization catalyst and the other containing a mixture of the epimerization and hydrogenation catalysts increases the mannitol/sorbitol ratio to 1.5 from 1 for a single mixed-bed reactor. This opens a prospective route to the efficient valorization of renewables to added-value chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo M Lari
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier G Gröninger
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Qiang Li
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, ICIQ, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cecilia Mondelli
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Núria López
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, ICIQ, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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Poplevin DS, Zubkov FI, Dorovatovskii PV, Zubavichus YV, Khrustalev VN. Crystal structures of the two epimers from the unusual thermal C6- epimerization of 5-oxo-1,2,3,5,5a,6,7,9b-octa-hydro-7,9a-ep-oxy-pyrrolo-[2,1- a]iso-indole-6-carb-oxy-lic acid, 5a( RS),6( SR),7( RS),9a( SR),9b( SR) and 5a( RS),6( RS),7( RS),9a( SR),9b( SR). Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2016; 72:1429-1433. [PMID: 27746935 PMCID: PMC5050770 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989016014420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The isomeric title compounds, C12H13NO4 (Ia) and C12H13NO4 (IIa), the products of an usual thermal C6-epimerization of 5-oxo-1,2,3,5,5a,6,7,9b-octa-hydro-7,9a-ep-oxy-pyrrolo-[2,1-a]iso-indole-6-carb-oxy-lic acid, represent the two different diastereomers and have very similar mol-ecular geometries. The mol-ecules of both compounds comprise a fused tetra-cyclic system containing four five-membered rings (pyrrolidine, pyrrolidinone, di-hydro-furan and tetra-hydro-furan), all of which adopt the usual envelope conformations. The dihedral angle between the basal planes of the pyrrolidine and pyrrolidinone rings are 14.3 (2) and 16.50 (11)°, respectively, for (Ia) and (IIa). The nitro-gen atom has a slightly pyramidalized geometry [bond-angle sum = 355.9 and 355.3°, for (Ia) and (IIa)], respectively. In the crystal of (Ia), mol-ecules form zigzag-like hydrogen-bonded chains along [010] through strong O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and are further linked by weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into complex two-tier layers parallel to (100). Unlike (Ia), the crystal of (IIa) contains centrosymmetric cyclic hydrogen-bonded dimers [graph set R22(14)], formed through strong O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and are further linked by weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into ribbons extending across [101].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S. Poplevin
- Organic Chemistry Department, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklay St., Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Fedor I. Zubkov
- Organic Chemistry Department, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklay St., Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel V. Dorovatovskii
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", 1 Acad. Kurchatov Sq., Moscow 123182, Russian Federation
| | - Yan V. Zubavichus
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", 1 Acad. Kurchatov Sq., Moscow 123182, Russian Federation
| | - Victor N. Khrustalev
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklay St., Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
- X-Ray Structural Centre, A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov St., B–334, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
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He JW, Hassan YI, Perilla N, Li XZ, Boland GJ, Zhou T. Bacterial Epimerization as a Route for Deoxynivalenol Detoxification: the Influence of Growth and Environmental Conditions. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:572. [PMID: 27148248 PMCID: PMC4838601 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by several Fusarium species that infest wheat and corn. Food and feed contaminated with DON pose a health risk to both humans and livestock and form a major barrier for international trade. Microbial detoxification represents an alternative approach to the physical and chemical detoxification methods of DON-contaminated grains. The present study details the characterization of a novel bacterium, Devosia mutans 17-2-E-8, that is capable of transforming DON to a non-toxic stereoisomer, 3-epi-deoxynivalenol under aerobic conditions, mild temperature (25–30°C), and neutral pH. The biotransformation takes place in the presence of rich sources of organic nitrogen and carbon without the need of DON to be the sole carbon source. The process is enzymatic in nature and endures a high detoxification capacity (3 μg DON/h/108 cells). The above conditions collectively suggest the possibility of utilizing the isolated bacterium as a feed treatment to address DON contamination under empirical field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wei He
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, GuelphON, Canada; School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, GuelphON, Canada
| | - Yousef I Hassan
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph ON, Canada
| | - Norma Perilla
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, GuelphON, Canada; Micotox Ltd.Bogota, Colombia
| | - Xiu-Zhen Li
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph ON, Canada
| | - Greg J Boland
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph ON, Canada
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph ON, Canada
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Abstract
α-[(6-O-β-d-Glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-(αR)-benzeneacetonitrile, or R-amygdalin, is the most common cyanogenic glycoside found in seeds and kernels of the Rosaceae family and other plant genera such as Passiflora. Many commercially important seeds are analyzed for amygdalin content. In "alternative medicine", amygdalin has been sold as a treatment for cancer for several decades without any rigorous scientific support for its efficacy. We have found that there are some inconsistencies and possible problems in the published analytical chemistry of amygdalin. It is shown that some analytical approaches do not account for the presence of the S-isomer; therefore, a fast reliable method was developed using a chiral stationary phase and HPLC. This approach allows "real-time" monitoring and complete and highly efficient separations. It is found that the S-amygdalin continuously forms in aqueous solutions. A striking result is that the conversion of amygdalin is glassware dependent. "Clean" vials from various vendors can show drastically different reaction rates of the conversion to the isomer (S-amygdalin, also called neo-amygdalin). The epimerization kinetics are dependent on the solvent, temperature, pH, and the nature of the container. For example, epimerization in water was complete in <15 min in a new glass vial taken from the box, whereas it can take >1 h in specially cleaned glassware. Conversely, epimerization can be significantly delayed at high temperature if high-density polyethylene is used as the container. Hence, inert plastic containers are recommended for storage of aqueous amygdalin solutions. Commercial preparations of R-amygdalin actually contain greater quantities of S-amygdalin and ∼ 5% of other degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Farooq Wahab
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Arlington , 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Zachary S Breitbach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Arlington , 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Arlington , 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Rick Strattan
- CTD Holdings, Inc., 14120 N.W. 126th Terrace, Alachua, Florida 32615, United States
| | - Alain Berthod
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, CNRS, University of Lyon 1 , 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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Schiavini P, Pottel J, Moitessier N, Auclair K. Metabolic Instability of Cyanothiazolidine-Based Prolyl Oligopeptidase Inhibitors: a Structural Assignment Challenge and Potential Medicinal Chemistry Implications. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1174-83. [PMID: 26018317 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
As part of the development of cyanothiazolidine-based prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitors, initial metabolism studies suggested multiple sites of oxidation by P450 enzymes. Surprisingly, in-depth investigations revealed that epimerization at multiple stereogenic centers was responsible for the conversion of the single primary metabolite into a panel of secondary metabolites. The rapid isomerization of all seven detected molecules precluded the use of NMR spectroscopy or X-ray crystallography for complete structural determination, presenting an interesting structure elucidation challenge. Through a combination of LC-MS analysis, synthetic work, deuterium exchange studies, and computational predictions, we were able to characterize all metabolites and to elucidate their dynamic behavior in solution. In the context of drug development, this study reveals that cyanothiazolidine moieties are problematic due to their rapid P450-mediated oxidation and the unpredictable stability of the corresponding metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Schiavini
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC, H3A 0B8 (Canada)
| | - Joshua Pottel
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC, H3A 0B8 (Canada)
| | - Nicolas Moitessier
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC, H3A 0B8 (Canada).
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC, H3A 0B8 (Canada).
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Takeishi R, Kudo F, Numakura M, Eguchi T. Epimerization at C-3'' in butirosin biosynthesis by an NAD(+) -dependent dehydrogenase BtrE and an NADPH-dependent reductase BtrF. Chembiochem 2015; 16:487-95. [PMID: 25600434 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic consisting two epimers at C-3'' of ribostamycin/xylostasin with a unique 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyrate moiety at C-1 of the aminocyclitol 2-deoxystreptamine (2DOS). To date, most of the enzymes encoded in the biosynthetic gene cluster for butirosin, from the producing strain Bacillus circulans, have been characterized. A few unknown functional proteins, including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cofactor-dependent dehydrogenase/reductase (BtrE and BtrF), are supposed to be involved in the epimerization at C-3'' of butirosin B/ribostamycin but remain to be characterized. Herein, the conversion of ribostamycin to xylsostasin by BtrE and BtrF in the presence of NAD(+) and NADPH was demonstrated. BtrE oxidized the C-3'' of ribostamycin with NAD(+) to yield 3''-oxoribostamycin. BtrF then reduced the generated 3''-oxoribostamycin with NADPH to produce xylostasin. This reaction step was the last piece of butirosin biosynthesis to be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Takeishi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551 (Japan)
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Abstract
Many substances in the tall fescue/endophyte association (Schedonorus arundinaceus/Epichloë coenophiala) have biological activity. Of these compounds only the ergot alkaloids are known to have significant mammalian toxicity and the predominant ergot alkaloids are ergovaline and ergovalinine. Because synthetically produced ergovaline is difficult to obtain, we developed a seed extraction and partial purification protocol for ergovaline/ergovalinine that provided a biologically active product. Tall fescue seed was ground and packed into several different sized columns for liquid extraction. Smaller particle size and increased extraction time increased efficiency of extraction. Our largest column was a 114 × 52 × 61 cm (W × L × D) stainless steel tub. Approximately 150 kg of seed could be extracted in this tub. The extraction was done with 80% ethanol. When the solvent front migrated to bottom of the column, flow was stopped and seed was allowed to steep for at least 48 h. Light was excluded from the solvent from the beginning of this step to the end of the purification process. Following elution, ethanol was removed from the eluate by evaporation at room temperature and the resulting syrup was freeze-dried. About 80% recovery of alkaloids was achieved with 18-fold increase in concentration of ergovaline. Initial purification of the dried product was accomplished by extracting with hexane/water (6:1, v/v). The aqueous fraction was extracted with chloroform, the aqueous layer discarded, after which the chloroform was removed with a resulting 20-fold increase of ergovaline. About 65% of the ergovaline was recovered from the chloroform residue for an overall recovery of 50%. The resultant partially purified ergovaline had biological activities in in vivo and in vitro bovine bioassays that approximate that of synthetic ergovaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihua Ji
- Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - F Fannin
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - J Klotz
- Forage Animal Production Research Unit, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Lowell Bush
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
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38
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Towse CL, Hopping G, Vulovic I, Daggett V. Nature versus design: the conformational propensities of D-amino acids and the importance of side chain chirality. Protein Eng Des Sel 2014; 27:447-55. [PMID: 25233851 PMCID: PMC4204638 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzu037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
D-amino acids are useful building blocks for de novo peptide design and they play a role in aging-related diseases associated with gradual protein racemization. For amino acids with achiral side chains, one should be able to presume that the conformational propensities of L- and D-amino acids are a reflection of one another due to the straightforward geometric inversion at the Cα atom. However, this presumption does not account for the directionality of the backbone dipole and the inverted propensities have never been definitively confirmed in this context. Furthermore, there is little known of how alternative side chain chirality affects the backbone conformations of isoleucine and threonine. Using a GGXGG host-guest pentapeptide system, we have completed exhaustive sampling of the conformational propensities of the D-amino acids, including D-allo-isoleucine and D-allo-threonine, using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Comparison of these simulations with the same systems hosting the cognate L-amino acids verifies that the intrinsic backbone conformational propensities of the D-amino acids are the inverse of their cognate L-enantiomers. Where amino acids have a chiral center in their side chain (Thr, Ile) the β-configuration affects the backbone sampling, which in turn can confer different biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare-Louise Towse
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5013, USA
| | - Gene Hopping
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5013, USA
| | - Ivan Vulovic
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5013, USA
| | - Valerie Daggett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5013, USA
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39
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He S, Hong Q, Lai Z, Yang DX, Ting PC, Kuethe JT, Cernak TA, Dykstra KD, Sperbeck DM, Wu Z, Yu Y, Yang GX, Jian T, Liu J, Guiadeen D, Krikorian AD, Sonatore LM, Wiltsie J, Liu J, Gorski JN, Chung CC, Gibson JT, Lisnock J, Xiao J, Wolff M, Tong SX, Madeira M, Karanam BV, Shen DM, Balkovec JM, Pinto S, Nargund RP, DeVita RJ. Discovery of a Potent and Selective DGAT1 Inhibitor with a Piperidinyl-oxy-cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid Moiety. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:1082-7. [PMID: 25349648 DOI: 10.1021/ml5003426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the discovery of a novel series of DGAT1 inhibitors in the benzimidazole class with a piperdinyl-oxy-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid moiety. This novel series possesses significantly improved selectivity against the A2A receptor, no ACAT1 off-target activity at 10 μM, and higher aqueous solubility and free fraction in plasma as compared to the previously reported pyridyl-oxy-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid series. In particular, 5B was shown to possess an excellent selectivity profile by screening it against a panel of more than 100 biological targets. Compound 5B significantly reduces lipid excursion in LTT in mouse and rat, demonstrates DGAT1 mediated reduction of food intake and body weight in mice, is negative in a 3-strain Ames test, and appears to distribute preferentially in the liver and the intestine in mice. We believe this lead series possesses significant potential to identify optimized compounds for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen He
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Qingmei Hong
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhong Lai
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - David X. Yang
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Pauline C. Ting
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Kuethe
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Timothy A. Cernak
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kevin D. Dykstra
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Donald M. Sperbeck
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhicai Wu
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yang Yu
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ginger X. Yang
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Tianying Jian
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Deodial Guiadeen
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Arto D. Krikorian
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lisa M. Sonatore
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Judyann Wiltsie
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jinqi Liu
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Judith N. Gorski
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Christine C. Chung
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jack T. Gibson
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - JeanMarie Lisnock
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jianying Xiao
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michael Wolff
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Sharon X. Tong
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Maria Madeira
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Bindhu V. Karanam
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Dong-Ming Shen
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - James M. Balkovec
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Shirly Pinto
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ravi P. Nargund
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert J. DeVita
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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40
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Chen SC, Huang CH, Yang CS, Liu JS, Kuan SM, Chen Y. Crystal structures of the archaeal UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii reveal a conformational change induced by UDP-GlcNAc. Proteins 2014; 82:1519-26. [PMID: 24470206 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) 2-epimerase catalyzes the interconversion of UDP-GlcNAc to UDP-N-acetylmannosamine (UDP-ManNAc), which is used in the biosynthesis of cell surface polysaccharides in bacteria. Biochemical experiments have demonstrated that mutation of this enzyme causes changes in cell morphology and the thermoresistance of the cell wall. Here, we present the crystal structures of Methanocaldococcus jannaschii UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase in open and closed conformations. A comparison of these crystal structures shows that upon UDP and UDP-GlcNAc binding, the enzyme undergoes conformational changes involving a rigid-body movement of the C-terminal domain. We also present the crystal structure of Bacillus subtilis UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase in the closed conformation in the presence of UDP and UDP-GlcNAc. Although a structural overlay of these two closed-form structures reveals that the substrate-binding site is evolutionarily conserved, some areas of the allosteric site are distinct between the archaeal and bacterial UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerases. This is the first report on the crystal structure of archaeal UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase, and our results clearly demonstrate the changes between the open and closed conformations of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chia Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung, 433, Taiwan; Taiwan Advance Biopharm (TABP), Inc., Xizhi City, New Taipei City, 221, Taiwan
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41
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He S, Hong Q, Lai Z, Wu Z, Yu Y, Kim DW, Ting PC, Kuethe JT, Yang GX, Jian T, Liu J, Guiadeen D, Krikorian AD, Sperbeck DM, Sonatore LM, Wiltsie J, Chung CC, Gibson JT, Lisnock J, Murphy BA, Gorski JN, Liu J, Chen D, Chen X, Wolff M, Tong SX, Madeira M, Karanam BV, Shen DM, Balkovec JM, Pinto S, Nargund RP, DeVita RJ. Potent DGAT1 Inhibitors in the Benzimidazole Class with a Pyridyl-oxy-cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid Moiety. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:773-8. [PMID: 24900745 DOI: 10.1021/ml400168h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the design and synthesis of a series of novel DGAT1 inhibitors in the benzimidazole class with a pyridyl-oxy-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid moiety. In particular, compound 11A is a potent DGAT1 inhibitor with excellent selectivity against ACAT1. Compound 11A significantly reduces triglyceride excursion in lipid tolerance tests (LTT) in both mice and dogs at low plasma exposure. An in vivo study in mice with des-fluoro analogue 10A indicates that this series of compounds appears to distribute in intestine preferentially over plasma. The propensity to target intestine over plasma could be advantageous in reducing potential side effects since lower circulating levels of drug are required for efficacy. However, in the preclinical species, compound 11A undergoes cis/trans epimerization in vivo, which could complicate further development due to the presence of an active metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen He
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Qingmei Hong
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhong Lai
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhicai Wu
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yang Yu
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - David W. Kim
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Pauline C. Ting
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Kuethe
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ginger X. Yang
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Tianying Jian
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Deodial Guiadeen
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Arto D. Krikorian
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Donald M. Sperbeck
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lisa M. Sonatore
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Judyann Wiltsie
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Christine C. Chung
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jack T. Gibson
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - JeanMarie Lisnock
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Beth A. Murphy
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Judith N. Gorski
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jinqi Liu
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Dunlu Chen
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michael Wolff
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Sharon X. Tong
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Maria Madeira
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Bindhu V. Karanam
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Dong-Ming Shen
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - James M. Balkovec
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Shirly Pinto
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ravi P. Nargund
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert J. DeVita
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
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42
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Lee JY, Arai H, Nakamura Y, Fukiya S, Wada M, Yokota A. Contribution of the 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Ruminococcus gnavus N53 to ursodeoxycholic acid formation in the human colon. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:3062-9. [PMID: 23729502 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m039834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acid composition in the colon is determined by bile acid flow in the intestines, the population of bile acid-converting bacteria, and the properties of the responsible bacterial enzymes. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is regarded as a chemopreventive beneficial bile acid due to its low hydrophobicity. However, it is a minor constituent of human bile acids. Here, we characterized an UDCA-producing bacterium, N53, isolated from human feces. 16S rDNA sequence analysis identified this isolate as Ruminococcus gnavus, a novel UDCA-producer. The forward reaction that produces UDCA from 7-oxo-lithocholic acid was observed to have a growth-dependent conversion rate of 90-100% after culture in GAM broth containing 1 mM 7-oxo-lithocholic acid, while the reverse reaction was undetectable. The gene encoding 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7β-HSDH), which facilitates the UDCA-producing reaction, was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Characterization of the purified 7β-HSDH revealed that the kcat/Km value was about 55-fold higher for the forward reaction than for the reverse reaction, indicating that the enzyme favors the UDCA-producing reaction. As R. gnavus is a common, core bacterium of the human gut microbiota, these results suggest that this bacterium plays a pivotal role in UDCA formation in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja-Young Lee
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
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43
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Simmler C, Hajirahimkhan A, Lankin DC, Bolton JL, Jones T, Soejarto DD, Chen SN, Pauli GF. Dynamic residual complexity of the isoliquiritigenin-liquiritigenin interconversion during bioassay. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:2146-57. [PMID: 23427769 PMCID: PMC3728173 DOI: 10.1021/jf304445p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive components in food plants can undergo dynamic processes that involve multiple chemical species. For example, 2'-hydroxychalcones can readily isomerize into flavanones. Although chemically well documented, this reaction has barely been explored in the context of cell-based assays. The present time-resolved study fills this gap by investigating the isomerization of isoliquiritigenin (a 2'-hydroxychalcone) and liquiritigenin (a flavanone) in two culture media (Dulbecco's modified eagle medium and Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium) with and without MCF-7 cells, using high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electrospray ionization/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry for analysis. Both compounds were isomerized and epimerized under all investigated biological conditions, leading to mixtures of isoliquiritigenin and R/S-liquiritigenin, with 19.6% R enantiomeric excess. Consequently, all three species can potentially modulate the biological responses. This exemplifies dynamic residual complexity and demonstrates how both nonchiral reactions and enantiomeric discrimination can occur in bioassay media, with or without cells. The findings highlight the importance of controlling in situ chemical reactivity, influenced by biological systems when evaluating the mode of action of bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guido F. Pauli
- Corresponding author: Tel: +1 (312) 355-1949, Fax: +1 (312) 355-2693,
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44
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Cochrane JR, Yoon DH, McErlean CSP, Jolliffe KA. A macrolactonization approach to the total synthesis of the antimicrobial cyclic depsipeptide LI-F04a and diastereoisomeric analogues. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:1344-51. [PMID: 23019469 PMCID: PMC3458759 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic peptide core of the antifungal and antibiotic cyclic depsipeptide LI-F04a was synthesised by using a modified Yamaguchi macrolactonization approach. Alternative methods of macrolactonization (e.g., Corey-Nicolaou) resulted in significant epimerization of the C-terminal amino acid during the cyclization reaction. The D-stereochemistry of the alanine residue in the naturally occurring cyclic peptide may be required for the antifungal activity of this natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Cochrane
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia; Tel: +61-2-93512297
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45
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García VP. Acid epimerization of 20-keto pregnane glycosides is determined by 2D-NMR spectroscopy. J Biomol NMR 2011; 50:91-7. [PMID: 21431831 PMCID: PMC3085064 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-011-9499-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates influence many essential biological events such as apoptosis, differentiation, tumor metastasis, cancer, neurobiology, immunology, development, host-pathogen interactions, diabetes, signal transduction, protein folding, and many other contexts. We now report on the structure determination of pregnane glycosides isolated from the aerial parts of Ceropegia fusca Bolle (Asclepiadaceae). The observation of cicatrizant, vulnerary and cytostatic activities in some humans and animals of Ceropegia fusca Bolle, a species endemic to the Canary Islands, encouraged us to begin a pharmacological study to determine their exact therapeutic properties. High resolution (1)H-NMR spectra of pregnane glycosides very often display well-resolved signals that can be used as starting points in several selective NMR experiments to study scalar (J coupling), and dipolar (NOE) interactions. ROESY is especially suited for molecules such that ωτ(c) ~ 1, where τ(c) are the motional correlation times and ω is the angular frequency. In these cases the NOE is nearly zero, while the rotating-frame Overhauser effect spectroscopy (ROESY) is always positive and increases monotonically for increasing values of τ(c). The ROESY shows dipolar interactions cross peaks even in medium-sized molecules which are helpful in unambiguous assignment of all the interglycosidic linkages. Selective excitation was carried out using a double pulsed-field gradient spin-echo sequence (DPFGSE) in which 180° Gaussian pulses are sandwiched between sine shaped z-gradients. Scalar interactions were studied by homonuclear DPFGSE-COSY and DPFGSE-TOCSY experiments, while DPFGSE-ROESY was used to monitor the spatial environment of the selectively excited proton. Dipolar interactions between nuclei close in space can be detected by the 1D GROESY experiment, which is a one-dimensional counterpart of the 2D ROESY method. The C-12 and C-17 configurations were determined by ROESY experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor P García
- Departamento de Química de Productos Naturales y Biotecnología, Instituto de Productos Naturales de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands.
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46
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Figueroa R, Feltenberger JB, Guevarra CC, Hsung RP. Two Remarkable Epimerizations Imperative for the Success of an Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (+)-Aigialospirol. Sci China Chem 2011; 54:31-42. [PMID: 21221423 PMCID: PMC3017383 DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-4176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two remarkable epimerization processes were uncovered during our pursuit of an enantioselective synthesis of (+)-aigialospirol featuring a cyclic acetal tethered ring-closing metathesis. Through modeling, we were able to turn these two unexpected epimerizations to our advantage via modeling to ensure a successful and concise total synthesis, thereby firmly establishing cyclic acetal tethered RCM as a powerful strategy in natural product synthesis. Most importantly, calculations allowed us to fully understand the nature and the mechanistic course of these two epimerizations that were imperative to the total synthesis efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Figueroa
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705 USA
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47
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Abstract
Oxidative fluorination of several protected tryptophans 8b-g with Selectfluor proceeded smoothly in aqueous media to give a diastereomeric mixture of the corresponding 3-fluorooxindoles 9b-g. Attempted deprotection of the 3-fluorooxindoles 9b-g under various conditions did not afford 3-(3-fluorooxindol-3-yl)-l-alanine (6). Reaction of the suitably protected tryptophan derivative 16 with Selectfluor produced the fluorinated product 17. Simultaneous cleavage of all protective groups of 17 under acidic conditions successfully gave the target compound 6 in excellent yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Bin Yin
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Meixiang Jin
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kenneth L. Kirk
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yoshio Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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48
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Abstract
Re-examination of the structure of pyridine coenzymes in solution by use of the 220-MHz high-frequency nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer indicates that there is primarily one folded structure that is in rapid equilibrium with an open form. Reduced DPN(+) and reduced analogs of DPN(+) exist predominantly with the B side of the dihydropyridine ring folded against the adenine moiety. (The oxidized coenzymes appear to exist in the same folded structure.) Furthermore, the ribose protons undergo very little conformational change upon reduction of the pyridine ring; this observation strongly suggests a considerable similarity between the folded forms of the oxidized and reduced coenzymes. A model of the folded structure is presented.
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