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Tenkanen A, Suprun S, Oksanen E, Keinänen M, Keski-Saari S, Kontunen-Soppela S. Strategy by latitude? Higher photosynthetic capacity and root mass fraction in northern than southern silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) in uniform growing conditions. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:974-991. [PMID: 33171495 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Growth of northern trees is limited by short growing seasons. In multi-year trials, northern trees usually grow less than southern ones but can have higher gas exchange, whereas differences in biomass allocation and its relation to photosynthesis are less known. We characterized silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) provenances from southern (latitude 61°) and northern (latitude 67°) Finland in uniform chamber conditions. In a time-series experiment, we measured traits related to growth, biomass allocation and photosynthesis, and determined gas exchange responses to temperature and light. We found provenance differences in photosynthetic capacity and growth. The northern provenance allocated relatively more to roots, having a higher root mass fraction and lower shoot:root ratio than the southern provenance. On the other hand, the northern provenance had fewer leaves and lower total leaf dry weight (DW) than the southern provenance. The northern provenance attained higher rates of net photosynthesis (Anet) and higher stomatal conductance (gs) in all measured temperatures and higher photosynthesis at the optimum temperature (Aopt) than the southern provenance, but there was no difference in the optimum temperature of photosynthesis (Topt, 18.3 °C for the southern provenance vs 18.9 °C for the northern one). Photosynthetic light response curves showed no between-provenance differences. In a time-series, the northern provenance had higher Anet than the southern provenance, but gs was similar. The northern provenance had higher maximum quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry (Fv/Fm) than the southern provenance. There were no differences between provenances in height, total plant DW, shoot DW, root DW or shoot mass fraction. Our results suggest that the provenances occupy a common thermal niche, or can at least relatively quickly acclimate to a common growth temperature. Thus, carbon assimilation of these northern trees may not be significantly affected by rising temperatures alone. In an equal photoperiod and optimal conditions, we found different one-season biomass accumulation strategies: southern trees grow with more leaves, while northern trees reach similar total assimilation (total DW, height) with more efficient photosynthetic capacity per leaf area (higher gas exchange, higher Fv/Fm) and relatively more investment in the below-ground fraction of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Tenkanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, PO Box 111, Joensuu 80101, Finland
| | - Sergei Suprun
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki PO Box 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Oksanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, PO Box 111, Joensuu 80101, Finland
| | - Markku Keinänen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, PO Box 111, Joensuu 80101, Finland
| | - Sarita Keski-Saari
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, PO Box 111, Joensuu 80101, Finland
| | - Sari Kontunen-Soppela
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, PO Box 111, Joensuu 80101, Finland
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Filippi A, Braidot E, Petrussa E, Fabro M, Vuerich M, Boscutti F. Plant growth shapes the effects of elevation on the content and variability of flavonoids in subalpine bilberry stands. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:241-249. [PMID: 33037753 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The study of morphological and physiological responses of shrubs to climate is crucial for the understanding of future scenarios regarding climate change. In this light, studying shrub growth and physiological acclimation along an elevation gradient might be insightful. The phenolic metabolic pathway represents a powerful tool to interpret such processes. In the South-Eastern Alps, we investigated the relationships between elevation, plant traits (i.e. age, xylem ring width, annual shoot length), plant-plant interaction (i.e. shrub cover) and flavonoids in Vaccinium myrtillus L. (leaves, berries) in stands above the treeline. The relationships were parsed within causal networks using a confirmatory path analysis. Elevation was the main driver of V. myrtillus growth, having both direct and indirect effects on the leaf flavonoid content, but this was less evident for berries. In particular, the content of foliar flavonoids showed a peak at mid-elevation and where the growth of xylem rings was intermediate, while it decreased in stands with higher shoot length. Flavonoid content variability of both leaves and berries was affected by elevation and shoot length. In berries, flavonoid variability was further related to all growth traits and shrub cover. These findings evidence that flavonoid content is influenced by both elevation and growth traits of V. myrtillus, often showing non-linear relationships. These results suggest a trait-mediated response of this plant to climate conditions as a result of trade-offs between plant growth, plant defence, environmental stress and nutrient/resource availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Filippi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - E Braidot
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - E Petrussa
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - M Fabro
- Servizio fitosanitario e chimico, ricerca, sperimentazione e assistenza tecnica, ERSA, Pozzuolo del Friuli, Italy
| | - M Vuerich
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - F Boscutti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Xu S, Wang Y, Zhang W, Li B, Du Z, He X, Chen W, Zhang Y, Li Y, Li M, Schaub M. Experimental warming alleviates the adverse effects from tropospheric ozone on two urban tree species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115289. [PMID: 33190075 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric warming and increasing tropospheric ozone (O3) concentrations often co-occur in many cities of the world including China, adversely affecting the health status of urban trees. However, little information is known about the combined and interactive effects from increased air temperature (IT) and elevated O3 (EO) exposures on urban tree species. Here, Ginkgo biloba and Populus alba 'Berolinensis' seedlings were subjected to IT (+2 °C of ambient air temperature) and/or EO (+2-fold ambient air O3 concentrations) for one growing season by using open-top chambers. IT alone had no significant effect on physiological metabolisms at the early growing stage, but significantly increased photosynthetic parameters, antioxidative enzyme activities (P < 0.05). EO alone decreased physiological parameters except for increased oxidative stress. Compared to EO exposure alone, plants grown under IT and EO combined showed higher antioxidative and photosynthetic activity. There was a significant interactive effect between IT and EO on net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry, the actual quantum efficiency of PSII, enzyme activities, aboveground biomass and root/shoot ratio (P < 0.05), respectively. These results suggested that during one growing season, IT mitigated the adverse effect of EO on the tested plants. In addition, we found that G. biloba was more sensitive than P. alba 'Berolinensis' to both IT and EO, suggesting that G. biloba may be a good indicator species for climate warming and air pollution, particularly under environmental conditions as they co-occur in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Stable Isotope Techniques and Applications, Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yijing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- College of Environment, Shenyang University, 110044, China
| | - Bo Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China; Key Laboratory of Stable Isotope Techniques and Applications, Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Zhong Du
- School of Land and Resources, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637009, China; Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Xingyuan He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Shenyang Arboretum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Shenyang Arboretum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China; Shenyang Arboretum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yan Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Shenyang Arboretum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Maihe Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China; Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland; SwissForestLab, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland; Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China; Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland; SwissForestLab, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
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Orians CM, Schweiger R, Dukes JS, Scott ER, Müller C. Combined impacts of prolonged drought and warming on plant size and foliar chemistry. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:41-52. [PMID: 30698658 PMCID: PMC6676383 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Future shifts in precipitation regimes and temperature are expected to affect plant traits dramatically. To date, many studies have explored the effects of acute stresses, but few have investigated the consequences of prolonged shifts in climatic conditions on plant growth and chemistry. METHODS Plant size and metabolite profiles were assessed on naturally occurring Plantago lanceolata plants growing under different precipitation (ambient, 50 % less than ambient = drought) and temperature (ambient, +0.8, +2.4 and +4.0 °C above ambient) treatments at the Boston Area Climate Experiment (constructed in 2007). KEY RESULTS The analysis of primary and secondary metabolites revealed pronounced effects of drought, and a precipitation × temperature interaction. Strikingly, the effects of precipitation were minimal at the two lower temperatures but marked at the two higher temperatures. Compared with the ambient condition, plants in the drought plots had lower concentrations of foliar nitrogen, amino acids and most sugars, and higher concentrations of sorbitol, citrate and malate, common stress-induced metabolites. This pattern was especially evident at high temperatures. Moreover, drought-exposed plants showed lower concentrations of catalpol, an iridoid glycoside. CONCLUSIONS While the effect of warming on the metabolite profiles was less pronounced, differences were marked when combined with drought. Given the interactive effect of environmental variables on leaf chemistry, and the fact that woody and herbaceous plants seem to differ in their responses to temperature and precipitation, future studies should account for the direct and indirect effects of the community response to multifactorial field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M Orians
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Rabea Schweiger
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jeffrey S Dukes
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric R Scott
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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de Simón BF, Cadahía E, Aranda I. Metabolic response to elevated CO 2 levels in Pinus pinaster Aiton needles in an ontogenetic and genotypic-dependent way. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 132:202-212. [PMID: 30216778 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Global climate changes involve elevated atmospheric [CO2], fostering the carbon allocation to tree sink tissues, partitioning it into metabolic pathways. We use metabolomics analysis in adult and juvenile needles of four Pinus pinaster genotypes exposed to two levels of growth [CO2]: ambient (400 μmol mol-1) and enriched (800 μmol mol-1), to know if the metabolic responses are genotype-dependent and vary according to the stage of needle ontogeny. The eCO2-induced changes in the needle metabolomes are more significant in secondary metabolism pathways and especially meaningful in juvenile needles. The heteroblasty has important consequences in the expression of the metabolome, and on the plasticity to CO2, determining the level of specific metabolite accumulation, showing an interdependence between adult and juvenile needles. The P. pinaster needle metabolomes also show clear quantitative differences linked to genotype, as well as regarding the metabolic response to eCO2, showing both, common and genotype-specific biochemical responses. Thus, the changes in flavonol levels are mainly genotype-independent, while those in terpenoid and free fatty acids are mainly genotype-dependent, ratifying the importance of genotype to determine the metabolic response to eCO2. To understand the adaptation mechanisms that tree species can develop to cope with eCO2 it is necessary to know the genetically distinct responses within a species to recognize the CO2-induced changes from the divergent approaches, what can facilitate knowing also the possible interrelation of the physiological and metabolic responses. That could explain the controversial effects of eCO2 on the carbon-based metabolite in conifers, at the inter- and intra-specific level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brígida Fernández de Simón
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Estrella Cadahía
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ismael Aranda
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía Del Agua (INAGEA), Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain.
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Su H, Feng J, Axmacher JC, Sang W. Asymmetric warming significantly affects net primary production, but not ecosystem carbon balances of forest and grassland ecosystems in northern China. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9115. [PMID: 25766381 PMCID: PMC4357852 DOI: 10.1038/srep09115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We combine the process-based ecosystem model (Biome-BGC) with climate change-scenarios based on both RegCM3 model outputs and historic observed trends to quantify differential effects of symmetric and asymmetric warming on ecosystem net primary productivity (NPP), heterotrophic respiration (Rh) and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of six ecosystem types representing different climatic zones of northern China. Analysis of covariance shows that NPP is significant greater at most ecosystems under the various environmental change scenarios once temperature asymmetries are taken into consideration. However, these differences do not lead to significant differences in NEP, which indicates that asymmetry in climate change does not result in significant alterations of the overall carbon balance in the dominating forest or grassland ecosystems. Overall, NPP, Rh and NEP are regulated by highly interrelated effects of increases in temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentrations and precipitation changes, while the magnitude of these effects strongly varies across the six sites. Further studies underpinned by suitable experiments are nonetheless required to further improve the performance of ecosystem models and confirm the validity of these model predictions. This is crucial for a sound understanding of the mechanisms controlling the variability in asymmetric warming effects on ecosystem structure and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
| | - Jinchao Feng
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, 100081 Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jan C. Axmacher
- UCL Department of Geography, University College London, Pearson Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Weiguo Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
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Huttunen L, Saravesi K, Markkola A, Niemelä P. Do elevations in temperature, CO2, and nutrient availability modify belowground carbon gain and root morphology in artificially defoliated silver birch seedlings? Ecol Evol 2013; 3:2783-94. [PMID: 24101972 PMCID: PMC3790529 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate warming increases the risk of insect defoliation in boreal forests. Losses in photosynthetically active surfaces cause reduction in net primary productivity and often compromise carbon reserves of trees. The concurrent effects of climate change and removal of foliage on root growth responses and carbohydrate dynamics are poorly understood, especially in tree seedlings. We investigated if exposures to different combinations of elevated temperature, CO2, and nutrient availability modify belowground carbon gain and root morphology in artificially defoliated 1-year-old silver birches (Betula pendula). We quantified nonstructural carbohydrates (insoluble starch as a storage compound; soluble sucrose, fructose, and glucose) singly and in combination in fine roots of plants under winter dormancy. Also the total mass, fine root proportion, water content, and length of roots were defined. We hypothesized that the measured properties are lower in defoliated birch seedlings that grow with ample resources than with scarce resources. On average, fertilization markedly decreased both the proportion and the carbohydrate concentrations of fine roots in all seedlings, whereas the effect of fertilization on root water content and dry mass was the opposite. However, defoliation mitigated the effect of fertilization on the root water content, as well as on the proportion of fine roots and their carbohydrate concentrations by reversing the outcomes. Elevation in temperature decreased and elevation in CO2 increased the absolute contents of total nonstructural carbohydrates, whereas fertilization alleviated both these effects. Also the root length and mass increased by CO2 elevation. This confirms that surplus carbon in birch tissues is used as a substrate for storage compounds and for cell wall synthesis. To conclude, our results indicate that some, but not all elements of climate change alter belowground carbon gain and root morphology in defoliated silver birch seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Huttunen
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of TurkuFI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Karita Saravesi
- Department of Biology, University of OuluP.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Annamari Markkola
- Department of Biology, University of OuluP.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pekka Niemelä
- Section of Biodiversity and Environmental Science, Department of Biology, University of TurkuFI-20014, Turku, Finland
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Günthardt-Goerg MS, Arend M. Woody plant performance in a changing climate. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2013; 15 Suppl 1:1-4. [PMID: 23279293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Increase Our Understanding About Defence Responses and Genotypic Differences of Northern Deciduous Trees to Elevating Ozone, CO2 and Climate Warming. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-098349-3.00015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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