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Tandl V, Haudum C, Eberhard K, Hutz B, Foessl I, Kolesnik E, Zirlik A, von Lewinski D, Scherr D, Verheyen N, Pieber T, Obermayer-Pietsch B. AMH in Males: Effects of Body Size and Composition on Serum AMH Levels. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4478. [PMID: 37445513 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum concentrations of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) have been found to decrease with increasing body mass index (BMI) in many studies. It is not yet clear whether this stems from an adverse effect of adiposity on AMH production, or from dilution due to the greater blood volume that accompanies a larger body size. To investigate a possible hemodilution effect, we explored the relationships between serum AMH levels and different parameters of body composition using linear regression models in a cohort of adult males. Body weight, lean mass (LM), and body surface area (BSA) were found to be better predictors of AMH than measures of adiposity, such as BMI or fat mass. Since both LM and BSA correlate with plasma volume better than adipose tissue, we conclude that hemodilution of AMH does occur in adult males and should be considered for normalization in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Tandl
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Haudum
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Eberhard
- Core Facility Computational Bioanalytics, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Hutz
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Ines Foessl
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Ewald Kolesnik
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and University Heart Center Graz, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zirlik
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and University Heart Center Graz, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Dirk von Lewinski
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and University Heart Center Graz, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel Scherr
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and University Heart Center Graz, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Nicolas Verheyen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and University Heart Center Graz, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Pieber
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
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Corsini C, Fallara G, Candela L, Raffo M, Pozzi E, Belladelli F, Capogrosso P, Boeri L, Costa A, Schifano N, Cignoli D, Ventimiglia E, D'Arma A, Montorsi F, Salonia A. High serum alpha-fetoprotein levels in primary infertile men. Andrology 2023; 11:86-92. [PMID: 36116018 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alfa-fetoprotein (AFP) is a serum glycoprotein highly produced during fetal development. While AFP synthesis drops dramatically after birth, AFP production only persists or returns under specific pathological condition. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the rate of and the potential meaning of high AFP serum levels in men seeking first medical attention for couple's primary infertility. MATERIALS AND METHODS Socio-demographic and clinical data from 1803 non-Finnish, White-European primary infertile men were retrospectively analysed. AFP was routinely measured in each patient (high AFP was defined as >7 ng/ml). Men with history of liver diseases, testicular cancer, or other known causes of increased AFP levels were excluded from the final analysis. Semen analyses were based on the 2010 World Health Organization reference criteria. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models tested the association between serum AFP and clinical variables. Possible nonlinear relationships were graphically explored with locally estimated scatterplot smoothing method. RESULTS Overall, high serum AFP level was found in 29 (1.7%) patients. Normal versus high AFP levels patients were comparable in terms of body mass index (BMI), Charlson Comorbidity Index, waist circumference, smoking habits, history of cryptorchidism, testicular volume, and serum hormones (i.e., follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and total testosterone). Conversely, men with higher AFP levels were older (p = 0.02), had lower sperm concentration (p = 0.003), and were more frequently oligozoospermic and azoospermic (all p ≤ 0.03). At multivariate analysis, high AFP levels were independently associated with oligozoospermia (OR 3.79; p = 0.033) and azoospermia (OR 3.29; p = 0.006). Likewise, if AFP levels increase, patients were found to be older, with higher BMI and to have more comorbidities (all p < 0.05). DISCUSSION Unexplained high AFP levels account for almost 2% of cases in primary infertile patients without a previous history of associated disorders. Higher serum AFP levels are linked with aberrant sperm counts, older age, obesity, and a greater amount of comorbid conditions. CONCLUSION Despite the need for additional validation, these data suggest that serum AFP measurement might have a multifaceted role over the diagnostic work-up of males presenting for couple's infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Corsini
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fallara
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Candela
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Raffo
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pozzi
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Belladelli
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Capogrosso
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Ospedale di Circolo and Macchi Foundation, Varese, Italy
| | - Luca Boeri
- Department of Urology, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Costa
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolò Schifano
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Institute of Andrology, Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Daniele Cignoli
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenio Ventimiglia
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia D'Arma
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Montorsi
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Salonia
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Niknam A, Mahboobifard F, Rahmati M, Firouzi F, Rojhani E, Azizi F, Ramezani Tehrani F. The effects of different physiologic concentrations of prolactin in association with reproductive hormones on the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in men: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:302. [PMID: 36471299 PMCID: PMC9721030 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-01225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data is inconsistent and, for the most part, not sufficient to demonstrate the association between serum Prolactin (PRL) concentration within the physiologic range and the incidence rate of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) among men. Moreover, since both PRL and type 2 DM are associated with reproductive hormones, investigating these hormones might improve our understanding of how PRL might impose its effect on the incidence rate of type 2 DM. METHODS For the present study, 652 eligible men aged 29-70 with a normal baseline PRL concentration were selected from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). Participants were sub-classified into three groups (tertiles) according to the serum concentration of PRL and were followed for 15.8 years. The incidence of type 2 DM and PRL, LH, FSH, testosterone, and AMH concentrations were measured. The effect of hormonal variables on the incidence of type 2 DM was estimated using the log-binomial model, adjusted for major confounding factors. The correlations between PRL and the indicators of glucose and lipid metabolism and other hormonal variables were also explored. RESULTS In the unadjusted model, PRL was not significantly associated with the incidence rate of type 2 DM (RR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.94 - 1.03). After adjusting for potential confounders, the inverse effect of AMH on the incidence rate of type 2 DM was the only significant association. The analyses also indicated a significant positive association between PRL and LH/FSH ratio (r = 0.1, P = 0.01). CONCLUSION No significant association was found between serum PRL concentrations within the physiologic range and the incidence rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus among middle-aged men. Men with higher concentrations of PRL within the physiologic range tended to show higher levels of LH and LH/FSH. AMH was the only variable significantly linked to the incidence rate of type 2 DM in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atrin Niknam
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Velenjak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mahboobifard
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Velenjak, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Rahmati
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Velenjak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Firouzi
- Pathology Department of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Rojhani
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Velenjak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Velenjak, Tehran, Iran.
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Hadlow NC, Brown SJ, Lim EM, Prentice D, Pettigrew S, Cronin SL, Prescott SL, Silva D, Yeap BB. Anti-Müllerian hormone concentration is associated with central adiposity and reproductive hormones in expectant fathers. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2022; 97:634-642. [PMID: 35319116 PMCID: PMC9790283 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) as an indicator of physical and reproductive health in men is unclear. We assessed the relationships between AMH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, and metabolic parameters, in a cohort of expectant fathers. DESIGN ORIGINS Project prospective cohort study. SETTING Community-dwelling men. PARTICIPANTS Partners of pregnant women attending antenatal appointments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Serum AMH, FSH, LH, testosterone, and metabolic parameters. RESULTS In 485 expectant fathers, median age 33 years, median AMH was 40 pmol/L (quartiles 29, 56). AMH was inversely correlated with FSH, age, and body mass index (BMI) (correlation coefficients: -.32, -.24, and -.17 respectively). The age association was nonlinear, with peak AMH between 20 and 30 years, a decline thereafter, and somewhat steady levels after 45 years. The inverse association of AMH with FSH was log-linear and independent of age and BMI (β: -.07, SE: 0.01, p < .001). AMH was inversely correlated with waist circumference and directly associated with sex hormone-binding globulin. Testosterone was moderately correlated with AMH (correlation coefficient: .09, β: .011, SE: 0.004, p = .014): this association was mediated by an inverse relationship with BMI (mediated proportion 0.49, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS In reproductively active men, lower AMH is a biomarker for advancing age, and for poorer metabolic and reproductive health. The inverse association between AMH and FSH is independent of age and BMI, whereas the association of AMH and testosterone is mediated via BMI. The utility of AMH to predict reproductive and cardiometabolic outcomes in men warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narelle C. Hadlow
- Medical SchoolUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Biochemistry Department, Sonic HealthcareClinipath PathologyPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Suzanne J. Brown
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesSir Charles Gairdner HospitalPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Ee Mun Lim
- Medical SchoolUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesSir Charles Gairdner HospitalPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Biochemistry Department, PathWest Laboratory MedicineSir Charles Gairdner HospitalPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - David Prentice
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational SciencePerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Simone Pettigrew
- George Institute for Global HealthUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Sophie L. Cronin
- Medical SchoolUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Susan L. Prescott
- Medical SchoolUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- The ORIGINS ProjectTelethon Kids InstitutePerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Department of ImmunologyPerth Children's HospitalPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Desiree Silva
- Medical SchoolUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- The ORIGINS ProjectTelethon Kids InstitutePerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Department of PaediatricsJoondalup Health CampusPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Medical and Health SciencesEdith Cowan UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Bu B. Yeap
- Medical SchoolUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesFiona Stanley HospitalPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
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Crisóstomo L, Videira RA, Jarak I, Starčević K, Mašek T, Rato L, Raposo JF, Batterham RL, Oliveira PF, Alves MG. Inherited Metabolic Memory of High-fat Diet Impairs Testicular Fatty Acid Content and Sperm Parameters. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 66:e2100680. [PMID: 34939729 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) from early-life is associated with a testicular metabolic signature linked to abnormal sperm parameters up to two generations after exposure in mice. Hereby, we describe a testicular lipid signature associated with "inherited metabolic memory" of exposure to HFD, persisting up to two generations in mice. Diet-challenged mice (n = 36) were randomly fed after weaning with standard chow (CTRL); HFD for 200 days or transient HFD (HFDt ) (60 days of HFD+140 days of standard chow). Subsequent generations (36 mice per generation) were fed with chow diet. Mice were euthanized 200 days post-weaning. Glucose homeostasis, serum hormones, testicular bioenergetics and antioxidant enzyme activity were evaluated. Testicular lipid-related metabolites and fatty acids were characterized by 1 H-NMR and GC-MS. Sons of HFD display impaired choline metabolism, mitochondrial activity and antioxidant defenses, while grandsons show a shift in testicular ω3/ω6 ratio towards a pro-inflammatory environment. Grandsons of HFDt raise 3-hydroxybutyrate levels with possible implications to testicular insulin resistance. Sperm counts decrease in grandsons of HFD-exposed mice, regardless of the duration of exposure. HFD-induced "inherited metabolic memory" alters testicular fatty acid metabolism with consequences to sperm parameters up to two generations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Crisóstomo
- Department of Anatomy, and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Portugal.,Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Romeu A Videira
- REQUINTE/LAQV, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ivana Jarak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Kristina Starčević
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Mašek
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luís Rato
- Health School of the Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
| | - João F Raposo
- NOVA Medical School - New University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,APDP - Diabetes Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rachel L Batterham
- UCL Centre for Obesity Research, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.,National Institute of Health Research, UCLH Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Pedro F Oliveira
- QOPNA & LAQV, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marco G Alves
- Department of Anatomy, and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Portugal.,Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, Portugal
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Verdiesen RMG, Onland-Moret NC, van Gils CH, Stellato RK, Spijkerman AMW, Picavet HSJ, Broekmans FJM, Verschuren WMM, van der Schouw YT. Anti-Müllerian hormone levels and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetologia 2021; 64:375-384. [PMID: 33048171 PMCID: PMC7801305 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Given its role in ovarian follicle development, circulating anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is considered to be a marker of reproductive ageing. Although accelerated reproductive ageing has been associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, research on the relationship between AMH and type 2 diabetes risk is scarce. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether age-specific AMH levels and age-related AMH trajectories are associated with type 2 diabetes risk in women. METHODS We measured AMH in repeated plasma samples from 3293 female participants (12,460 samples in total), aged 20-59 years at recruitment, from the Doetinchem Cohort Study, a longitudinal study with follow-up visits every 5 years. We calculated age-specific AMH tertiles at baseline to account for the strong AMH-age correlation. Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for confounders were used to assess the association between baseline age-specific AMH tertiles and incident type 2 diabetes. We applied linear mixed models to compare age-related AMH trajectories for women who developed type 2 diabetes with trajectories for women who did not develop diabetes. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 20 years, 163 women developed type 2 diabetes. Lower baseline age-specific AMH levels were associated with a higher type 2 diabetes risk (HRT2vsT3 1.24 [95% CI 0.81, 1.92]; HRT1vsT3 1.62 [95% CI 1.06, 2.48]; ptrend = 0.02). These findings seem to be supported by predicted AMH trajectories, which suggested that plasma AMH levels were lower at younger ages in women who developed type 2 diabetes compared with women who did not. The trajectories also suggested that AMH levels declined at a slower rate in women who developed type 2 diabetes, although differences in trajectories were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We observed that lower age-specific AMH levels were associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Longitudinal analyses did not show clear evidence of differing AMH trajectories between women who developed type 2 diabetes compared with women who did not, possibly because these analyses were underpowered. Further research is needed to investigate whether AMH is part of the biological mechanism explaining the association between reproductive ageing and type 2 diabetes. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée M G Verdiesen
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - N Charlotte Onland-Moret
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Carla H van Gils
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rebecca K Stellato
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annemieke M W Spijkerman
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - H Susan J Picavet
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J M Broekmans
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Gynecology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - W M Monique Verschuren
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Holst BS, Panzani D, Camillo F, Svensson A, Rota A. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations are maximal at puberty in male donkeys and secretion is redirected from the blood stream to seminal plasma. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 218:106484. [PMID: 32507264 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sertoli cells produce anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and number of these cells is associated with numbers of sperm produced. The study aim was to quantify AMH concentrations in serum and seminal plasma of donkeys during puberty, and to correlate the values with those for testicular width and semen quality of sexually mature males. Blood was collected from five donkeys every second month from 4 to 24 months of age, and then once at 40 months of age. Semen was collected once monthly, from 13 to 19 and 23-25 months of age. There was quantification of AMH concentrations in serum and seminal plasma. During puberty, there was a redirection of AMH secretion from the blood stream into seminal plasma. In serum, AMH concentrations increased during puberty with a maximal concentration at 16 months and the changes were similar for seminal plasma with a maximal concentration at 18 months of age. Serum AMH concentrations from 14-20 were greater than at 12 or 22 months of age. Maximal serum AMH concentrations were associated with testicular width at 24 months (r = 0.97, P = 0.005), but not with sperm count, sperm motility or percentage of sperm with normal morphology at 42 months of age. There were no significant correlations among values for AMH concentrations in seminal plasma during puberty and values for any of the seminal variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Holst
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Box 7054, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - D Panzani
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Veterinarie, Università Di Pisa, via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy
| | - F Camillo
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Veterinarie, Università Di Pisa, via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy
| | - A Svensson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Box 7054, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Rota
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Veterinarie, Università Di Pisa, via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy
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8
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Pelusi C, Fanelli F, Baccini M, Triggiani V, Bartolomeo N, Carbone MD, De Pergola G, Di Dalmazi G, Pagotto U, Pasquali R, Giagulli VA. Effect of clomiphene citrate treatment on the Sertoli cells of dysmetabolic obese men with low testosterone levels. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2020; 92:38-45. [PMID: 31677181 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clomiphene citrate (CC) has been shown to restore the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis by increasing testosterone (T) levels to physiological levels in patients with dysmetabolic conditions such as obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the data are unclear regarding the effects on Sertoli cell (SC) function. AIM To study SC function by assessing Inhibin B (IB) and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels at baseline and after 3 months of CC treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is an ancillary study of a cross-over, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial performed to evaluate androgen response to CC treatment in dysmetabolic obese subjects with low T levels treated with metformin. We evaluated SC function by assessing IB and AMH levels at baseline and after 3 months of each treatment in ten dysmetabolic obese subjects with low T levels. In all subjects, the influence of the clinical characteristics, metabolic and hormonal baseline parameters on SC and Leydig (LC) function, evaluated respectively with AMH, IB, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and T levels, was tested. RESULTS No significant changes were observed for IB and AMH concentrations after each treatment period. Whereas T and oestradiol (E2) levels were shown to be significantly higher in the CC plus metformin phase (CC/Met) only. No clinical, metabolic or hormonal parameters showed significant effects on serum AMH at baseline or after treatments. However, baseline T, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and E2 positively affected IB levels during CC/Met therapy (P = .003, P = .038 and P = .049, respectively). Baseline leptin and FSH had a negative (P = 031) and positive (P = .048) respectively role on T levels during CC/Met, as they were statistically significant compared to the placebo period (Plac/Met). CONCLUSION Unlike the LC activity, CC was unable to influence SC function, as shown by the lack of IB and AMH serum modifications, thus suggesting an intrinsic nonreversible defect of SC cells in patients with dysmetabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pelusi
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical & Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Flaminia Fanelli
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical & Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Margherita Baccini
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical & Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Triggiani
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Bartolomeo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni De Pergola
- Nutrition Outpatient Clinic, Clinical Oncology Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Guido Di Dalmazi
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical & Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Uberto Pagotto
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical & Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Renato Pasquali
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical & Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vito Angelo Giagulli
- Outpatients Clinic of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Conversano Hospital, Bari, Italy
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9
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Wagner IV, Yango P, Svechnikov K, Tran ND, Söder O. Adipocytokines may delay pubertal maturation of human Sertoli cells. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 31:1395-1400. [PMID: 31056083 DOI: 10.1071/rd18487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproduction is an important target of obesity complications, including adverse effects on spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis. Adipocytokines are key mediators in various complications of obesity. Our aim was to study the potential of adipocytokines to affect Sertoli cell function, which is crucial for spermatogenesis, and possibly link these findings to the observed attenuation of spermatogenesis in obese males. Testicular biopsies were obtained from healthy donors. Highly purified adult human Sertoli cells (HSCs) were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Cells were cultured and exposed to different concentrations of adipocytokines (10-1000ngmL-1 ) for 2-7 days. Expression of selected Sertoli cell genes was quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Long-term treatment (7 days) of HSCs with higher concentrations of chemerin, irisin, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt), resistin and progranulin significantly suppressed FSH receptor expression (by 79%, 83%, 64%, 71% and 26% respectively; P P invitro , may negatively affect Sertoli cell maturation and retain these cells in a more prepubertal stage. This could negatively affect testis function and add to fertility problems in obese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Wagner
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany; and Corresponding author
| | - P Yango
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, CA 94143, USA
| | - K Svechnikov
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N D Tran
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, CA 94143, USA
| | - O Söder
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Saikia UK, Saikia K, Sarma D, Appaiah S. Sertoli Cell Function in Young Males with Metabolic Syndrome. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2019; 23:251-256. [PMID: 31161113 PMCID: PMC6540901 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_574_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT The last few decades have witnessed an alarming increase in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) worldwide including India. Apart from the known risks of MetS in terms of cardiovascular risk and mortality, there is increasing evidence that it also leads to alteration in testicular function and fertility. AIMS To assess the presence of hypogonadism and Sertoli cell dysfunction in young adult males with MetS and correlate these parameters with different components of the MetS. SETTINGS AND DESIGN Cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Endocrinology, Gauhati Medical College, a tertiary care hospital in North East India. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Young adult males with MetS aged 20-40 years and age-matched healthy males who served as controls were examined clinically. Laboratory investigations done in the fasting state included blood glucose, lipid profile, serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), inhibin B and total testosterone (Te). Semen was collected after 3 days abstinence and analysis done. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Baseline parameters were presented as median and 'Kruskal-Wallis' test was used to compare them. Pearson test and multiple regression analysis were used to assess the correlation and association between variables. RESULTS Fifty cases with MetS and 30 controls were included in the study. Subjects with MetS had significantly lower levels of total Te, FSH and inhibin B. They also had significantly lower semen volume, sperm count and total as well as progressive motility. There was a significant negative correlation of waist circumference and positive correlation of inhibin B with total sperm count. A significant negative association of serum triglycerides with semen volume was also found. CONCLUSION MetS is a state of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism as reflected by low total Te, FSH and inhibin B levels with semen abnormalities reflecting Sertoli cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Kaimal Saikia
- Department of Endocrinology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Kunjan Saikia
- Department of Endocrinology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Dipti Sarma
- Department of Endocrinology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sonali Appaiah
- Department of Endocrinology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India
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11
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Kurku H, Atar M, Pirgon Ö, Büyükinan M, Erdem SS, Deniz İ, Gederet YT. Pubertal Status and Gonadal Functions in Obese Boys with Fatty Liver. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2019; 17:102-107. [PMID: 30614770 DOI: 10.1089/met.2018.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In adult studies, obese subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have been shown to have poor sperm quality, and lower testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the pubertal status and gonadal functions in obese boys with NAFLD. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 119 obese and 78 nonobese age-matched adolescents. The obese boys were separated into two groups based on the presence (NAFLD group) or absence of liver steatosis with high transaminases (non-NAFLD group). The levels of serum AMH (anti-Mullerian hormone), inhibin B, gonadotropins, total testosterone, lipids, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fasting glucose, insulin levels, and aortic intima media thickness were measured in all subjects. RESULTS Of the total 197 children, 174 had reached puberty. There were no significant differences between the groups in respect of testicular sizes and the prevalence of pubertal status among the groups (84.3% of NAFLD vs. 70.6% of non-NAFLD vs. 98.7% of control subjects). No significant differences were found in respect of gonadotropins and AMH levels. Total testosterone levels in the NAFLD group were significantly lower than those of the non-NAFLD obese group (P < 0.001) and the control group (P < 0.001). Inhibin B levels were also significantly lower in all (NAFLD and non-NAFLD) obese groups compared to the control group (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS The results of the study demonstrated that diminished testosterone and inhibin B levels occur in pubertal obese boys with NAFLD. No significant differences were detected according to pubertal status, AMH levels, and testicular volumes in the age-matched groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Kurku
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Müge Atar
- 2 Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Özgür Pirgon
- 2 Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Muammer Büyükinan
- 3 Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes and University of Health Sciences, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Said Sami Erdem
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - İsa Deniz
- 4 Department of Radiology, University of Health Sciences, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Turgut Gederet
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
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12
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Meydanli EG, Gumusel A, Ozkan S, Tanriverdi G, Balci MBC, Develi Is S, Hazar AI, Uysal M, Bekpinar S. Effects of resveratrol on high-fructose-induced testis injury in rats. Ultrastruct Pathol 2017; 42:65-73. [DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2017.1397075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Guzel Meydanli
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Asli Gumusel
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serbay Ozkan
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gamze Tanriverdi
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M. B. Can Balci
- Department of Urology, G.O.P Taksim Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seval Develi Is
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul University Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A. Ismet Hazar
- Department of Urology, G.O.P Taksim Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mujdat Uysal
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul University Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seldag Bekpinar
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul University Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Cardoso AM, Alves MG, Sousa AC, Jarak I, Carvalho RA, Oliveira PF, Cavaco JE, Rato L. The effects of the obesogen tributyltin on the metabolism of Sertoli cells cultured ex vivo. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:601-610. [PMID: 28993852 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to environmental contaminants is widespread. Some of these contaminants have the ability to interfere with adipogenesis, being thus considered as obesogens. Recently, obesogens have been singled out as a cause of male infertility. Sertoli cells (SCs) are essential for male fertility and their metabolic performance, especially glucose metabolism, is under a tight endocrine control, being essential for the success of spermatogenesis. Herein, we studied the impact of the model obesogen tributyltin in the metabolic profile of SCs. For that, ex vivo-cultured rat SCs were exposed to increasing doses of tributyltin. SCs proliferation was evaluated by the sulforhodamine B assay and the maturation state of the cells was assessed by the expression of specific markers (inhibin B and the androgen receptor) by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The metabolic profile of SCs was established by studying metabolites consumption/production by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and by analyzing the expression of key transporters and enzymes involved in glycolysis by Western blot. The proliferation of SCs was only affected in the cells exposed to the highest dose (1000 nM) of tributyltin. Notably, SCs exposed to 10 nM tributyltin decreased the consumption of glucose and pyruvate, as well as the production of lactate. The decreased lactate production hampers the development of germ cells. Intriguingly, the lowest levels of tributyltin were more prone to modulate the expression of key players of the glycolytic pathway. This is the first study showing that tributyltin reprograms glucose metabolism of SCs under ex vivo conditions, suggesting new targets and mechanisms through which obesogens modulate the metabolism of SCs and thus male (in)fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Cardoso
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Marco G Alves
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana C Sousa
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ivana Jarak
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology and Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui A Carvalho
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology and Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro F Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José E Cavaco
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Luís Rato
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-001, Covilhã, Portugal.
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14
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Ventimiglia E, Capogrosso P, Serino A, Boeri L, Colicchia M, La Croce G, Scano R, Papaleo E, Damiano R, Montorsi F, Salonia A. Metabolic syndrome in White-European men presenting for secondary couple's infertility: an investigation of the clinical and reproductive burden. Asian J Androl 2017; 19:368-373. [PMID: 27004539 PMCID: PMC5427796 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.175783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine the impact of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on reproductive function in men with secondary infertility, a condition that has received relatively little attention from researchers. Complete demographic, clinical, and laboratory data from 167 consecutive secondary infertile men were analyzed. Health-significant comorbidities were scored with the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI; categorised 0 vs 1 vs 2 or higher). NCEP-ATP III criteria were used to define MetS. Semen analysis values were assessed based on the 2010 World Health Organization (WHO) reference criteria. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models tested the association between semen parameters and clinical characteristics and MetS. MetS was found in 20 (12%) of 167 men. Patients with MetS were older (P < 0.001) and had a greater BMI (P < 0.001) compared with those without MetS. MetS patients had lower levels of total testosterone (P = 0.001), sex hormone-binding globulin, inhibin B, and anti-Mόllerian hormone (all P ≤ 0.03), and they were hypogonadal at a higher prevalence (P = 0.01) than patients without MetS. Moreover, MetS patients presented lower values of semen volume, sperm concentration, and sperm normal morphology (all P ≤ 0.03). At multivariate logistic regression analysis, no parameters predicted sperm concentration, normal sperm morphology, and total progressive motility. Our data show that almost 1 of 8 White-European men presenting for secondary couple's infertility is diagnosed with MetS. MetS was found to be associated with a higher prevalence of hypogonadism, decreased semen volume, decreased sperm concentration, and normal morphology in a specific cohort of White-European men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Ventimiglia
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Capogrosso
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Serino
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Boeri
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Colicchia
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni La Croce
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Scano
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Papaleo
- Infertility Unit, Unit of Obstetrics/Gynecology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Rocco Damiano
- Research Doctorate Program in Urology, Magna Graecia University, 88020 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Montorsi
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Salonia
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Research Doctorate Program in Urology, Magna Graecia University, 88020 Catanzaro, Italy
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15
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Qayyum R, Akbar S. Serum anti-mullerian hormone and all-cause mortality in men. Endocrine 2016; 54:225-231. [PMID: 27503320 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have examined an association of anti-mullerian hormone to various risk factors for mortality, however, to the best of our knowledge, no study has reported a direct relationship between anti-mullerian hormone and all-cause mortality. Therefore, we examined the relationship between baseline anti-mullerian hormone levels and subsequent all-cause mortality in men during median follow-up of 9.4 (range = 0-13) years. We used the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 1999-2004 combined with National Death Index for vital status information through December 2011. Cox proportional hazard models were fit to estimate hazard ratios for all-cause mortality. Models were adjusted for age, ethnic background, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, smoking status, c-reactive protein, total cholesterol, estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum estradiol, testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, and androstenedione. Of the 989 men, 30 % were older than 65 years, 51 % were Caucasians, 33 % had hypertension, 27 % were active smokers, and 11 % had diabetes. Mean serum anti-mullerian hormone level of the population was 7.2 (6.3) ng/mL. During the 8943 person-years of follow-up, 164 (17 %) men died. In unadjusted analysis, each unit increase in serum anti-mullerian hormone level was associated with a 13 % lower risk of death (HR = 0.87; 95 %CI = 0.83-0.92). In multivariable models, the inverse association between serum anti-mullerian hormone levels and mortality remained significant (HR = 0.94; 95 %CI = 0.90-0.98) and was independent of confounding variables. Similarly, individuals in the highest quartile had significantly lower risk of death as compared to individuals in the lowest quartile (unadjusted HR = 0.13, 95 %CI = 0.07-0.25; adjusted HR = 0.36, 95 %CI = 0.16-0.81). We found an independent and inverse association between serum anti-mullerian hormone levels and all-cause mortality in men. The mechanism underlying this association is unknown. Further studies are needed to validate our findings in men and to examine this association in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Qayyum
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tennessee College of Medicine at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, USA.
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Sana Akbar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tennessee College of Medicine at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, USA
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16
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Ventimiglia E, Capogrosso P, Colicchia M, Boeri L, Serino A, Castagna G, Clementi MC, La Croce G, Regina C, Bianchi M, Mirone V, Damiano R, Montorsi F, Salonia A. Metabolic syndrome in white European men presenting for primary couple's infertility: investigation of the clinical and reproductive burden. Andrology 2016; 4:944-51. [PMID: 27368157 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite complex interactions between obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinaemia, and the reproductive axis, the impact of metabolic syndrome on human male reproductive function has not been analysed comprehensively. Complete demographic, clinical, and laboratory data from 1337 consecutive primary infertile men were analysed. Health-significant comorbidities were scored with the Charlson Comorbidity Index (categorised 0 vs. 1 vs. 2 or higher). NCEP-ATPIII criteria were used to define metabolic syndrome. Semen analysis values were assessed based on the 2010 World Health Organisation (WHO) reference criteria. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models tested the association between semen parameters and clinical characteristics and metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome was found in 128 (9.6%) of 1337 men. Patients with metabolic syndrome were older (p < 0.001) and had a greater Charlson Comorbidity Index of 1 or higher (chi-square: 15.6; p < 0.001) compared with those without metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome patients had lower levels of total testosterone (p < 0.001), sex hormone-binding globulin (p = 0.004), inhibin B (p = 0.03), and anti-Müllerian hormone (p = 0.009), and they were hypogonadal at a higher rate (chi-square: 32.0; p < 0.001) than patients without metabolic syndrome. Conversely, the two groups did not differ significantly in further hormonal levels, semen parameters, and rate of either obstructive or non-obstructive azoospermia. At multivariate logistic regression analysis, testicular volume (OR: 0.90; p = 0.002) achieved independent predictor status for WHO pathological semen concentration; conversely, age, Charlson Comorbidity Index scores, metabolic syndrome, and inhibin B values did not. No parameters predicted normal sperm morphology and total progressive motility. Metabolic syndrome accounts for roughly 9% of men presenting for primary couple's infertility. Although metabolic syndrome patients have a lower general male health status, semen analysis values seem independent of the presence of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ventimiglia
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - P Capogrosso
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - M Colicchia
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - L Boeri
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - A Serino
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - G Castagna
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - M C Clementi
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - G La Croce
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - C Regina
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - M Bianchi
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - V Mirone
- Department of Urology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - R Damiano
- Research Doctorate Program in Urology, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - F Montorsi
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - A Salonia
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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17
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Testosterone deficiency induced by progressive stages of diabetes mellitus impairs glucose metabolism and favors glycogenesis in mature rat Sertoli cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 66:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Bekaert M, Van Nieuwenhove Y, Calders P, Cuvelier CA, Batens AH, Kaufman JM, Ouwens DM, Ruige JB. Determinants of testosterone levels in human male obesity. Endocrine 2015; 50:202-11. [PMID: 25771885 PMCID: PMC4546699 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0563-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone (T) levels are decreased in obese men, but the underlying causes are incompletely understood. Our objective was to explore the relation between low (free) T levels and male obesity, by evaluating metabolic parameters, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) aromatase expression, and parameters of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. We recruited 57 morbidly obese men [33 had type 2 diabetes (DM2)] and 25 normal-weight men undergoing abdominal surgery. Fourteen obese men also attended a follow-up, 2 years after gastric bypass surgery (GBS). Circulating T levels were quantified by LC-MS/MS, whereas free T levels were measured using serum equilibrium dialysis and sex hormone-binding globulin, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone by immunoassay. SAT biopsies were used to determine adipocyte cell size and aromatase expression by real-time PCR. Total and free T levels were decreased in obese males versus controls, with a further decrease in obese men with DM2 versus obese men without DM2. There were no differences in aromatase expression among the study groups, and sex steroids did not correlate with aromatase expression. Pearson analysis revealed an inverse association between (free) T and SAT cell size, triglycerides, and HOMA-IR. Multivariate analysis confirmed the inverse association between (free) T and SAT cell size (β = -0.321, P = 0.037 and β = -0.441, P = 0.011, respectively), independent of age, triglycerides, HOMA-IR, obesity, or diabetes. T levels were normalized 2 years after GBS. These data suggest that SAT cell size rather than SAT aromatase expression or parameters of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is related to low T in male obesity, which points to adipose cell size-related metabolic changes as a major trigger in decreased T levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Bekaert
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Building 6 K12, 9000, Ghent, Belgium,
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Passeri E, Bugiardini E, Sansone VA, Pizzocaro A, Fulceri C, Valaperta R, Borgato S, Costa E, Bandera F, Ambrosi B, Meola G, Persani L, Corbetta S. Gonadal failure is associated with visceral adiposity in myotonic dystrophies. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:702-10. [PMID: 25950257 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypogonadism occurs in myotonic dystrophies type 1 (MD1) and type 2 (MD2). Sertoli and Leydig cell secretions, including insulin-like peptide-3 (INSL3), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and inhibin B, were evaluated in male patients with MD. DESIGN Academic settings. Forty-four male patients with MD [31 MD1, 13 MD2, aged 59 (50-64) years, median (interquartile range)], age-, sex- and BMI-matched non-MD hypogonadal patients (n = 14) and healthy controls (n = 32). Serum FSH, LH, inhibin B, AMH, testosterone (T) and INSL3 were measured; fat and muscle masses were evaluated by DEXA. RESULTS Overt primary hypogonadism occurred in 29% of patients with MD1 and 46% of patients with MD2. Considering subclinical forms, the prevalence increased to 69% of MD1 and 100% of MD2. A half of patients with MD experienced symptoms. INSL3 levels were unaffected in most patients with MD. By contrast, AMH and inhibin B were reduced in most patients with MD and unrelated to age. Patients with MD showed increased body and visceral fat. Free T levels were negatively predicted by fat mass, and AMH and FSH levels were negatively correlated with waist/hip ratio and fat mass. AMH, inhibin B and FSH levels positively correlated with muscle strength and muscle mass. CONCLUSIONS AMH and inhibin B secretion failures are common in male patients with MD and are more severe than Leydig cell hormones impairment. AMH and inhibin B measurements might provide clinical utility in evaluating fertility in patients with MD. Serum T, AMH and inhibin B productions are negatively influenced by increased fat mass, while AMH and inhibin B might be markers of muscle impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Passeri
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato, Milanese, Italy
| | - Enrico Bugiardini
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato, Milanese, Italy
| | - Valeria A Sansone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, NEuroMuscular Omnicentre (NEMO), Fondazione Serena Onlus, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Fulceri
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milanese, Italy
| | - Rea Valaperta
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milanese, Italy
| | - Stefano Borgato
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Costa
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milanese, Italy
| | | | - Bruno Ambrosi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato, Milanese, Italy
| | - Giovanni Meola
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato, Milanese, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Corbetta
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato, Milanese, Italy
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Body Mass Index Is Associated with Impaired Semen Characteristics and Reduced Levels of Anti-Müllerian Hormone across a Wide Weight Range. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130210. [PMID: 26067627 PMCID: PMC4466334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is still controversy as to how body mass index (BMI) affects male reproduction. We investigated how BMI is associated with semen quality and reproductive hormones in 166 men, including 38 severely obese men. Standard semen analysis and sperm DNA integrity analysis were performed, and blood samples were analysed for reproductive hormones. Adjusted for age and time of abstinence, BMI was negatively associated with sperm concentration (B = -0.088, P = 0.009), total sperm count (B = -0.223, P = 0.001), progressive sperm motility (B = -0.675, P = 0.007), normal sperm morphology (B = -0.078, P = 0.001), and percentage of vital spermatozoa (B = -0.006, P = 0.027). A negative relationship was observed between BMI and total testosterone (B = -0.378, P < 0.001), sex hormone binding globulin (B = -0.572, P < 0.001), inhibin B (B = -3.120, P < 0.001) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) (B = -0.009, P < 0.001). Our findings suggest that high BMI is negatively associated with semen characteristics and serum levels of AMH.
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Elderly men have low levels of anti-Müllerian hormone and inhibin B, but with high interpersonal variation: a cross-sectional study of the sertoli cell hormones in 615 community-dwelling men. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70967. [PMID: 23940675 PMCID: PMC3733803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sertoli cells of the testes secrete anti-Müllerian hormone (Müllerian inhibiting Substance, AMH) and inhibin B (InhB). AMH triggers the degeneration of the uterine precursor in male embryos, whereas InhB is part of the gonadal-pituitary axis for the regulation of sperm production in adults. However, both hormones are also putative regulators of homeostasis, and age-related changes in these hormones may therefore be important to the health status of elderly men. The levels of AMH in elderly men are unknown, with limited information being available about age-related changes in InhB. We have therefore used ELISAs to measure Sertoli cell hormone levels in 3 cohorts of community-dwelling men in New Zealand. In total, 615 men were examined, 493 of which were aged 65 or older. Serum AMH and InhB levels inversely correlated with age in men older than 50 years (p<0.001) but not in the younger men. A minority of elderly men had undetectable levels of AMH and InhB. The variation in hormone levels between similarly aged men increased with the age of men. AMH and InhB partially correlated with each other as expected (r = 0.48, p<0.001). However, the ratio of the two Sertoli hormones varied significantly between men, with this variation increasing with age. Elderly men selected for the absence of cardiovascular disease had AMH levels similar to those of young men whereas their InhB levels did not differ from aged-matched controls. These data suggests that Sertoli cell number and function changes with age, but with the extent and nature of the changes varying between men.
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Imhoff FM, Yang D, Mathew SF, Clarkson AN, Kawagishi Y, Tate WP, Koishi K, McLennan IS. The type 2 anti‐Müllerian hormone receptor has splice variants that are dominant‐negative inhibitors. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1749-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Floriane M. Imhoff
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Dee Yang
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Suneeth F. Mathew
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Andrew N. Clarkson
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Yui Kawagishi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Warren P. Tate
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Kyoko Koishi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ian S. McLennan
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Michalakis K, Mintziori G, Kaprara A, Tarlatzis BC, Goulis DG. The complex interaction between obesity, metabolic syndrome and reproductive axis: a narrative review. Metabolism 2013; 62:457-78. [PMID: 22999785 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this narrative review is to provide current evidence for the interaction between obesity, metabolic syndrome (MS) and reproductive axis. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulses and, consequently, normal function of reproductive (hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal) axis depend on normal energy balance, which presupposes sufficient food intake, reasonable energy consumption and average thermoregulatory costs. In case of an energy imbalance, reproductive dysfunction may occur. In young women, excessive leanness is accompanied by puberty delay, whereas premature puberty might be a manifestation of obesity. In a similar way, obesity in men affects fertility. Excess adipose tissue results in increased conversion of testosterone to estradiol, which may lead to secondary hypogonadism through reproductive axis suppression. Moreover, oxidative stress at the level of the testicular micro-environment may result in decreased spermatogenesis and sperm damage. Products of the adipocyte, such as leptin, adiponectin and resistin, and gut peptides, such as ghrelin, are considered to be crucial in the interaction between energy balance and reproduction. Finally, an indirect evidence for the interplay between MS and reproductive axis is the fact that when treating components of one, parameters of the other can be improved as well. These therapeutic interventions include lifestyle modifications, pharmacological agents, such as sex hormone replacement therapy, and surgical procedures. Although many issues remain unclear, the elucidation of the complex interaction between MS and reproductive axis will have obvious clinical implications in the therapeutic approach of both entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Michalakis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon University Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Greece
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Abstract
Male factor infertility is increasing in developed countries, and several factors linked to lifestyle have been shown to negatively affect spermatogenesis. Sertoli cells are pivotal to spermatogenesis, providing nutritional support to germ cells throughout their development. Sertoli cells display atypical features in their cellular metabolism; they can metabolize various substrates, preferentially glucose, the majority of which is converted to lactate and not oxidized via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Why Sertoli cells preferentially export lactate for germ cells is not entirely understood. However, lactate is utilized as the main energy substrate by developing germ cells and has an antiapoptotic effect on these cells. Several biochemical mechanisms contribute to the modulation of lactate secretion by Sertoli cells. These include the transport of glucose through the plasma membrane, mediated by glucose transporters; the interconversion of pyruvate to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase; and the release of lactate mediated by monocarboxylate transporters. Several factors that modulate Sertoli cell metabolism have been identified, including sex steroid hormones, which are crucial for maintenance of energy homeostasis, influencing the metabolic balance of the whole body. In fact, energy status is essential for normal reproductive function, since the reproductive axis has the capacity to respond to metabolic cues.
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