1
|
Kobluk K, Pypendop BH. Effects of dopamine, norepinephrine or phenylephrine on the prevention of hypotension in isoflurane-anesthetized cats administered vatinoxan or vatinoxan and dexmedetomidine. Vet Anaesth Analg 2021; 49:54-64. [PMID: 34906421 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the dose of phenylephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine necessary to maintain mean arterial pressure (MAP) within 70-80 mmHg during administration of isoflurane, isoflurane and vatinoxan and isoflurane, vatinoxan and dexmedetomidine at three plasma concentrations. STUDY DESIGN Randomized crossover experimental study. ANIMALS A group of five adult healthy neutered male cats. METHODS Instrumentation occurred during anesthesia with isoflurane in oxygen. Isoflurane end-tidal concentration was set to 1.25 × minimum alveolar concentration (MAC). Phenylephrine, norepinephrine or dopamine was administered to maintain MAP 70-80 mmHg. A target-controlled infusion system was used to administer vatinoxan at a target plasma concentration of 1 μg mL-1 and three dexmedetomidine concentrations (5, 10 and 20 ng mL-1). Isoflurane concentration was altered to maintain an equivalent 1.25 MAC. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, body temperature, arterial and mixed venous blood gas, cardiac output and drug concentrations were measured at baseline (isoflurane alone), during vatinoxan administration, and during administration of vatinoxan and dexmedetomidine at the three target concentrations. RESULTS MAP < 70 mmHg was observed with vatinoxan alone and in the dopamine treatment with dexmedetomidine concentrations ≤ 10 ng mL-1. Norepinephrine and phenylephrine maintained MAP 70-80 mmHg during vatinoxan and dexmedetomidine ≤ 10 ng mL-1. As the target dexmedetomidine concentration increased, the dose of norepinephrine and phenylephrine needed to maintain MAP 70-80 mmHg decreased; no treatment was necessary to maintain MAP > 70 mmHg at the 20 ng mL-1 target dexmedetomidine concentration in most cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Norepinephrine and phenylephrine, but not dopamine, are effective to prevent hypotension in isoflurane-anesthetized cats administered dexmedetomidine and vatinoxan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Kobluk
- William R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bruno H Pypendop
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Williams SM, Holthaus L, Barron HW, Divers SJ, McBride M, Almy F, Bush S, Latimer KS. Improved clinicopathologic assessments of acute liver damage due to trauma in Indian ring-necked parakeets (Psittacula krameri manillensis). J Avian Med Surg 2012; 26:67-75. [PMID: 22872978 DOI: 10.1647/2011-016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Increased activities of certain biochemical enzymes (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], alkaline phosphatase [ALP]) have been associated with blunt liver injury in many species. To evaluate changes in plasma hepatic biochemical parameters in acute avian liver disease caused by trauma and to compare biochemical changes with histologic lesions in hepatic parenchyma, 30 healthy fasted Indian ring-necked parakeets (Psittacula krameri manillensis) were divided into 2 groups, and traumatic liver injury was caused by endoscopic liver biopsy (group 1) or by liver biopsy and crushing injury to the hepatic parenchyma with endoscopic forceps (group 2) in anesthetized birds. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, and 120 hours in alternate groups to compare analyte values after injury with those at baseline. Results showed consistently decreased plasma ALP activity (excluding 1 time point) throughout the study, which was thought to be associated with isoflurane administration. Plasma glutamate dehydrogenase activity initially increased but rapidly declined thereafter and was attributed to acute focal hepatocellular injury. In both groups, increases in plasma AST, ALT, and LDH activities was most likely caused by muscle injury because creatine kinase activity was concurrently increased. Compared with baseline values, bile acid concentration and y-glutamyl transferase activity were not affected by liver biopsy or crush injury. Plasma sorbitol dehydrogenase activity was the most specific indicator of liver injury in both groups. Histologic changes correlated poorly with biochemical results, possibly because the small area of hepatic parenchyma that was damaged did not affect enzyme values substantially.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Williams
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mohamadnia AR, Hughes G, Clarke KW. Maintenance of anaesthesia in sheep with isoflurane, desflurane or sevoflurane. Vet Rec 2008; 163:210-5. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.163.7.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Mohamadnia
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, 2 Saman Road; University of Shahrekord; Shahrekord 88186/34141 Iran
| | - G. Hughes
- Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane Hatfield Hertfordshire AL9 7TA
| | - K. W. Clarke
- Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane Hatfield Hertfordshire AL9 7TA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Driessen B, Nann L, Benton R, Boston R. Differences in need for hemodynamic support in horses anesthetized with sevoflurane as compared to isoflurane. Vet Anaesth Analg 2006; 33:356-67. [PMID: 17083608 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study whether hemodynamic function in horses, particularly mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), is better maintained with sevoflurane than isoflurane, thus requiring less pharmacological support. STUDY DESIGN Prospective randomized clinical investigation. Animals Thirty-nine racehorses undergoing arthroscopy in lateral recumbency. METHODS Horses were assigned to receive either isoflurane (n = 20) or sevoflurane (n = 19) at 0.9-1.0 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) for maintenance of anesthesia. Besides routine clinical monitoring, cardiac output (CO) was measured by lithium dilution. Hemodynamic support was prescribed as follows: when MAP decreased to <70 mmHg, patients were to receive infusion of 0.1% dobutamine, which was to be discontinued at MAP >85 mmHg or heart rate >60 beats minute(-1). Statistical analysis of results, given as mean +/- SD, included a clustered regression approach. RESULTS Average inhalant anesthetic time [91 +/- 35 (isoflurane group) versus 97 +/- 26 minutes (sevoflurane group)] and dose (in MAC multiples), volume of crystalloid solution infused, and cardiopulmonary parameters including CO were similar in the two groups, except heart rate was 8% higher in isoflurane than sevoflurane horses (p < 0.05). To maintain MAP >70 mmHg, isoflurane horses received dobutamine over a significantly longer period (55 +/- 26 versus 28 +/- 21% of total anesthetic time, p < 0.01) and at a 51% higher dose than sevoflurane horses (41 +/- 19 versus 27 +/- 23 microg kg(-1) MAC hour(-1); p = 0.058), with 14/20 isoflurane animals and only 9/19 sevoflurane horses being infused with dobutamine at >30 microg kg(-1) MAC hour(-1) (p < 0.05). Dobutamine infusion rates were consistently lower in the sevoflurane as compared to the isoflurane group, with differences reaching significance level during the 0-30 minutes (p < 0.01) and 61-90 minutes periods (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Horses under sevoflurane anesthesia may require less pharmacological support in the form of dobutamine than isoflurane-anesthetized horses. This could be due to less suppression of vasomotor tone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Driessen
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, Section of Critical Care/Anesthesia, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19348, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liehmann L, Mosing M, Auer U. A comparison of cardiorespiratory variables during isoflurane–fentanyl and propofol–fentanyl anaesthesia for surgery in injured cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2006; 33:158-68. [PMID: 16634941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare haemodynamic and respiratory variables during isoflurane-fentanyl (IF) and propofol-fentanyl (PF) anaesthesia for surgery in injured cats. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, controlled clinical study. ANIMALS Thirty-three client-owned injured cats undergoing orthopaedic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pre-anaesthetic medication was intravenous midazolam 1 mg kg(-1), butorphanol 0.4 mg kg(-1) and ketamine 2 mg kg(-1). Anaesthesia was induced with propofol (P) and maintained with either: (a) a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of fentanyl (F) 0.02 mg kg(-1) hour(-1) and isoflurane (initial end-tidal concentration of 1%), (b) a fentanyl CRI (dose as before) and sevoflurane (initial end-tidal concentration of 2%) or (c) a CRI of propofol (12 mg kg(-1) hour(-1)). All three techniques were given to effect until surgical anaesthesia was achieved. Heart rate and rhythm (ECG), mean arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate, tidal volume and end-tidal CO(2) concentration were recorded. Venous blood gas analysis was performed before and after sedation, and at the end of anaesthesia. Blood chemistry and blood cell counts were assessed before, at the end of, and 24 hours after anaesthesia. The variables recorded from cats anaesthetized with IF and PF were compared. RESULTS Mean end-expiratory isoflurane concentration was 1.19 +/- 0.19%. The propofol infusion rate was 11.4 +/- 0.8 mg kg(-1) hour(-1). No significant differences between the two groups in heart rate were identified; no cardiac dysrhythmias were recorded. Mean arterial blood pressure was significantly lower in IF cats during skin incision (p = 0.01), during surgery without intense surgical stimulation (p < 0.01) and during surgery with intense surgical stimulation (p = 0.01). Nine of 11 cats in the IF group were markedly hypotensive (34-49 mmHg) while seven of 11 cats in group PF were mildly hypotensive (49-59 mmHg). One of 11 cats in group IF and nine of 11 cats in group PF required intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) to maintain end-tidal CO(2) levels below 6.66 kPa (50 mmHg). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Despite the necessity to ventilate the lungs of cats in the PF group, arterial blood pressure was better maintained. Propofol-fentanyl anaesthesia is better for surgery in injured cats providing the means to impose IPPV are available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Liehmann
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses, Clinic for Surgery, Ophthalmology and Dentistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine hemodynamic effects of 3 concentrations of sevoflurane in cats. ANIMALS 6 cats. PROCEDURE Cats were anesthetized with sevoflurane in oxygen. After instruments were inserted, end-tidal sevoflurane concentration was set at 1.25, 1.5, or 1.75 times the individual minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), which was determined in another study. Twenty-five minutes were allowed after each change of concentration. Heart rate; systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures; central venous pressure; pulmonary artery occlusion pressure; cardiac output; body temperature; arterial and mixed-venous pH, PCO2, PO2, oxygen saturation, and hemoglobin concentrations; PCV; and total protein and lactate concentrations were measured for each sevoflurane concentration before and during noxious stimulation. Arterial and mixed-venous bicarbonate concentrations, cardiac index, stroke index, rate-pressure product, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance indices, left and right ventricular stroke work indices, PaO2, mixed-venous partial pressure of oxygen (PVO2), oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption, oxygen-extraction ratio, alveolar-to-arterial oxygen difference, and venous admixture were calculated. Spontaneous and mechanical ventilations were studied during separate experiments. RESULTS Mode of ventilation did not significantly influence any of the variables examined. Therefore, data from both ventilation modes were pooled for analysis. Mean arterial pressure, cardiac index, stroke index, rate-pressure product, left ventricular stroke work index, arterial and mixed-venous pH, PaO2, and oxygen delivery decreased, whereas PaCO2, PVO2, and mixed-venous partial pressure of CO2 increased significantly with increasing doses of sevoflurane. Noxious stimulation caused a significant increase in most cardiovascular variables. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Sevoflurane induces dose-dependent cardiovascular depression in cats that is mainly attributable to myocardial depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno H Pypendop
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Villeneuve MY, Casanova C. On the use of isoflurane versus halothane in the study of visual response properties of single cells in the primary visual cortex. J Neurosci Methods 2003; 129:19-31. [PMID: 12951229 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0270(03)00198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Halothane is a widely used anesthetic in research. It produces several alterations in organs, especially in the brain. Recently, isoflurane emerged in neuroscience laboratories. For many reasons it appears to be better than halothane for animal brain research (e.g. isoflurane induces lower intracranial pressure, and is less detrimental on the cardiovascular system). However, no one is in a position to recommend it in electrophysiology research because its effects on specific brain functions are relatively unknown. Given that both anesthetics yield different actions on gross brain activity (EEG, VEP), it is likely that they differentially affect single neuron activity. The goal of this study is to determine whether halothane or isoflurane use is best suited to study the receptive field properties of neurons in the cat's primary visual cortex. Extra-cellular recordings were made for both anesthetics in area 17 of adult cats under different levels of anesthesia. Results indicate that various cell parameters differ under halothane anesthesia when compared with isoflurane. The main difference between the two anesthetics is the greater depression of the cell optimal visual response amplitude induced by isoflurane at equipotent concentration. Due to its stronger depressive effects, isoflurane may not be the ideal anesthetic for single-cell recordings in the primary visual cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Y Villeneuve
- Laboratoire des neurosciences de la vision, Ecole d'optométrie, Université de Montréal, C.P.6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hikasa Y, Hokushin S, Takase K, Ogasawara S. Cardiopulmonary, hematological, serum biochemical and behavioral effects of sevoflurane compared with isoflurane or halothane in spontaneously ventilating goats. Small Rumin Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4488(02)00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
9
|
Tzannes S, Govendir M, Zaki S, Miyake Y, Packiarajah P, Malik R. The use of sevoflurane in a 2:1 mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen for rapid mask induction of anaesthesia in the cat. J Feline Med Surg 2000; 2:83-90. [PMID: 11716598 DOI: 10.1053/jfms.2000.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An inhalational technique for rapid induction of anaesthesia in unsedated cats using sevoflurane and nitrous oxide is described. Using a pliable, tight-fitting, face mask, sevoflurane (7.5-8%) was delivered from an out-of-circuit precision vaporiser connected to a coaxial non-rebreathing system using a fresh gas flow of 1 l oxygen and 2 l nitrous oxide per min. Cats were restrained with gentle but firm pressure applied by scruffing the dorsal cervical skin until the righting reflex was lost and the patient could be positioned in lateral recumbency. Typically, cats could be positioned on their side in a light plane of anaesthesia within 1 min of applying the mask, at which time the sevoflurane concentration was reduced to 5% or less. A similar protocol, using a lower initial concentration of sevoflurane, is recommended for old or debilitated patients. Maintenance of light sevoflurane (2-4%) anaesthesia by mask permitted minor interventions to be performed readily, including blood collection, intravenous chemotherapy, abdominal palpation, radiography and ultrasonography. More painful procedures, such as bone marrow aspiration, required a deeper plane of anaesthesia. Cats were sufficiently deep to be intubated, if this was required, about 3 min after commencing the induction. Recovery from sevoflurane/nitrous oxide anaesthesia was smooth and rapid, with most cats being able to right within 5 min of discontinuing the agents. This protocol for rapid inhalational induction and recovery is particularly suited to feline practice, where rendering an uncooperative patient unconscious greatly facilitates the completion of many minor diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, especially when these must be performed on successive days or when peripheral vascular access is limited. For longer procedures, isoflurane may be substituted for sevoflurane for maintenance of anaesthesia in order to minimise cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Tzannes
- Anaesthesia Unit, University Veterinary Centre Sydney, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2006
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hikasa Y, Saito K, Takase K, Ogasawara S. Clinical, cardiopulmonary, hematological and serum biochemical effects of sevoflurane and isoflurane anesthesia in oxygen under spontaneous breathing in sheep. Small Rumin Res 2000; 36:241-249. [PMID: 10781740 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4488(99)00121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Effects of sevoflurane and isoflurane anesthesia in oxygen on clinical, cardiopulmonary, hematological, and serum biochemical findings were compared in sheep breathing spontaneously undergoing minor surgical operations during short-term (60-80min) or long-term (3-4h) anesthesia. All sheep were premedicated with atropine sulfate (0.1mg/kg) intramuscularly, and 10min later, induced to anesthesia by intravenous infusion of sodium thiopental (mean 14.1+/-3.4 S.D. mg/kg). After intubation, they were anesthetized with either isoflurane or sevoflurane in oxygen at a total gas flow rate of 1.5l/min. The results revealed that recovery time with sevoflurane was more rapid than with isoflurane. Respiration rates, tidal volume, minute ventilation and heart rates during sevoflurane anesthesia were similar to those during isoflurane anesthesia. The degree of respiratory acidosis during sevoflurane anesthesia was also similar to that during isoflurane anesthesia. There were no significant differences between sevoflurane and isoflurane anesthesia in hematological and serum biochemical values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Hikasa
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori-shi, Tottori, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|