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Amude AM, Arias MVB, Headley SA, Bracarense APFRL, Silva NF, Alfieri AA. Necrotizing leukoencephalitis in a Yorkshire dog from Brazil. SEMINA: CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS 2019; 40:3321. [DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6supl2p3321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing leukoencephalitis (NLE) is an uncommon inflammatory condition of brain of dogs, and was described in dogs from North America, Europe, and Asia. Cases of NLE from South America were not located when major data bases were examined. Consequently, this report describes the findings associated with NLE in a Brazilian 3.5-year-old female Yorkshire dog with neurological findings related to the myelencephalon; the dog died, besides medical treatment, and was submitted for autopsy exam and histopathological evaluation. Lesions were restricted to the encephalon and characterized as leukoencephalomalacia with severe non-suppurative inflammation with extensive perivascular cuffing; the non-suppurative inflammation was characterized by influx of lymphocytes and histiocytes, and occasionally plasma cells, and gitter cells. Infectious disease agents were not identified by molecular techniques or visualized with histochemical stains. This report represents the first definitive diagnose of NLE in Brazil, suggesting that this disease may be present in South America dogs suffering from neurological conditions. This knowledge may be useful for veterinarians in Brazil, taking into account that this disease should be considered as a differential diagnosis when infectious causes are excluded.
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Van Sant F, Hassan SM, Reavill D, McManamon R, Howerth EW, Seguel M, Bauer R, Loftis KM, Gregory CR, Ciembor PG, Ritchie BW. Evidence of bromethalin toxicosis in feral San Francisco "Telegraph Hill" conures. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213248. [PMID: 30883548 PMCID: PMC6422264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2018, four free-ranging conures, from a naturalized flock in San Francisco, presented with a characteristic set of neurologic signs that had been reported in other individuals from this flock. The cause of morbidity or mortality in historic cases has not been identified. From these four subjects, fresh feces were collected during their initial days of hospitalization and submitted to the University of Georgia Infectious Diseases Laboratory and Center for Applied Isotope Studies for bromethalin and desmethyl-bromethalin quantitation. Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography, the laboratory detected bromethalin, a non-anticoagulant, single-dose rodenticide, in fecal samples from three subjects; half of these samples were also positive for desmethyl-bromethalin, bromethalin’s active metabolite. In three subjects that died, the UGA laboratory screened brain and liver samples and found bromethalin in all samples; desmethyl-bromethalin was detected in all but one brain sample, which was below the detection limit. Our findings suggest the conures are more resistant to bromethalin than are other species in which bromethalin has been studied, and/or that the conures may be ingesting the toxin at a sublethal dose. More data is needed to better assess the long-term effects of bromethalin on animals exposed at the subacute/chronic levels, and also to better understand the compartmentalization of bromethalin and desmethyl-bromethalin in a wider variety of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fern Van Sant
- For the Birds, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Sayed M Hassan
- Center for Applied Isotope Studies, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Drury Reavill
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, California, United States of America
| | - Rita McManamon
- Zoo and Exotic Animal Pathology Service, Infectious Diseases Laboratory and the Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth W Howerth
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mauricio Seguel
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard Bauer
- Center for Applied Isotope Studies, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kathy M Loftis
- Center for Applied Isotope Studies, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christopher R Gregory
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paula G Ciembor
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Branson W Ritchie
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.,New Materials Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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Eberly JA, Hague DW, Singh K, Lezmi S. Pathology in Practice. Necrotizing leukoencephalitis (NLE). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016. [PMID: 26225607 DOI: 10.2460/javma.247.4.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bates MC, Roady P, Lehner AF, Buchweitz JP, Heggem-Perry B, Lezmi S. Atypical bromethalin intoxication in a dog: pathologic features and identification of an isomeric breakdown product. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:244. [PMID: 26419228 PMCID: PMC4584469 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Definitive post mortem confirmation of intoxication by the neurotoxic rodenticide bromethalin can be challenging. Brain lesions are not specific and detection of bromethalin and its metabolites are unpredictable due to rapid photodegradation and inconsistent behavior in tissues. Case presentation A 2-year-old dog presented with rapid onset of severe muscle tremors and death within hours after a known ingestion of a reportedly low dosage of bromethalin and subsequent decontamination using activated charcoal. Marked meningeal hemorrhages and multifocal myelin sheath vacuolation were observed in the brain. A marked reactive astrocytosis and neuronal hypoxia/necrosis were identified using immunohistochemistry (IHC) for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and for neuron specific protein (NeuN). Bromethalin exposure and tissue absorption was confirmed by identification of one of two isomeric 543.7 molecular weight (MW) breakdown products in the patient’s adipose and kidney samples using gas chromatography (GC) combined with tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Conclusions The severity of clinical signs and subsequent death of this dog was not expected with the low dosage of bromethalin reportedly ingested, and the use of activated charcoal possibly precipitated a hypernatremic status. Meningeal hemorrhages are atypical of bromethalin intoxication, and might have been caused by hyperthermia, secondary to tremors or hypernatremia. Identification of one of two isomeric breakdown products in the adipose tissue and kidney provides an additional molecule to the toxicologic testing regime for bromethalin intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Bates
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology & Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Illinois, 2001 S. Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
| | - Patrick Roady
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology & Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Illinois, 2001 S. Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
| | - Andreas F Lehner
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Rd, Lansing, MI, 48910, USA.
| | - John P Buchweitz
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - B Heggem-Perry
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Veterinary Teaching Hospital 1008 W. Hazelwood Dr., Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
| | - Stephane Lezmi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology & Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Illinois, 2001 S. Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
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Coates JR, Jeffery ND. Perspectives on Meningoencephalomyelitis of Unknown Origin. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2014; 44:1157-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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TANAKA M, INOUE A, YAMAMOTO K, TAMAHARA S, MATSUKI N. Transglutaminase 2: A Novel Autoantigen in Canine Idiopathic Central Nervous System Inflammatory Diseases. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:733-7. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miho TANAKA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Akiko INOUE
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kei YAMAMOTO
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Satoshi TAMAHARA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naoaki MATSUKI
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Granger N, Smith PM, Jeffery ND. Clinical findings and treatment of non-infectious meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs: a systematic review of 457 published cases from 1962 to 2008. Vet J 2010; 184:290-7. [PMID: 19410487 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-infectious meningoencephalomyelitis (NIME) presents clinicians with diagnostic problems because specific diagnosis requires histopathological examination of central nervous system (CNS) tissue. In the absence of a precise diagnosis, clinicians refer instead to 'meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin' (MUO). This article compares published data on histopathologically diagnosed disease (granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis and necrotising encephalitis) with information available on the clinically-defined category of MUO. Small, middle-aged female dogs are most commonly affected by all types of NIME, but there is considerable overlap in diagnostic parameters of these diseases. Future clinical trials must aim to compare prospectively two or more randomly allocated treatments and to include pre-trial power calculations. This article provides the necessary background information to permit rational patient selection on clinical presentation alone, rather than requiring CNS biopsy, thus maximising patient recruitment whilst minimising heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Granger
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
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Spitzbarth I, Schenk HC, Tipold A, Beineke A. Immunohistochemical characterization of inflammatory and glial responses in a case of necrotizing leucoencephalitis in a French bulldog. J Comp Pathol 2009; 142:235-41. [PMID: 19815229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.08.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A 3-year-old male French bulldog was presented with blindness, staggering and ataxia and was humanely destroyed due to worsening of the neurological signs. At post-mortem examination a non-suppurative leucoencephalitis with extensive malacia within the forebrain was found. In addition, a bilateral necrotizing optic neuritis and focal retinitis was detected. Immunohistochemistry revealed a CD3(+) T-cell dominated inflammatory response with intralesional reactive astrocytes expressing glial fibrillary acidic protein. Astroglia-like cells expressing vimentin, which is characteristic of immature astrocytes, were found within the malacic lesions. The pathological findings are similar to those described in idiopathic necrotizing leucoencephalitis (NLE) of Yorkshire terriers and substantiate the hypothesis that NLE is not a breed-specific disorder that exclusively affects Yorkshire terriers, but also the French bulldog.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Spitzbarth
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
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