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Galván-Hernández AK, Gómez-Gaviria M, Martínez-Duncker I, Martínez-Álvarez JA, Mora-Montes HM. Differential Recognition of Clinically Relevant Sporothrix Species by Human Granulocytes. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:986. [PMID: 37888242 PMCID: PMC10607474 DOI: 10.3390/jof9100986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a cutaneous mycosis that affects humans and animals and has a worldwide distribution. This infection is mainly caused by Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa. Current research about anti-Sporothrix immunity has been mainly focused on S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis, using different types of human or animal immune cells. Granulocytes are a group of cells relevant for cytokine production, with the capacity for phagocytosis and the generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Considering their importance, this study aimed to compare the capacity of human granulocytes to stimulate cytokines, uptake, and form NETs when interacting with different Sporothrix species. We found that conidia, germlings, and yeast-like cells from S. schenckii, S. brasiliensis, and S. globosa play an important role in the interaction with these immune cells, establishing morphology- and species-specific cytokine profiles. S. brasil-iensis tended to stimulate an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile, whilst the other two species had a proinflammatory one. S. globosa cells were the most phagocytosed cells, which occurred through a dectin-1-dependent mechanism, while the uptake of S. brasiliensis mainly occurred via TLR4 and CR3. Cell wall N-linked and O-linked glycans, along with β-1,3-glucan, played a significant role in the interaction of these Sporothrix species with human granulocytes. Finally, this study indicates that conidia and yeast-like cells are capable of inducing NETs, with the latter being a better stimulant. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that reports the cytokine profiles produced by human granulocytes interacting with Sporothrix cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana K. Galván-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico; (A.K.G.-H.); (M.G.-G.); (J.A.M.-Á.)
| | - Manuela Gómez-Gaviria
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico; (A.K.G.-H.); (M.G.-G.); (J.A.M.-Á.)
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca Mor. 62209, Mexico;
| | - José A. Martínez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico; (A.K.G.-H.); (M.G.-G.); (J.A.M.-Á.)
| | - Héctor M. Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico; (A.K.G.-H.); (M.G.-G.); (J.A.M.-Á.)
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Lin P, Zhang J, Xie G, Li J, Guo C, Lin H, Zhang Y. Innate Immune Responses to Sporothrix schenckii: Recognition and Elimination. Mycopathologia 2022; 188:71-86. [PMID: 36329281 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-022-00683-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii (S. schenckii), a ubiquitous thermally dimorphic fungus, is the etiological agent of sporotrichosis, affecting immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Despite current antifungal regimens, sporotrichosis results in prolonged treatment and significant mortality rates in the immunosuppressed population. The innate immune system forms the host's first and primary line of defense against S. schenckii, which has a bi-layered cell wall structure. Many components act as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in pathogen-host interactions. PAMPs are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and complement receptors, triggering innate immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells to phagocytize or produce mediators, contributing to S. schenckii elimination. The ultrastructure of S. schenckii and pathogen-host interactions, including PRRs and innate immune cells, are summarized in this review, promoting a better understanding of the innate immune response to S. schenckii and aiding in the development of protective and therapeutic strategies to combat sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lin
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guinan Xie
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Junchen Li
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenqi Guo
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Haiyue Lin
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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Neves GWP, Wong SSW, Aimanianda V, Simenel C, Guijarro JI, Walls C, Willment JA, Gow NAR, Munro CA, Brown GD, Lopes-Bezerra LM. Complement-Mediated Differential Immune Response of Human Macrophages to Sporothrix Species Through Interaction With Their Cell Wall Peptidorhamnomannans. Front Immunol 2021; 12:749074. [PMID: 34867977 PMCID: PMC8636148 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.749074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the human immune response mechanisms against Sporothrix brasiliensis and Sporothrix schenckii, two causative agents of human and animal sporotrichosis, were investigated. The interaction of S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii with human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs) was shown to be dependent on the thermolabile serum complement protein C3, which facilitated the phagocytosis of Sporothrix yeast cells through opsonization. The peptidorhamnomannan (PRM) component of the cell walls of these two Sporothrix yeasts was found to be one of their surfaces exposed pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), leading to activation of the complement system and deposition of C3b on the Sporothrix yeast surfaces. PRM also showed direct interaction with CD11b, the specific component of the complement receptor-3 (CR3). Furthermore, the blockade of CR3 specifically impacted the interleukin (IL)-1β secretion by hMDM in response to both S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii, suggesting that the host complement system plays an essential role in the inflammatory immune response against these Sporothrix species. Nevertheless, the structural differences in the PRMs of the two Sporothrix species, as revealed by NMR, were related to the differences observed in the host complement activation pathways. Together, this work reports a new PAMP of the cell surface of pathogenic fungi playing a role through the activation of complement system and via CR3 receptor mediating an inflammatory response to Sporothrix species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela W. P. Neves
- Cell Biology Department, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Catherine Simenel
- Institut Pasteur, Biological NMR and HDX-MS Technological Platform, CNRS UMR3528, Paris, France
| | - J. Iñaki Guijarro
- Institut Pasteur, Biological NMR and HDX-MS Technological Platform, CNRS UMR3528, Paris, France
| | - Catriona Walls
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Janet A. Willment
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom,Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A. R. Gow
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom,Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Carol A. Munro
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom,Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Leila M. Lopes-Bezerra
- Cell Biology Department, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,Biomedical Institute and Technology and Innovation Center (CIETEC), São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil,*Correspondence: Leila M. Lopes-Bezerra,
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Wang YL, Qi RQ, Lan J, Li ZX, Gao XH. Exogenous Local Hyperthermia at 41℃ Is Effective to Eliminate Mouse Model of Sporotrichosis, Independent of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Formation. Ann Dermatol 2020; 33:37-45. [PMID: 33911810 PMCID: PMC7875223 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2021.33.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Local hyperthermia is recommended for the treatment of patients with fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis, though the effectiveness and mechanisms of action remain elusive. While neutrophils represent the main inflammatory cells associated with sporotrichosis lesions, the issue of whether hyperthermia is involved with interactions between neutrophils and Sporothrix globosa remains unclear. Objective To evaluate the effect of local hyperthermia on sporotrichosis and determine whether local hyperthermia involves effects of neutrophils against Sporothrix. Methods For the in vivo study, mice were infected with yeast cells of S. globosa followed by treatment with local hyperthermia. In vitro, an isolated Sporothrix strain was co-cultured with or without neutrophils and subjected under different temperatures. Immunofluorescence was used to assess the formation of neutrophil extracellular trap (NETs) were formed under these different culture conditions and the number of fungi colony forming units were compared. Results Hyperthermia was significantly more effective in clearing the lesions in the mouse model, as compared to sham treatment. Neutrophils failed to exert any fungicidal effects against S. globosa in response to hyperthermia. Moreover, NETs were formed after interaction with S. globosa, and the percentage of NETs formed was not significantly different at 41℃ or 37℃. Conclusion While hyperthermia could serve as an effective therapy for fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis, this ability does not involve the formation of NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rui-Qun Qi
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Lan
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zheng-Xiu Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xing-Hua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Guzman Beltrán S, Sanchez Morales J, González Canto A, Escalona Montaño A, Torres Guerrero H. Human serum proteins bind to Sporothrix schenckii conidia with differential effects on phagocytosis. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 52:33-39. [PMID: 32382937 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum is an important source of proteins that interact with pathogens. Once bound to the cell surface, serum proteins can stimulate the innate immune system. The phagocytosis of Sporothrix schenckii conidia by human macrophages is activated through human serum opsonisation. In this study, we have attempted to characterise human blood serum proteins that bind to the cell wall of S. schenckii conidia. We systematically observed the same four proteins independent of the plasma donor: albumin, serum amyloid protein (SAP), α-1 antitrypsin (AAT), and transferrin were identified with the help of tandem mass spectrometry. Phagocytosis depended on the concentration of the SAP or α-1 antitrypsin that was used to opsonise the conidia; however, transferrin or albumin did not have any effect on conidia internalisation. The presence of mannose did not affect macrophage phagocytosis of the conidia opsonised with SAP or α-1 antitrypsin, which suggests that these proteins are not recognised by the mannose receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Guzman Beltrán
- Departamento de Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Ciudad de México, 14502, Mexico
| | - Jazmín Sanchez Morales
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Micología Básica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Augusto González Canto
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Patología Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alma Escalona Montaño
- Unidad Periferica de la Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Traslacional. Inmunobioquímica Molecular y Cardiopatías, Ciudad de México, 14080, Mexico
| | - Haydee Torres Guerrero
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Micología Básica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Hernández-Chávez MJ, Pérez-García LA, Niño-Vega GA, Mora-Montes HM. Fungal Strategies to Evade the Host Immune Recognition. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3040051. [PMID: 29371567 PMCID: PMC5753153 DOI: 10.3390/jof3040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition of fungal cells by the host immune system is key during the establishment of a protective anti-fungal response. Even though the immune system has evolved a vast number of processes to control these organisms, they have developed strategies to fight back, avoiding the proper recognition by immune components and thus interfering with the host protective mechanisms. Therefore, the strategies to evade the immune system are as important as the virulence factors and attributes that damage the host tissues and cells. Here, we performed a thorough revision of the main fungal tactics to escape from the host immunosurveillance processes. These include the composition and organization of the cell wall, the fungal capsule, the formation of titan cells, biofilms, and asteroid bodies; the ability to undergo dimorphism; and the escape from nutritional immunity, extracellular traps, phagocytosis, and the action of humoral immune effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco J Hernández-Chávez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, México.
| | - Luis A Pérez-García
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Romualdo del Campo 501, Fracc. Rafael Curiel, C.P., Cd. Valle SLP. 79060, México.
| | - Gustavo A Niño-Vega
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, México.
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, México.
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Guzman-Beltran S, Perez-Torres A, Coronel-Cruz C, Torres-Guerrero H. Phagocytic receptors on macrophages distinguish between different Sporothrix schenckii morphotypes. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:1093-101. [PMID: 22771955 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii is a human pathogen that causes sporotrichosis, a cutaneous subacute or chronic mycosis. Little is known about the innate immune response and the receptors involved in host recognition and phagocytosis of S. schenckii. Here, we demonstrate that optimal phagocytosis of conidia and yeast is dependent on preimmune human serum opsonisation. THP-1 macrophages efficiently ingested opsonised conidia. Competition with D-mannose, methyl α-D-mannopyranoside, D-fucose, and N-acetyl glucosamine blocked this process, suggesting the involvement of the mannose receptor in binding and phagocytosis of opsonised conidia. Release of TNF-α was not stimulated by opsonised or non-opsonised conidia, although reactive oxygen species (ROS) were produced, resulting in the killing of conidia by THP-1 macrophages. Heat inactivation of the serum did not affect conidia internalization, which was markedly decreased for yeast cells, suggesting the role of complement components in yeast uptake. Conversely, release of TNF-α and production of ROS were induced by opsonised and non-opsonised yeast. These data demonstrate that THP-1 macrophages respond to opsonised conidia and yeast through different phagocytic receptors, inducing a differential cellular response. Conidia induces a poor pro-inflammatory response and lower rate of ROS-induced cell death, thereby enhancing the pathogen's survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Guzman-Beltran
- Departamento de Microbiología en Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI, México DF, Mexico
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Daniel Da Rosa W, Gezuele E, Calegari L, Goñi F. Asteroid body in sporotrichosis. Yeast viability and biological significance within the host immune response. Med Mycol 2008; 46:443-8. [PMID: 18608903 DOI: 10.1080/13693780801914898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The asteroid body in Sporotrichosis (AB) is a characteristic structure that allows diagnosis in lymphangitic presentations and whose generation and composition is not fully understood. Our study focused on the biological relationship between the yeast and host elements present in the AB. Indirect immunofluorescence showed that on ABs obtained from naturally infected individuals there were antigenically related IgG and IgM molecules in the spikes of the radiated crowns. However, there were differences in the pattern of distribution for each immunoglobulin isotypes. The yeast cells located at the center of the ABs were viable, as shown by the generation of germ tubes and conidial formation after 36-48 hours of incubation at 22 degrees C. The central yeast could divide and proliferate even in the ABs that had been pre-treated with specific anti-Sporothrix schenckii serum and fresh complement. The data suggests that AB in sporotrichosis might be a resistance structure which uses the host immune molecules to the advantage of the yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Daniel Da Rosa
- Departamento de Parasitología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Instituto de Higiene, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Carlos IZ, Sgarbi DB, Placeres MC. Host organism defense by a peptide-polysaccharide extracted from the fungus Sporothrix schenckii. Mycopathologia 1999; 144:9-14. [PMID: 10422268 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006964516334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A peptide-polysaccharide, a peptide-rhamnomannan, was isolated from the pathogenic yeast form of the fungus Sporothrix schenckii. This substance, which may play a role in fungal virulence, was tested in an animal model of systemic disease, and depression of the immune response was observed in the animals between the 4th and 6th week of infection. Concomitantly, this compound showed mitogenic activity when challenged with normal lymphocytes and was also found to be involved in the inflammatory response. These results provide further information for the understanding of fungal implantation in tissues and of the pathogenicity of this systemic mycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Z Carlos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Paulista Júlio Mesquita Filho, SP, Brasil.
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Abstract
Sporotrichosis is uncommon in Canadian urban centers. Lymphocutaneous and fixed cutaneous are the most common cutaneous forms of the disease, typically seen in the upper extremity in adult patients. History usually reveals a puncture injury contaminated with soil. Lesions are refractory to commonly used antibiotics. Cultures of biopsy specimens reliably grow the fungus Sporothrix schenkii. First line treatment is oral potassium iodide. We have reviewed a series of 7 cases from various Toronto teaching hospitals and compared them to the world literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Carr
- St. Joseph's Health Centre, Department of Dermatology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Werner
- Valley Veterinary Specialty Services, Studio City, CA 91604
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Randhawa HS, Budimulja U, Bazaz-Malik G, Bramono K, Hiruma M, Kullavanijaya P, Rojanavanich V. Recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of subcutaneous mycoses. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND VETERINARY MYCOLOGY : BI-MONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR HUMAN AND ANIMAL MYCOLOGY 1994; 32 Suppl 1:299-307. [PMID: 7722795 DOI: 10.1080/02681219480000921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H S Randhawa
- Department of Medical Mycology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, India
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