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Isegawa Y. Activation of Immune and Antiviral Effects by Euglena Extracts: A Review. Foods 2023; 12:4438. [PMID: 38137241 PMCID: PMC10743201 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is an acute respiratory illness caused by influenza virus infection, which is managed using vaccines and antiviral drugs. Recently, the antiviral effects of plants and foods have gained attention. Euglena is a motile unicellular alga and eukaryotic photosynthetic microorganism. It has secondary chloroplasts and is a mixotroph able to feed by photosynthesis or phagocytosis. This review summarizes the influenza treatment effects of Euglena from the perspective of a functional food that is attracting attention. While it has been reported that Euglena contributes to suppressing blood sugar levels and ameliorates symptoms caused by stress by acting on the autonomic nervous system, the immunostimulatory and antiviral activities of Euglena have also been reported. In this review, I focused on the immunostimulation of antiviral activity via the intestinal environment and the suppression of viral replication in infected cells. The functions of specific components of Euglena, which also serves as the source of a wide range of nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and β-1,3-glucan (paramylon), are also reviewed. Euglena has animal and plant properties and natural compounds with a wide range of functions, providing crucial information for improved antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Isegawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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Tian J, Yang Y, Xu W, Du X, Ye Y, Zhu B, Huang Y, Zhao Y, Li Y. Effects of β-1,3-glucan on growth, immune responses, and intestinal microflora of the river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense) and its resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2023; 142:109142. [PMID: 37805111 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the impact of β-1,3-glucan on the immune responses and gut microbiota of the river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense) in the presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus stress. Shrimps were fed one of the following diets: control (G1), 0.2% curdlan (G2), 0.1% β-1,3-glucan (G3), 0.2% β-1,3-glucan (G4), or 1.0% β-1,3-glucan (G5) for 6 weeks and then challenged with V. parahaemolyticus for 96 h. Under Vibrio stress, shrimps in G4 exhibited the highest length gain rate, weight gain rate, and survival rate. They also showed increased intestinal muscle thickness and villus thickness compared to the control and 0.2% curdlan groups. The apoptosis rate was lower in G4 than in the control group, and the digestive enzyme activities (pepsin, trypsin, amylase, and lipase), immune enzyme activities (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, and phenoxidase), and energy metabolism (triglyceride, cholesterol, glycogen, and lactate dehydrogenase) were enhanced. Expression levels of growth-related genes (ecdysone receptor, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I, chitin synthase, and retinoid X receptor) and immune-related genes (toll-like receptor 3, myeloid differentiation primary response 88, mitogen-activated protein kinase 7, and mitogen-activated protein kinase 14) were higher in G4 than in the control. Microbiota analysis indicated higher bacterial abundance in shrimps fed β-1,3-glucan, as evidenced by Sob, Chao1, and ACE indices. Moreover, 0.2% β-1,3-glucan increased the relative abundances of Bacteroidota and Firmicutes while reducing those of Corynebacteriales and Lactobacillales. In summary, β-1,3-glucan enhances immune enzyme activities, alters immune-related gene expression, and impacts gut microbial diversity in shrimp. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying β-1,3 glucan's immune-enhancing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Tian
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Wenyue Xu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xinglin Du
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yucong Ye
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Bihong Zhu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yizhou Huang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Yiming Li
- Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Galván-Hernández AK, Gómez-Gaviria M, Martínez-Duncker I, Martínez-Álvarez JA, Mora-Montes HM. Differential Recognition of Clinically Relevant Sporothrix Species by Human Granulocytes. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:986. [PMID: 37888242 PMCID: PMC10607474 DOI: 10.3390/jof9100986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a cutaneous mycosis that affects humans and animals and has a worldwide distribution. This infection is mainly caused by Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa. Current research about anti-Sporothrix immunity has been mainly focused on S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis, using different types of human or animal immune cells. Granulocytes are a group of cells relevant for cytokine production, with the capacity for phagocytosis and the generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Considering their importance, this study aimed to compare the capacity of human granulocytes to stimulate cytokines, uptake, and form NETs when interacting with different Sporothrix species. We found that conidia, germlings, and yeast-like cells from S. schenckii, S. brasiliensis, and S. globosa play an important role in the interaction with these immune cells, establishing morphology- and species-specific cytokine profiles. S. brasil-iensis tended to stimulate an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile, whilst the other two species had a proinflammatory one. S. globosa cells were the most phagocytosed cells, which occurred through a dectin-1-dependent mechanism, while the uptake of S. brasiliensis mainly occurred via TLR4 and CR3. Cell wall N-linked and O-linked glycans, along with β-1,3-glucan, played a significant role in the interaction of these Sporothrix species with human granulocytes. Finally, this study indicates that conidia and yeast-like cells are capable of inducing NETs, with the latter being a better stimulant. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that reports the cytokine profiles produced by human granulocytes interacting with Sporothrix cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana K. Galván-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico; (A.K.G.-H.); (M.G.-G.); (J.A.M.-Á.)
| | - Manuela Gómez-Gaviria
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico; (A.K.G.-H.); (M.G.-G.); (J.A.M.-Á.)
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca Mor. 62209, Mexico;
| | - José A. Martínez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico; (A.K.G.-H.); (M.G.-G.); (J.A.M.-Á.)
| | - Héctor M. Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico; (A.K.G.-H.); (M.G.-G.); (J.A.M.-Á.)
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Lu Z, Kvammen A, Li H, Hao M, Inman AR, Bulone V, McKee LS. A polysaccharide utilization locus from Chitinophaga pinensis simultaneously targets chitin and β-glucans found in fungal cell walls. mSphere 2023; 8:e0024423. [PMID: 37493618 PMCID: PMC10449523 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00244-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In nature, complex carbohydrates are rarely found as pure isolated polysaccharides. Instead, bacteria in competitive environments are presented with glycans embedded in heterogeneous matrices such as plant or microbial cell walls. Members of the Bacteroidota phylum thrive in such ecosystems because they are efficient at extracting nutrients from complex substrates, secreting consortia of synergistic enzymes to release metabolizable sugars. Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) are used to target enzymes to substrates, enhancing reaction rate and product release. Additionally, genome organizational tools like polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs) ensure that the appropriate set of enzymes is produced when needed. In this study, we show that the soil bacterium Chitinophaga pinensis uses a PUL and several CBMs to coordinate the activities of enzymes targeting two distinct polysaccharides found in fungal cell walls. We describe the enzymatic activities and carbohydrate-binding behaviors of components of the fungal cell wall utilization locus (FCWUL), which uses multiple chitinases and one β-1,3-glucanase to hydrolyze two different substrates. Unusually, one of the chitinases is appended to a β-glucan-binding CBM, implying targeting to a bulk cell wall substrate rather than to the specific polysaccharide being hydrolyzed. Based on our characterization of the PUL's outer membrane sensor protein, we suggest that the FCWUL is activated by β-1,3-glucans, even though most of its enzymes are chitin-degrading. Our data showcase the complexity of polysaccharide deconstruction in nature and highlight an elegant solution for how multiple different glycans can be accessed using one enzymatic cascade. IMPORTANCE We report that the genome of the soil bacterium Chitinophaga pinensis encodes three multi-modular carbohydrate-active enzymes that work together to hydrolyze the major polysaccharide components found in fungal cell walls (FCWs). The enzymes are all encoded by one polysaccharide utilization locus and are co-expressed, potentially induced in the presence of β-1,3-glucans. We present biochemical characterization of each enzyme, including the appended carbohydrate-binding modules that likely tether the enzymes to a FCW substrate. Finally, we propose a model for how this so-called fungal cell wall utilization locus might enable C. pinensis to metabolize both chitin and β-1,3-glucans found in complex biomass in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijia Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Glycoscience, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alma Kvammen
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Glycoscience, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - He Li
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Glycoscience, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mengshu Hao
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Glycoscience, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annie R. Inman
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Glycoscience, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Glycoscience, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lauren S. McKee
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Glycoscience, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Tian J, Yang Y, Du X, Xu W, Zhu B, Huang Y, Ye Y, Zhao Y, Li Y. Effects of dietary soluble β-1,3-glucan on the growth performance, antioxidant status, and immune response of the river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2023; 138:108848. [PMID: 37230308 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The effects of dietary β-1,3-glucan on the growth performance, body composition, hepatopancreas tissue structure, antioxidant activities, and immune response of the river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense) were investigated. In total, 900 juvenile prawns were fed one of five diets with different contents of β-1,3-glucan (0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 1.0%) or 0.2% curdlan for 6 weeks. The growth rate, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, specific weight gain rate, condition factor, and hepatosomatic index of juvenile prawns fed 0.2% β-1,3-glucan were significantly higher than those fed 0% β-1,3-glucan and 0.2% curdlan (p < 0.05). The whole-body crude lipid content of prawns supplemented with curdlan and β-1,3-glucan was significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05). The antioxidant and immune enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT), lysozyme (LZM), phenoloxidase (PO), acid phosphatase (ACP), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in the hepatopancreas of juvenile prawns fed 0.2% β-1,3-glucan were significantly higher than those of the control and 0.2% curdlan groups (p < 0.05), and tended to increase and then decrease with increasing dietary β-1,3-glucan. The highest malondialdehyde (MDA) content was observed in juvenile prawns without β-1,3-glucan supplementation. The results of real-time quantitative PCR indicated that dietary β-1,3-glucan promoted expression of antioxidant and immune-related genes. Binomial fit analysis of weight gain rate and specific weight gain rate showed that the optimum β-1,3-glucan requirement of juvenile prawns was 0.550%-0.553%. We found that suitable dietary β-1,3-glucan improved juvenile prawns growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and non-specific immunity, which provide reference for shrimp healthy culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Tian
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xinglin Du
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Wenyue Xu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Bihong Zhu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yizhou Huang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yucong Ye
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Yiming Li
- Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Elmowalid GA, Ghonimi WAM, Abd Allah HM, Abdallah H, El-Murr A, Abdelwahab AM. β-1,3-glucan improved the health and immunity of juvenile African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and neutralized the histological changes caused by lead and fipronil pollutants. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:45. [PMID: 36765350 PMCID: PMC9921358 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03585-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water pollutants cause adverse effects in aquatic ecosystems. The immunomodulatory and mitigating effects of dietary 1,3-glucan on fipronil and lead-induced intoxication in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were investigated. Two hundred forty catfish were randomly divided into four equal groups: those in the first group were fed basic diet and served as controls; those in the second group were supplemented with β-1,3-glucan (0.1%); those in the third group were exposed to combination of lead nitrate at 0.041 mg/L (1/10 96 h LC50) and fipronil at 2.8 mg/l (1/10 96 h LC50); and those in the fourth group were exposed to combination of fipronil, lead, and β-1,3-glucan. The health status, haematological, immunological, and histological changes were all evaluated. RESULT Swelling on the dorsolateral side, spinal column deviation, sluggish movement, skin bleaching, excessive mucus secretion, significant variations in blood indices-related measures, and a 45% death rate were observed in the third group. There was a significant reduction in interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentrations, as well as decrease in their corresponding gene expression, indicating that fipronil and lead had immunosuppressive activity. Severe catarrhal enteritis and mucinous degeneration of the lining epithelium, and notable depletion of white pulp, congested red pulp and hemosiderosis were common pathological findings in the spleen. β-1,3-glucan alone or in combination with fipronil and lead provoked physical activity, blood indices, with elevations in IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and IgM concentrations, as well as up-regulation in their genes' expression in splenic tissues, when compared to the third group. The spleen and intestine had normal histological architecture with 5% mortalities. There were no fish deaths in the β-1,3-glucan-alone or control groups. CONCLUSION The use of β-1,3-glucan (0.1%) as dietary supplement could be implemented to protect against the toxic effects of fipronil and lead toxicity by improving the health and immunological parameters of intoxicated catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal A. Elmowalid
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Wael A. M. Ghonimi
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hossam M. Abd Allah
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Haytham Abdallah
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Abdelhakeem El-Murr
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ashraf M. Abdelwahab
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Shen K, Bao L, Liu M, Lei W, Zhou Q, Ding J, Fang P, Hu B, Wen C, Kumar V, Peng M, Yang G. Dietary supplementation of β-1, 3-glucan improves the intestinal health of white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei) by modulating intestinal microbiota and inhibiting inflammatory response. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1119902. [PMID: 36793729 PMCID: PMC9922984 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1119902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of intestinal dysfunction is widely observed in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture, and β-1,3-glucan has been confirmed to be beneficial in intestinal health with a lack understanding of its underlying mechanism. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria served as the predominant phyla inhabiting the intestine of white shrimp, whilst a significant variation in their proportion was recorded in shrimp fed with basal and β-1,3-glucan supplementation diets in this study. Dietary supplementation of β-1,3-glucan could dramatically increase the microbial diversity and affect microbial composition, concurrent with a notable reduction in the ratio of opportunistic pathogen Aeromonas, gram-negative microbes, from Gammaproteobacteria compared to the basal diet group. The benefits for microbial diversity and composition by β-1,3-glucan improved the homeostasis of intestinal microbiota through the increase of specialists' number and inhibition of microbial competition caused by Aeromonas in ecological networks; afterward, the inhibition of Aeromonas by β-1,3-glucan diet dramatically suppressed microbial metabolism related to lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, followed by a conspicuous decrease in the intestinal inflammatory response. The improvement of intestinal health referred to the elevation in intestinal immune and antioxidant capacity, ultimately contributing to the growth of shrimp fed β-1,3-glucan. These results suggested that β-1,3-glucan supplementation improved the intestinal health of white shrimp through the modulation of intestinal microbiota homeostasis, the suppression of intestinal inflammatory response, and the elevation of immune and antioxidant capacity, and subsequently promoted the growth of white shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Shen
- Department of Fisheries Science, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lixin Bao
- Department of Fisheries Science, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Muxin Liu
- Department of Fisheries Science, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wen Lei
- Department of Fisheries Science, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Fisheries Science, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiali Ding
- Department of Fisheries Science, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Peng Fang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Baoqing Hu
- Department of Fisheries Science, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chungen Wen
- Department of Fisheries Science, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Mo Peng
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China,*Correspondence: Gang Yang, ; Mo Peng,
| | - Gang Yang
- Department of Fisheries Science, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China,*Correspondence: Gang Yang, ; Mo Peng,
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de Assis LJ, Bain JM, Liddle C, Leaves I, Hacker C, Peres da Silva R, Yuecel R, Bebes A, Stead D, Childers DS, Pradhan A, Mackenzie K, Lagree K, Larcombe DE, Ma Q, Avelar GM, Netea MG, Erwig LP, Mitchell AP, Brown GD, Gow NAR, Brown AJP. Nature of β-1,3-Glucan-Exposing Features on Candida albicans Cell Wall and Their Modulation. mBio 2022; 13:e0260522. [PMID: 36218369 PMCID: PMC9765427 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02605-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans exists as a commensal of mucosal surfaces and the gastrointestinal tract without causing pathology. However, this fungus is also a common cause of mucosal and systemic infections when antifungal immune defenses become compromised. The activation of antifungal host defenses depends on the recognition of fungal pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as β-1,3-glucan. In C. albicans, most β-1,3-glucan is present in the inner cell wall, concealed by the outer mannan layer, but some β-1,3-glucan becomes exposed at the cell surface. In response to host signals, such as lactate, C. albicans induces the Xog1 exoglucanase, which shaves exposed β-1,3-glucan from the cell surface, thereby reducing phagocytic recognition. We show here that β-1,3-glucan is exposed at bud scars and punctate foci on the lateral wall of yeast cells, that this exposed β-1,3-glucan is targeted during phagocytic attack, and that lactate-induced masking reduces β-1,3-glucan exposure at bud scars and at punctate foci. β-1,3-Glucan masking depends upon protein kinase A (PKA) signaling. We reveal that inactivating PKA, or its conserved downstream effectors, Sin3 and Mig1/Mig2, affects the amounts of the Xog1 and Eng1 glucanases in the C. albicans secretome and modulates β-1,3-glucan exposure. Furthermore, perturbing PKA, Sin3, or Mig1/Mig2 attenuates the virulence of lactate-exposed C. albicans cells in Galleria. Taken together, the data are consistent with the idea that β-1,3-glucan masking contributes to Candida pathogenicity. IMPORTANCE Microbes that coexist with humans have evolved ways of avoiding or evading our immunological defenses. These include the masking by these microbes of their "pathogen-associated molecular patterns" (PAMPs), which are recognized as "foreign" and used to activate protective immunity. The commensal fungus Candida albicans masks the proinflammatory PAMP β-1,3-glucan, which is an essential component of its cell wall. Most of this β-1,3-glucan is hidden beneath an outer layer of the cell wall on these microbes, but some can become exposed at the fungal cell surface. Using high-resolution confocal microscopy, we examine the nature of the exposed β-1,3-glucan at C. albicans bud scars and at punctate foci on the lateral cell wall, and we show that these features are targeted by innate immune cells. We also reveal that downstream effectors of protein kinase A (Mig1/Mig2, Sin3) regulate the secretion of major glucanases, modulate the levels of β-1,3-glucan exposure, and influence the virulence of C. albicans in an invertebrate model of systemic infection. Our data support the view that β-1,3-glucan masking contributes to immune evasion and the virulence of a major fungal pathogen of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro José de Assis
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Judith M. Bain
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Corin Liddle
- Bioimaging Unit, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Leaves
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roberta Peres da Silva
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Raif Yuecel
- Exeter Centre for Cytomics, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Attila Bebes
- Exeter Centre for Cytomics, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - David Stead
- Aberdeen Proteomics Facility, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Delma S. Childers
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Arnab Pradhan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Mackenzie
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Lagree
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel E. Larcombe
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Qinxi Ma
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela Mol Avelar
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department for Immunology & Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars P. Erwig
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Johnson-Johnson Innovation, EMEA Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron P. Mitchell
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A. R. Gow
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J. P. Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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9
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Guo W, Han D, Zhang F, Zhan Q, Liu Y, Peng Q, Huang S, Xue Z, Yang X. Effects of dietary β-1,3-glucan addition on the growth performance, mRNA expression in jejunal barrier, and cecal microflora of broilers challenged with Clostridium perfringens. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102349. [PMID: 36470029 PMCID: PMC9719862 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment aimed to explore the interaction of β-1,3-glucan and Clostridium perfringens on the growth performance, intestinal health and cecal microflora of broilers. A total of 384 one-day-old Arbor Acre broilers were sorted into 4 treatments with 6 replications. There were 2 factors in this trial: dietary β-1,3-glucan addition including 0 and 250 mg/kg, intestinal enteritis challenged with Clostridium perfringens attack or not. Results showed that Clostridium perfringens infection disrupted the integrity of the intestinal mucosa by reducing the jejunal Occludin and Claudin-1 mRNA expression of broiler chickens at 21 d of age (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, when considering Clostridium perfringens as the main effect, it also decreased the mRNA expression of the glucose transporter recombinant sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) at d 21 and the fatty acid transporter liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) at d 42 (P < 0.05) as well as affect cecum microbial diversity, especially in relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. In addition, Clostridium perfringens infection reduced body weight, daily weight gain, and feed-gain ratio (FCR) in broilers at d 42 (P < 0.05). The dietary β-1,3-glucan could alleviate intestinal mucosal damage caused by the Clostridium perfringens to some extent. When considering β-1,3-glucan as the main effect, it increased the SGLT1 at 42 d of age (P < 0.05), and stabilized gut microbiota disorder caused by Clostridium perfringens. More over dietary β-1,3-glucan addition increased body weight at 42-day-old (P < 0.05), and improved daily weight gain and FCR during 1 to 42 d (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary β-1,3-glucan could improve growth performance and intestinal health in broilers infected with Clostridium perfringens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Di Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qinyi Zhan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qingyun Peng
- Kemin (China) Technologies Co., Ltd. Zhuhai, 519040, China
| | - Shengshu Huang
- Kemin (China) Technologies Co., Ltd. Zhuhai, 519040, China
| | - Zhen Xue
- Kemin (China) Technologies Co., Ltd. Zhuhai, 519040, China
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China,Corresponding author:
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10
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Feuzing F, Mbakidi JP, Marchal L, Bouquillon S, Leroy E. A review of paramylon processing routes from microalga biomass to non-derivatized and chemically modified products. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 288:119181. [PMID: 35450615 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Paramylon is a linear β-1,3-glucan, similar to curdlan, produced as intracellular granules by the microalga Euglena gracilis, a highly versatile and robust strain, able to grow under various trophic conditions, with valorization of CO2, wastewaters, or food byproducts as nutrients. This review focuses in particular on the various processing routes leading to new potential paramylon based products. Due to its crystalline structure, involving triple helices stabilized by internal intermolecular hydrogen bonds, paramylon is neither water-soluble nor thermoplastic. The few solvents able to disrupt the triple helices, and to fully solubilize the polymer as random coils, allow non derivatizing shaping into films, fibers, and even nanofibers by a specific self-assembly mechanism. Chemical modification in homogeneous or heterogeneous conditions is also possible. The non-selective or regioselective substitution of the hydroxyl groups of glucosidic units leads to water-soluble ionic derivatives and thermoplastic paramylon esters with foreseen applications ranging from health to bioplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérica Feuzing
- Université de Nantes, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F- 44470 Carquefou, France; Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Jean Pierre Mbakidi
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Luc Marchal
- Université de Nantes, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F- 44470 Carquefou, France
| | - Sandrine Bouquillon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Eric Leroy
- Université de Nantes, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F- 44470 Carquefou, France.
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11
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Perrine-Walker F. Caspofungin resistance in Candida albicans: genetic factors and synergistic compounds for combination therapies. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1101-1113. [PMID: 35352319 PMCID: PMC9433586 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00739-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspofungin and other echinocandins have been used for the treatment of human infections by the opportunistic yeast pathogen, Candida albicans. There has been an increase in infections by non-albicans Candida species such as Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, and Candida auris in clinical or hospital settings. This is problematic to public health due to the increasing prevalence of echinocandin resistant species/strains. This review will present a summary on various studies that investigated the inhibitory action of caspofungin on 1,3-β-D-glucan synthesis, on cell wall structure, and biofilm formation of C. albicans. It will highlight some of the issues linked to caspofungin resistance or reduced caspofungin sensitivity in various Candida species and the potential benefits of antimicrobial peptides and other compounds in synergy with caspofungin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Perrine-Walker
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute For Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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12
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Klimek K, Tarczynska M, Truszkiewicz W, Gaweda K, Douglas TEL, Ginalska G. Freeze-Dried Curdlan/Whey Protein Isolate-Based Biomaterial as Promising Scaffold for Matrix-Associated Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation-A Pilot In-Vitro Study. Cells 2022; 11:282. [PMID: 35053397 PMCID: PMC8773726 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this pilot study was to establish whether a novel freeze-dried curdlan/whey protein isolate-based biomaterial may be taken into consideration as a potential scaffold for matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation. For this reason, this biomaterial was initially characterized by the visualization of its micro- and macrostructures as well as evaluation of its mechanical stability, and its ability to undergo enzymatic degradation in vitro. Subsequently, the cytocompatibility of the biomaterial towards human chondrocytes (isolated from an orthopaedic patient) was assessed. It was demonstrated that the novel freeze-dried curdlan/whey protein isolate-based biomaterial possessed a porous structure and a Young's modulus close to those of the superficial and middle zones of cartilage. It also exhibited controllable degradability in collagenase II solution over nine weeks. Most importantly, this biomaterial supported the viability and proliferation of human chondrocytes, which maintained their characteristic phenotype. Moreover, quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis and confocal microscope observations revealed that the biomaterial may protect chondrocytes from dedifferentiation towards fibroblast-like cells during 12-day culture. Thus, in conclusion, this pilot study demonstrated that novel freeze-dried curdlan/whey protein isolate-based biomaterial may be considered as a potential scaffold for matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Klimek
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1 Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.T.); (G.G.)
| | - Marta Tarczynska
- Department and Clinic of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8 Street, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.T.); (K.G.)
| | - Wieslaw Truszkiewicz
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1 Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.T.); (G.G.)
| | - Krzysztof Gaweda
- Department and Clinic of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8 Street, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.T.); (K.G.)
| | - Timothy E. L. Douglas
- Engineering Department, Lancaster University, Gillow Avenue, Lancaster LA 1 4YW, UK;
- Materials Science Institute (MSI), Lancaster University, Lancaster LA 1 4YW, UK
| | - Grazyna Ginalska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1 Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.T.); (G.G.)
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13
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Ma J, Qin Z, Zhou P, Wang R, Yan Q, Jiang Z, Yang S. Structural insights into the substrate recognition and catalytic mechanism of a fungal glycoside hydrolase family 81 β-1,3-glucanase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 153:109948. [PMID: 34801773 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
β-1,3-Glucan constitutes a prominent cell wall component being responsible for rigidity and strength of the cell wall structure in filamentous fungi. Glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 81 endo-β-1,3-glucanases which can cleave the long chain of β-1,3-glucans play a major role in fungal cell wall remodeling. Here, we reported the complex structures of a fungal GH family 81 endo-β-1,3-glucanase from Rhizomucor miehei (RmLam81A), revealing the triple-helical β-glucan recognition and hydrolysis patterns. In the crystals, three structured oligosaccharide ligands simultaneously interact with one enzyme molecular via seven glucose residues, and the spatial arrangement of ligands to RmLam81A was almost identical to that of β-1,3-glucan triple-helical structure. RmLam81A performed an inverting catalysis mechanism with Asp475 and Glu557 severing as the general acid and base catalyst, respectively. Furthermore, two hydrophobic patches involving Tyr93, Tyr106, Ile108, Phe619 and Tyr628 alongside the ligand-binding site possibly formed parts of the binding site. A ligand-binding motif, β31-β32, consisting of two key residues (Lys622 and Asp624), involved the recognition of a triple-helical β-glucan. Our results provided a structural basis for the unique β-1,3-glucan recognition pattern and catalytic mechanism of fungal GH family 81 endo-β-1,3-glucanases, which may be helpful in further understanding the diverse physiological functions of β-1,3-glucanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- School of Life Science Shanghai University, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Qiaojuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Shaoqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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14
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Wojcik M, Kazimierczak P, Vivcharenko V, Koziol M, Przekora A. Effect of Vitamin C/Hydrocortisone Immobilization within Curdlan-Based Wound Dressings on In Vitro Cellular Response in Context of the Management of Chronic and Burn Wounds. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111474. [PMID: 34768905 PMCID: PMC8583867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive dressings are usually produced using natural or synthetic polymers. Recently, special attention has been paid to β-glucans that act as immunomodulators and have pro-healing properties. The aim of this research was to use β-1,3-glucan (curdlan) as a base for the production of bioactive dressing materials (curdlan/agarose and curdlan/chitosan) that were additionally enriched with vitamin C and/or hydrocortisone to improve healing of chronic and burn wounds. The secondary goal of the study was to compressively evaluate biological properties of the biomaterials. In this work, it was shown that vitamin C/hydrocortisone-enriched biomaterials exhibited faster vitamin C release profile than hydrocortisone. Consecutive release of the drugs is a desired phenomenon since it protects wounds against accumulation of high and toxic concentrations of the bioactive molecules. Moreover, biomaterials showed gradual release of low doses of the hydrocortisone, which is beneficial during management of burn wounds with hypergranulation tissue. Among all tested variants of biomaterials, dressing materials enriched with hydrocortisone and a mixture of vitamin C/hydrocortisone showed the best therapeutic potential since they had the ability to significantly reduce MMP-2 synthesis by macrophages and increase TGF-β1 release by skin cells. Moreover, materials containing hydrocortisone and its blend with vitamin C stimulated type I collagen deposition by fibroblasts and positively affected their migration and proliferation. Results of the experiments clearly showed that the developed biomaterials enriched with bioactive agents may be promising dressings for the management of non-healing chronic and burn wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Wojcik
- Independent Unit of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1 Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.W.); (P.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Paulina Kazimierczak
- Independent Unit of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1 Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.W.); (P.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Vladyslav Vivcharenko
- Independent Unit of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1 Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.W.); (P.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Malgorzata Koziol
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1 Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Agata Przekora
- Independent Unit of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1 Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.W.); (P.K.); (V.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-448-70-26
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15
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García R, Itto-Nakama K, Rodríguez-Peña JM, Chen X, Sanz AB, de Lorenzo A, Pavón-Vergés M, Kubo K, Ohnuki S, Nombela C, Popolo L, Ohya Y, Arroyo J. Poacic acid, a β-1,3-glucan-binding antifungal agent, inhibits cell-wall remodeling and activates transcriptional responses regulated by the cell-wall integrity and high-osmolarity glycerol pathways in yeast. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21778. [PMID: 34383971 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100278r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the relatively few available antifungals and the increasing frequency of resistance to them, the development of novel antifungals is increasingly important. The plant natural product poacic acid (PA) inhibits β-1,3-glucan synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and has antifungal activity against a wide range of plant pathogens. However, the mode of action of PA is unclear. Here, we reveal that PA specifically binds to β-1,3-glucan, its affinity for which is ~30-fold that for chitin. Besides its effect on β-1,3-glucan synthase activity, PA inhibited the yeast glucan-elongating activity of Gas1 and Gas2 and the chitin-glucan transglycosylase activity of Crh1. Regarding the cellular response to PA, transcriptional co-regulation was mediated by parallel activation of the cell-wall integrity (CWI) and high-osmolarity glycerol signaling pathways. Despite targeting β-1,3-glucan remodeling, the transcriptional profiles and regulatory circuits activated by caspofungin, zymolyase, and PA differed, indicating that their effects on CWI have different mechanisms. The effects of PA on the growth of yeast strains indicated that it has a mode of action distinct from that of echinocandins, suggesting it is a unique antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl García
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kaori Itto-Nakama
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - José Manuel Rodríguez-Peña
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Ana Belén Sanz
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba de Lorenzo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Pavón-Vergés
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karen Kubo
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ohnuki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - César Nombela
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Popolo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Yoshikazu Ohya
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology (CRIIM), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Javier Arroyo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Yamanaka D, Kurita S, Hanayama Y, Adachi Y. Split Enzyme-Based Biosensors for Structural Characterization of Soluble and Insoluble β-Glucans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1576. [PMID: 33557290 PMCID: PMC7915705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Glucan is widely distributed in various plants and microorganisms and is composed of β-1,3-linked d-glucose units. It may have a branched short or long side chain of glucose units with β-1,6- or β-1,4-linkage. Numerous studies have investigated different β-glucans and revealed their bioactivities. To understand the structure-function relationship of β-glucan, we constructed a split-luciferase complementation assay for the structural analysis of long-chain β-1,6-branched β-1,3-glucan. The N- and C-terminal fragments of luciferase from deep-sea shrimp were fused to insect-derived β-1,3-glucan recognition protein and fungal endo-β-1,6-glucanase (Neg1)-derived β-1,6-glucan recognition protein, respectively. In this approach, two β-glucan recognition proteins bound to β-glucan molecules come into close proximity, resulting in the assembly of the full-length reporter enzyme and induction of transient luciferase activity, indicative of the structure of β-glucan. To test the applicability of this assay, β-glucan and two β-glucan recognition proteins were mixed, resulting in an increase in the luminescence intensity in a β-1,3-glucan with a long polymer of β-1,6-glucan in a dose-dependent manner. This simple test also allows the monitoring of real-time changes in the side chain structure and serves as a convenient method to distinguish between β-1,3-glucan and long-chain β-1,6-branched β-1,3-glucan in various soluble and insoluble β-glucans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yoshiyuki Adachi
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (D.Y.); (S.K.); (Y.H.)
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17
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Yasuda K, Nakashima A, Murata A, Suzuki K, Adachi T. Euglena Gracilis and β-Glucan Paramylon Induce Ca 2+ Signaling in Intestinal Tract Epithelial, Immune, and Neural Cells. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2293. [PMID: 32751743 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal tract contains over half of all immune cells and peripheral nerves and manages the beneficial interactions between food compounds and the host. Paramylon is a β-1,3-glucan storage polysaccharide from Euglena gracilis (Euglena) that exerts immunostimulatory activities by affecting cytokine production. This study investigated the signaling mechanisms that regulate the beneficial interactions between food compounds and the intestinal tract using cell type-specific calcium (Ca2+) imaging in vivo and in vitro. We successfully visualized Euglena- and paramylon-mediated Ca2+ signaling in vivo in intestinal epithelial cells from mice ubiquitously expressing the Yellow Cameleon 3.60 (YC3.60) Ca2+ biosensor. Moreover, in vivo Ca2+ imaging demonstrated that the intraperitoneal injection of both Euglena and paramylon stimulated dendritic cells (DCs) in Peyer’s patches, indicating that paramylon is an active component of Euglena that affects the immune system. In addition, in vitro Ca2+ imaging in dorsal root ganglia indicated that Euglena, but not paramylon, triggers Ca2+ signaling in the sensory nervous system innervating the intestine. Thus, this study is the first to successfully visualize the direct effect of β-1,3-glucan on DCs in vivo and will help elucidate the mechanisms via which Euglena and paramylon exert various effects in the intestinal tract.
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18
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Zhang S, Ou J, Luo Z, Kim IH. Effect of dietary β-1,3-glucan supplementation and heat stress on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, meat quality, organ weight, ileum microbiota, and immunity in broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4969-4977. [PMID: 32988533 PMCID: PMC7598134 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary β-1,3-glucan supplementation and heat stress (HS) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, meat quality, organ weight, ileum microbiota, and immunity in broiler. A total of 1,440 1-day-old Ross 308 male chicks with an average initial BW of 43.06 ± 1.94 g were sorted into 6 (2 × 3) treatments, 14 replications per treatment. This trail included 2 factors: the dosage of β-1,3-glucan (0, 100 g/T, and 200 g/T) and feeding condition (HS and normal). During the whole trial, significant impacts were observed in BW gain, feed intake,feed conversion rate, and the digestibility of DM and energy between normal treatments and HS treatments (P < 0.05). From day 21 to 35, HS-challenged birds fed the diet with 200 g/T β-1,3-glucan had a lower feed conversion rate than those fed the diet with 0 or 100 g/T β-1,3-glucan (P < 0.05). Moreover, the HS-exposed birds that fed the diet with β-1,3-glucan indicated a greater energy digestibility than those fed the nontreatment diet (P < 0.05). Besides, β-1,3-glucan supplementation could elevate meat pH of all birds and decrease cooking loss significantly of HS-exposed birds (P < 0.05). The HS birds fed the β-1,3-glucan diet obtained a reduced amount of Escherichia coli in the ileum than those fed the nontreatment diet (P < 0.05). Besides, β-1,3-glucan supplementation lowered the level of tumor necrosis factor-α in HS-exposed birds significantly (P < 0.05). These results indicated 100 and 200 g/T β-1,3-glucan supplementation, under HS condition or not, can increase growth performance without a negative response on immunity. Under HS condition, the addition of β-1,3-glucan at dosage from 100 to 200 g/T in the diet can increase energy digestibility, decrease cooking loss, reduce E. coli mount in the ileum, and the tumor necrosis factor-α concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, South Korea; Department of Animal Intestinal Health, Kemin Industries (China)Co., Zhuhai 519040, P. R. China
| | - Jiwen Ou
- Department of Animal Intestinal Health, Kemin Industries (China)Co., Zhuhai 519040, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Luo
- Department of Animal Intestinal Health, Kemin Industries (China)Co., Zhuhai 519040, P. R. China
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, South Korea.
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Wang L, Xia WH, Wang JH, Fan RF, Niu XD, Wang YM, Li QL, Wang ZY, Wang ZH. Effects of beta-1,3-glucan supplementation on concentrations of serum metabolites in transition Holstein cows. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:250-6. [PMID: 32659488 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives of this study were to evaluate the alleviating effects of a commercial beta-1,3-glucan product (Aleta, containing 50% beta-1,3-glucan, Kemin Industries) on metabolic stress in transition Holstein cows as reflected by circulating metabolites and enzymes. Fifty-four multiparous Holstein cows were randomly allocated to three groups with 18 cows each. Cows in each group received a commercial basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with Aleta calculated to supply 5 or 10 g of Aleta per cow per day. Blood samples were collected at day -21, 1, and 21 relative to calving for determination of serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), glucose, insulin, β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA). Supplementation with Aleta markedly elevated serum concentrations of TG, TC, HDLC, LDL-C and VLDL, implying its positive effect on lipid metabolism in transition dairy cows. Aleta treatment significantly decreased the serum concentrations of NEFA and BHBA, but markedly elevated the serum concentrations of glucose and insulin. Also, Aleta treatment significantly elevated the dry matter intake and milk production in postpartum cows, indicating the alleviating effect of Aleta on negative energy balance in transition cows. Moreover, Aleta treatment significantly reduced the serum activities of AST, ALT and GGT, indicating its hepatoprotective effect on transition cows. These results suggest that Aleta supplementation may help to improve fat metabolism disorder initiated by negative energy balance in transition dairy cows.
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Škodová-Sveráková I, Prokopchuk G, Peña-Diaz P, Záhonová K, Moos M, Horváth A, Šimek P, Lukeš J. Unique Dynamics of Paramylon Storage in the Marine Euglenozoan Diplonema papillatum. Protist 2020; 171:125717. [PMID: 32087573 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2020.125717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Diplonemids belong to the most diverse and abundant marine protists, which places them among the key players of the oceanic ecosystem. Under in vitro conditions, their best-known representative Diplonema papillatum accumulates in its cytoplasm a crystalline polymer. When grown under the nutrient-poor conditions, but not nutrient-rich conditions, D. papillatum synthesizes a β-1,3-glucan polymer, also known as paramylon. This phenomenon is unexpected, as it is in striking contrast to the accumulation of paramylon in euglenids, since these related flagellates synthesize this polymer solely under nutrient-rich conditions. The capacity of D. papillatum to store an energy source in the form of polysaccharides when the environment is poor in nutrients is unexpected and may contribute to the wide distribution of these protists in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Škodová-Sveráková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Galina Prokopchuk
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Priscila Peña-Diaz
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Kristína Záhonová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Moos
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Anton Horváth
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petr Šimek
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.
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Wu B, Wang Q, Cao J, Mei J, Xie J. Effects of Ascorbic Acid and β-1,3-Glucan on Survival, Physiological Response and Flesh Quality of Cultured Tiger Grouper ( Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) during Simulated Transport in Water. Biology (Basel) 2020; 9:biology9020037. [PMID: 32098052 PMCID: PMC7167869 DOI: 10.3390/biology9020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transport in water is the most common method for achieving high survival rates when transporting cultured fish in China; yet, transport success relies on proper water quality and conditions. This research was designed to explore the effects of ascorbic acid and β-1,3-glucan on survival, physiological responses, and flesh quality of farmed tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) during simulated transport. The transport water temperature for live tiger grouper was 15 °C, which had the highest survival rate, the lowest stress response, and metabolic rate, and this will reduce the susceptibility to diseases. It is stated that β-1,3-glucan influences the changes of cortisol content, heat shock protein 70, IL-1β, and IgM transcription levels during simulated transport. Rather than using ascorbic acid alone (the A-group), β-1,3-glucan (3.2 mg/L) in the presence of ascorbic acid (25 mg/L) can effectively reduce the increase of transport-induced serum cortisol content, heat shock protein 70, and IL-1β, but stimulated IgM. 25 mg/L ascorbic acid and 3.2 mg/L β-1,3-glucan had no obvious effect on the nutritional indexes and flavor of live tiger grouper; however, these can effectively reduce the stress response, improve the innate immune activity, and ensure a higher survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (B.W.); (Q.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (B.W.); (Q.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Jie Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (B.W.); (Q.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Jun Mei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (B.W.); (Q.W.); (J.C.)
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.X.); Tel.: +86-21-61908113 (J.M.); +86-21-61900351 (J.X.)
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (B.W.); (Q.W.); (J.C.)
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.X.); Tel.: +86-21-61908113 (J.M.); +86-21-61900351 (J.X.)
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Kang L, Zhou J, Wang R, Zhang X, Liu C, Liu Z, Yuan S. Glucanase-Induced Stipe Wall Extension Shows Distinct Differences from Chitinase-Induced Stipe Wall Extension of Coprinopsis cinerea. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e01345-19. [PMID: 31444203 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01345-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports that a high concentration of the endo-β-1,3-glucanase ENG (200 μg ml-1) induced heat-inactivated stipe wall extension of Coprinopsis cinerea, whereas a high concentration of the extracellular β-glucosidase BGL2 (1,000 μg ml-1) did not; however, in combination, low concentrations of ENG (25 μg ml-1) and BGL2 (260 μg ml-1) induced heat-inactivated stipe cell wall extension. In contrast to the previously reported chitinase-reconstituted stipe wall extension, β-1,3-glucanase-reconstituted heat-inactivated stipe cell wall extension initially exhibited a fast extension rate that quickly decreased to zero after approximately 60 min; the stipe cell wall extension induced by a high concentration of β-1,3-glucanase did not result in stipe breakage during measurement, and the inner surfaces of glucanase-reconstituted extended cell walls still remained as amorphous matrices that did not appear to have been damaged. These distinctive features of the β-1,3-glucanase-reconstituted wall extension may be because chitin chains are cross-linked not only to the nonreducing termini of the side chains and the backbones of β-1,6 branched β-1,3-glucans but also to other polysaccharides. Remarkably, a low concentration of either the β-1,3-glucanase ENG or of chitinase ChiE1 did not induce heat-inactivated stipe wall extension, but a combination of these two enzymes, each at a low concentration, showed stipe cell wall extension activity that exhibited a steady and continuous wall extension profile. Therefore, we concluded that the stipe cell wall extension is the result of the synergistic actions of glucanases and chitinases.IMPORTANCE We previously reported that the chitinase could induce stipe wall extension and was involved in stipe elongation growth of the mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea In this study, we explored that β-1,3-glucanase also induced stipe cell wall extension. Interestingly, the extension profile and extended ultra-architecture of β-1,3-glucanase-reconstituted stipe wall were different from those of chitinase-reconstituted stipe wall. However, β-1,3-glucanase cooperated with chitinase to induce stipe cell wall extension. The significance of this synergy between glucanases and chitinases is that it enables a low concentration of active enzymes to induce wall extension, and the involvement of β-1,3-glucanases is necessary for the cell wall remodeling and the addition of new β-glucans during stipe elongation growth.
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Kuhaudomlarp S, Pergolizzi G, Patron NJ, Henrissat B, Field RA. Unraveling the subtleties of β-(1→3)-glucan phosphorylase specificity in the GH94, GH149, and GH161 glycoside hydrolase families. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6483-6493. [PMID: 30819804 PMCID: PMC6484121 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoside phosphorylases (GPs) catalyze the phosphorolysis of glycans into the corresponding sugar 1-phosphates and shortened glycan chains. Given the diversity of natural β-(1→3)-glucans and their wide range of biotechnological applications, the identification of enzymatic tools that can act on β-(1→3)-glucooligosaccharides is an attractive area of research. GP activities acting on β-(1→3)-glucooligosaccharides have been described in bacteria, the photosynthetic excavate Euglena gracilis, and the heterokont Ochromonas spp. Previously, we characterized β-(1→3)-glucan GPs from bacteria and E. gracilis, leading to their classification in glycoside hydrolase family GH149. Here, we characterized GPs from Gram-positive bacteria and heterokont algae acting on β-(1→3)-glucooligosaccharides. We identified a phosphorylase sequence from Ochromonas spp. (OcP1) together with its orthologs from other species, leading us to propose the establishment of a new GH family, designated GH161. To establish the activity of GH161 members, we recombinantly expressed a bacterial GH161 gene sequence (PapP) from the Gram-positive bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa ATCC 842 in Escherichia coli. We found that PapP acts on β-(1→3)-glucooligosaccharide acceptors with a degree of polymerization (DP) ≥ 2. This activity was distinct from that of characterized GH149 β-(1→3)-glucan phosphorylases, which operate on acceptors with DP ≥ 1. We also found that bacterial GH161 genes co-localize with genes encoding β-glucosidases and ATP-binding cassette transporters, highlighting a probable involvement of GH161 enzymes in carbohydrate degradation. Importantly, in some species, GH161 and GH94 genes were present in tandem, providing evidence that GPs from different CAZy families may work sequentially to degrade oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakonwan Kuhaudomlarp
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Pergolizzi
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Patron
- the Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UZ, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille University, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France.,CNRS, UMR 7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France, and.,the Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert A Field
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom,
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Li D, Bai C, Zhang Q, Li Z, Shao D, Li X. β-1,3-Glucan/CR3/SYK pathway-dependent LC3B-II accumulation enhanced the fungicidal activity in human neutrophils. J Microbiol 2019; 57:263-270. [PMID: 30721460 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-019-8298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since molecular genotyping has been established for the Candida species, studies have found that a single Candida strain (endemic strain) can persist over a long period of time and results in the spread of nosocomial invasive candidiasis without general characteristics of horizontal transmissions. Our previous study also found the existence of endemic strains in a cancer center in Tianjin, China. In the current study, we performed further investigation on endemic and non-endemic Candida albicans strains, with the aim of explaining the higher morbidity of endemic strains. In an in vivo experiment, mice infected with endemic strains showed significantly shorter survival time and higher kidney fungal burdens compared to mice infected with non-endemic strains. In an in vitro experiment, the killing percentage of neutrophils to endemic strains was significantly lower than that to non-endemic strains, which is positively linked to the ratio of LC3B-II/I in neutrophils. An immunofluorescence assay showed more β-1,3-glucan exposure on the cell walls of non-endemic strains compared to endemic strains. After blocking the β-glucan receptor (CR3) or inhibiting downstream kinase (SYK) in neutrophils, the killing percent to C. albicans (regardless of endemic and non-endemic strains) and the ratio of LC3B-II/I of neutrophils were significantly decreased. These data suggested that the killing capability of neutrophils to C. albicans was monitored by β-1,3-glucan via CR3/SYK pathway-dependent LC3B-II accumulation and provided an explanation for the variable killing capability of neutrophils to different strains of C. albicans, which would be beneficial in improving infection control and therapeutic strategies for invasive candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, P. R. China.
| | - Changsen Bai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, P. R. China
| | - Di Shao
- Denali Medpharma Co., Ltd, Chongqing, 400000, P. R. China.
| | - Xichuan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China.
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Sun A, Hasan MT, Hobba G, Nevalainen H, Te'o J. Comparative assessment of the Euglena gracilis var. saccharophila variant strain as a producer of the β-1,3-glucan paramylon under varying light conditions. J Phycol 2018; 54:529-538. [PMID: 29889303 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Euglena gracilis Z and a "sugar loving" variant strain E. gracilis var. saccharophila were investigated as producers of paramylon, a β-1,3-glucan polysaccharide with potential medicinal and industrial applications. The strains were grown under diurnal or dark growth conditions on a glucose-yeast extract medium supporting high-level paramylon production. Both strains produced the highest paramylon yields (7.4-8 g · L-1 , respectively) while grown in the dark, but the maximum yield was achieved faster by E. gracilis var. saccharophila (48 h vs. 72 h). The glucose-to-paramylon yield coefficient Ypar/glu = 0.46 ± 0.03 in the E. gracilis var. saccharophila cultivation, obtained in this study, is the highest reported to date. Proteomic analysis of the metabolic pathways provided molecular clues for the strain behavior observed during cultivation. For example, overexpression of enzymes in the gluconeogenesis/glycolysis pathways including fructokinase-1 and chloroplastic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP) may have contributed to the faster rate of paramylon accumulation in E. gracilis var. saccharophila. Differentially expressed proteins in the early steps of chloroplastogenesis pathway including plastid uroporphyrinogen decarboxylases, photoreceptors, and a highly abundant (68-fold increase) plastid transketolase may have provided the E. gracilis var. saccharophila strain an advantage in paramylon production during diurnal cultivations. In conclusion, the variant strain E. gracilis var. saccharophila seems to be well suited for producing large amounts of paramylon. This work has also resulted in the identification of molecular targets for future improvement of paramylon production in E. gracilis, including the FBP and phosophofructokinase 1, the latter being a key regulator of glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Sun
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mafruha Tasnin Hasan
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Graham Hobba
- Agritechnology Pty Ltd, Borenore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helena Nevalainen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Junior Te'o
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Shao J, Cui Y, Zhang M, Wang T, Wu D, Wang C. Synergistic in vitro activity of sodium houttuyfonate with fluconazole against clinical Candida albicans strains under planktonic growing conditions. Pharm Biol 2017; 55:355-359. [PMID: 27931143 PMCID: PMC6130526 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1237977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fluconazole resistance is an intractable problem of treating Candida albicans, calling for more antifungal agents to enhance the activity of fluconazole. OBJECTIVE This work investigates the anti-C. albicans activities of sodium houttuyfonate (SH) and/or fluconazole and the associated mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of SH and fluconazole both ranging from 0.5 to 1024 μg/mL were determined by broth microdilution method in 19 C. albicans isolates, and their fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was evaluated by checkerboard assay. After MICSH and/or MICfluconazole treatments, the expressions of IFD6, PHR1, ZAP1, ADH5, BGL2, XOG1 and FKS1 were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in C. albicans 1601. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The MICs of SH alone ranged from 32 to 256 μg/mL and decreased 2-16-fold in combination. SH showed strong synergism with fluconazole with FICI <0.13-0.5. In C. albicans 1601, we observed that (i) the expression of the seven genes increased notably in a range between 3.71- and 12.63-fold (p < 0.05) when SH was used alone, (ii) the combined use of SH and fluconazole slightly inhibited the expression of IFD6 and PHR1 by 1.23- and 1.35-fold (p > 0.05), but promoted evidently the expression of ZAP1, ADH5, XOG1 and FKS1 by 1.98-, 3.56-, 4.10- and 2.86-fold (p < 0.05). The results suggested SH to be a potential synergist to enhance the antifungal activity of fluconazole in C. albicans resistant isolates, and the underlying mechanism may be associated with β-1,3-glucan synthesis and transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shao
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - YanYan Cui
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - MengXiang Zhang
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - TianMing Wang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - DaQiang Wu
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - ChangZhong Wang
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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Jensen K, Lund KP, Christensen KB, Holm AT, Dubey LK, Moeller JB, Jepsen CS, Schlosser A, Galgóczy L, Thiel S, Holmskov U, Sorensen GL. M-ficolin is present in Aspergillus fumigatus infected lung and modulates epithelial cell immune responses elicited by fungal cell wall polysaccharides. Virulence 2017; 8:1870-1879. [PMID: 28060571 PMCID: PMC5810506 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1278337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Jensen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kit P. Lund
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kimmie B. Christensen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne T. Holm
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lalit Kumar Dubey
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jesper B. Moeller
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christine S. Jepsen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Schlosser
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - László Galgóczy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Steffen Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Uffe Holmskov
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Grith L. Sorensen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Tan Y, Leonhard M, Ma S, Moser D, Schneider-Stickler B. Dispersal of single and mixed non-albicans Candida species biofilms by β-1,3-glucanase in vitro. Microb Pathog 2017; 113:342-7. [PMID: 29101060 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
β-1,3-glucan plays a role in non-albicans Candida species biofilm formation and survival of biofilm Candida to stresses. In this study, we evaluated the antibiofilm activity of β-1,3-glucanase, which can degrade poly-β(1 → 3)-glucose of non-albicans Candida species biofilms, on single and mixed species biofilm of non-albicans Candida species, including Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis and Candida krusei. Biofilm by all tested species in microplate were dispersed more than 60%. β-1,3-glucanase also detached mixed species biofilm in microplate and on medical material surface. β-1,3-glucanase had no effect on Candida planktonic growth as well as adhesion. However, further biofilm formation was inhibited with β-1,3-glucanase added at 24 h after biofilm initiation. β-1,3-glucanase markedly enhanced the antifungal susceptibility of amphotericin B. The examination using confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscope confirmed the antibiofilm activity of β-1,3-glucanase. Our findings demonstrate that β-1,3-glucanase may be useful as an antibiofilm agent.
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Pluvinage B, Fillo A, Massel P, Boraston AB. Structural Analysis of a Family 81 Glycoside Hydrolase Implicates Its Recognition of β-1,3-Glucan Quaternary Structure. Structure 2017; 25:1348-1359.e3. [PMID: 28781080 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Family 81 glycoside hydrolases (GHs), which are known to cleave β-1,3-glucans, are found in archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes, and viruses. Here we examine the structural and functional features of the GH81 catalytic module, BhGH81, from the Bacillus halodurans protein BH0236 to probe the molecular basis of β-1,3-glucan recognition and cleavage. BhGH81 displayed activity on laminarin, curdlan, and pachyman, but not scleroglucan; the enzyme also cleaved β-1,3-glucooligosaccharides as small as β-1,3-glucotriose. The crystal structures of BhGH81 in complex with various β-1,3-glucooligosaccharides revealed distorted sugars in the -1 catalytic subsite and an arrangement consistent with an inverting catalytic mechanism having a proposed conformational itinerary of 2S0 → 2,5B‡ → 5S1. Notably, the architecture of the catalytic site, location of an adjacent ancillary β-1,3-glucan binding site, and the surface properties of the enzyme indicate the likely ability to recognize the double and/or triple-helical quaternary structures adopted by β-1,3-glucans.
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Abstract
Candida albicans frequently causes bloodstream infections; its budded-to-hyphalform transition (BHT) and biofilm formation are major contributors to virulence. During an analysis of antibacterial compounds that inhibit C. albicans BHT, we found that the tetracycline derivative minocycline inhibited BHT and subsequent biofilm formation. Minocycline decreased expression of hypha-specific genes HWP1 and ECE1, and adhesion factor gene ALS3 of C. albicans. In addition, minocycline decreased cell surface hydrophobicity and the extracellular β-glucan level in biofilms. Minocycline has been widely used for catheter antibiotic lock therapy to prevent bacterial infection; this compound may also be prophylactically effective against Candida infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Kurakado
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kazuhiko Takatori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Design, Meiji Pharmaceutical University
| | - Takashi Sugita
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University
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Oda M, Tanabe Y, Noda M, Inaba S, Krayukhina E, Fukada H, Uchiyama S. Structural and binding properties of laminarin revealed by analytical ultracentrifugation and calorimetric analyses. Carbohydr Res 2016; 431:33-8. [PMID: 27267066 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the β-1,3-glucans, laminarin, has been widely used as a substrate for enzymes including endo-1,3-β-glucanase. To obtain quantitative information about the molecular interaction between laminarin and endo-1,3-β-glucanase, the structural properties of laminarin should be determined. The results from pioneering work using analytical ultracentrifugation for carbohydrate analysis showed that laminarin from Laminaria digitata predominantly exists as a single-chain species with approximately 5% of triple-helical species. Differential scanning calorimetry experiments did not show a peak assignable to the transition from triple-helix to single-chain, supporting the notion that a large proportion of laminarin is the single-chain species. The interaction of laminarin with an inactive variant of endo-1,3-β-glucanase from Cellulosimicrobium cellulans, E119A, was quantitatively analyzed using isothermal titration calorimetry. The binding was enthalpically driven and the binding affinity was approximately 10(6) M(-1). The results from binding stoichiometric analysis indicated that on average, E119A binds to laminarin in a 2:1 ratio. This seems to be reasonable, because laminarin mainly exists as a monomer, the apparent molecular mass of laminarin is 3.6 kDa, and E119A would have substrate-binding subsites corresponding to 6 glucose units. The analytical ultracentrifugation experiments could detect different complex species of laminarin and endo-1,3-β-glucanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Oda
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5, Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Tanabe
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5, Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Masanori Noda
- U-Medico Inc., 1-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satomi Inaba
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5, Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | | | - Harumi Fukada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- U-Medico Inc., 1-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 1-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Niu X, Liu Z, Zhou Y, Wang J, Zhang W, Yuan S. Stipe cell wall architecture varies with the stipe elongation of the mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea. Fungal Biol 2015; 119:946-956. [PMID: 26399189 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A large amount of granular protrusions overlie the outer cell wall surfaces in both elongating and non-elongating stipe regions but overlie the inner cell wall surfaces only in non-elongating stipe regions. Removal of granular protrusions using alkali, amorphous materials overlying on both the inner and outer cell wall surfaces were explored in the non-elongating stipe regions. β-1,3-Glucanase treatment not only removed above those granular protrusions and underlying amorphous materials on the wall surfaces but also removed wall matrices embedding chitin microfibrils on the cell walls of most stipe regions, except for the outer cell wall surfaces of the non-elongating stipe regions where most of the wall matrices remained. The chitin microfibrils were closely and transversely arranged on both the inner and outer cell wall surfaces in the elongating apical stipe region, whereas they were loosely and transversely arranged on the inner cell wall surfaces and further became sparser and even randomly arranged on the outer cell wall surface in the non-elongating stipe regions. We propose that the surface deposition of granular protrusions and amorphous materials and the change of microfibril architecture and wall matrices may cause loss of wall plasticity and cessation of stipe elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yajun Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Kumaresan PR, Manuri PR, Albert ND, Maiti S, Singh H, Mi T, Roszik J, Rabinovich B, Olivares S, Krishnamurthy J, Zhang L, Najjar AM, Huls MH, Lee DA, Champlin RE, Kontoyiannis DP, Cooper LJ. Bioengineering T cells to target carbohydrate to treat opportunistic fungal infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:10660-5. [PMID: 25002471 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1312789111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical-grade T cells are genetically modified ex vivo to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) to redirect their specificity to target tumor-associated antigens in vivo. We now have developed this molecular strategy to render cytotoxic T cells specific for fungi. We adapted the pattern-recognition receptor Dectin-1 to activate T cells via chimeric CD28 and CD3-ζ (designated "D-CAR") upon binding with carbohydrate in the cell wall of Aspergillus germlings. T cells genetically modified with the Sleeping Beauty system to express D-CAR stably were propagated selectively on artificial activating and propagating cells using an approach similar to that approved by the Food and Drug Administration for manufacturing CD19-specific CAR(+) T cells for clinical trials. The D-CAR(+) T cells exhibited specificity for β-glucan which led to damage and inhibition of hyphal growth of Aspergillus in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of D-CAR(+) T cells with steroids did not compromise antifungal activity significantly. These data support the targeting of carbohydrate antigens by CAR(+) T cells and provide a clinically appealing strategy to enhance immunity for opportunistic fungal infections using T-cell gene therapy.
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Shibakami M, Tsubouchi G, Nakamura M, Hayashi M. Preparation of carboxylic acid-bearing polysaccharide nanofiber made from euglenoid β-1,3-glucans. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 98:95-101. [PMID: 23987321 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper introduces a new strategy for creating surface modified polysaccharide nanofibers. To demonstrate proof of principle, the synthesis, structure, and self-assembly behavior of a carboxylic acid-bearing polysaccharide made from paramylon (β-1,3-glucan) and succinic anhydride were investigated. Examination by a combination of NMR, FT-IR, and SEC-MALLS confirmed that successful preparation of the desired succinylated paramylon without significant depolymerization. NMR, SEC-MALLS, visible absorption and CD spectroscopic analyses indicated that the paramylon derivative forms the triplex structure in solutions. SEM observation revealed that succinylated paramylon forms a nanofiber that has carboxylic acid on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonari Shibakami
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6th, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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Abstract
In Aspergillus fumigatus like in other filamentous ascomycetes, β-1,3-glucan constitutes a prominent cell wall component being responsible for rigidity of the cell wall structure. In filamentous fungi, softening of the cell wall is absolutely required during conidial germination and hyphal branching. Because of the central structure of β-1,3-glucans, it is expected that β-1,3-glucanases play a major role in cell wall softening. Based on in silico and experimental data, this review gives an overview of β-1,3-glucan modifying enzymes in A. fumigatus genome and their putative role during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Mouyna
- Unité des Aspergillus, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Institut Pasteur Paris, France
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Dai H, Hiromasa Y, Takahashi D, VanderVelde D, Fabrick JA, Kanost MR, Krishnamoorthi R. An initial event in the insect innate immune response: structural and biological studies of interactions between β-1,3-glucan and the N-terminal domain of β-1,3-glucan recognition protein. Biochemistry 2013; 52:161-70. [PMID: 23237493 PMCID: PMC3542770 DOI: 10.1021/bi301440p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In response to invading microorganisms, insect β-1,3-glucan recognition protein (βGRP), a soluble receptor in the hemolymph, binds to the surfaces of bacteria and fungi and activates serine protease cascades that promote destruction of pathogens by means of melanization or expression of antimicrobial peptides. Here we report on the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) solution structure of the N-terminal domain of βGRP (N-βGRP) from Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella), which is sufficient to activate the prophenoloxidase (proPO) pathway resulting in melanin formation. NMR and isothermal calorimetric titrations of N-βGRP with laminarihexaose, a glucose hexamer containing β-1,3 links, suggest a weak binding of the ligand. However, addition of laminarin, a glucose polysaccharide (~6 kDa) containing β-1,3 and β-1,6 links that activates the proPO pathway, to N-βGRP results in the loss of NMR cross-peaks from the backbone (15)N-(1)H groups of the protein, suggesting the formation of a large complex. Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) studies of formation of the N-βGRP-laminarin complex show that ligand binding induces self-association of the protein-carbohydrate complex into a macro structure, likely containing six protein and three laminarin molecules (~102 kDa). The macro complex is quite stable, as it does not undergo dissociation upon dilution to submicromolar concentrations. The structural model thus derived from this study for the N-βGRP-laminarin complex in solution differs from the one in which a single N-βGRP molecule has been proposed to bind to a triple-helical form of laminarin on the basis of an X-ray crystallographic structure of the N-βGRP-laminarihexaose complex [Kanagawa, M., Satoh, T., Ikeda, A., Adachi, Y., Ohno, N., and Yamaguchi, Y. (2011) J. Biol. Chem. 286, 29158-29165]. AUC studies and phenoloxidase activation measurements conducted with the designed mutants of N-βGRP indicate that electrostatic interactions involving Asp45, Arg54, and Asp68 between the ligand-bound protein molecules contribute in part to the stability of the N-βGRP-laminarin macro complex and that a decreased stability is accompanied by a reduced level of activation of the proPO pathway. An increased level of β-1,6 branching in laminarin also results in destabilization of the macro complex. These novel findings suggest that ligand-induced self-association of the βGRP-β-1,3-glucan complex may form a platform on a microbial surface for recruitment of downstream proteases, as a means of amplification of the initial signal of pathogen recognition for the activation of the proPO pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaien Dai
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Yasuaki Hiromasa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | | | - Jeffrey A. Fabrick
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Michael R. Kanost
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
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Mishra NC, Tatum EL. Effect of L-sorbose on polysaccharide synthetases of Neurospora crassa (glycogen- -1,3-glucan-morphology-cell wall-digitonin-particulate enzymes). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1972; 69:313-7. [PMID: 4258315 PMCID: PMC426447 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.69.2.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurospora glycogen synthetase (EC 2.4.1.11) occurs in 100,000 x g particles. The two forms (glucose-6-phosphate dependent-independent) of glycogen synthetase were solubilized and separated by digitonin treatment of the 100,000 x g particles. Glucan synthetase activity of Neurospora was found only in a cell-wall preparation. These two enzymes have been characterized in relation to the paramorphogenic action of sorbose. Sorbose-grown cultures showed a marked decrease in the specific activity of both enzymes, as compared to sucrose-grown wild-type cultures. Sorbose inhibited the activity of the wild-type enzymes both in vivo and in vitro. In the presence of 5 mM sorbose incorporation of [(14)C]glucose from [(14)C]uridinediphosphate glucose into glycogen by the dependent form of glycogen synthetase was completely inhibited. Thus, the paramorphogenic action of sorbose seems to result from its inhibition of these enzymes of cell-wall biosynthesis. Activities of the enzymes from the sorbose-resistant mutant, patch, were not affected by sorbose either in vivo or in vitro.
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