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Eijlers P, Al-Khafaji M, Soto-Martin E, Fasimoye R, Stead D, Wenzel M, Müller B, Pettitt J. A nematode-specific ribonucleoprotein complex mediates interactions between the major nematode spliced leader snRNP and its target pre-mRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 2024:gkae321. [PMID: 38676950 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Spliced leader trans-splicing of pre-mRNAs is a critical step in the gene expression of many eukaryotes. How the spliced leader RNA and its target transcripts are brought together to form the trans-spliceosome remains an important unanswered question. Using immunoprecipitation followed by protein analysis via mass spectrometry and RIP-Seq, we show that the nematode-specific proteins, SNA-3 and SUT-1, form a complex with a set of enigmatic non-coding RNAs, the SmY RNAs. Our work redefines the SmY snRNP and shows for the first time that it is essential for nematode viability and is involved in spliced leader trans-splicing. SNA-3 and SUT-1 are associated with the 5' ends of most, if not all, nascent capped RNA polymerase II transcripts, and they also interact with components of the major nematode spliced leader (SL1) snRNP. We show that depletion of SNA-3 impairs the co-immunoprecipitation between one of the SL1 snRNP components, SNA-2, and several core spliceosomal proteins. We thus propose that the SmY snRNP recruits the SL1 snRNP to the 5' ends of nascent pre-mRNAs, an instrumental step in the assembly of the trans-spliceosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Eijlers
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD Scotland, UK
| | - Mohammed Al-Khafaji
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD Scotland, UK
| | - Eva Soto-Martin
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD Scotland, UK
| | - Rotimi Fasimoye
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD Scotland, UK
| | - David Stead
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Rowett Institute, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD Scotland, UK
| | - Marius Wenzel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ Scotland, UK
| | - Berndt Müller
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD Scotland, UK
| | - Jonathan Pettitt
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD Scotland, UK
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de Assis LJ, Bain JM, Liddle C, Leaves I, Hacker C, Peres da Silva R, Yuecel R, Bebes A, Stead D, Childers DS, Pradhan A, Mackenzie K, Lagree K, Larcombe DE, Ma Q, Avelar GM, Netea MG, Erwig LP, Mitchell AP, Brown GD, Gow NAR, Brown AJP. Nature of β-1,3-Glucan-Exposing Features on Candida albicans Cell Wall and Their Modulation. mBio 2022; 13:e0260522. [PMID: 36218369 PMCID: PMC9765427 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02605-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans exists as a commensal of mucosal surfaces and the gastrointestinal tract without causing pathology. However, this fungus is also a common cause of mucosal and systemic infections when antifungal immune defenses become compromised. The activation of antifungal host defenses depends on the recognition of fungal pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as β-1,3-glucan. In C. albicans, most β-1,3-glucan is present in the inner cell wall, concealed by the outer mannan layer, but some β-1,3-glucan becomes exposed at the cell surface. In response to host signals, such as lactate, C. albicans induces the Xog1 exoglucanase, which shaves exposed β-1,3-glucan from the cell surface, thereby reducing phagocytic recognition. We show here that β-1,3-glucan is exposed at bud scars and punctate foci on the lateral wall of yeast cells, that this exposed β-1,3-glucan is targeted during phagocytic attack, and that lactate-induced masking reduces β-1,3-glucan exposure at bud scars and at punctate foci. β-1,3-Glucan masking depends upon protein kinase A (PKA) signaling. We reveal that inactivating PKA, or its conserved downstream effectors, Sin3 and Mig1/Mig2, affects the amounts of the Xog1 and Eng1 glucanases in the C. albicans secretome and modulates β-1,3-glucan exposure. Furthermore, perturbing PKA, Sin3, or Mig1/Mig2 attenuates the virulence of lactate-exposed C. albicans cells in Galleria. Taken together, the data are consistent with the idea that β-1,3-glucan masking contributes to Candida pathogenicity. IMPORTANCE Microbes that coexist with humans have evolved ways of avoiding or evading our immunological defenses. These include the masking by these microbes of their "pathogen-associated molecular patterns" (PAMPs), which are recognized as "foreign" and used to activate protective immunity. The commensal fungus Candida albicans masks the proinflammatory PAMP β-1,3-glucan, which is an essential component of its cell wall. Most of this β-1,3-glucan is hidden beneath an outer layer of the cell wall on these microbes, but some can become exposed at the fungal cell surface. Using high-resolution confocal microscopy, we examine the nature of the exposed β-1,3-glucan at C. albicans bud scars and at punctate foci on the lateral cell wall, and we show that these features are targeted by innate immune cells. We also reveal that downstream effectors of protein kinase A (Mig1/Mig2, Sin3) regulate the secretion of major glucanases, modulate the levels of β-1,3-glucan exposure, and influence the virulence of C. albicans in an invertebrate model of systemic infection. Our data support the view that β-1,3-glucan masking contributes to immune evasion and the virulence of a major fungal pathogen of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro José de Assis
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Judith M. Bain
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Corin Liddle
- Bioimaging Unit, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Leaves
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roberta Peres da Silva
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Raif Yuecel
- Exeter Centre for Cytomics, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Attila Bebes
- Exeter Centre for Cytomics, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - David Stead
- Aberdeen Proteomics Facility, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Delma S. Childers
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Arnab Pradhan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Mackenzie
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Lagree
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel E. Larcombe
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Qinxi Ma
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela Mol Avelar
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department for Immunology & Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars P. Erwig
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Johnson-Johnson Innovation, EMEA Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron P. Mitchell
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A. R. Gow
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J. P. Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Candida albicans is a clinically important polymorphic fungal pathogen that causes life-threatening invasive infections in immunocompromised patients. Antifungal therapy failure is a substantial clinical problem, due to the emergence of an increasing number of drug-resistant isolates. Caspofungin is a common antifungal drug, often used as first-line therapy that inhibits cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan synthesis. In this work, the cell surface of different echinocandin-resistant C. albicans clinical isolates was compared with sensitive isolates and their responses to echinocandin treatment analyzed. Proteomic analysis detected changes in the repertoire of proteins involved in cell wall organization and maintenance, in drug-resistant strains compared to susceptible isolates and after incubation with caspofungin. Moreover, an interaction network was created from the differential expression results. Our findings suggest drug resistance may involve not only a different cell wall architecture, but also a different response to drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Buda De Cesare
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, UK
| | - Ahmed Hafez
- Biotechvana, Parc Científic Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Computer and Information, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - David Stead
- Aberdeen Proteomics, Rowett Institute ofNutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, UK
| | - Carlos Llorens
- Biotechvana, Parc Científic Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carol A Munro
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, UK
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Abstract
Post-artesunate delayed haemolysis (PADH) is thought to occur because of delayed clearance of previously malarial infected erythrocytes spared by ‘pitting’ during treatment. We report a case of PADH following the treatment of Plasmodium (P.) falciparum malaria (32% parasitaemia), with a positive direct antiglobulin (DAT) test, suggesting an immune mechanism.
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Rao A, Chen VH, Hill S, Reynolds SJ, Redd AD, Stead D, Hoffmann C, Quinn TC, Hansoti B. Changing HCW attitudes: a case study of normalizing HIV service delivery in emergency departments. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:629. [PMID: 35546234 PMCID: PMC9097323 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-07942-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Delays in the implementation of evidence-based practices are significant and ubiquitous, compromising health outcomes. Resistance to change is a key factor in hindering adoption and integration of new evidence-based interventions. This study seeks to understand the impact of exposure to HIV testing within a research context on provider attitudes towards HIV counselling and testing (HCT) in emergency departments (ED). Methods This is a pre-and-post study design measuring the effect of a new ED-based HCT intervention, conducted by lay counsellors, on provider attitudes in Eastern Cape, South Africa. A validated, anonymized, 7-item survey was self-completed by routine care providers (physicians, nurses, and case managers). Questions were scored on a 5-point Likert scale with 5 consistently reflecting a positive attitude. Mean scores were calculated for each question and compared using a two-sample t-test to assess change in sample means for attitudes among providers surveyed before and after the intervention. Results A total of 132 surveys were completed across three EDs. Majority of respondents were female (70.5%), 20–29 years old (37.9%), of African race (81.1%), nurses (39.4%), and practicing medicine for 0–4 years (37.9%). Pre-intervention, providers displayed a positive attitude towards ‘the benefit of offering ED-based HCT to patients’ (4.33), ‘the ED offering HCT’ (3.53), ‘all ED patients receiving HCT’ (3.42), ‘concern about patient reaction to HCT’ (3.26), and ‘comfort with disclosing HCT results’ (3.21); and a mildly negative attitude towards ‘only high-risk ED patients receiving HCT’ (2.68), and ‘the burden of offering HCT in a clinical environment’ (2.80). Post-intervention, provider attitudes improved significantly towards ‘all ED patients receiving HCT’ (3.86, p < 0.05), ‘only high-risk ED patients receiving HCT’ (2.30, p < 0.05), ‘the burden of offering HCT in a clinical environment’ (3.21, p < 0.05), and ‘comfort with disclosing HCT results’ (3.81, p < 0.05). Conclusions Controlled exposure to new practices with a structured implementation period can shift attitudes beginning a process of practice normalization. In our study, we observed improvements in provider attitudes regarding the benefits of HCT and the burden of offering HCT to all patients in the ED. Research activities may have a role in mitigating resistance to change and supporting intervention adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Rao
- Department of International Health, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Victoria H Chen
- Department of International Health, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Hill
- Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven J Reynolds
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Stead
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa.,Department of Internal Medicine, Frere and Cecilia Makiwane Hospitals, Eastern Cape, East London, South Africa
| | - Christopher Hoffmann
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bhakti Hansoti
- Department of International Health, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Stead D, Adeniyi OV, Singata-Madliki M, Abrahams S, Batting J, Jelliman E, Parrish A. Cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 and associated risk factors among healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e058761. [PMID: 35304402 PMCID: PMC8935006 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study assesses the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers (HCWs) during South Africa's first wave and examines the associated demographic, health-related and occupational risk factors for infection. METHODS Multistage cluster sampling was used in a cross-sectional study to recruit 1309 HCWs from two academic hospitals in the Eastern Cape, South Africa over 6 weeks in November and December 2020. Prior test results for SARS-CoV-2 PCR and participants' characteristics were recorded while a blood sample was drawn for detection of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. The primary outcome measure was the SARS-CoV-2 cumulative incidence rate, defined as the combined total of positive results for either PCR or IgG antibodies, divided by the total sample. The secondary outcome was significant risk factors associated with infection. RESULTS Of the total participants included in the analysis (n=1295), the majority were women (81.5%), of black race (78.7%) and nurses (44.8%). A total of 390 (30.1%) HCWs had a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR result and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were detected in 488 (37.7%), yielding a cumulative incidence of 47.2% (n=611). In the adjusted logistic regression model, being overweight (adjusted OR (aOR)=2.15, 95% CI 1.44 to 3.20), obese (aOR=1.37, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.85) and living with HIV (aOR=1.78, 95% CI 1.38 to 2.08) were independently associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. There was no significant difference in infection rates between high, medium and low COVID-19 exposure working environments. CONCLUSIONS The high SARS-CoV-2 cumulative incidence in the cohort was surprising this early in the epidemic and probably related to exposure both in and outside the hospitals. To mitigate the impact of SARS-CoV-2 among HCWs, infection prevention and control strategies should target community transmission in addition to screening for HIV and metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stead
- Department of Internal Medicine, Walter Sisulu University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mthatha, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Internal Medicine, Frere Hospital, East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Oladele Vincent Adeniyi
- Department of Family Medicine, Walter Sisulu University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mthatha, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Department of Family Medicine, Cecilia Makiwane Hospital, Mdantsane, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Mandisa Singata-Madliki
- Department of Public health, University of Fort Hare East London Campus, East London, South Africa
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Wits University, Johannesburg-Braamfontein, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Shareef Abrahams
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Joanne Batting
- Department of Public health, University of Fort Hare East London Campus, East London, South Africa
| | - Eloise Jelliman
- Radiology, Frere Hospital, East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Andrew Parrish
- Department of Internal Medicine, Walter Sisulu University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mthatha, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Internal Medicine, Frere Hospital, East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa
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7
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Abstract
An HIV-positive man from Zimbabwe living in South Africa sought treatment for multiple clinical signs, including fever, weight loss, anemia, and splenomegaly. We identified in his blood an African rodent piroplasm, Anthemosoma garnhami, related to Babesia species. This finding extends the known geographic and host range of A. garnhami.
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8
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Adeniyi OV, Stead D, Singata-Madliki M, Batting J, Wright M, Jelliman E, Abrahams S, Parrish A. Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccine among the Healthcare Workers in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: A Cross Sectional Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:666. [PMID: 34207018 PMCID: PMC8233726 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study assesses the perceptions and acceptance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination. It also examines its influencing factors among the healthcare workers (HCWs) in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. METHODS In this cross-sectional study performed in November and December 2020, a total of 1308 HCWs from two large academic hospitals participated in the Eastern Cape Healthcare Workers Acquisition of SARS-CoV-2 (ECHAS) study. Validated measures of vaccine hesitancy were explored using a questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to identify the determinants of vaccine hesitancy. RESULTS The majority were nurses (45.2%), and at risk for unfavourable Covid-19 outcome, due to obesity (62.9%) and having direct contact with individuals confirmed to have Covid-19 (77.1%). The overall acceptance of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine was 90.1%, which differed significantly by level of education. Individuals with lower educational attainment (primary and secondary education) and those with prior vaccine refusal were less likely to accept the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. However, positive perceptions about the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine were independently associated with vaccine acceptance. CONCLUSIONS The high level of acceptance of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is reassuring; however, HCWs with a lower level of education and those with prior vaccine refusal should be targeted for further engagements to address their concerns and fears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladele Vincent Adeniyi
- Department of Family Medicine and Rural Health, Walter Sisulu University, Cecilia Makiwane Hospital, East London Hospital Complex, East London 5219, South Africa
| | - David Stead
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cecilia Makiwane and Frere Hospitals, Walter Sisulu University, East London 5219, South Africa; (D.S.); (M.W.); (A.P.)
| | - Mandisa Singata-Madliki
- Effective Care Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Frere Hospital, University of Fort Hare, University of Witwatersrand, East London 5200, South Africa; (M.S.-M.); (J.B.)
| | - Joanne Batting
- Effective Care Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Frere Hospital, University of Fort Hare, University of Witwatersrand, East London 5200, South Africa; (M.S.-M.); (J.B.)
| | - Matthew Wright
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cecilia Makiwane and Frere Hospitals, Walter Sisulu University, East London 5219, South Africa; (D.S.); (M.W.); (A.P.)
| | - Eloise Jelliman
- Department of Radiology, Frere Hospital, Walter Sisulu University, East London 5200, South Africa;
| | - Shareef Abrahams
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Service, Port Elizabeth 6001, South Africa;
| | - Andrew Parrish
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cecilia Makiwane and Frere Hospitals, Walter Sisulu University, East London 5219, South Africa; (D.S.); (M.W.); (A.P.)
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9
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Nel J, Dlamini S, Meintjes G, Burton R, Black JM, Davies NECG, Hefer E, Maartens G, Mangena PM, Mathe MT, Moosa MY, Mulaudzi MB, Moorhouse M, Nash J, Nkonyane TC, Preiser W, Rassool MS, Stead D, van der Plas H, van Vuuren C, Venter WDF, Woods JF. Southern African HIV Clinicians Society guidelines for antiretroviral therapy in adults: 2020 update. South Afr J HIV Med 2020; 21:1115. [PMID: 33101723 PMCID: PMC7564911 DOI: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v21i1.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Nel
- Helen Joseph Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sipho Dlamini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rosie Burton
- Southern African Medical Unit, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - John M Black
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Livingstone Tertiary Hospital, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | | | - Eric Hefer
- Private Practice Medical Adviser, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gary Maartens
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Phetho M Mangena
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Pietersburg Hospital, Polokwane, South Africa.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Limpopo, Turfloop, South Africa
| | | | - Mahomed-Yunus Moosa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Michelle Moorhouse
- Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Nash
- Specialist Family Physician, Amathole District Clinical Specialist Team, East London, South Africa
| | - Thandeka C Nkonyane
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Medicine, Dr George Mokhari Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Wolfgang Preiser
- Department of Medical Virology, National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mohammed S Rassool
- Clinical HIV Research Unit, Wits Health Consortium, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - David Stead
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Infectious Diseases, Frere and Cecilia Makiwane Hospitals, East London, South Africa.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - Helen van der Plas
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cloete van Vuuren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Military Hospital, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Willem D F Venter
- Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Joana F Woods
- Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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10
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Ni Q, Ranawana V, Hayes HE, Hayward NJ, Stead D, Raikos V. Addition of Broad Bean Hull to Wheat Flour for the Development of High-Fiber Bread: Effects on Physical and Nutritional Properties. Foods 2020; 9:E1192. [PMID: 32872269 PMCID: PMC7555644 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The seed coat (hull) of broad bean (Vicia faba) (BBH) is a significant secondary product of processing with a promising nutritional profile. Bean hull has a high fiber content (49%), yet it remains underexploited as an ingredient by the food industry. This study investigated the potential of this secondary product to partially replace wheat flour for the development of high-fiber breads. Bread formulations with a range of supplementation levels (0%, 11%, 21% and 31%) were developed and tested for their nutritional and physical properties. The proximate composition of breads revealed that at 31% replacement, the fiber content was 19.19 g/100 g bread, which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than control breads (3.62 g/100 g bread). The physical (specific volume, density and color) and textural properties of breads were affected by the addition of bean hull. Specific volume and hardness of breads were significantly reduced at ≥21% replacement compared to the control, which may reduce acceptability of the product by some consumer groups. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that the gluten content of breads was significantly reduced with bean hull addition (62% depletion for 31% replacement). At 11%, 21% and 31% replacement, one portion (80 g of bread) contains 6.8 g, 11.6 g and 15.3 g of dietary fiber, respectively, which contributes 23%, 38% and 51% of the recommended daily fiber intake (30 g/day). In conclusion, bean hull can be a valuable source of dietary fiber in bread formulations. The study showed BBH could be used to replace up to 21% of the wheat flour without significantly impacting on bread texture and volume.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Vassilios Raikos
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (Q.N.); (V.R.); (H.E.H.); (N.J.H.); (D.S.)
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11
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Rao A, Kennedy C, Mda P, Quinn TC, Stead D, Hansoti B. Patient acceptance of HIV testing services in rural emergency departments in South Africa. South Afr J HIV Med 2020; 21:1105. [PMID: 32832116 PMCID: PMC7433237 DOI: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v21i1.1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background South Africa faces the highest burden of HIV infection globally. The National Strategic Plan on HIV recommends provider-initiated HIV counselling and testing (HCT) in all healthcare facilities. However, HIV continues to overwhelm the healthcare system. Emergency department (ED)-based HCT could address unmet testing needs. Objectives This study examines the reasons for accepting or declining HCT in South African EDs to inform the development of HCT implementation strategies. Method We conducted a prospective observational study in two rural EDs, from June to September 2017. Patients presenting to the ED were systematically approached and offered a point-of-care test in accordance with national guidelines. Patients demographics, presenting compaint, medical history and reasons for accepting/declining testing, were recorded. A pooled analysis is presented. Results Across sites, 2074 adult, non-critical patients in the ED were approached; 1880 were enrolled in the study. Of those enrolled, 19.7% had a previously known positive diagnosis, and 80.3% were unaware of their HIV status. Of those unaware, 90% patients accepted and 10% declined testing. The primary reasons for declining testing were ‘does not want to know status’ (37.6%), ‘in too much pain’ (34%) and ‘does not believe they are at risk’ (19.9%). Conclusions Despite national guidelines, a high proportion of individuals remain undiagnosed, of which a majority are young men. Our study demonstrated high patient acceptance of ED-based HCT. There is a need for investment and innovation regarding effective pain management and confidential service delivery to address patient barriers. Findings support a routine, non-targeted HCT strategy in EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Rao
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Caitlin Kennedy
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Pamela Mda
- Nelson Mandela Academic Clinical Research Unit, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States of America.,Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - David Stead
- Department of Medicine, Frere and Cecilia Makiwane Hospitals, East London, South Africa.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, East London, South Africa
| | - Bhakti Hansoti
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States of America
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12
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Johansson HKL, Svingen T, Boberg J, Fowler PA, Stead D, Vinggaard AM, Filis P. Calretinin is a novel candidate marker for adverse ovarian effects of early life exposure to mixtures of endocrine disruptors in the rat. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1241-1250. [PMID: 32221642 PMCID: PMC7225203 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02697-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of sensitive stages of ovary development during fetal and perinatal life can have severe and life-long consequences for a woman’s reproductive life. Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals may affect ovarian development, leading to subsequent reproductive disorders. Here, we investigated the effect of early life exposure to defined mixtures of human-relevant endocrine disrupting chemicals on the rat ovary. We aimed to identify molecular events involved in pathogenesis of ovarian dysgenesis syndrome that have potential for future adverse outcome pathway development. We therefore focused on the ovarian proteome. Rats were exposed to a mixture of phthalates, pesticides, UV-filters, bisphenol A, butyl-paraben, and paracetamol during gestation and lactation. The chemicals were tested together or in subgroups of chemicals with anti-androgenic or estrogenic potentials at doses 450-times human exposure. Paracetamol was tested separately, at a dose of 360 mg/kg. Using shotgun proteomics on ovaries from pup day 17 offspring, we observed exposure effects on the proteomes. Nine proteins were affected in more than one exposure group and of these, we conclude that calretinin is a potential key event biomarker of early endocrine disruption in the ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Katarina Lilith Johansson
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Terje Svingen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Julie Boberg
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Paul A Fowler
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - David Stead
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Anne Marie Vinggaard
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Panagiotis Filis
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
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13
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Alessi AM, Gray V, Farquharson FM, Flores-López A, Shaw S, Stead D, Wegmann U, Shearman C, Gasson M, Collie-Duguid ESR, Flint HJ, Louis P. β-Glucan is a major growth substrate for human gut bacteria related to Coprococcus eutactus. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:2150-2164. [PMID: 32141148 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A clone encoding carboxymethyl cellulase activity was isolated during functional screening of a human gut metagenomic library using Lactococcus lactis MG1363 as heterologous host. The insert carried a glycoside hydrolase family 9 (GH9) catalytic domain with sequence similarity to a gene from Coprococcus eutactus ART55/1. Genome surveys indicated a limited distribution of GH9 domains among dominant human colonic anaerobes. Genomes of C. eutactus-related strains harboured two GH9-encoding and four GH5-encoding genes, but the strains did not appear to degrade cellulose. Instead, they grew well on β-glucans and one of the strains also grew on galactomannan, galactan, glucomannan and starch. Coprococcus comes and Coprococcus catus strains did not harbour GH9 genes and were not able to grow on β-glucans. Gene expression and proteomic analysis of C. eutactus ART55/1 grown on cellobiose, β-glucan and lichenan revealed similar changes in expression in comparison to glucose. On β-glucan and lichenan only, one of the four GH5 genes was strongly upregulated. Growth on glucomannan led to a transcriptional response of many genes, in particular a strong upregulation of glycoside hydrolases involved in mannan degradation. Thus, β-glucans are a major growth substrate for species related to C. eutactus, with glucomannan and galactans alternative substrates for some strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Alessi
- University of Aberdeen, Rowett Institute, Aberdeen, UK.,Institute of Food Research, Norwich, UK
| | - Victoria Gray
- University of Aberdeen, Rowett Institute, Aberdeen, UK.,University of Aberdeen, Centre for Genome-Enabled Biology and Medicine, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Sophie Shaw
- University of Aberdeen, Centre for Genome-Enabled Biology and Medicine, Aberdeen, UK
| | - David Stead
- University of Aberdeen, Rowett Institute, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Udo Wegmann
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich, UK.,School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | | | | | - Harry J Flint
- University of Aberdeen, Rowett Institute, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Petra Louis
- University of Aberdeen, Rowett Institute, Aberdeen, UK
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14
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Ni H, Hayes H, Stead D, Liu G, Yang H, Li H, Raikos V. Interaction of whey protein with polyphenols from salal fruits (
Gaultheria shallon
) and the effects on protein structure and hydrolysis pattern by Flavourzyme
®. Int J Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- He Ni
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development School of Life Sciences South China Normal University Guangzhou 510631 China
| | - Helen Hayes
- Rowett Institute University of Aberdeen Aberdeen Foresterhill AB25 2ZD UK
| | - David Stead
- Rowett Institute University of Aberdeen Aberdeen Foresterhill AB25 2ZD UK
| | - Guang Liu
- Sericultural and Agri‐Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Key Laboratory of Functional Foods Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing Guangzhou 510610 China
| | - Huaijie Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Haihang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development School of Life Sciences South China Normal University Guangzhou 510631 China
| | - Vassilios Raikos
- Rowett Institute University of Aberdeen Aberdeen Foresterhill AB25 2ZD UK
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15
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Raikos V, Hays H, Stead D, Ni H. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitory activity of hydrolysates generated from whey protein fortified with salal fruits (
Galtheria shallon
) by enzymatic treatment with Pronase from
Streptomyces griseus. Int J Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vassilios Raikos
- Rowett Institute University of Aberdeen Foresterhill Aberdeen AB25 2ZD UK
| | - Helen Hays
- Rowett Institute University of Aberdeen Foresterhill Aberdeen AB25 2ZD UK
| | - David Stead
- Rowett Institute University of Aberdeen Foresterhill Aberdeen AB25 2ZD UK
| | - He Ni
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development School of Life Sciences South China Normal University Guangzhou510631China
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16
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Hansoti B, Stead D, Eisenberg A, Mvandaba N, Mwinnyaa G, Patel EU, Parrish A, Reynolds SJ, Redd AD, Fernandez R, Rothman RE, Laeyendecker O, Quinn TC. A Window Into the HIV Epidemic from a South African Emergency Department. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:139-144. [PMID: 30215268 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to describe the HIV care continuum in emergency department (ED) patients in the Eastern Cape region of South Africa. This is a cross-sectional, identity-unlinked serosurvey, whereby discarded/excess samples from all patients who had blood drawn during the study period for routine care and sufficient serum remaining were tested for HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infection; HIV viral load (VL); and presence of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. We also estimated cross-sectional incidence using the Limiting-Antigen Avidity assay and HIV VL. The study was conducted between September and November 2016 at the Frere Hospital Emergency Department in East London, South Africa. The overall HIV prevalence in our study population was 26.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 25.0-28.8; n = 2,100]. The highest prevalence was observed among females in the 30-39 years age group [60.3% (95% CI: 53.2-67.1)]. HIV prevalence was significantly higher among females compared with males in both the 20-29 years age group and 30-39 years age group (p < .05), but nearly identical to older age groups. ARV drugs were detected in 53.5% (95% CI: 48.1-58.9) of HIV-infected subjects. The frequency of HIV viral suppression (< 1,000 copies/mL) was 48.5% (95% CI: 44.3-52.7), and was not statistically different between males and females (age-adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.95-1.39). The HIV incidence rate was estimated to be 2.6% (95% CI: 1.2-3.9). The Frere Hospital ED has an extremely high burden of HIV infection. The detection of ARV drugs and prevalence of viral suppression fall short of the World Health Organization 90-90-90 goals in this population. Furthermore, there were a large number of patients with recent infection in the ED. The ED is a critical venue for testing and linkage to care of high-yield population who are likely missed by current testing and linkage-to-care programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti Hansoti
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David Stead
- Department of Medicine, Frere and Cecilia Makiwane Hospitals, East London, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, East London, South Africa
| | - Anna Eisenberg
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nomzamo Mvandaba
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, East London, South Africa
| | - George Mwinnyaa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eshan U. Patel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andy Parrish
- Department of Medicine, Frere and Cecilia Makiwane Hospitals, East London, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, East London, South Africa
| | - Steven J. Reynolds
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrew D. Redd
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Reinaldo Fernandez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard E. Rothman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas C. Quinn
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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17
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Jaffe J, Wucherer K, Sperry J, Zou Q, Chang Q, Massa MA, Bhattacharya K, Kumar S, Caparon M, Stead D, Wright P, Dirksen A, Francis MB. Effects of Conformational Changes in Peptide–CRM197 Conjugate Vaccines. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 30:47-53. [PMID: 30475601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jake Jaffe
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kristin Wucherer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Justin Sperry
- Pfizer, Inc., BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Qin Zou
- Pfizer, Inc., BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Qing Chang
- Pfizer, Inc., BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Mark A. Massa
- Pfizer, Inc., BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Keshab Bhattacharya
- Pfizer, Inc., BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Pfizer, Inc., BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Maire Caparon
- Pfizer, Inc., BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - David Stead
- Pfizer, Inc., Vaccines R&D, 10646 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Paul Wright
- Pfizer, Inc., Vaccines R&D, 10646 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Anouk Dirksen
- Pfizer, Inc., BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Matthew B. Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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18
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Ni H, Hayes HE, Stead D, Raikos V. Incorporating salal berry ( Gaultheria shallon) and blackcurrant ( Ribes nigrum) pomace in yogurt for the development of a beverage with antidiabetic properties. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00875. [PMID: 30386826 PMCID: PMC6205296 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study aqueous extracts from salal berry (SB) and blackcurrant pomace (BCP) were used to reformulate yogurt and the anti-diabetic properties of the beverage were investigated during 4 weeks of cold storage at 4 °C. Results indicated that α-amylase, α-glucosidase and DPP-IV inhibitory activities increased with storage time for all samples. At the end of storage period α-amylase, α-glucosidase and DPP-IV inhibition were >61%, 62% and 56% respectively for all yogurt types. This increase in bioactivity during cold storage is attributed to the viability of lactic acid bacteria (∼108 cfu/g), which is maintained for 4 weeks. Enzyme inhibition increased similarly for all yogurt types at 4 °C except for α-glucosidase. Yogurt with BCP showed the highest potency to inhibit α-glucosidase (>90%) with an IC50 value of 0.20 mg/ml (week 4). A peptidomic approach based on liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used for the separation and identification of peptides generated in three types of yogurt. A total of 486 peptides mainly from caseins were identified, of which 15 have documented bioactivity, predominantly as antimicrobial agents or ACE-inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Ni
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Helen E. Hayes
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - David Stead
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Vassilios Raikos
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
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19
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Whalen M, Mda P, Parrish A, Quinn TC, Rothman R, Stead D, Hansoti B. Implementing emergency department-based HIV testing in a low-resource setting: The value of a structured feasibility assessment tool. South Afr J HIV Med 2018; 19:793. [PMID: 30167338 PMCID: PMC6111602 DOI: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v19i1.793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction HIV is a worldwide health problem with continuing high rates of new infections in many parts of the world. This lack of progress in decreasing overall incidence rates has sparked innovative HIV testing strategies, including expansion of testing into the emergency department (ED) setting. Emergency departments have been shown to be high-yield testing venues in the United States and other developed world settings. The feasibility of expanding public health HIV services in the ED in limited-resource countries is unclear. Methods We performed a cross-sectional feasibility assessment of a convenience sample of four hospitals in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. We administered three adapted interview tools from a previously field-tested survey instrument at each facility (total of 10 interviews) to gather an overview of the health facility, their HIV counselling and testing services, and their laboratory services. Results All of the health facilities had access to basic commodities such as water and electricity. Many had severe human resource limitations and provided care to wide population catchment areas. In addition, there was little integration of HIV testing into current daily ED operations. Hospital staff identified numerous barriers to future ED testing efforts. Conclusions Although control of the HIV epidemic requires innovative testing strategies and treatment, specific assessments are warranted on how to incorporate routine HIV testing into an acute care facility like the ED, which typically has many competing priorities. The use of a prospective structured tool incorporating both barriers and benefits can provide valuable field-tested guidance for increased programme planning for HIV testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela Mda
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, South Africa
| | - Andy Parrish
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, South Africa.,Department of Internal Medicine, Frere and Cecilia Makiwane Hospitals, South Africa
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Unite States
| | - Richard Rothman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frere and Cecilia Makiwane Hospitals, South Africa
| | - David Stead
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, South Africa.,Department of Internal Medicine, Frere and Cecilia Makiwane Hospitals, South Africa
| | - Bhakti Hansoti
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, United States
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20
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Hansoti B, Stead D, Parrish A, Reynolds SJ, Redd AD, Whalen MM, Mvandaba N, Quinn TC. HIV testing in a South African Emergency Department: A missed opportunity. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193858. [PMID: 29534077 PMCID: PMC5849282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND South Africa has the largest HIV epidemic in the world, with 19% of the global number of people living with HIV, 15% of new infections and 11% of AIDS-related deaths. Even though HIV testing is mandated in all hospital-based facilities in South Africa (SA), it is rarely implemented in the Emergency Department (ED). The ED provides episodic care to large volumes of undifferentiated who present with unplanned injury or illness. Thus, the ED may provide an opportunity to capture patients with undiagnosed HIV infection missed by clinic-based screening programs. METHODS AND FINDINGS In this prospective exploratory study, we implemented the National South African HIV testing guidelines (counselor initiated non-targeted universal screening with rapid point of care testing) for 24-hours a day at Frere Hospital in the Eastern Cape from September 1st to November 30th, 2016. The purpose of our study was to quantify the burden of undiagnosed HIV infection in a South African ED setting. Furthermore, we sought to evaluate the effectiveness of the nationally recommended HIV testing strategy in the ED. All patients who presented for care in the ED during the study period, and who were clinically stable and fully conscious, were eligible to be approached by HIV counseling and testing (HCT) staff to receive a rapid point-of-care HIV test. A total of 2355 of the 9583 (24.6%) patients who presented to the ED for care during the study period were approached by the HCT staff, of whom 1714 (72.8%) accepted HIV testing. There was a high uptake of HIV testing (78.6%) among a predominantly male (58%) patient group who mostly presented with traumatic injuries (70.8%). Four hundred (21.6%) patients were HIV positive, including 115 (6.2%) with newly diagnosed HIV infection. The overall prevalence of HIV infection was twice as high in females (29.8%) compared to males (15.4%). Both sexes had a similar prevalence of newly diagnosed HIV infection (6.0% for all females and 6.4% for all males) in the ED. CONCLUSIONS Overall there was high HIV testing acceptance by ED patients. A non-targeted testing approached revealed a high HIV prevalence with a significant burden of undiagnosed HIV infection in the ED. Unfortunately, a counselor-driven HIV testing approach fell short of meeting the testing needs in this setting, with over 75% of ED patients not approached by HCT staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti Hansoti
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - David Stead
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frere and Cecilia Makiwane Hospitals, East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Andy Parrish
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frere and Cecilia Makiwane Hospitals, East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Steven J. Reynolds
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Redd
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Madeleine M. Whalen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Nomzamo Mvandaba
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - Thomas C. Quinn
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
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21
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Cameron A, Took L, Stead D, Yeardley M, Patel R. Commentary-the national probation perspective. Crim Behav Ment Health 2017; 27:269-272. [PMID: 28677908 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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22
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Hansoti B, Hill SE, Whalen M, Stead D, Parrish A, Rothman R, Hsieh YH, Quinn TC. Patient and provider attitudes to emergency department-based HIV counselling and testing in South Africa. South Afr J HIV Med 2017; 18:707. [PMID: 29568634 PMCID: PMC5843014 DOI: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v18i1.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The national South African HIV Counselling and Testing (HCT) guidelines mandate that voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) should be offered in all healthcare facilities. Emergency departments (EDs) are at the forefront of many healthcare facilities, yet VCT is not routinely implemented in this setting. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study that surveyed patients and healthcare providers at a tertiary care ED in the spring and summer of 2016 to ascertain their attitudes to VCT in the ED. We also used two previously validated survey instruments to gather data on patients’ HIV knowledge and providers’ stigma against patients living with HIV, as we anticipated that these may have an impact on providers’ and patients’ attitudes to the provision of HIV testing within the ED, and may offer insights for future intervention development. Results A total of 104 patients and 26 providers were enrolled in the study. Overall, patients responded more favourably to ED-based HIV testing (92.3%) compared to providers (only 40% responded favourably). When asked about potential barriers to receiving or providing HIV testing, 16.4% of patients and 24% of providers felt that the subject of HIV was too sensitive and 58.7% of patients and 80% of providers indicated that privacy and confidentiality issues would pose major barriers to implementing ED-based HIV testing. Conclusion This study shows that while ED-based HIV testing is overall highly acceptable to patients, providers seem less willing to provide this service. The survey data also suggest that future development of ED-based testing strategies should take into consideration privacy and confidentiality concerns that may arise within a busy emergency care setting. Furthermore, every effort should be made to tackle HIV stigma among providers to improve overall attitudes towards HIV-positive individuals that present for care in the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti Hansoti
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, United States
| | - Sarah E Hill
- Kriegler School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, United States
| | - Madeleine Whalen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, United States
| | - David Stead
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frere Hospital, South Africa.,Department of Medicine, Walter Sisulu University, South Africa
| | - Andy Parrish
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frere Hospital, South Africa.,Department of Medicine, Walter Sisulu University, South Africa
| | - Richard Rothman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, United States
| | - Yu-Hsiang Hsieh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, United States
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, United States.,Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, United States
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Mente E, Pierce GJ, Antonopoulou E, Stead D, Martin SAM. Postprandial hepatic protein expression in trout Oncorhynchus mykiss a proteomics examination. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 9:79-85. [PMID: 28955992 PMCID: PMC5614473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a meal, a series of physiological changes occurs in animals as they digest, absorb and assimilate ingested nutrients, the kinetics of these responses depends on metabolic rate and nutrient quality. Here we investigated the hepatic proteome in the ectothermic teleost, the rainbow trout, following a single meal to define the postprandial expression of hepatic proteins. The fish were fed a high marine fishmeal/fish oil single meal following a period of 24 h without feeding. Liver protein profiles were examined by 2D gel electrophoresis just before feeding (time 0 h) and at 6 and 12 h after feeding. Of a total of 588 protein spots analysed in a temporal fashion, 49 differed significantly in abundance between the three time groups (ANOVA, p<0.05), before and after feeding, 15 were increased and 34 were decreased in abundance after feeding. Amino acid metabolism-regulated proteins such as phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase and proliferating cell antigen were increased in abundance 12 and 6 h following the meal, suggesting by this time that the fish were increasing their protein turnover to utilize efficiently their dietary protein consumption. Overall, these results highlight some specificity of the trout metabolism and identify postprandial response of metabolism-related proteins 6–12 h after feeding a single meal. The effect of a single meal on the postprandial expression of hepatic proteins in fish is shown. Temporal changes occurred in the trout liver proteome following a single meal. There is a postprandial response of metabolism-related proteins 6–12 h after feeding a single meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Mente
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece.,Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Graham J Pierce
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.,CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Efthimia Antonopoulou
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - David Stead
- Aberdeen Proteomics, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Samuel A M Martin
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Childers DS, Raziunaite I, Mol Avelar G, Mackie J, Budge S, Stead D, Gow NAR, Lenardon MD, Ballou ER, MacCallum DM, Brown AJP. The Rewiring of Ubiquitination Targets in a Pathogenic Yeast Promotes Metabolic Flexibility, Host Colonization and Virulence. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005566. [PMID: 27073846 PMCID: PMC4830568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient carbon assimilation is critical for microbial growth and pathogenesis. The environmental yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is “Crabtree positive”, displaying a rapid metabolic switch from the assimilation of alternative carbon sources to sugars. Following exposure to sugars, this switch is mediated by the transcriptional repression of genes (carbon catabolite repression) and the turnover (catabolite inactivation) of enzymes involved in the assimilation of alternative carbon sources. The pathogenic yeast Candida albicans is Crabtree negative. It has retained carbon catabolite repression mechanisms, but has undergone posttranscriptional rewiring such that gluconeogenic and glyoxylate cycle enzymes are not subject to ubiquitin-mediated catabolite inactivation. Consequently, when glucose becomes available, C. albicans can continue to assimilate alternative carbon sources alongside the glucose. We show that this metabolic flexibility promotes host colonization and virulence. The glyoxylate cycle enzyme isocitrate lyase (CaIcl1) was rendered sensitive to ubiquitin-mediated catabolite inactivation in C. albicans by addition of a ubiquitination site. This mutation, which inhibits lactate assimilation in the presence of glucose, reduces the ability of C. albicans cells to withstand macrophage killing, colonize the gastrointestinal tract and cause systemic infections in mice. Interestingly, most S. cerevisiae clinical isolates we examined (67%) have acquired the ability to assimilate lactate in the presence of glucose (i.e. they have become Crabtree negative). These S. cerevisiae strains are more resistant to macrophage killing than Crabtree positive clinical isolates. Moreover, Crabtree negative S. cerevisiae mutants that lack Gid8, a key component of the Glucose-Induced Degradation complex, are more resistant to macrophage killing and display increased virulence in immunocompromised mice. Thus, while Crabtree positivity might impart a fitness advantage for yeasts in environmental niches, the more flexible carbon assimilation strategies offered by Crabtree negativity enhance the ability of yeasts to colonize and infect the mammalian host. Most yeast species occupy environmental niches, but some infect humans. All species must assimilate carbon to grow and colonize their niche, but carbon source availability differs significantly between niches. The environmental yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is thought to have evolved under conditions of sugar feast and famine because it has evolved mechanisms to exploit energetically favourable sugars first, and then switch to using alternative carbon sources. These mechanisms depend on catabolite inactivation—the degradation of enzymes involved in the assimilation of alternative carbon sources when glucose is present. In the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans, which has evolved in sugar-poor host niches, these enzymes are not subject to catabolite inactivation. Consequently, C. albicans can simultaneously exploit sugars and alternative carbon sources. We demonstrate that this metabolic flexibility promotes resistance to macrophage killing, gut colonization, and the ability to cause systemic infection. We also show that many S. cerevisiae clinical isolates have lost catabolite inactivation, and hence can simultaneously assimilate sugars and alternative carbon sources. The disruption of catabolite inactivation in S. cerevisiae renders it more resistant to phagocytic killing, and more virulent. We conclude that virulence is enhanced by metabolic flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delma S. Childers
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Ingrida Raziunaite
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela Mol Avelar
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Mackie
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Budge
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - David Stead
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A. R. Gow
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Megan D. Lenardon
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth R. Ballou
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Donna M. MacCallum
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J. P. Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Khraishi M, Stead D, Lukas M, Scotte F, Schmid H. Biosimilars: A Multidisciplinary Perspective. Clin Ther 2016; 38:1238-49. [PMID: 26988243 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A biosimilar is an officially regulated and approved copy of an originator biologic therapy. Improved affordability and consequent wider patient access compared with biologics are a significant appeal of biosimilars. Regulatory guidelines for biosimilar development and approval are rigorous and undergoing constant refinement. The process of licensing approval for all biosimilars requires demonstration of comparability in quality, efficacy, and safety between the biosimilar and reference (originator) product, which is undertaken in a stepwise procedure of nonclinical and clinical evaluation. The approval of >20 biosimilars in Europe in several drug classes, including the first monoclonal antibody biosimilar, bears testimony to the increasing regulatory acceptance of these agents. In contrast, the clinical application of biosimilars remains underrecognized by physicians across therapy areas. Therefore, this article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the biosimilar development process and to provide multidisciplinary guidance on the potential therapeutic utility of biosimilars in clinical practice. Specifically, experts discuss clinical developments in the introduction of biosimilars across the disciplines of gastroenterology, nephrology, oncology, and rheumatology, and from a payer perspective, and also highlight a common need for ongoing pharmacovigilance, robust head-to-head clinical studies, and real-world data to establish the long-term risk-benefit profile of biosimilars. In conclusion, significant potential exists for biosimilars to revolutionize biologic therapy by widening patient access across therapy areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed Khraishi
- Clinical Professor of Medicine (Rheumatology), Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada.
| | - David Stead
- Recently retired Medicines Procurement Specialist Pharmacist NHS South West and past Chairman of Pharmaceutical Market Support Group
| | - Milan Lukas
- IBD Clinical and Research Center, And 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Florian Scotte
- Medical Oncology and Supportive Care in Cancer Unit Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Holger Schmid
- Clinic and Policlinic IV, Section of Nephrology, Munich University Hospital, Campus Innenstadt, Munich, Germany
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Brown GD, Meintjes G, Kolls JK, Gray C, Horsnell W, Achan B, Alber G, Aloisi M, Armstrong-James D, Beale M, Bicanic T, Black J, Bohjanen P, Botes A, Boulware DR, Brown G, Bunjun R, Carr W, Casadevall A, Chang C, Chivero E, Corcoran C, Cross A, Dawood H, Day J, De Bernardis F, De Jager V, De Repentigny L, Denning D, Eschke M, Finkelman M, Govender N, Gow N, Graham L, Gryschek R, Hammond-Aryee K, Harrison T, Heard N, Hill M, Hoving JC, Janoff E, Jarvis J, Kayuni S, King K, Kolls J, Kullberg BJ, Lalloo DG, Letang E, Levitz S, Limper A, Longley N, Machiridza TR, Mahabeer Y, Martinsons N, Meiring S, Meya D, Miller R, Molloy S, Morris L, Mukaremera L, Musubire AK, Muzoora C, Nair A, Nakiwala Kimbowa J, Netea M, Nielsen K, O'hern J, Okurut S, Parker A, Patterson T, Pennap G, Perfect J, Prinsloo C, Rhein J, Rolfes MA, Samuel C, Schutz C, Scriven J, Sebolai OM, Sojane K, Sriruttan C, Stead D, Steyn A, Thawer NK, Thienemann F, Von Hohenberg M, Vreulink JM, Wessels J, Wood K, Yang YL. AIDS-related mycoses: the way forward. Trends Microbiol 2014; 22:107-9. [PMID: 24581941 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of fungal infections to the morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected individuals is largely unrecognized. A recent meeting highlighted several priorities that need to be urgently addressed, including improved epidemiological surveillance, increased availability of existing diagnostics and drugs, more training in the field of medical mycology, and better funding for research and provision of treatment, particularly in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon D Brown
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Clive Gray
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - William Horsnell
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
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Boyles TH, Whitelaw A, Bamford C, Moodley M, Bonorchis K, Morris V, Rawoot N, Naicker V, Lusakiewicz I, Black J, Stead D, Lesosky M, Raubenheimer P, Dlamini S, Mendelson M. Antibiotic stewardship ward rounds and a dedicated prescription chart reduce antibiotic consumption and pharmacy costs without affecting inpatient mortality or re-admission rates. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79747. [PMID: 24348995 PMCID: PMC3857167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotic consumption is a major driver of bacterial resistance. To address the increasing burden of multi-drug resistant bacterial infections, antibiotic stewardship programmes are promoted worldwide to rationalize antibiotic prescribing and conserve remaining antibiotics. Few studies have been reported from developing countries and none from Africa that report on an intervention based approach with outcomes that include morbidity and mortality. Methods An antibiotic prescription chart and weekly antibiotic stewardship ward round was introduced into two medical wards of an academic teaching hospital in South Africa between January-December 2012. Electronic pharmacy records were used to collect the volume and cost of antibiotics used, the patient database was analysed to determine inpatient mortality and 30-day re-admission rates, and laboratory records to determine use of infection-related tests. Outcomes were compared to a control period, January-December 2011. Results During the intervention period, 475.8 defined daily doses were prescribed per 1000 inpatient days compared to 592.0 defined daily doses/1000 inpatient days during the control period. This represents a 19.6% decrease in volume with a cost reduction of 35% of the pharmacy’s antibiotic budget. There was a concomitant increase in laboratory tests driven by requests for procalcitonin. There was no difference in inpatient mortality or 30-day readmission rate during the control and intervention periods. Conclusions Introduction of antibiotic stewardship ward rounds and a dedicated prescription chart in a developing country setting can achieve reduction in antibiotic consumption without harm to patients. Increased laboratory costs should be anticipated when introducing an antibiotic stewardship program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom H. Boyles
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew Whitelaw
- National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Colleen Bamford
- National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mischka Moodley
- National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kim Bonorchis
- National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Vida Morris
- Quality Assurance, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - John Black
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David Stead
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maia Lesosky
- Department of General Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter Raubenheimer
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sipho Dlamini
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marc Mendelson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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Yin Z, Stead D, Walker J, Selway L, Smith DA, Brown AJP, Quinn J. A proteomic analysis of the salt, cadmium and peroxide stress responses in Candida albicans and the role of the Hog1 stress-activated MAPK in regulating the stress-induced proteome. Proteomics 2010; 9:4686-703. [PMID: 19824012 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Stress responses are important for the virulence of the major fungal pathogen of humans, Candida albicans. In this study we employed a 2-DE approach to examine the impact of exposure to peroxide (5 mM H(2)O(2)), salt (300 mM NaCl) or cadmium stress (0.5 mM Cd(2+)) upon the C. albicans proteome. Highly reproducible changes in the C. albicans proteome were observed in response to each stress condition. Significantly more proteins were up-regulated in response to cadmium (77) than to the salt (35) or peroxide stresses (35). These proteomic changes displayed minimal overlap with those observed in the transcriptome under equivalent conditions and, importantly, revealed functional categories that respond to stress at the protein level but not the transcript level. Six proteins were up-regulated by all three conditions: Adh1, Atp2, Cip1, Eft2, Ssa1 and Ssb1, which is consistent with the concept that a core stress response exists in C. albicans. This is the first time that a fungal core stress response has been defined at the proteomic level. We have also shown that the Hog1 stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase, which is activated in response to the stresses examined in this study, makes a major contribution to the C. albicans stress proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikang Yin
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Osler M, Stead D, Rebe K, Meintjes G, Boulle A. Risk factors for and clinical characteristics of severe hyperlactataemia in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy: a case-control study. HIV Med 2009; 11:121-9. [PMID: 19702629 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2009.00754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptomatic hyperlactataemia and lactic acidosis (SHLA) are potentially life-threatening complications associated with stavudine (d4T), an antiretroviral therapy (ART) drug widely used in developing countries. METHODS Cases comprised all symptomatic patients with measured lactates >or= 5 mmol/L referred to a South African hospital between August 2003 and November 2005. Matched controls were selected according to facility and duration on ART. RESULTS Seventy-one cases and 142 controls were included in the study. The majority of cases presented between 6 and 18 months on ART. Female sex [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 23.4; 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.0-136.6], a baseline weight between 60 and 75 kg (AOR 4.5; 95% CI 1.4-14.1) or, in particular, >or= 75 kg (AOR 19.4; 95% CI 4.1-82.5) at ART initiation and gaining >or= 6 kg in the first 3 months on therapy (AOR 3.5; 95% CI 1.3-9.5) were independent risk factors identifying patients who may subsequently develop SHLA. Weight loss of >or= 2 kg (AOR 6.1; 95% CI 2.0-18.3), a rise in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) >or= 10 U/L (AOR 3.1; 95% CI 1.1-8.9), the presence of at least one of three major symptoms (vomiting, nausea and abdominal pains) of SHLA (AOR 12.6; 95% CI 3.3-47.2) and peripheral neuropathy (AOR 3.4; 95% CI 1.1-9.8) were the clinical parameters that were most able to identify patients with early manifestations of SHLA. CONCLUSIONS This is the first case-control study for SHLA in Southern Africa. Given these findings, we advise that stavudine is avoided in overweight women. Weight loss, a rise in ALT, peripheral neuropathy and/or gastrointestinal symptoms should prompt healthcare workers to assess for SHLA, especially at between 6 and 18 months on ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Osler
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Parkinson N, Stead D, Bew J, Heeney J, Tsror (Lahkim) L, Elphinstone J. Dickeya species relatedness and clade structure determined by comparison of recA sequences. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2009; 59:2388-93. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.009258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Parkinson N, Cowie C, Heeney J, Stead D. Phylogenetic structure of Xanthomonas determined by comparison of gyrB sequences. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2009; 59:264-74. [PMID: 19196764 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.65825-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have produced a phylogeny of species type strains from the plant-pathogenic genus Xanthomonas based on gyrB sequences. To evaluate this locus further for species and infraspecies identification, we sequenced an additional 203 strains comprising all the pathovar reference strains (which have defined plant hosts), 67 poorly characterized pathovars, currently classified as Xanthomonas campestris, and 59 unidentified xanthomonads. The well-characterized pathovars grouped either in clades containing their respective species type strain or in clades containing species related to Xanthomonas axonopodis. The Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, Xanthomonas perforans and Xanthomonas alfalfae species complex, Xanthomonas fuscans and Xanthomonas citri were discriminated as X. axonopodis-related clades and comprised a large proportion of unidentified strains as well as 80 pathovars representing all the X. axonopodis pathovars and many poorly characterized pathovars, greatly increasing the plant host ranges of the constituent species. Most xanthomonads from these three large clades were isolated from a taxonomically diverse range of plant hosts, including many weed species, from field systems in India, suggesting that these lineages became established and diversified in agricultural areas in this region. The majority of these xanthomonads had minimal sequence diversity, consistent with rapid and highly extensive pathovar diversification that has occurred in relatively recent times. Low-intensity farming practices may have provided conditions conducive to pathovar development, and evidence for pathovar diversification within other regional angiosperm floras is discussed. The gyrB locus was sufficiently discriminating to identify diversity within many species. Seven branches or clades were sufficiently distinct to be considered as potential novel species. This study has provided a comprehensive xanthomonad classification framework and has firmly established gyrB sequencing as a rapid and efficient identification tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Parkinson
- Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK.
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Abstract
Background In the public sector antiretroviral therapy (ART) programme in South Africa the standardized first-line regimen includes stavudine (d4T). Severe symptomatic hyperlactataemia (SHL) is a potentially life- threatening complication of d4T. Methods GF Jooste Hospital is a referral centre for six ART clinics. We retrospectively reviewed cases referred with lactate levels ≥5 mmol/l that were attributed to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors from August 2003 to November 2005. We calculated cumulative ART exposure in patients attending these clinics to derive a referral rate. Results In total, 75 patients were referred with severe SHL (71 female). All had been on d4T and on ART for a median of 10 months. The referral rate for severe SHL was 17.5 cases per 1,000 patient-years. In 53 patients (71%), lactic acidosis (standard bicarbonate [SHCO3]<20 mmol/l) was confirmed, resulting in a referral rate of 12.3 cases per 1,000 patient-years. Twelve patients (16%) died during acute admission (≤30 days). SHCO3<15 mmol/l and pH<7.2 were the only factors associated with acute mortality (odds ratio [OR] 22.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.8–1,045.7 and OR 13.9, 95% CI 2.7–86.9, respectively). A total of 30 less severe cases were rechallenged with zidovudine without recurrence of SHL. Conclusions This study confirms a high incidence of severe SHL in Africa, which has been shown in previous studies. Rechallenge with zidovudine in less severe cases was found to be safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stead
- GF Jooste Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Médicins Sans Frontières, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Meg Osler
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Health, Provincial Government of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew Boulle
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kevin Rebe
- GF Jooste Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- GF Jooste Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Ramsdale M, Selway L, Stead D, Walker J, Yin Z, Nicholls SM, Crowe J, Sheils EM, Brown AJP. MNL1 regulates weak acid-induced stress responses of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:4393-403. [PMID: 18653474 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-09-0946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MNL1, the Candida albicans homologue of an orphan Msn2-like gene (YER130c in Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has no known function. Here we report that MNL1 regulates weak acid stress responses. Deletion of MNL1 prevents the long-term adaptation of C. albicans cells to weak acid stresses and compromises their global transcriptional response under these conditions. The promoters of Mnl1-dependent genes contain a novel STRE-like element (SLE) that imposes Mnl1-dependent, weak acid stress-induced transcription upon a lacZ reporter in C. albicans. The SLE (HHYYCCCCTTYTY) is related to the Nrg1 response element (NRE) element recognized by the transcriptional repressor Nrg1. Deletion of NRG1 partially restores the ability of C. albicans mnl1 cells to adapt to weak acid stress, indicating that Mnl1 and Nrg1 act antagonistically to regulate this response. Molecular, microarray, and proteomic analyses revealed that Mnl1-dependent adaptation does not occur in cells exposed to proapoptotic or pronecrotic doses of weak acid, suggesting that Ras-pathway activation might suppress the Mnl1-dependent weak acid response in dying cells. Our work defines a role for this YER130c orthologue in stress adaptation and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Ramsdale
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom.
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Parkinson N, Aritua V, Heeney J, Cowie C, Bew J, Stead D. Phylogenetic analysis of Xanthomonas species by comparison of partial gyrase B gene sequences. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2008; 57:2881-2887. [PMID: 18048743 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.65220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Xanthomonas currently comprises 27 species with validly published names that are important crop and horticultural pathogens. We have constructed a phylogram from alignment of gyrase B (gyrB) sequences for all xanthomonad species, both to indicate inter-species relatedness and as an aid for rapid and accurate species-level identification. The phylogeny indicated a monophyletic group, with X. albilineans and X. sacchari as the most ancestral species. Three species, X. hyacinthi, X. translucens and X. theicola, formed an early-branching group. Three clades were supported by high bootstrap values: group 1 comprised X. cucurbitae, X. cassavae and X. codiaei; group 2 comprised X. arboricola, X. campestris, X. populi, X. hortorum, X. gardneri and X. cynarae; group 3 contained the remaining species, within which two further clades, supported by a 100 % bootstrap value, were identified. Group 3A comprised X. axonopodis, X. euvesicatoria, X. perforans and X. melonis, together with X. alfalfae, X. citri and X. fuscans, whose names were recently validly published. Group 3B contained the monocot pathogens X. vasicola and X. oryzae. Two recently identified species, X. cynarae and X. gardneri, were poorly discriminated and were related closely to X. hortorum. Three species, X. perforans, X. euvesicatoria and X. alfalfae, had identical gyrB sequences. Partial sequencing of a further five genes from these species found only minor sequence differences that confirmed their close relatedness. Although branch lengths between species varied, indicating different degrees of genetic distinctiveness, the majority (n=21) were well-differentiated, indicating the utility of the method as an identification tool, and we now use this method for routine diagnosis of xanthomonad species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Parkinson
- Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Valentine Aritua
- National Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute, PO Box 7065, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John Heeney
- Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Claire Cowie
- Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Janice Bew
- Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - David Stead
- Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
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Schmidt P, Walker J, Selway L, Stead D, Yin Z, Enjalbert B, Weig M, Brown AJP. Proteomic analysis of the pH response in the fungal pathogenCandida glabrata. Proteomics 2008; 8:534-44. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stead D, Osler M, Boulle A, Rebe K, Meintjes G. Severe hyperlactataemia complicating stavudine first-line antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. Antivir Ther 2008; 13:937-943. [PMID: 19043928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the public sector antiretroviral therapy (ART) programme in South Africa the standardized first-line regimen includes stavudine (d4T). Severe symptomatic hyperlactataemia (SHL) is a potentially life-threatening complication of d4T. METHODS GF Jooste Hospital is a referral centre for six ART clinics. We retrospectively reviewed cases referred with lactate levels > or =5 mmol/l that were attributed to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors from August 2003 to November 2005. We calculated cumulative ART exposure in patients attending these clinics to derive a referral rate. RESULTS In total, 75 patients were referred with severe SHL (71 female). All had been on d4T and on ART for a median of 10 months. The referral rate for severe SHL was 17.5 cases per 1,000 patient-years. In 53 patients (71%), lactic acidosis (standard bicarbonate [SHCO3] <20 mmol/l) was confirmed, resulting in a referral rate of 12.3 cases per 1,000 patient-years. Twelve patients (16%) died during acute admission (< or =30 days). SHCO3 <15 mmol/l and pH < 7.2 were the only factors associated with acute mortality (odds ratio [OR] 22.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.8-1,045.7 and OR 13.9, 95% CI 2.7-86.9, respectively). A total of 30 less severe cases were rechallenged with zidovudine without recurrence of SHL. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms a high incidence of severe SHL in Africa, which has been shown in previous studies. Rechallenge with zidovudine in less severe cases was found to be safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stead
- GF Jooste Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Stead D, Findon H, Yin Z, Walker J, Selway L, Cash P, Dujon BA, Hennequin C, Brown AJP, Haynes K. Proteomic changes associated with inactivation of the Candida glabrata ACE2 virulence-moderating gene. Proteomics 2005; 5:1838-48. [PMID: 15825152 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of the gene encoding the transcriptional activator Ace2 in the fungal pathogen Candida glabrata results in an almost 200-fold increase in virulence characterised by acute mortality and a massive over-stimulation of the pro-inflammatory arm of the innate immune system. In this study we have adopted a proteomics approach to identify cellular functions regulated by C. glabrata Ace2 that might contribute to this increase in virulence. A two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis map of the C. glabrata proteome was constructed. We identified a total of 123 proteins, 61 of which displayed reproducible and statistically significant alterations in their levels following inactivation of ACE2. Of these, the levels of 32 proteins were elevated, and 29 were reduced in ace2 cells. These data show that Ace2 influences metabolism, protein synthesis, folding and targeting, and aspects of cell growth and polarisation. Some of these functions are likely to contribute to the effects of Ace2 upon the virulence of C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stead
- COGEME Proteomics Research Facility 1, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
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Garwood K, McLaughlin T, Garwood C, Joens S, Morrison N, Taylor CF, Carroll K, Evans C, Whetton AD, Hart S, Stead D, Yin Z, Brown AJP, Hesketh A, Chater K, Hansson L, Mewissen M, Ghazal P, Howard J, Lilley KS, Gaskell SJ, Brass A, Hubbard SJ, Oliver SG, Paton NW. PEDRo: a database for storing, searching and disseminating experimental proteomics data. BMC Genomics 2004; 5:68. [PMID: 15377392 PMCID: PMC521486 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-5-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proteomics is rapidly evolving into a high-throughput technology, in which substantial and systematic studies are conducted on samples from a wide range of physiological, developmental, or pathological conditions. Reference maps from 2D gels are widely circulated. However, there is, as yet, no formally accepted standard representation to support the sharing of proteomics data, and little systematic dissemination of comprehensive proteomic data sets. Results This paper describes the design, implementation and use of a Proteome Experimental Data Repository (PEDRo), which makes comprehensive proteomics data sets available for browsing, searching and downloading. It is also serves to extend the debate on the level of detail at which proteomics data should be captured, the sorts of facilities that should be provided by proteome data management systems, and the techniques by which such facilities can be made available. Conclusions The PEDRo database provides access to a collection of comprehensive descriptions of experimental data sets in proteomics. Not only are these data sets interesting in and of themselves, they also provide a useful early validation of the PEDRo data model, which has served as a starting point for the ongoing standardisation activity through the Proteome Standards Initiative of the Human Proteome Organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Garwood
- Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Thomas McLaughlin
- School of Biomolecular Sciences, UMIST, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
| | - Chris Garwood
- Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Scott Joens
- Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Norman Morrison
- Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Christopher F Taylor
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Kathleen Carroll
- School of Biomolecular Sciences, UMIST, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
| | - Caroline Evans
- School of Biomolecular Sciences, UMIST, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
| | - Anthony D Whetton
- School of Biomolecular Sciences, UMIST, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
| | - Sarah Hart
- School of Biomolecular Sciences, UMIST, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
| | - David Stead
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Zhikang Yin
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Alistair JP Brown
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Andrew Hesketh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Keith Chater
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Lena Hansson
- Scottish Centre for Genomic Technology & Informatics, University of Edinburgh Medical School, The Chancellor's Building, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4S, UK
| | - Muriel Mewissen
- Scottish Centre for Genomic Technology & Informatics, University of Edinburgh Medical School, The Chancellor's Building, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4S, UK
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Scottish Centre for Genomic Technology & Informatics, University of Edinburgh Medical School, The Chancellor's Building, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4S, UK
| | - Julie Howard
- University of Cambridge, Department of Biochemistry, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Kathryn S Lilley
- University of Cambridge, Department of Biochemistry, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Simon J Gaskell
- Department of Chemistry, UMIST, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
| | - Andy Brass
- Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Simon J Hubbard
- School of Biomolecular Sciences, UMIST, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
| | - Stephen G Oliver
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Norman W Paton
- Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Yin Z, Stead D, Selway L, Walker J, Riba-Garcia I, McLnerney T, Gaskell S, Oliver SG, Cash P, Brown AJP. Proteomic response to amino acid starvation inCandida albicans andSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Proteomics 2004; 4:2425-36. [PMID: 15274137 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200300760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae activates general amino acid control (GCN) in response to amino acid starvation. Some aspects of this response are known to be conserved in other fungi including Candida albicans, the major systemic fungal pathogen of humans. Here, we describe a proteomic comparison of the GCN responses in S. cerevisiae and C. albicans. We have used high-resolution two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis and peptide mass fingerprinting to develop a 2-D protein map of C. albicans. A total of 391 protein spots, representing 316 open reading frames, were identified. Fifty-five C. albicans and 65 S. cerevisiae proteins were identified that responded reproducibly to 3-aminotriazole (3AT) in a Gcn4p-dependent fashion. The changes in the S. cerevisiae proteome correlated with the response in the S. cerevisiae transcript profile to 3AT treatment (rank correlation coefficient = 0.59; Natarajan et al., Molec. Cell. Biol. 2001, 21, 4347-4368). Significant aspects of the GCN response were conserved in C. albicans and S. cerevisiae. In both fungi, amino acid biosynthetic enzymes on multiple metabolic pathways were induced by 3AT in a Gcn4p-dependent fashion. Carbon metabolism functions were also induced. However, subtle differences were observed between these fungi. For example, purine biosynthetic enzymes were induced in S. cerevisiae, but were not significantly induced in C. albicans. These differences presumably reflect the contrasting niches of these relatively benign and pathogenic yeasts, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikang Yin
- COGEME Proteome Research Facility 1, Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
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Atterby H, Smith N, Chaudhry Q, Stead D. Exploiting microbes and plants to clean up pesticide contaminated environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1039/b200937b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
We demonstrated that oxidative stress plays a role in freeze-thaw-induced killing of Campylobacter coli following analysis of mutants deficient in key antioxidant functions. Superoxide anions, but not H(2)O(2), were formed during the freeze-thaw process. However, a failure to detoxify superoxide anions may lead to spontaneous disproportionation of the radicals to H(2)O(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stead
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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Eskander MB, Limb D, Stone MH, Furlong AJ, Shardlow D, Stead D, Culleton G. Sequential mechanical and pharmacological thromboprophylaxis in the surgery of hip fractures. A pilot study. Int Orthop 1997; 21:259-61. [PMID: 9349964 PMCID: PMC3617695 DOI: 10.1007/s002640050162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Two hundred and thirty-eight patients with femoral neck fractures were entered into a randomised pilot study comparing the use of sequential treatment by 'Flowtron DVT' garments in the perioperative period followed by Enoxaparin (Clexane-Rhône-Poulenc Rorer), and Enoxaparin alone. One hundred and ninety-three patients were excluded indicating the difficulty of achieving pure comparisons in this population. The remaining 44 were randomised: 21 received Enoxaparin from the time of admission, and 23 had sequential treatment. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of thromboembolism. Patient preference did not indicate a favoured treatment subjectively. The operation field was drier in the sequential group, although this did not reach significance. Sequential treatment was not shown to be better or worse than treatment with Enoxaparin, but the trends favoured sequential treatment rather than drug treatment alone. The technique allows the operation to be carried out without the problems produced by low dose heparins and mobilisation is not hindered by compression garments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Eskander
- Academic Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
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Stone MH, Limb D, Campbell P, Stead D, Culleton G. A comparison of intermittent calf compression and enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis in total hip replacement. A pilot study. Int Orthop 1996; 20:367-9. [PMID: 9049766 DOI: 10.1007/s002640050099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A prospective randomised trial was carried comparing the use of Enoxaparin with intermittent pneumatic calf compression garments for thromboprophylaxis in total hip replacement. Fifty consecutive patients were studied and randomised to evaluate these two methods. There were 2 deep vein thromboses, one in each group, and no cases of pulmonary embolism. The operative field was judged to be drier in the compression group, but the mean fall in the postoperative haemoglobin level was the same in each. In the peroperative period, 6 patients in the Enoxaparin group needed 2 units of blood and one 3 units. In the compression group, 3 patients needed transfusions of 2 units. Intermittent calf compression has fewer problems than the use of Enoxaparin and has no contraindications.
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Abstract
Hydroxycinnamic acids and their derivatives occur widely in plants, fruits and wine. The effect of the common hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic, coumaric and ferulic acids), at concentrations of 100 and 500 mg l-1, on growth of 11 strains of spoilage yeasts was measured spectrophotometrically and compared with that of potassium sorbate. Ferulic acid was the most generally inhibitory hydroxycinnamic acid. At 500 mg l-1 it appreciably inhibited Pichia anomala, Debaryomyces hansenii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and prevented detectable growth of one strain each of P. anomala and D. hansenii. Caffeic acid was the least inhibitory compound and coumaric acid had an intermediate effect. The more resistant strains of yeast were P. membranaefaciens, Saccharomycodes ludwigii and Zygosaccharomyces bailii. Sensitivity to hydroxycinnamic acid was, in general, associated with sensitivity to potassium sorbate; at a given concentration potassium sorbate was more inhibitory than were any of the hydroxycinnamic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stead
- Institute of Food Research, Reading Laboratory, UK
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Stead D. The effect of chlorogenic, gallic and quinic acids on the growth of spoilage strains of Lactobacillus collinoides and Lactobacillus brevis. Lett Appl Microbiol 1994; 18:112-114. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1994.tb00819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Three strains of psychrotrophic Pseudomonas spp., each with different lipolytic and proteolytic phenotypes (including a proteinase-deficient mutant), were cultured separately in whole milk at 7 degrees C. Growth rates were the same during logarithmic growth phase, but during early stationary phase the cell densities were related to the activities of lipase and proteinase in the cultures. Only one strain underwent pronounced death phase. Proteinase activity was not detected in the culture of the proteinase-deficient mutant, but in those of the other strains it increased to a plateau, or continued to increase linearly. Lipase activity of the culture of each strain reached a peak in early stationary phase; in late stationary phase activity was highest for the proteinase-deficient mutant strain where degradation of lipase by bacterial proteinase would have been least. The ability of psychrotrophic bacteria both to survive for long periods and to produce high levels of proteinases and lipases on prolonged incubation in milk emphasizes the spoilage potential arising from psychrotrophic bacteria in inadequately cleaned dairy equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stead
- AFRC Institute of Food Research, Reading Laboratory, Shinfield, UK
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Stead D. Assay of proteinases of psychrotrophic bacteria in milk using hide powder azure and a simple procedure for clarification of milk. J DAIRY RES 1987; 54:295-302. [PMID: 3110232 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029900025437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The clarification of milk by addition of solutions of Triton X-100 and EDTA after digestion of added Hide Powder Azure (HPA) was found to provide a simple method of determining the extracellular proteinase activity of Gram-negative psychrotrophic bacteria in pasteurized whole milk. The light absorbance of the clarified HPA digestion product was measured directly, after a brief incubation period, and was stable to storage of samples in diffuse daylight for at least 2 d. Proteinase produced by growth in refrigerated whole milk of as few as 2.5 X 10(6) cfu ml-1 of Pseudomonas fluorescens AR11 was detected.
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