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Ho TJ, Lin CF, Chen JK, Kung YL, Wu LK, Chang Chien CY, Huang CP. Electroacupuncture attenuates inflammatory pain via peripheral cannabinoid receptor type 1 signaling pathway in mice. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295432. [PMID: 38060514 PMCID: PMC10703209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain is strongly associated with neuro-immune activation. Thus, the emerging role of the endocannabinoid system in neuro-inflammation is important. Acupuncture has been used for over 2500 years and is widely accepted for the management of pain. Our study aimed to investigate the effects of electroacupuncture on the regulation of cannabinoid receptor type 1 within the peripheral nervous system. Inflammatory pain was induced by injecting Complete Freund's adjuvant to induce mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. Electroacupuncture significantly attenuated the mechanical and thermal sensitivities, and AM251, a cannabinoid receptor type 1 antagonist, eliminated these effects. Dual immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that electroacupuncture elevated expression of cannabinoid receptor type 1, co-localized with Nav 1.8. Furthermore, electroacupuncture significantly reduced levels of Nav 1.8 and COX-2 by western blot analysis, but not vice versa as AM251 treatment. Our data indicate that electroacupuncture mediates antinociceptive effects through peripheral endocannabinoid system signaling pathway and provide evidence that electroacupuncture is beneficial for pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Jung Ho
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- School of Post‑Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fang Lin
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jhong-Kuei Chen
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- School of Post‑Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lun Kung
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Li-Kung Wu
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Ying Chang Chien
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ping Huang
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
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Hipkaeo W, Kondo H. Localization of phospholipid-related signal molecules in salivary glands of rodents: A review. J Oral Biosci 2023; 65:146-155. [PMID: 37061129 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the 1950s, Hokin conducted initial studies on phosphoinositide turnover/cycle in salivary glandular cells. From these studies, the idea emerged that receptor-mediated changes in intramembranous levels of phosphoinositides represent an early step in the stimulus-response pathway. Based on this idea and the general view that knowledge of the exact localization of a given endogenous molecule in cells in situ is important for understanding its functional significance, we have reviewed available information about the localization of several representative phosphoinositide-signaling molecules in the salivary glands in situ in mice. HIGHLIGHT We focused on phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase, phosphatidylinositol 4 phosphate 5-kinase α, β, γ, phospholipase Cβ, muscarinic cholinoceptors 1 and 3, diacylglycerol kinase ζ, phospholipase D1 and 2, ADP-ribosylation factor 6 and its exchange factors for Arf6, and cannabinoid receptors. These molecules individually exhibit differential localization in a spatiotemporal manner in the exocrine glands, making it possible to deduce their functional significance, such as their involvement in secretion and cell differentiation. CONCLUSION Although phosphoinositide-signaling molecules whose in situ localization in glandular cells has been clarified are still limited, the obtained information on their localization suggests that their functional significance is more valuable in glandular ducts than in acini. It thus suggests the necessity of greater attention to the ducts in their physio-pharmacological analyses. The purpose of this review is to encourage more in situ localization studies of phosphoinositide-signaling molecules with an aim to further understand their possible involvement in the pathogenesis of salivary gland diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiphawi Hipkaeo
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | - Hisatake Kondo
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, JAPAN
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Dos Santos DR, Fiais GA, de Oliveira Passos A, Dos Santos LFG, Kayahara GM, Crivelini MM, Matsushita DH, Antoniali C, Nakamune ACDMS, Dornelles RCM, Chaves-Neto AH. Effects of orchiectomy and testosterone replacement therapy on redox balance and salivary gland function in Wistar rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 218:106048. [PMID: 34973376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.106048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of orchiectomy (ORX) and testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) on redox balance and function of salivary glands. Forty-five young adult male Wistar rats (3 months old) were either castrated bilaterally or underwent fictitious surgery (SHAM) and were subsequently distributed into 3 groups: SHAM, ORX, and TRT (castrated rats that received an intramuscular injection of testosterone cypionate 10 mg/kg/weekly). All treatments started 4 weeks after castration (4 months old) and lasted 4 weeks (5 months old). At the end of treatment, pilocarpine-induced salivary secretion was collected to analyze salivary flow rate and biochemistry composition, and the parotid (PG) and submandibular (SMG) glands were sampled for redox balance markers and histomorphometric analyses. ORX increased salivary flow rate, calcium, phosphate, and chloride, and decreased total protein and amylase, while not changing the salivary buffer capacity, pH, sodium, and potassium compared to SHAM. TRT restored all salivary parameters to SHAM values. ORX increased oxidative lipid and protein damage, total antioxidant capacity, and uric acid in both salivary glands compared to SHAM. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were greater only in the SMG of the ORX group in relation to SHAM. ORX decreased duct and acini area, while increasing connective tissue in the PG. On the other hand, ORX reduced duct area and increased acini area in the SMG compared to SHAM. TRT restored the redox balance and histomorphometric parameters to close to SHAM values in both salivary glands. Orchiectomy-induced salivary gland dysfunction was characterized by an increase in the salivary flow rate and changes in the secretion of total protein, amylase, and electrolytes, which are key factors, considered important for maintaining oral health status. To sum up, orchiectomy impaired the redox balance of the salivary glands. Our results also showed that TRT reversed the oxidative damage, morphological alterations, and salivary gland dysfunction induced by orchiectomy. Therefore, these results suggest an important action of testosterone on the redox balance and secretory ability of salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damáris Raissa Dos Santos
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Alice Fiais
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arthur de Oliveira Passos
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Gadioli Dos Santos
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giseli Mitsuy Kayahara
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Macedo Crivelini
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Doris Hissako Matsushita
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Antoniali
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia de Melo Stevanato Nakamune
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita Cássia Menegati Dornelles
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Hernandes Chaves-Neto
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Cypriano ML, Dos Santos Ramos GHA, de Oliveira ACF, Dos Santos DR, Fiais GA, de Oliveira AP, Antoniali C, Dornelles RCM, de Melo Stevanato Nakamune AC, Chaves-Neto AH. Effect of testosterone replacement therapy and mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) on biochemical, functional and redox parameters of saliva in orchiectomized rats. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 132:105289. [PMID: 34695671 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the effects of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and mate tea (MT) [Ilex paraguariensis] on biochemical, functional, and redox parameters of saliva in orchiectomized rats (ORX) DESIGN: Sixty young adult male Wistar rats (3 months old) were either castrated bilaterally or underwent fictitious surgery (SHAM) and were distributed into 5 groups: SHAM, ORX, TU (castrated rats that received a single intramuscular injection of testosterone undecanoate 100 mg/kg), MT (castrated rats that received MT 20 mg/kg, via intragastric gavage, daily), and TU + MT. All treatments started 4 weeks after castration (4 months old) and lasted 4 weeks (5 months old). At the end of treatment, pilocarpine-induced salivary secretion was collected to analyze salivary flow rate (SFR) and biochemistry composition through determination of total protein (TP), amylase (AMY), electrolyte, and biomarkers of oxidative stress. RESULTS ORX increased SFR, salivary buffering capacity, calcium, phosphate, chloride, total antioxidant capacity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), and carbonyl protein, reduced TP and AMY activity, and did not change pH, sodium, and potassium compared to SHAM. TU and TU+MT restored all salivary parameters to values of SHAM, while only TBARs and AMY returned to SHAM levels in the MT group. CONCLUSIONS TRT with long-acting TU restored the biochemical, functional, and redox parameters of saliva in orchiectomized rats. Although MT did not have a TRT-like effect on salivary gland function, the more effective reduction in lipid oxidative damage in the MT and TU + MT groups could be considered as adjuvant to alleviate the salivary oxidative stress induced by orchiectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Lima Cypriano
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Damáris Raissa Dos Santos
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Alice Fiais
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arthur Passos de Oliveira
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Antoniali
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita Cássia Menegati Dornelles
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia de Melo Stevanato Nakamune
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Hernandes Chaves-Neto
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Simmons TC, Freeman SM, Lackey NS, Dreyer BK, Manoli DS, Bales KL. Cannabinoid receptor Type 1 densities reflect social organization in Microtus. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:1004-1017. [PMID: 33460115 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Across many species, endocannabinoids play an important role in regulating social play, reward, and anxiety. These processes are mediated through at least two distinct cannabinoid receptors (CB), CB1 and CB2. CB1 expression is found in appreciable densities across regions of the brain that integrate memory with socio-spatial information; many of these regions have been directly linked to the neurobiology of pair bonding in monogamous species. Using receptor autoradiography, we provide the first distributional map of CB1 within the brains of closely related monogamous prairie voles and promiscuous meadow voles, and compare receptor densities across sexes and species in limbic regions. We observe CB1-specific signal using [3H] CP-55,940 and [3H] SR141716A, though the latter exhibited a lower signal to noise ratio. We confirmed the presence of CB2 in prairie vole spleen tissue using [3H] CP-55,940. However, we found no evidence of CB2 in the brain using either [3H] CP-55,940 or [3H] A-836,339. The overall distribution of putative CB1 in the brain was similar across vole species and followed the pattern of CB1 expression observed in other species-high intensity binding within the telencephalon, moderate binding within the diencephalon, and mild binding within the mesencephalon and metencephalon (aside from the cerebellar cortex). However, we found profound differences in CB1 densities across species, with prairie voles having higher CB1 binding in regions implicated in social attachment and spatial memory (e.g., periaqueductal gray, hippocampus). These findings suggest that CB1 densities, but not distribution, correlate with the social systems of vole species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trenton C Simmons
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sara M Freeman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Nicholas S Lackey
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Brooke K Dreyer
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Devanand S Manoli
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Karen L Bales
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Effects of ∆ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on aversive memories and anxiety: a review from human studies. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:420. [PMID: 32842985 PMCID: PMC7448997 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02813-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may stem from the formation of aberrant and enduring aversive memories. Some PTSD patients have recreationally used Cannabis, probably aiming at relieving their symptomatology. However, it is still largely unknown whether and how Cannabis or its psychotomimetic compound Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) attenuates the aversive/traumatic memory outcomes. Here, we seek to review and discuss the effects of THC on aversive memory extinction and anxiety in healthy humans and PTSD patients. METHODS Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Central Register for Controlled Trials databases were searched to identify peer-reviewed published studies and randomized controlled trials in humans published in English between 1974 and July 2020, including those using only THC and THC combined with cannabidiol (CBD). The effect size of the experimental intervention under investigation was calculated. RESULTS At low doses, THC can enhance the extinction rate and reduce anxiety responses. Both effects involve the activation of cannabinoid type-1 receptors in discrete components of the corticolimbic circuitry, which could couterbalance the low "endocannabinoid tonus" reported in PTSD patients. The advantage of associating CBD with THC to attenuate anxiety while minimizing the potential psychotic or anxiogenic effect produced by high doses of THC has been reported. The effects of THC either alone or combined with CBD on aversive memory reconsolidation, however, are still unknown. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence from healthy humans and PTSD patients supports the THC value to suppress anxiety and aversive memory expression without producing significant adverse effects if used in low doses or when associated with CBD. Future studies are guaranteed to address open questions related to their dose ratios, administration routes, pharmacokinetic interactions, sex-dependent differences, and prolonged efficacy.
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Ney LJ, Felmingham KL, Bruno R, Matthews A, Nichols DS. Simultaneous quantification of endocannabinoids, oleoylethanolamide and steroid hormones in human plasma and saliva. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1152:122252. [PMID: 32615536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous cannabinoids are an increasingly intriguing target for biological research, given the changing legal status of medicinal cannabinoid-based products throughout the world. However, studying the endogenous cannabinoid system is a relatively new field, with few research teams attempting to develop quantitative methods for these important modulatory analytes in human matrices, other than blood. Here we develop and validate simultaneous methods for quantifying arachidonoyl-ethanolamide, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, oleoylethanolamide, cortisol and progesterone in human plasma and saliva using liquid-liquid extraction combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The method was fully validated over the linear concentration range 1-20 ng/mL for each analyte in plasma (R2 = 0.98-0.99) and saliva (R2 = 0.99). We find that salivary endogenous cannabinoids and cortisol are acutely responsive to exercise, suggesting that targeting the saliva system may present a convenient way for future research of endogenous cannabinoids. This finding also encourages a broader understanding of the endogenous cannabinoid system during stress responses, and our method may consequently lead to a better understanding of the role of endogenous cannabinoids in peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Ney
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Kim L Felmingham
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Raimondo Bruno
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Allison Matthews
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - David S Nichols
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Australia
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Liu C, Qi X, Yang D, Neely A, Zhou Z. The effects of cannabis use on oral health. Oral Dis 2019; 26:1366-1374. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Liu
- School of Dentistry University of Detroit Mercy Detroit MI USA
- School and Hospital of StomatologyHebei Medical University & Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology Shijiazhuang Hebei China
| | - Xia Qi
- School of Dentistry University of Detroit Mercy Detroit MI USA
- School and Hospital of StomatologyHebei Medical University & Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology Shijiazhuang Hebei China
| | - Dongru Yang
- School and Hospital of StomatologyHebei Medical University & Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology Shijiazhuang Hebei China
| | - Anthony Neely
- School of Dentistry University of Detroit Mercy Detroit MI USA
| | - Zheng Zhou
- School of Dentistry University of Detroit Mercy Detroit MI USA
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Thoungseabyoun W, Tachow A, Pakkarato S, Rawangwong A, Krongyut S, Sakaew W, Kondo H, Hipkaeo W. Immunohistochemical localization of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) in the submandibular gland of mice under normal conditions and when stimulated by isoproterenol or carbachol. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 81:160-166. [PMID: 28549258 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We wished to investigate the subcellular localization of CB1, a receptor for the endocannabinoids in mouse submandibular glands (SMGs) under normal conditions and when stimulated by adrenergic or cholinergic agonists. MATERIALS AND METHODS SMGs of both male and female adult mice were utilized for immunoblotting and immuno-light and -electron microscopic analyses. Isoproterenol and carbachol were used as adrenergic and cholinergic stimulants, respectively. SMGs were examined at 15, 30, 60 and 120min after intraperitoneal injection of these agents. RESULTS Selective localization of intense immunoreactivity for CB1 in the granular convoluted ductal cells was confirmed by immunoblotting and the antigen absorption test. In SMGs of control male mice, CB1-immunoreactivity was evident on the basolateral plasma membranes, including the basal infoldings, but was absent on the apical membranes in the ductal cells. Localization and intensity of CB1-immunoreactivity were essentially the same in SMGs of female mice. The immunoreactivity was transiently localized in the apical plasmalemma of some acinar and granular ductal cells of male SMGs shortly after stimulation by isoproterenol, but not by carbachol. CONCLUSION The present finding suggests that CB1 functions primarily in the basolateral membranes of the granular convoluted ductal cells of SMGs under normal conditions, and that the CB1 can function additionally in the apical membrane of acinar and granular ductal cells for modulation of the saliva secretory condition via adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wipawee Thoungseabyoun
- Nanomorphology-based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Apussara Tachow
- Nanomorphology-based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sawetree Pakkarato
- Nanomorphology-based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Atsara Rawangwong
- Nanomorphology-based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Suthankamon Krongyut
- Nanomorphology-based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Waraporn Sakaew
- Nanomorphology-based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Hisatake Kondo
- Nanomorphology-based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Organ Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Wiphawi Hipkaeo
- Nanomorphology-based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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French L, Gray C, Leonard G, Perron M, Pike GB, Richer L, Séguin JR, Veillette S, Evans CJ, Artiges E, Banaschewski T, Bokde AWL, Bromberg U, Bruehl R, Buchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod PJ, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Lemaitre H, Martinot JL, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Pangelinan MM, Poustka L, Rietschel M, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Timpson NJ, Schumann G, Smith GD, Pausova Z, Paus T. Early Cannabis Use, Polygenic Risk Score for Schizophrenia and Brain Maturation in Adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry 2015; 72:1002-11. [PMID: 26308966 PMCID: PMC5075969 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Cannabis use during adolescence is known to increase the risk for schizophrenia in men. Sex differences in the dynamics of brain maturation during adolescence may be of particular importance with regard to vulnerability of the male brain to cannabis exposure. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the association between cannabis use and cortical maturation in adolescents is moderated by a polygenic risk score for schizophrenia. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Observation of 3 population-based samples included initial analysis in 1024 adolescents of both sexes from the Canadian Saguenay Youth Study (SYS) and follow-up in 426 adolescents of both sexes from the IMAGEN Study from 8 European cities and 504 male youth from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) based in England. A total of 1577 participants (aged 12-21 years; 899 [57.0%] male) had (1) information about cannabis use; (2) imaging studies of the brain; and (3) a polygenic risk score for schizophrenia across 108 genetic loci identified by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Data analysis was performed from March 1 through December 31, 2014. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Cortical thickness derived from T1-weighted magnetic resonance images. Linear regression tests were used to assess the relationships between cannabis use, cortical thickness, and risk score. RESULTS Across the 3 samples of 1574 participants, a negative association was observed between cannabis use in early adolescence and cortical thickness in male participants with a high polygenic risk score. This observation was not the case for low-risk male participants or for the low- or high-risk female participants. Thus, in SYS male participants, cannabis use interacted with risk score vis-à-vis cortical thickness (P = .009); higher scores were associated with lower thickness only in males who used cannabis. Similarly, in the IMAGEN male participants, cannabis use interacted with increased risk score vis-à-vis a change in decreasing cortical thickness from 14.5 to 18.5 years of age (t137 = -2.36; P = .02). Finally, in the ALSPAC high-risk group of male participants, those who used cannabis most frequently (≥61 occasions) had lower cortical thickness than those who never used cannabis (difference in cortical thickness, 0.07 [95% CI, 0.01-0.12]; P = .02) and those with light use (<5 occasions) (difference in cortical thickness, 0.11 [95% CI, 0.03-0.18]; P = .004). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Cannabis use in early adolescence moderates the association between the genetic risk for schizophrenia and cortical maturation among male individuals. This finding implicates processes underlying cortical maturation in mediating the link between cannabis use and liability to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon French
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Courtney Gray
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabriel Leonard
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Perron
- Groupe d'Étude des Conditions de vie et des Besoins de la Population, Cégep de Jonquiere, Jonquiere, Saguenay, Quebec, Canada 4Department of Human Sciences, University of Quebec in Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada
| | - G Bruce Pike
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada6Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Louis Richer
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Quebec in Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean R Séguin
- Department of Psychiatry and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-Justine, University de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Suzanne Veillette
- Groupe d'Étude des Conditions de vie et des Besoins de la Population, Cégep de Jonquiere, Jonquiere, Saguenay, Quebec, Canada 4Department of Human Sciences, University of Quebec in Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada
| | - C John Evans
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Serv
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun W L Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Institut für Systemische Neurowissenschaften, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Buchel
- Institut für Systemische Neurowissenschaften, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Cattrell
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England20Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-Justine, University de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada19Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Jurgen Gallinat
- Institut für Systemische Neurowissenschaften, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington24Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Penny Gowland
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Herve Lemaitre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Serv
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Serv
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- Department of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nic J Timpson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England20Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- Department of Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada31Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada32Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, C
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada33Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada34Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada35Child Mind Institute, New York, New York
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Xing G, Carlton J, Jiang X, Wen J, Jia M, Li H. Differential Expression of Brain Cannabinoid Receptors between Repeatedly Stressed Males and Females may Play a Role in Age and Gender-Related Difference in Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications from Animal Studies. Front Neurol 2014; 5:161. [PMID: 25221540 PMCID: PMC4147999 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inconsistent gender differences in the outcome of TBI have been reported. The mechanism is unknown. In a recent male animal study, repeated stress followed by TBI had synergistic effects on brain gene expression and caused greater behavioral deficits. Because females are more likely to develop anxiety after stress and because anxiety is mediated by cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) (CB1 and CB2), there is a need to compare CB1 and CB2 expression in stressed males and females. CB1 and CB2 mRNA expression was determined in the amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex (PFC), and hypothalamus of adolescent male and female rats after 3 days of repeated tail-shock stress using qPCR. PFC CB1 and CB2 protein levels were determined using Western blot techniques. Both gender and stress had significant effects on brain CB1 mRNA expression levels. Overall, females showed significantly higher CB1 and CB2 mRNA levels in all brain regions than males (p < 0.01). Repeated stress reduced CB1 mRNA levels in the amygdala, hippocampus, and PFC (p < 0.01, each). A gender × stress interaction was found in CB1 mRNA level in the hippocampus (p < 0.05), hypothalamus (p < 0.01), and PFC (p < 0.01). Within-sex one-way ANOVA analysis showed decreased CB1 mRNA in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and PFC of stressed females (p < 0.01, each) but increased CB1 mRNA levels in the hypothalamus of stressed males (p < 01). There was a gender and stress interaction in prefrontal CB1 receptor protein levels (p < 0.05), which were decreased in stressed females only (p < 0.05). Prefrontal CB2 protein levels were decreased in both male and female animals after repeated stress (p < 0.05, each). High basal levels of CBR expression in young naïve females could protect against TBI damage whereas stress-induced CBR deficits could predict a poor outcome of TBI in repeatedly stressed females. Further animal studies could help evaluate this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Xing
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Janis Carlton
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Xiaolong Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Jillian Wen
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Min Jia
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - He Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
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12
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Lee KS, Asgar J, Zhang Y, Chung MK, Ro JY. The role of androgen receptor in transcriptional modulation of cannabinoid receptor type 1 gene in rat trigeminal ganglia. Neuroscience 2013; 254:395-403. [PMID: 24055403 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that anti-hyperalgesic effects of cannabinoid agonists under inflammatory condition are much greater in male than female, and that inflammatory cytokines upregulate cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) expression in male, but not female, trigeminal ganglia (TG) in a testosterone-dependent manner. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the testosterone-mediated regulation of peripheral CB1 expression. We hypothesized that testosterone upregulates CB1 through transcriptional modulation by androgen receptor (AR). Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, upregulated CB1 mRNA expression in TG of male rats. The cytokine-induced upregulation was prevented by the pretreatment with flutamide, a specific antagonist for AR, but not by ICI 182,780, a specific antagonist for estrogen receptor, suggesting that the effects of testosterone are not mediated by estradiol, a testosterone metabolite. The expression levels of AR and IL-1β receptors were comparable between male and female TG, suggesting that the male specific IL-1β effects on CB1 upregulation occurs downstream to these receptors. The chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed AR binding to the CB1 promoter in the rat TG. Furthermore, luciferase reporter assay revealed that AR activated the CB1 gene in response to testosterone or dihydrotestosterone treatment. These experiments provided compelling evidence that testosterone regulates CB1 gene transcription in TG through AR following cytokine stimulation. These results should provide mechanistic bases for understanding cytokine-hormone-neuron interactions in peripheral cannabinoid systems, and have important clinical implications for pain patients in whom testosterone level is naturally low, gradually declining or pharmacologically compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Lee
- University of Maryland Dental School, Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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13
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Niu KY, Zhang Y, Ro JY. Effects of gonadal hormones on the peripheral cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) system under a myositis condition in rats. Pain 2012; 153:2283-2291. [PMID: 22940464 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the effects of peripherally administered cannabinoids in an orofacial myositis model, and the role of sex hormones in cannabinoid receptor (CBR) expression in trigeminal ganglia (TG). Peripherally administered arachidonylcyclopropylamide (ACPA), a specific CB1R agonist, significantly attenuated complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced mechanical hypersensitivity in the masseter muscle in male rats. The ACPA effect was blocked by a local administration of AM251, a specific CB1R antagonist, but not by AM630, a specific CB2R antagonist. In female rats, a 30-fold higher dose of ACPA was required to produce a moderate reduction in mechanical hypersensitivity. CFA injected in masseter muscle significantly upregulated CB1R mRNA expression in TG in male, but not in female, rats. There was a close correlation between the CB1R mRNA levels in TG and the antihyperalgesic effect of ACPA. Interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, which are elevated in the muscle tissue following CFA treatment, induced a significant upregulation of CB1R mRNA expression in TG from male rats. The upregulation of CB1R was prevented in TG cultures from orchidectomized male rats, which was restored by the application of testosterone. The cytokines did not alter the CB1R mRNA level in TG from intact as well as ovariectomized female rats. Neither estradiol supplement nor estrogen receptor blockade had any effects on CB1R expression. These data indicate that testosterone, but not estradiol, is required for the regulation of CB1Rs in TG under inflammatory conditions, which provide explanations for the sex differences in the antihyperalgesic effects of peripherally administered cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Y Niu
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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14
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Dall'Aglio C, Mercati F, Pascucci L, Boiti C, Pedini V, Ceccarelli P. Immunohistochemical localization of CB1 receptor in canine salivary glands. Vet Res Commun 2011; 34 Suppl 1:S9-12. [PMID: 20437096 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-010-9379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CB1 is a member of the G-protein-linked receptor superfamily that is present in the central nervous system as well as in certain peripheral neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. Recently, the presence of CB1 was found in the ductal system of the major salivary glands of laboratory animals, but no data are available for domestic mammals. Thus, in the present study, we examined the presence and distribution of CB1 in the major salivary glands of dogs using immunohistochemical techniques. CB1 was found in the parotid and mandibular glands of adult dogs; positive immunoreaction was localized to the cells of the striated ducts, with a peculiar localization on or near the apical membrane. This particular localization may be explained by the characteristics of this receptor as membrane-associated. The acinar structures were completely negative for CB1. We conclude that CB1 is involved in the control of dog salivary secretion via endogenous substances, likely endocannabinoids. The localization of CB1 highlights that endocannabinoids promote qualitative and/or quantitative changes of the primary saliva in the ductal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dall'Aglio
- Department of Biopathological Science and Hygiene of Animal and Alimentary Productions, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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15
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Abstract
In humans as in animals, males and females are dissimilar in their genetic and hormonally driven behaviour; they process information differently, perceive experience and emotions in different ways, display diverse attitudes, language and social skills, and show sex-related differences in the brain anatomy and organization. Drug addiction is a widespread relapsing illness that affects both men and women. Sex-dependent differences have been frequently observed in the biological and behavioural effects of substances of abuse, including cannabis. Beside sex differences observed in the cannabinoid-induced effects related to cannabis abuse and dependence, cannabinoids have been shown to exert sex-dependent effects also in other physiological and behavioural aspects, such as food intake and energy balance (more evident in males), or anxiety and depression (more evident in females). Research has just begun to identify factors which could provide a neurobiological basis for gender-based differences in cannabinoid effects, among which, gonadal hormones seem to play a crucial role. Yet, cannabinoid pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic may also be important, as sex differences in cannabinoid effects might be due, at least in part, to differences in muscle mass and fat tissue distribution between males and females. Here, we will review both clinical and laboratory-based research evidence revealing important sex-related differences in cannabinoid effects, and put forward some suggestions for future studies to fill the gap in our knowledge of gender-specific bias in cannabinoid pharmacology.
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Craft RM, Leitl MD. Gonadal hormone modulation of the behavioral effects of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in male and female rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 578:37-42. [PMID: 17905227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Female rats are more sensitive than males to many behavioral effects of cannabinoids. The purpose of the present study was to determine if sex differences in the antinociceptive and motoric effects of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are due to activational effects of gonadal steroid hormones. THC-induced antinociception (tail withdrawal, paw pressure tests) and motoric effects (horizontal locomotion, catalepsy) were compared in male and female gonadectomized rats that were chronically treated with hormone (testosterone in males, estradiol in females) vs. those that were gonadectomized and had no hormone replacement. THC's effects were also compared between gonadally intact females tested during vaginal estrus vs. diestrus. THC (5 and 10 mg/kg i.p.) produced very similar antinociceptive effects in no-hormone vs. testosterone-treated males, but significantly less locomotor suppression in testosterone-treated males than those with no hormone replacement. In gonadectomized females, estradiol enhanced THC's antinociceptive but not motoric effects. In gonadally intact, cycling females, 5 mg/kg THC produced slightly to significantly greater behavioral effects in estrous than in diestrous females. These results suggest that sex differences in THC-induced behavioral effects in the adult rat can be attributed to activational effects of testosterone in males and/or estradiol in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Craft
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA.
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Busch L, Sterin-Borda L, Borda E. An Overview of Autonomic Regulation of Parotid Gland Activity: Influence of Orchiectomy. Cells Tissues Organs 2006; 182:117-28. [PMID: 16914915 DOI: 10.1159/000093962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The parotid gland participates in the digestive process by providing fluid, electrolytes and enzymes that facilitate the onset of digestion. Neurotransmitters, hormones and biologically active peptides regulate its activity. The autonomic system is the main regulatory mechanism of the gland. Sympathetic stimulation induces amylase release through beta(1)-receptor activation and few fluid secretion by alpha(1)-receptor activation. The parasympathetic system controls basal activity of the gland acting on M(1) and M(3) muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and induces the secretion of fluid saliva rich in electrolytes through the modulation of ion channels and the Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity. In addition, its activation induces amylase release. The mechanisms involved in amylase secretion by isoproterenol and carbachol, as well as the mechanism of the cholinergic regulation of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity and the changes observed after orchiectomy, are the scope of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucila Busch
- Pharmacology Unit, University of Buenos Aires School of Dentistry, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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