Calcium-sensing receptors induce apoptosis during simulated ischaemia-reperfusion in Buffalo rat liver cells

Integrative analysis of metabolomics and proteomics reveals mechanism of berberrubine-induced nephrotoxicity

Berberrubine (BRB), a main metabolite of berberine, has stronger hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering activity than its parent form. We previously found that BRB could cause obvious nephrotoxicity, but the molecular mechanism involved remains unknown. In this study, we systematically integrated metabolomics and quantitative proteomics to reveal the potential mechanism of nephrotoxicity caused by BRB. Metabolomic analysis revealed that 103 significant- differentially metabolites were changed. Among the mentioned compounds, significantly upregulated metabolites were observed for phosphorylcholine, sn-glycerol-3-phosphoethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine. The top three enriched KEGG pathways were the mTOR signaling pathway, central carbon metabolism in cancer, and choline metabolism in cancer. ERK1/2 plays key roles in all three metabolic pathways. To further confirm the main signaling pathways involved, a proteomic analysis was conducted to screen for key proteins (such as Mapk1, Mapk14, and Caspase), indicating the potential involvement of cellular growth and apoptosis. Moreover, combined metabolomics and proteomics analyses revealed the participation of ERK1/2 in multiple metabolic pathways. These findings indicated that ERK1/2 regulated the significant- differentially abundant metabolites determined via metabolomics analysis. Notably, through a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and molecular docking, ERK1/2 were revealed to be the direct binding target involved in BRB-induced nephrotoxicity. To summarize, this study sheds light on the understanding of severe nephrotoxicity caused by BRB and provides scientific basis for its safe use and rational development.

Role of Mitochondrial Pathways in Cell Apoptosis during He-Patic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury is a major cause of post-operative hepatic dysfunction and liver failure after transplantation. Mitochondrial pathways can be either beneficial or detrimental to hepatic cell apoptosis during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury, depending on multiple factors. Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury may be induced by opened mitochondrial permeability transition pore, released apoptosis-related proteins, up-regulated B-cell lymphoma-2 gene family proteins, unbalanced mitochondrial dynamics, and endoplasmic reticulum stress, which are integral parts of mitochondrial pathways. In this review, we discuss the role of mitochondrial pathways in apoptosis that account for the most deleterious effect of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Powdered Green Tea (Matcha) Attenuates the Cognitive Dysfunction via the Regulation of Systemic Inflammation in Chronic PM2.5-Exposed BALB/c Mice

This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-amnesic effect of the aqueous extract of powdered green tea (matcha) (EM) in particulate matter (PM)_2.5-induced systemic inflammation in BALB/c mice. EM ameliorated spatial learning and memory function, short-term memory function, and long-term learning and memory function in PM_2.5-induced mice. EM protected against antioxidant deficit in pulmonary, dermal, and cerebral tissues. In addition, EM improved the cholinergic system through the regulation of acetylcholine (ACh) levels and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in brain tissue, and it protected mitochondrial dysfunction by regulating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATP contents in brain tissue. EM attenuated systemic inflammation and apoptotic signaling in pulmonary, dermal, olfactory bulb, and hippocampal tissues. Moreover, EM suppressed neuronal cytotoxicity and cholinergic dysfunction in hippocampal tissue. This study suggests that EM might be a potential substance to improve PM_2.5-induced cognitive dysfunction via the regulation of systemic inflammation.

DHA attenuates hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury by inhibiting pyroptosis and activating PI3K/Akt pathway

Hepatic ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury is very common in liver transplantation and major liver surgeries and may cause liver failure or even death. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has displayed activities in reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction in many disorders. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of DHA against I/R-induced injury and the underlying mechanisms. Here, we show that DHA protected hepatic I/R injury by reducing aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and decreasing the oxidative stress in liver tissues. The viability of Buffalo rat liver (BRL) cells was reduced by hypoxia/restoration (H/R) but restored by DHA. DHA significantly downregulated the expression of pyroptosis-related proteins including NLR pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), apoptotic speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC) and cleaved caspase-1 and reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The above results were supported by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. However, incubation with LY294002, a specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), abolished the effects of DHA, since it increased the expression of cleaved caspase-1 and the production of inflammatory cytokines. The present results have demonstrated that DHA ameliorated I/R-induced injury by inhibiting pyroptosis of hepatocytes induced in liver I/R injury in vivo and in vitro through the PI3K/Akt pathway, providing a potential therapeutic option to prevent liver injury by I/R.

Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1α Alleviates Calcium-Sensing Receptor Activation-Mediated Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting Caspase-3/Caspase-9-Induced Cell Apoptosis in Rat Free Flaps

Surgical flaps are frequently affected by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) are closely associated with myocardial I/R injury. This study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of applying SDF-1α to counteract CaSR activation-mediated I/R injury in ischemic free flaps. Free flaps that underwent ischemia for 3 h were equally randomized into five groups: CaCl₂, NPS2143 + CaCl₂, SDF-1α + CaCl₂, AMD3100 + SDF-1α + CaCl₂, and normal saline. The free flaps were harvested to evaluate flap necrosis and neovascularization after 2 h or 7 d of reperfusion. p-CaSR/CaSR was extensively expressed in vascular endothelial cells of free flaps after I/R injury, and activation of the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis and NPS2143 could reduce the expression of cleaved caspase-3, caspase-9, FAS, Cyt-c, and Bax and increase Bcl-2 expression; the opposite was true after CaSR activation. Interestingly, initiation of the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis might abrogate CaSR activation-induced I/R injury through enhancement of microvessel density. In conclusion, CaSR might become a novel therapeutic target of free flaps affected by I/R injury. Activation of the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis and NPS2143 could counteract CaSR activation-mediated I/R injury and promote free flap survival through inhibition of caspase-3/caspase-9-related cell apoptosis and enhancement of neovascularization.

Implications of the calcium-sensing receptor in ischemia/reperfusion

The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) which was first isolated from bovine parathyroid glands. Its complex structure has been well characterized, which helped to better understand its function. The CaSR activity can be modulated by various ligands, either activators (also called "calcimimetics") or inhibitors (or "calcilytics"). The main role of the CaSR concerns Ca²⁺ homeostasis. In bone, intestine and kidney, the CaSR acts as a sensor for extracellular ionized Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]_e) to keep it stable. Such a homeostatic function is well illustrated by human inherited diseases caused by mutations in CASR gene, characterized by Ca²⁺ balance disturbances. Interestingly, the CaSR is also expressed in numerous tissues which are not directly involved in Ca²⁺ regulation. There, the CaSR has been implicated in regulatory pathways, including cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Moreover, recent observations suggest that the CaSR may be involved in ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) cascades. In cardiomyocytes, the expression and activation of the CaSR are significantly induced at the time of I/R, which induces apoptotic pathways. Likewise, the activation of the CaSR in I/R in brain, liver and kidney has been associated with increased cell death and aggravated structural and functional damage. The present review summarizes these observations and hypothesizes a novel therapeutic option targeting the CaSR in I/R.

The impact of PM2.5 on the human respiratory system

Recently, many researchers paid more attentions to the association between air pollution and respiratory system disease. In the past few years, levels of smog have increased throughout China resulting in the deterioration of air quality, raising worldwide concerns. PM2.5 (particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter) can penetrate deeply into the lung, irritate and corrode the alveolar wall, and consequently impair lung function. Hence it is important to investigate the impact of PM2.5 on the respiratory system and then to help China combat the current air pollution problems. In this review, we will discuss PM2.5 damage on human respiratory system from epidemiological, experimental and mechanism studies. At last, we recommend to the population to limit exposure to air pollution and call to the authorities to create an index of pollution related to health.

Trisulfate Disaccharide Decreases Calcium Overload and Protects Liver Injury Secondary to Liver Ischemia/Reperfusion

Background

Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) causes tissue damage and intracellular calcium levels are a factor of cell death. Sodium calcium exchanger (NCX) regulates calcium extrusion and Trisulfated Disaccharide (TD) acts on NCX decreasing intracellular calcium through the inhibition of the exchange inhibitory peptide (XIP).

Objectives

The aims of this research are to evaluate TD effects in liver injury secondary to I/R in animals and in vitro action on cytosolic calcium of hepatocytes cultures under calcium overload.

Methods

Wistar rats submitted to partial liver ischemia were divided in groups: Control: (n = 10): surgical manipulation with no liver ischemia; Saline: (n = 15): rats receiving IV saline before reperfusion; and TD: (n = 15): rats receiving IV TD before reperfusion. Four hours after reperfusion, serum levels of AST, ALT, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 were measured. Liver tissue samples were collected for mitochondrial function and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Pulmonary vascular permeability and histologic parameters of liver were determined. TD effect on cytosolic calcium was evaluated in BRL3A hepatic rat cell cultures stimulated by thapsigargin pre and after treatment with TD.

Results

AST, ALT, cytokines, liver MDA, mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatic histologic injury scores were less in TD group when compared to Saline Group (p<0.05) with no differences in pulmonary vascular permeability. In culture cells, TD diminished the intracellular calcium raise and prevented the calcium increase pre and after treatment with thapsigargin, respectively.

Conclusion

TD decreases liver cell damage, preserves mitochondrial function and increases hepatic tolerance to I/R injury by calcium extrusion in Ca2+ overload situations.

Carvacrol alleviates ischemia reperfusion injury by regulating the PI3K-Akt pathway in rats

BACKGROUND

Liver ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common pathophysiological process in many clinical settings. Carvacrol, a food additive commonly used in essential oils, has displayed antimicrobials, antitumor and antidepressant-like activities. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of carvacrol on I/R injury in the Wistar rat livers and an in vitro hypoxia/restoration (H/R) model.

METHODS

The hepatoportal vein, hepatic arterial and hepatic duct of Wistar rats were isolated and clamped for 30 min, followed by a 2 h reperfusion. Buffalo rat liver (BRL) cells were incubated under hypoxia for 4 h, followed normoxic conditions for 10 h to establish the H/R model in vitro. Liver injury was evaluated by measuring serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspatate aminotransferase (AST), and hepatic levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and malondiadehyde (MDA), and hepatic histology and TUNEL staining. MTT assay, flow cytometric analysis and Hoechst 33258 staining were used to evaluate the proliferation and apoptosis of BRL cells in vitro. Protein expression was examined by Western Blot analysis.

RESULTS

Carvacrol protected against I/R-induced liver damage, evidenced by significantly reducing the serum levels of ALT and AST, histological alterations and apoptosis of liver cells in I/R rats. Carvacrol exhibited anti-oxidative activity in the I/R rats, reflected by significantly reducing the activity of SOD and the content of MDA, and restoring the activity of CAT and the content of GSH, in I/R rats. In the in vitro assays, carvacrol restored the viability and inhibited the apoptosis of BRL cells, which were subjected to a mimic I/R injury induced by hypoxia. In the investigation on molecular mechanisms, carvacrol downregulated the expression of Bax and upregulated the expression of Bcl-2, thus inhibited the activation of caspase-3. Carvacrol was also shown to enhance the phosphorylation of Akt.

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that carvacrol could alleviate I/R-induced liver injury by its anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic activities, and warrant a further investigation for using carvacrol to protect I/R injury in clinic.

Crucial role of calcium-sensing receptor activation in cardiac injury of diabetic rats

Cardiac injury is a common pathological change frequently accompanied by diabetes mellitus. Recently, some evidence indicated that calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) expressed in the cardiac tissue. However, the functional role of CaSR in diabetic cardiac injury remains unclear. The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between CaSR activation and diabetes-induced cardiac injury. Diabetic model was successfully established by administration of streptozotocin (STZ) in vivo, and cardiomyocyte injury was simulated by 25.5 mM glucose in vitro. Apoptotic rate, intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i) and the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH₂-terminal protein kinase (JNK), and p38 were examined. We demonstrated a significant increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) as well as decrease in maximum rate of left ventricular pressure rise and fall (±dp/dtmax), and left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), apoptosis of cardiomyocytes was also observed by TUNEL staining. In vitro, 25.5 mM glucose-induced apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Further results showed that 25.5 mM glucose significantly increased [Ca²⁺]_i, up-regulated the expression of Bax, P-ERK and P-JNK, and suppressed Bcl-2 expression. However, the above deleterious changes were further confirmed when co-treatment with CaSR agonist GdCl₃ (300 µM). But the effects of GdCl₃ were attenuated by 10 µM NPS-2390, a specific CaSR inhibitor. When CaSR was silence by siRNA transfection, the effects of high glucose were inhibited. These results suggest that CaSR activation could lead to the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes in diabetic cardiac injury through the induction of calcium overload, the activation of the mitochondrial, and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.

Regulation of ca(2+) signaling in pulmonary hypertension

Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the development and progression of pulmonary hypertension (PH) remains imperative if we are to successfully improve the quality of life and life span of patients with the disease. A whole plethora of mechanisms are associated with the development and progression of PH. Such complexity makes it difficult to isolate one particular pathway to target clinically. Changes in intracellular free calcium concentration, the most common intracellular second messenger, can have significant impact in defining the pathogenic mechanisms leading to its development and persistence. Signaling pathways leading to the elevation of [Ca(2+)](cyt) contribute to pulmonary vasoconstriction, excessive proliferation of smooth muscle cells and ultimately pulmonary vascular remodeling. This current review serves to summarize the some of the most recent advances in the regulation of calcium during pulmonary hypertension.

N-n-butyl haloperidol iodide ameliorates cardiomyocytes hypoxia/reoxygenation injury by extracellular calcium-dependent and -independent mechanisms

N-n-butyl haloperidol iodide (F2) has been shown to antagonize myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by blocking calcium channels. This study explores the biological functions of ERK pathway in cardiomyocytes hypoxia/reoxygenation injury and clarifies the mechanisms by which F2 ameliorates cardiomyocytes hypoxia/reoxygenation injury through the extracellular-calcium-dependent and -independent ERK1/2-related pathways. In extracellularcalcium-containing hypoxia/reoxygenation cardiomyocytes, PKCα and ERK1/2 were activated, Egr-1 protein level and cTnI leakage increased, and cell viability decreased. The ERK1/2 inhibitors suppressed extracellular-calcium-containing-hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced Egr-1 overexpression and cardiomyocytes injury. PKCα inhibitor downregulated extracellularcalcium-containing-hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced increase in p-ERK1/2 and Egr-1 expression. F2 downregulated hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced elevation of p-PKCα, p-ERK1/2, and Egr-1 expression and inhibited cardiomyocytes damage. The ERK1/2 and PKCα activators antagonized F2's effects. In extracellular-calcium-free-hypoxia/reoxygenation cardiomyocytes, ERK1/2 was activated, LDH and cTnI leakage increased, and cell viability decreased. F2 and ERK1/2 inhibitors antagonized extracellular-calcium-free-hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced ERK1/2 activation and suppressed cardiomyocytes damage. The ERK1/2 activator antagonized F2's above effects. F2 had no effect on cardiomyocyte cAMP content or PKA and Egr-1 expression. Altogether, ERK activation in extracellular-calcium-containing and extracellular-calcium-free hypoxia/reoxygenation leads to cardiomyocytes damage. F2 may ameliorate cardiomyocytes hypoxia/reoxygenation injury by regulating the extracellular-calcium-dependent PKCα/ERK1/2/Egr-1 pathway and through the extracellular-calcium-independent ERK1/2 activation independently of the cAMP/PKA pathway or Egr-1 overexpression.