1
|
Molecular mechanism of nutrient uptake in developing embryos of oviparous cloudy catshark (Scyliorhinus torazame). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265428. [PMID: 35290397 PMCID: PMC8923501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Forms of embryonic nutrition are highly diverse in cartilaginous fishes, which contain oviparity, yolk-sac viviparity and several types of matrotrophic viviparity (histotrophy, oophagy, and placentotrophy). The molecular mechanisms of embryonic nutrition are poorly understood in these animals as few species are capable of reproducing in captivity. Oviparous cartilaginous fishes solely depend on yolk nutrients for their growth and development. In the present study, we compared the contribution to embryonic nutrition of the embryonic intestine with the yolk sac membrane (YSM). RNA-seq analysis was performed on the embryonic intestine and YSM of the oviparous cloudy catshark Scyliorhinus torazame to identify candidate genes involved in nutrient metabolism to further the understanding of nutrient utilization of developing embryos. RNA-seq discovery was subsequently confirmed by quantitative PCR analysis and we identified increases in several amino acid transporter genes (slc3a1, slc6a19, slc3a2, slc7a7) as well as genes involved in lipid absorption (apob and mtp) in the intestine after ‘pre-hatching’, which is a developmental event marked by an early opening of the egg case about 4 months before hatching. Although a reciprocal decrease in the nutritional role of YSM was expected after the intestine became functional, we observed similar increases in gene expression among amino acid transporters, lipid absorption molecules, and lysosomal cathepsins in the extraembryonic YSM in late developmental stages. Ultrastructure of the endodermal cells of YSM showed that yolk granules were incorporated by endocytosis, and the number of granules increased during development. Furthermore, the digestion of yolk granules in the YSM and nutrient transport through the basolateral membrane of the endodermal cells appeared to be enhanced after pre-hatching. These findings suggest that nutrient digestion and absorption is highly activated in both intestine and YSM after pre-hatching in catshark embryos, which supports the rapid growth at late developmental stages.
Collapse
|
2
|
Shbailat SJ, Aslan IO, El-sallaq MMO. Cysteine and Aspartic Proteases Underlie the Digestion of Egg Yolk Proteins during the Development of Columba livia domestica Embryo. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2022-1654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - IO Aslan
- The Hashemite University, Jordan
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Starck JM, Stewart JR, Blackburn DG. Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the amniote egg. J Morphol 2021; 282:1080-1122. [PMID: 33991358 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We review morphological features of the amniote egg and embryos in a comparative phylogenetic framework, including all major clades of extant vertebrates. We discuss 40 characters that are relevant for an analysis of the evolutionary history of the vertebrate egg. Special attention is given to the morphology of the cellular yolk sac, the eggshell, and extraembryonic membranes. Many features that are typically assigned to amniotes, such as a large yolk sac, delayed egg deposition, and terrestrial reproduction have evolved independently and convergently in numerous clades of vertebrates. We use phylogenetic character mapping and ancestral character state reconstruction as tools to recognize sequence, order, and patterns of morphological evolution and deduce a hypothesis of the evolutionary history of the amniote egg. Besides amnion and chorioallantois, amniotes ancestrally possess copulatory organs (secondarily reduced in most birds), internal fertilization, and delayed deposition of eggs that contain an embryo in the primitive streak or early somite stage. Except for the amnion, chorioallantois, and amniote type of eggshell, these features evolved convergently in almost all major clades of aquatic vertebrates possibly in response to selective factors such as egg predation, hostile environmental conditions for egg development, or to adjust hatching of young to favorable season. A functionally important feature of the amnion membrane is its myogenic contractility that moves the (early) embryo and prevents adhering of the growing embryo to extraembryonic materials. This function of the amnion membrane and the liquid-filled amnion cavity may have evolved under the requirements of delayed deposition of eggs that contain developing embryos. The chorioallantois is a temporary embryonic exchange organ that supports embryonic development. A possible evolutionary scenario is that the amniote egg presents an exaptation that paved the evolutionary pathway for reproduction on land. As shown by numerous examples from anamniotes, reproduction on land has occurred multiple times among vertebrates-the amniote egg presenting one "solution" that enabled the conquest of land for reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Matthias Starck
- Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - James R Stewart
- Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Blackburn DG, Stewart JR. Morphological research on amniote eggs and embryos: An introduction and historical retrospective. J Morphol 2021; 282:1024-1046. [PMID: 33393149 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of the terrestrial egg of amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals) is often considered to be one of the most significant events in vertebrate history. Presence of an eggshell, fetal membranes, and a sizeable yolk allowed this egg to develop on land and hatch out well-developed, terrestrial offspring. For centuries, morphologically-based studies have provided valuable information about the eggs of amniotes and the embryos that develop from them. This review explores the history of such investigations, as a contribution to this special issue of Journal of Morphology, titled Developmental Morphology and Evolution of Amniote Eggs and Embryos. Anatomically-based investigations are surveyed from the ancient Greeks through the Scientific Revolution, followed by the 19th and early 20th centuries, with a focus on major findings of historical figures who have contributed significantly to our knowledge. Recent research on various aspects of amniote eggs is summarized, including gastrulation, egg shape and eggshell morphology, eggs of Mesozoic dinosaurs, sauropsid yolk sacs, squamate placentation, embryogenesis, and the phylotypic phase of embryonic development. As documented in this review, studies on amniote eggs and embryos have relied heavily on morphological approaches in order to answer functional and evolutionary questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Blackburn
- Department of Biology and Electron Microscopy Center, Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - James R Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wong EA, Uni Z. Centennial Review: The chicken yolk sac is a multifunctional organ. Poult Sci 2020; 100:100821. [PMID: 33518342 PMCID: PMC7936120 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The yolk sac (YS) consists of the yolk, which supplies nutrients, and the YS tissue, which surrounds the yolk and provides essential metabolic functions for the developing embryo. The YS tissue is derived from the midgut of the embryo and consists of a layer of endodermal epithelial cells (EEC) in contact with the yolk contents, a mesodermal layer that contains the vascular system and an outer ectodermal layer. The YS tissue is a multifunctional organ that provides essential functions such as host immunity, nutrient uptake, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and erythropoiesis. The YS tissue plays a role in immunity by the transport of maternal antibodies in the yolk to the embryonic circulation that feeds the developing embryo. In addition, the YS tissue expresses high mRNA levels of the host defense peptide, avian β-defensin 10 during mid embryogenesis. Owing to its origin, the YS EEC share some functional properties with intestinal epithelial cells such as expression of transporters for amino acids, peptides, monosaccharides, fatty acids, and minerals. The YS tissue stores glycogen and expresses enzymes for glycogen synthesis and breakdown and glucogenesis. This carbohydrate metabolism may play an important role in the hatching process. The mesodermal layer of the YS tissue is the site for erythropoiesis and provides erythrocytes before the maturation of the bone marrow. Other functions of the YS tissue involve synthesis of plasma proteins, lipid transport and cholesterol metabolism, and synthesis of thyroxine. Thus, the YS is an essential organ for the growth, development, and health of the developing embryo. This review will provide an overview of the studies that have investigated the functionalities of the YS tissue at the cellular and molecular levels with a focus on chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A Wong
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061.
| | - Z Uni
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dayan J, Reicher N, Melkman-Zehavi T, Uni Z. Incubation temperature affects yolk utilization through changes in expression of yolk sac tissue functional genes. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6128-6138. [PMID: 33142531 PMCID: PMC7647798 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The yolk sac tissue (YST) is a multifunctional metabolic organ supporting chicken embryonic development. This study examined whether incubation temperatures (ITs) affect YST functions. For this purpose, 300 eggs were assigned to 3 groups and incubated at control IT of 37.8°C, at 1.5°C below, 36.3°C (cold IT), and at 1.5°C above, 39.3°C (hot IT). For each group, 6 embryos' whole body mass and residual yolk (RSY) weights were recorded during incubation, and YST was sampled for both histology and gene expression analysis. YST functionality during incubation was examined by regression analysis, comparing changes in expression patterns of genes involved in lipid uptake and metabolism (LRP2, ApoA1), oligopeptides uptake (PepT1), gluconeogenesis (FBP1), glycogenesis (GYS2), and thyroid hormones regulation (TTR, DIO1, DIO2). Results show that hot and cold ITs affected YST gene expression and yolk utilization. PepT1 expression decreased towards hatch, in both hot and cold ITs, while in the Control IT, it reached a plateau. ApoA1 and DIO2 expression showed a moderate linear fit compared to polynomial fit in the control. GYS2 expression had no change along incubation, while in the control IT, it showed a polynomial fit. Expression of LRP2, FBP1, and DIO1 genes was affected by either cold or hot IT's. TTR expression patterns were similar in all IT groups. The variations in gene expression patterns observed in the 3 ITs can explain the changes in yolk utilization, an important parameter for hatchling quality. While the control IT showed optimal utilization, with an RSY value of 11.12% at the day of hatch, the cold and hot IT groups exhibited lower utilization with an RSY value of 18.18 and 29.99%, respectively. These findings are the first to show that ITs change the expression of key YST genes, leading to variations in yolk utilization by the embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Dayan
- Department of Animal Science, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Naama Reicher
- Department of Animal Science, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tal Melkman-Zehavi
- Department of Animal Science, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Zehava Uni
- Department of Animal Science, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Blackburn DG. Functional morphology, diversity, and evolution of yolk processing specializations in embryonic reptiles and birds. J Morphol 2020; 282:995-1014. [PMID: 32960458 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of the terrestrial, amniotic egg of vertebrates required new mechanisms by which yolk material could be processed for embryonic use. Recent studies on each of the major extant reptile groups have revealed elaborate morphological specializations for yolk processing, features that differ dramatically from those of birds. In the avian pattern, liquid yolk is housed in a yolk sac whose endodermal lining absorbs and digests yolk material and sends resultant nutrients into the blood circulation. In snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodilians, as documented herein, the yolk sac becomes invaded by endodermal cells that proliferate and phagocytose yolk material. Blood vessels then invade, and the endodermal cells become arranged around them, forming elongated "spaghetti-like" strands that fill the yolk sac cavity. This pattern provides an effective means by which yolk material is cellularized, digested, and transported by vitelline vessels to the developing embryo. Phylogenetically, the (non-avian) "reptilian" pattern was ancestral for sauropsids and was modified or replaced in ancestors to birds. This review postulates that evolution of the "avian" pattern involved increased reliance on extracellular digestion of yolk, allowing embryonic development to occur more rapidly than in typical reptiles. Comparative studies of yolk processing that draw on morphological, biochemical, molecular approaches are needed to explain how and why the "reptilian" pattern was replaced in birds or their archosaurian ancestors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Blackburn
- Department of Biology, Electron Microscopy Center, Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Starck JM. Morphology of the avian yolk sac. J Morphol 2020; 282:959-972. [PMID: 32930439 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The avian yolk sac is a multifunctional extraembryonic organ that serves not only as a site of nutrient (yolk) absorption, but also for early hemopoiesis, and formation of blood vessels. Although the yolk sac membrane being specialized to function as an extraembryonic absorptive organ, it is neither morphologically nor functionally part of the embryonic gut. Yolk absorption is by the phagocytic activity of the extraembryonic endoderm. I used cryohistology and resin embedding histology of complete developmental series of Japanese quail to document the development of the avian yolk sac and changes of the microscopic anatomy throughout development. This material is complemented by complete series of MRT-scans of live ostrich embryos from beginning of incubation through hatching. Considerable changes of size and shape of the yolk mass are documented and discussed as resulting from water flux from albumen to yolk associated with the biochemical activation of yolk sac proteins. During embryogenesis, the yolk sac endoderm forms villi that increase the absorptive surface and reach into the yolk ball. The histology of the absorptive epithelium is specialized for phagocytic absorption of yolk. During early developmental stages, the extraembryonic endoderm is single layered, but it eventually becomes several layers thick during later stages. The extraembryonic mesoderm forms an extensive layer of hematopoietic tissue; deep in this tissue lie the yolk sac vessels. During late stages of development, the erythropoietic tissue disappears, blood vessels are obliterated, and the yolk sac epithelium becomes apoptotic. Results are discussed in the light of the evolutionary history and phylogeny of the amniote egg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Matthias Starck
- Department of Biology II, Biocenter Martinsried, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ultrastructural analysis of the yolk processing pattern in embryonic pond slider turtles (Trachemys scripta: Emydidae). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2019; 332:187-197. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
10
|
Blackburn DG, Lestz L, Barnes MS, Powers KG. How do embryonic turtles process yolk? Evidence from the Snapping Turtle, Chelydra serpentina (Chelydridae). CAN J ZOOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2018-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Compared with amphibians, oviparous reptiles and birds lay large eggs that contain abundant yolk. Because the yolk is extracellular, it must be taken up by cells of the yolk sac and metabolized so that products of yolk digestion can be transported to the embryo to fuel development. In birds, the yolk is processed by cells that line the inside of the yolk sac. A very different developmental pattern recently has been demonstrated in lizards and snakes in which the yolk sac cavity is converted to a compact mass of blood vessels lined by endodermal cells. In this study, we used scanning electron microscopy to determine which of these developmental patterns (if either) occurs in a representative chelonian, the North American Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina (Linnaeus, 1758)). Our observations reveal that yolk-filled endodermal cells progressively fill the yolk sac cavity. These cells become organized around anastomosing blood vessels, forming elongated strands that are morphologically well suited for yolk digestion and vascular transport of nutrients. This developmental pattern shares features with that of squamates, but it differs markedly from that of birds. These observations indicate that mechanisms of yolk processing in lizards and snakes have an evolutionary history that pre-dates the squamate clade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Blackburn
- Department of Biology, and Electron Microscopy Center, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
- Department of Biology, and Electron Microscopy Center, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
| | - Luisa Lestz
- Department of Biology, and Electron Microscopy Center, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
- Department of Biology, and Electron Microscopy Center, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
| | - Madeline S. Barnes
- Department of Biology, and Electron Microscopy Center, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
- Department of Biology, and Electron Microscopy Center, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
| | - Kathryn G. Powers
- Department of Biology, and Electron Microscopy Center, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Blackburn DG, Lestz L, Barnes MS, Powers KG, Langkilde T. Morphological features of the yolk processing pattern in the eastern fence lizard, Sceloporus undulatus
(Phrynosomatidae). J Morphol 2018; 279:1629-1639. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Blackburn
- Department of Biology, and Electron Microscopy Center; Trinity College; Hartford Connecticut
| | - Luisa Lestz
- Department of Biology, and Electron Microscopy Center; Trinity College; Hartford Connecticut
| | - Madeline S. Barnes
- Department of Biology, and Electron Microscopy Center; Trinity College; Hartford Connecticut
| | - Kathryn G. Powers
- Department of Biology, and Electron Microscopy Center; Trinity College; Hartford Connecticut
| | - Tracy Langkilde
- Department of Biology; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shbailat SJ, Abuassaf RA. Transfer of egg white proteins and activation of proteases during the development of Anas platyrhynchos domestica embryo. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2018; 69:72-85. [PMID: 29575915 DOI: 10.1556/018.68.2018.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The route of egg white transfer into the yolk and the mechanisms underlying the digestion of egg proteins are unexplored in the fertilized egg of the duck, Anas platyrhynchos domestica. Here, we investigated the route(s) of egg white transfer and we determined the type of activated proteases during duck embryo development. Initially, we tested the electrophoretic patterns of egg proteins throughout development. Then, we used lysozyme as a reference protein to follow egg white transfer and we measured its activity. After that, we determined the type of activated proteases by employing different types of protease inhibitors. Several presumptive egg white protein bands appeared in different egg compartments. Also, lysozyme activity was detected chronologically on day 15 in the extraembryonic fluid, on day 17 in the amniotic and intestinal fluids and on day 19 in the yolk. Furthermore, acidic aspartic proteases seemed to be activated at hatch in the intestine and late in development in the yolk. Our results suggest that the main route of egg white transfer into the yolk is through the amniotic cavity and intestinal lumen. Also, the transferred egg white and endogenous yolk proteins are probably digested by the activated acidic proteases in the intestine and yolk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seba Jamal Shbailat
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Razan Ataallah Abuassaf
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shbailat SJ, Aslan IO. Fate of egg proteins during the development of Columba livia domestica embryo. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2018; 330:23-32. [PMID: 29316210 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of egg white into the yolk and consumption of yolk proteins by the embryo are largely unexplored in the pigeon Columba livia domestica. Here, we investigated the route of egg white transfer as well as the degradation and uptake of yolk proteins by the pigeon embryo. Initially, we tested the electrophoretic patterns of proteins in different egg compartments throughout development. Then, we used lysozyme as a reference protein to follow the egg white transfer, and we measured its activity using Micrococcus lysodeikticus as a substrate. Moreover, we determined the general protease activity during different developmental stages in the yolk using casein. Finally, we examined the expression of aminopeptidase-N (APN) and oligopeptide transporter PepT1 genes in the yolk sac membrane (YSM) from incubation day 8 until day 17. Several electrophoretic bands of presumptive egg white proteins appeared in different egg compartments. Also, lysozyme activity was detected chronologically in the egg compartments. It appeared on day 12 in the amniotic and intestinal fluids and on day 14 in the yolk. Moreover, protease activity in the yolk increased significantly on day 14 and thereafter. APN expression was largest on day 8 and reduced generally afterward, whereas PepT1 expression peaked between days 13 and 15 but then reduced substantially. Our results suggest that the egg white proteins move through the amnion and intestine into the yolk where they undergo degradation by the activated proteases. Furthermore, the YSM appears to have a role in protein consumption, and this role decreases toward hatch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seba Jamal Shbailat
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Ibtisam Omar Aslan
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dean KM, Baltos LD, Marcell AM, Bohannon MEB, Iwaniuk AN, Ottinger MA. Uptake of radiolabeled 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl into Japanese quail egg compartments and embryo following air cell and albumen injection. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:126-135. [PMID: 28865120 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The avian embryo is an excellent model for testing adverse developmental effects of environmental chemicals as well as uptake and movement of xenobiotics within the egg compartments. Before incubation at embryonic day 0, 14 C 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (14 C PCB 77) was injected into Japanese quail eggs either onto the air cell or into the albumen. All egg components were collected on embryonic day 1, 5, or 10, and concentrations of 14 C PCB 77 were measured in various egg components (shell, membrane, yolk, albumen, and embryo). The results showed measurable 14 C PCB 77 in all egg components, with changing concentrations in each egg component over the course of embryonic development. Specifically, concentrations in the shell content decreased between embryonic days 1 and 10, increased in albumen from embryonic days 1 to 5 and then decreased at embryonic day 10, and increased in both yolk and embryo from embryonic days 1 to 10. Vehicle and injection site both influenced 14 C PCB 77 allantoic fluid concentrations, with little effect on other egg components except for the inner shell membrane. The fatty acid vehicle injected into the albumen yielded the highest 14 C PCB 77 recovery. These findings demonstrate dynamic movement of toxicants throughout the egg components during avian embryonic development and a steady increase of relatively low levels of 14 C PCB 77 in the embryo compared with the yolk, albumen, and shell, suggesting that embryonic uptake (i.e., exposure) mirrors utilization of egg components for nutrition and growth during development. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:126-135. © 2017 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Dean
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Leah D Baltos
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Allegra M Marcell
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Meredith E B Bohannon
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew N Iwaniuk
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary Ann Ottinger
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
A Novel Pattern of Yolk Processing in Developing Snake Eggs (Colubridae: Lampropeltini) and its Functional and Evolutionary Implications. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2017; 328:462-475. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
16
|
Powers KG, Blackburn DG. Morphological specializations of the yolk sac for yolk processing in embryonic corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus: Colubridae). J Morphol 2017; 278:768-779. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn G. Powers
- Department of Biology, and Electron Microscopy Center; Trinity College; Hartford Connecticut 06106
| | - Daniel G. Blackburn
- Department of Biology, and Electron Microscopy Center; Trinity College; Hartford Connecticut 06106
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Stewart JR, Thompson MB. Yolk sac development in lizards (Lacertilia: Scincidae): New perspectives on the egg of amniotes. J Morphol 2017; 278:574-591. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James R. Stewart
- Department of Biological SciencesEast Tennessee State UniversityJohnson City Tennessee37614
| | - Michael B. Thompson
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of SydneySydney New South Wales2006 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dean KM, Baltos LD, Carro T, Iwaniuk AN, Bohannon MEB, Ottinger MA. Comparison of vehicle mortality followingin ovoexposure of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) eggs to corn oil, triolein and a fatty acid mix. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23273747.2016.1224022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
19
|
Lin HJ, Wang SH, Pan YH, Ding ST. Primary Endodermal Epithelial Cell Culture from the Yolk Sac Membrane of Japanese Quail Embryos. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27022687 DOI: 10.3791/53624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We established an endodermal epithelial cell culture model (EEC) for studying the function of certain enzymes and proteins in mediating nutrient utilization by avian embryos during development. Fertilized Japanese quail eggs were incubated at 37 °C for 5 days and then yolk sac membranes (YSM) were collected to establish the EEC culture system. We isolated the embryonic endoderm layer from YSM, and sliced the membrane into 2 - 3 mm pieces and partially digested with collagenase before seeding in 24-well culture plates. The EECs proliferate out of the tissue and are ready for cell culture studies. We found that the EECs had typical characteristics of YSM in vivo, for example, accumulation of lipid droplets, expression of sterol O-acyltransferase and lipoprotein lipase. The partial digestion treatment significantly increased the successful rate of EEC culture. Utilizing the EECs, we demonstrated that the expression of SOAT1 was regulated by the cAMP dependent protein kinase A related pathway. This primary Japanese quail EEC culture system is a useful tool to study embryonic lipid transportation and to clarify the role of genes involved in mediating nutrient utilization in YSM during avian embryonic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Jen Lin
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University
| | - Siou Huei Wang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University
| | - Yu Hui Pan
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University
| | - Shih-Torng Ding
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Haraguchi S, Matsubara Y, Hosoe M. Chick embryos can form teratomas from microinjected mouse embryonic stem cells. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 58:194-204. [PMID: 26691605 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether chick embryos are a suitable experimental model for the evaluation of pluripotency of stem cells. Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) expressing the reporter gene, LacZ or GFP were injected into the subgerminal cavity of blastoderms (freshly oviposited) or the marginal vein of chick embryos (2 days of incubation). Injected mESCs were efficiently incorporated into the body and extra-embryonic tissues of chick embryos and formed small clusters. Increased donor cell numbers injected were positively associated with the efficiency of chimera production, but with lower viability. A single mESC injected into the blastoderm proliferated into 34.7 ± 3.8 cells in 3 days, implying that the chick embryo provides an optimal environment for the growth of xenogenic cells. In the embryo body, mESCs were interspersed as small clustered chimeras in various tissues. Teratomas were observed in the yolk sac and the brain with three germ layers. In the yolk sac, clusters of mESCs gradually increased in volume and exhibited varied morphology such as a water balloon-like or dark-red solid mass. However, mESCs in the brain developed into a large soft tissue mass of whitish color and showed a tendency to differentiate into ectodermal lineage cells, including primitive neural ectodermal and neuronal cells expressing the neurofilament protein. These results indicate that chick embryos are useful for the teratoma formation assays of mESCs and have a broad-range potential as an experimental host model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seiki Haraguchi
- Animal Breeding and Reproduction Division, NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0901, Japan
| | - Yuko Matsubara
- Animal Development and Differentiation Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Misa Hosoe
- Animal Development and Differentiation Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Schneider WJ. Lipid transport to avian oocytes and to the developing embryo. J Biomed Res 2015; 30:174-80. [PMID: 26585559 PMCID: PMC4885163 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20150048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of receptor-mediated lipoprotein metabolic pathways in avian species have revealed that physiological intricacies of specific cell types are highly analogous to those in mammals. A prime example for the power of comparative studies across different animal kingdoms, elucidated in the chicken, is that the expression of different lipoprotein receptors in somatic cells and oocytes are the key to oocyte growth. In avian species, yolk precursor transport from the hen's liver to rapidly growing oocytes and the subsequent transfer of yolk nutrients via the yolk sac to the developing embryo are highly efficient processes. Oocytes grow from a diameter of 5 mm to 2.5-3 cm in only 7 days, and the yolk sac transfers nutrients from the yolk stored in the mature oocyte to the embryo within just 2 weeks. The underlying key transport mechanism is receptor-mediated endocytosis of macromolecules, i.e., of hepatically synthesized yolk precursors for oocyte growth, and of mature yolk components for embryo nutrition, respectively. Recently, the receptors involved, as well as the role of lipoprotein synthesis in the yolk sac have been identified. As outlined here, lipoprotein degradation/resynthesis cycles and the expression of lipoprotein receptors are not only coordinated with the establishment of the follicular architecture embedding the oocyte, but also with the generation of the yolk sac vasculature essential for nutrient transfer to the embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang J Schneider
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University and Biocenter Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lilienthal S, Drotleff AM, Ternes W. Changes in the protein secondary structure of hen's egg yolk determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy during the first eight days of incubation. Poult Sci 2015; 94:68-79. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/peu051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
|
23
|
Abstract
CD (cathepsin D) is a ubiquitous lysosomal hydrolase involved in a variety of pathophysiological functions, including protein turnover, activation of pro-hormones, cell death and embryo development. CD-mediated proteolysis plays a pivotal role in tissue and organ homoeostasis. Altered expression and compartmentalization of CD have been observed in diseased muscle fibres. Whether CD is actively involved in muscle development, homoeostasis and dystrophy remains to be demonstrated. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is emerging as a valuable ‘in vivo’ vertebrate model for muscular degeneration and congenital myopathies. In this work, we report on the perturbance of the somitic musculature development in zebrafish larvae caused by MPO (morpholino)-mediated silencing of CD in oocytes at the time of fertilization. Restoring CD expression, using an MPO-non-matching mutated mRNA, partially rescued the normal phenotype, confirming the indispensable role of CD in the correct development and integrity of the somitic musculature. This is the first report showing a congenital myopathy caused by CD deficiency in a vertebrate experimental animal model.
Collapse
|
24
|
Sheng G, Foley AC. Diversification and conservation of the extraembryonic tissues in mediating nutrient uptake during amniote development. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1271:97-103. [PMID: 23050970 PMCID: PMC3499656 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The transfer of nutrients from the mother through the chorioallantoic placenta meets the nutritional needs of the embryo during human prenatal development. Although all amniotes start with a similar “tool kit” of extraembryonic tissues, an enormous diversity of extraembryonic tissue formation has evolved to accommodate embryological and physiological constraints unique to their developmental programs. A comparative knowledge of these extraembryonic tissues and their role in nutrient uptake during development is required to fully appreciate the adaptive changes in placental mammals. Here, we offer a comparative embryological perspective and propose that there are three conserved nutrient transfer routes among the amniotes. We highlight the importance of the yolk sac endoderm, thought to be a vestigial remnant of our amniote lineage, in mediating nutrient uptake during early human development. We also draw attention to the similarity between yolk sac endoderm-mediated and trophectoderm-mediated nutrient uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Sheng
- Lab for Early Embryogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bauer R, Plieschnig JA, Finkes T, Riegler B, Hermann M, Schneider WJ. The developing chicken yolk sac acquires nutrient transport competence by an orchestrated differentiation process of its endodermal epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:1088-98. [PMID: 23209291 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.393090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During chicken yolk sac (YS) growth, mesodermal cells in the area vasculosa follow the migrating endodermal epithelial cell (EEC) layer in the area vitellina. Ultimately, these cells form the vascularized YS that functions in nutrient transfer to the embryo. How and when EECs, with their apical aspect directly contacting the oocytic yolk, acquire the ability to take up yolk macromolecules during the vitellina-to-vasculosa transition has not been investigated. In addressing these questions, we found that with progressive vascularization, the expression level in EECs of the nutrient receptor triad, LRP2-cubilin-amnionless, changes significantly. The receptor complex, competent for uptake of yolk proteins, is produced by EECs in the area vasculosa but not in the area vitellina. Yolk components endocytosed by LRP2-cubilin-amnionless, preformed and newly formed lipid droplets, and yolk-derived very low density lipoprotein, shown to be efficiently endocytosed and lysosomally processed by EECs, probably provide substrates for resynthesis and secretion of nutrients, such as lipoproteins. In fact, as directly demonstrated by pulse-chase experiments, EECs in the vascularized, but not in the avascular, region efficiently produce and secrete lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), apoB, and/or apoA-V. In contrast, perilipin 2, a lipid droplet-stabilizing protein, is produced exclusively by the EECs of the area vitellina. These data suggest a differentiation process that orchestrates the vascularization of the developing YS with the induction of yolk uptake and lipoprotein secretion by EECs to ensure embryo nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Bauer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Development of yolk sac and chorioallantoic membranes in the Lord Howe Island skink, Oligosoma lichenigerum. J Morphol 2012; 273:1163-84. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
27
|
Nakazawa F, Alev C, Jakt LM, Sheng G. Yolk sac endoderm is the major source of serum proteins and lipids and is involved in the regulation of vascular integrity in early chick development. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:2002-10. [PMID: 21761483 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An important function of the vascular system is nutrient delivery. In adult animals, this is mediated through a close contact of the mesoderm-derived vasculature with the endoderm-derived enterocytes and hepatocytes. During embryonic development, the yolk sac (YS) endoderm has been suggested to play a similar role. Physiological and molecular nature of the contact between the YS endoderm and the vasculature is not well-understood. To understand roles of the YS endoderm in early development, we used the avian model and carried out a gene expression profiling analysis of isolated area vasculosa YS endoderm tissues from embryonic day 2-4 chick embryos, covering the first 48 hr of postcirculation development. Genes involved in lipid metabolism are highly enriched, indicating an active modification of lipid components during their transfer from the yolk to the circulatory system. We also uncovered genes encoding major serum proteins and key regulators of vascular integrity. In particular, PTGDS, an enzyme controlling the last step of prostaglandin D2 production, shows high expression in the YS endoderm. Experimental introduction of prostaglandin D2 into embryonic circulation led to intraembryonic vessel rupture. These data suggest that the YS endoderm is the major, if not exclusive, source of lipid and protein constituents of the early embryonic serum and plays an important role in the regulation of vascular integrity in developing embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumie Nakazawa
- Laboratory for Early Embryogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Follo C, Ozzano M, Mugoni V, Castino R, Santoro M, Isidoro C. Knock-down of cathepsin D affects the retinal pigment epithelium, impairs swim-bladder ontogenesis and causes premature death in zebrafish. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21908. [PMID: 21747967 PMCID: PMC3128622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal aspartic protease Cathepsin D (CD) is ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotic organisms. CD activity is essential to accomplish the acid-dependent extensive or partial proteolysis of protein substrates within endosomal and lysosomal compartments therein delivered via endocytosis, phagocytosis or autophagocytosis. CD may also act at physiological pH on small-size substrates in the cytosol and in the extracellular milieu. Mouse and fruit fly CD knock-out models have highlighted the multi-pathophysiological roles of CD in tissue homeostasis and organ development. Here we report the first phenotypic description of the lack of CD expression during zebrafish (Danio rerio) development obtained by morpholino-mediated knock-down of CD mRNA. Since the un-fertilized eggs were shown to be supplied with maternal CD mRNA, only a morpholino targeting a sequence containing the starting ATG codon was effective. The main phenotypic alterations produced by CD knock-down in zebrafish were: 1. abnormal development of the eye and of retinal pigment epithelium; 2. absence of the swim-bladder; 3. skin hyper-pigmentation; 4. reduced growth and premature death. Rescue experiments confirmed the involvement of CD in the developmental processes leading to these phenotypic alterations. Our findings add to the list of CD functions in organ development and patho-physiology in vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Follo
- Laboratorio di Patologia Molecolare del Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche and Centro di Biotecnologie per la Ricerca Medica Applicata dell'Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Matteo Ozzano
- Laboratorio di Patologia Molecolare del Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche and Centro di Biotecnologie per la Ricerca Medica Applicata dell'Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Vera Mugoni
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberta Castino
- Laboratorio di Patologia Molecolare del Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche and Centro di Biotecnologie per la Ricerca Medica Applicata dell'Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Massimo Santoro
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratorio di Patologia Molecolare del Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche and Centro di Biotecnologie per la Ricerca Medica Applicata dell'Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Iwasawa A, Mao K, Yasumasu S, Yoshizaki N. A possible role of chorion protease in shell membrane degradation during development of quail embryos. Poult Sci 2009; 88:2636-43. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
30
|
Jaroszewska M, Dabrowski K. The Nature of Exocytosis in the Yolk Trophoblastic Layer of Silver Arowana (Osteoglossum bicirrhosum) Juvenile, the Representative of Ancient Teleost Fishes. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:1745-55. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
31
|
Wu G, Li Z. Rapid clearance of circulating protein by early chicken embryo blood cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 212:2176-82. [PMID: 19561207 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.031377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been speculated that free amino acids digested from proteins in bird eggs are transported to the circulation for the nourishment of the embryo. In the present study, we found that early chicken embryo protein in the serum might be utilized efficiently as a nutrient. Proteins injected into the blood of embryonic day 3 (E3) embryos were partially degraded and rapidly cleared. The rapid clearance of the injected proteins might be the result of efficient pinocytosis by blood cells, which then efficiently digested the intracellular proteins. An evaluation of the fluorescence intensity of injected fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) indicated that about half was taken up by the blood cells 80 min after injection. About 4 h after injection, most of the FITC-BSA was digested and the products were released into the serum, which implies that circulating blood cells may serve as a digestive system in early chick embryos. However, the endocytic activity of blood cells decreased after E5, and BSA may reside in the circulation with a longer half-life after E5. These results imply that blood cells would serve as a digestive system only in early embryos. In summary, the mechanism revealed here gives the early embryo the ability to make use of protein as a nutrient without prior digestion outside the embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guojin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biology Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Elinson RP. Nutritional endoderm: a way to breach the holoblastic-meroblastic barrier in tetrapods. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2009; 312:526-32. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
33
|
In-ovo Cadmium Toxicity in Developing Quail Embryo (Coturnix japonica): Sex-dependent Responses to Ascorbic Acid Protection. J Poult Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.46.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
34
|
Bäckermann S, Poel C, Ternes W. Thiamin Phosphates in Egg Yolk Granules and Plasma of Regular and Embryonated Eggs of Hens and in Five- and Seven-Day-Old Embryos. Poult Sci 2008; 87:108-15. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
35
|
Buchholz DR, Singamsetty S, Karadge U, Williamson S, Langer CE, Elinson RP. Nutritional endoderm in a direct developing frog: A potential parallel to the evolution of the amniote egg. Dev Dyn 2007; 236:1259-72. [PMID: 17436277 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The egg of the direct-developing frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui, has 20 x the volume as that of the model amphibian, Xenopus laevis. Increased egg size led to the origin of nutritional endoderm, a novel cell type that provides nutrition but does not differentiate into digestive tract tissues. As the E. coqui endoderm develops, a distinct boundary exists between differentiating intestinal cells and large yolky cells, which persists even when yolk platelets are depleted. The yolky cells do not become tissues of the digestive tract and are lost, as shown by histology and lineage tracing. EcSox17, an endodermal transcriptional factor, did not distinguish these two cell types, however. When cleavage of the yolky cells was inhibited, embryogenesis continued, indicating that some degree of incomplete cleavage can be tolerated. The presence of cellularized nutritional endoderm in E. coqui may parallel changes that occurred in the evolution of the amniote egg 360 million years ago.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Buchholz
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, LGRD, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yonezawa S, Yoshizaki N, Kageyama T, Takahashi T, Sano M, Tokita Y, Masaki S, Inaguma Y, Hanai A, Sakurai N, Yoshiki A, Kusakabe M, Moriyama A, Nakayama A. Fates of Cdh23/CDH23 with mutations affecting the cytoplasmic region. Hum Mutat 2006; 27:88-97. [PMID: 16281288 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BUS/Idr mice carrying a mutant waltzer allele (vbus) are characterized by splayed hair bundles in inner ear sensory cells, providing a mouse homolog of USH1D/DFNB12. RT-PCR-based screening for the presence of mutations in mouse Cdh23, the gene responsible for the waltzer phenotype, has identified a G>A mutation in the donor splice site of intron 67 (Cdh23:c.9633+1G>A: GenBank AF308939.1), indicating that two altered Cdh23 molecules having intron-derived COOH-terminal structures could be generated in BUS mouse tissues. Immunochemical analyses with anti-Cdh23 antibodies showed, however, no clear Cdh23-related proteins in vbus/vbus tissues, while the antibodies immunoreacted with approximately 350 kDa proteins in control mice. Immunofluorescent experiments revealed considerable weakening of Cdh23 signals in sensory hair cell stereocilia and Reissner's membrane in the vbus/vbus inner ear, and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated abundant autophagosome/autolysosome vesicles, suggesting aberrant Cdh23:c.9633+1G>A-derived protein-induced acceleration of lysosomal bulk degradation of proteins. In transfection experiments, signal sequence-preceded FLAG-tagged transmembrane plus cytoplasmic regions (TMCy) of tissue-specific Cdh23(+/-68) isoforms were localized to filamentous actin-rich protrusions and the plasma membrane of cultured cells, whereas FLAG-TMCy:c.9633+1G>A proteins were highly insoluble and retained in the cytoplasm. In contrast, FLAG-tagged TMCy:p.Arg3175His and human TMCy:c.9625_9626insC forms were both localized to the plasma membrane in cultured cells, allowing prediction that USH1D-associated CDH23:p.Arg3175His and CDH23:c.9625_9626insC proteins could be transported to the plasma membrane in vivo. The present results thus suggest different fates of CDH23/Cdh23 with mutations affecting the cytoplasmic region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yonezawa
- Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
LaFleur GJ, Raldúa D, Fabra M, Carnevali O, Denslow N, Wallace RA, Cerdà J. Derivation of major yolk proteins from parental vitellogenins and alternative processing during oocyte maturation in Fundulus heteroclitus. Biol Reprod 2005; 73:815-24. [PMID: 15930322 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.105.041335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Various Coomassie blue-staining yolk proteins (YPs) present in oocytes and eggs of Fundulus heteroclitus, a teleost that produces low hydrated, demersal eggs (benthophil species), were subjected to N-terminal microsequencing. Four YPs were N-terminally blocked, while five yielded sequence information. Of the latter, four corresponded to internal sequences of vitellogenin 1 (Vg1), whereas a fifth band corresponded to the N-terminal sequence of Vg2. Phosphorylated YPs (phosvitins and phosvettes) derived from the polyserine domain of Vg were not successfully sequenced. The major N-terminally blocked 122-and 103-kDa YPs both represented the lipovitellin heavy chain of Vg1 (LvH1), and thus most of the oocyte YPs were derived from Vg1. During oocyte maturation in vivo and in vitro, the LvH1 122 is degraded, concomitant with an increased enzymatic activity of cathepsin B, while the 45-kDa YP is converted to a 42-kDa YP. The LvH1 122 was found to contain a consensus site for proteolytic degradation (PEST) near its C-terminus, which is missing from its stable, but truncated twin sequence, LvH1 103. We suggest that this site becomes exposed to cathepsin B during the hydration process that accompanies oocyte maturation and renders the LvH1 122 susceptible to proteolysis. PEST sites are found in Vg sequences from other benthophil fish, whereas, interestingly, they are missing in marine teleosts that spawn highly hydrated, pelagic eggs (pelagophil species), displaying a different pattern of Vg incorporation into YPs and LvH1 and LvH2 processing to that found in F. heteroclitus. Thus, different models of Vg/YP precursor/product relationship and further processing during oocyte maturation and hydration are proposed for pelagophil and benthophil teleosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary J LaFleur
- Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, Louisiana 70310, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|