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Opdensteinen P, Charudattan R, Hong JC, Rosskopf EN, Steinmetz NF. Biochemical and nanotechnological approaches to combat phytoparasitic nematodes. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024. [PMID: 38831638 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The foundation of most food production systems underpinning global food security is the careful management of soil resources. Embedded in the concept of soil health is the impact of diverse soil-borne pests and pathogens, and phytoparasitic nematodes represent a particular challenge. Root-knot nematodes and cyst nematodes are severe threats to agriculture, accounting for annual yield losses of US$157 billion. The control of soil-borne phytoparasitic nematodes conventionally relies on the use of chemical nematicides, which can have adverse effects on the environment and human health due to their persistence in soil, plants, and water. Nematode-resistant plants offer a promising alternative, but genetic resistance is species-dependent, limited to a few crops, and breeding and deploying resistant cultivars often takes years. Novel approaches for the control of phytoparasitic nematodes are therefore required, those that specifically target these parasites in the ground whilst minimizing the impact on the environment, agricultural ecosystems, and human health. In addition to the development of next-generation, environmentally safer nematicides, promising biochemical strategies include the combination of RNA interference (RNAi) with nanomaterials that ensure the targeted delivery and controlled release of double-stranded RNA. Genome sequencing has identified more than 75 genes in root knot and cyst nematodes that have been targeted with RNAi so far. But despite encouraging results, the delivery of dsRNA to nematodes in the soil remains inefficient. In this review article, we describe the state-of-the-art RNAi approaches targeting phytoparasitic nematodes and consider the potential benefits of nanotechnology to improve dsRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Opdensteinen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Shu and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Jason C Hong
- USDA-ARS-U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - Erin N Rosskopf
- USDA-ARS-U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Shu and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Center for Engineering in Cancer, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Song L, Ping X, Mao Z, Zhao J, Yang Y, Li Y, Xie B, Ling J. Variation and stability of rhizosphere bacterial communities of Cucumis crops in association with root-knot nematodes infestation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1163271. [PMID: 37324672 PMCID: PMC10266268 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1163271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Root-knot nematodes (RKN) disease is a devastating disease in Cucumis crops production. Existing studies have shown that resistant and susceptible crops are enriched with different rhizosphere microorganisms, and microorganisms enriched in resistant crops can antagonize pathogenic bacteria. However, the characteristics of rhizosphere microbial communities of Cucumis crops after RKN infestation remain largely unknown. Methods In this study, we compared the changes in rhizosphere bacterial communities between highly RKN-resistant Cucumis metuliferus (cm3) and highly RKN-susceptible Cucumis sativus (cuc) after RKN infection through a pot experiment. Results The results showed that the strongest response of rhizosphere bacterial communities of Cucumis crops to RKN infestation occurred during early growth, as evidenced by changes in species diversity and community composition. However, the more stable structure of the rhizosphere bacterial community in cm3 was reflected in less changes in species diversity and community composition after RKN infestation, forming a more complex and positively co-occurrence network than cuc. Moreover, we observed that both cm3 and cuc recruited bacteria after RKN infestation, but the bacteria enriched in cm3 were more abundant including beneficial bacteria Acidobacteria, Nocardioidaceae and Sphingomonadales. In addition, the cuc was enriched with beneficial bacteria Actinobacteria, Bacilli and Cyanobacteria. We also found that more antagonistic bacteria than cuc were screened in cm3 after RKN infestation and most of them were Pseudomonas (Proteobacteria, Pseudomonadaceae), and Proteobacteria were also enriched in cm3 after RKN infestation. We hypothesized that the cooperation between Pseudomonas and the beneficial bacteria in cm3 could inhibit the infestation of RKN. Discussion Thus, our results provide valuable insights into the role of rhizosphere bacterial communities on RKN diseases of Cucumis crops, and further studies are needed to clarify the bacterial communities that suppress RKN in Cucumis crops rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Song
- Insititute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Microbial Research Institute of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chaoyang, China
| | - Xingxing Ping
- Insititute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- Insititute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- Insititute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- Insititute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Insititute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingyan Xie
- Insititute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ling
- Insititute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Joshi I, Kohli D, Pal A, Chaudhury A, Sirohi A, Jain PK. Host delivered-RNAi of effector genes for imparting resistance against root-knot and cyst nematodes in plants. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 118:101802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2022.101802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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Tóthné Bogdányi F, Boziné Pullai K, Doshi P, Erdős E, Gilián LD, Lajos K, Leonetti P, Nagy PI, Pantaleo V, Petrikovszki R, Sera B, Seres A, Simon B, Tóth F. Composted Municipal Green Waste Infused with Biocontrol Agents to Control Plant Parasitic Nematodes-A Review. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2130. [PMID: 34683451 PMCID: PMC8538326 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The last few years have witnessed the emergence of alternative measures to control plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs). We briefly reviewed the potential of compost and the direct or indirect roles of soil-dwelling organisms against PPNs. We compiled and assessed the most intensively researched factors of suppressivity. Municipal green waste (MGW) was identified and profiled. We found that compost, with or without beneficial microorganisms as biocontrol agents (BCAs) against PPNs, were shown to have mechanisms for the control of plant parasitic nematodes. Compost supports a diverse microbiome, introduces and enhances populations of antagonistic microorganisms, releases nematicidal compounds, increases the tolerance and resistance of plants, and encourages the establishment of a "soil environment" that is unsuitable for PPNs. Our compilation of recent papers reveals that while the scope of research on compost and BCAs is extensive, the role of MGW-based compost (MGWC) in the control of PPNs has been given less attention. We conclude that the most environmentally friendly and long-term, sustainable form of PPN control is to encourage and enhance the soil microbiome. MGW is a valuable resource material produced in significant amounts worldwide. More studies are suggested on the use of MGWC, because it has a considerable potential to create and maintain soil suppressivity against PPNs. To expand knowledge, future research directions shall include trials investigating MGWC, inoculated with BCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krisztina Boziné Pullai
- Doctoral School of Plant Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2103 Gödöllő, Hungary; (K.B.P.); (R.P.)
| | - Pratik Doshi
- ImMuniPot Independent Research Group, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Eszter Erdős
- Doctoral School of Biological Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2103 Gödöllő, Hungary; (E.E.); (K.L.)
| | - Lilla Diána Gilián
- Szent István Campus Dormitories, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2103 Gödöllő, Hungary;
| | - Károly Lajos
- Doctoral School of Biological Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2103 Gödöllő, Hungary; (E.E.); (K.L.)
| | - Paola Leonetti
- Bari Unit, Department of Biology, Agricultural and Food Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection of the CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy; (P.L.); (V.P.)
| | - Péter István Nagy
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Institute for Wildlife Management and Nature Conservation, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2103 Gödöllő, Hungary; (P.I.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Vitantonio Pantaleo
- Bari Unit, Department of Biology, Agricultural and Food Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection of the CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy; (P.L.); (V.P.)
| | - Renáta Petrikovszki
- Doctoral School of Plant Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2103 Gödöllő, Hungary; (K.B.P.); (R.P.)
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Institute for Wildlife Management and Nature Conservation, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2103 Gödöllő, Hungary; (P.I.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Bozena Sera
- Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Anikó Seres
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Institute for Wildlife Management and Nature Conservation, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2103 Gödöllő, Hungary; (P.I.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Barbara Simon
- Department of Soil Science, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2103 Gödöllő, Hungary;
| | - Ferenc Tóth
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Institute for Wildlife Management and Nature Conservation, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2103 Gödöllő, Hungary; (P.I.N.); (A.S.)
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Tian B, Li J, Vodkin LO, Todd TC, Finer JJ, Trick HN. Host-derived gene silencing of parasite fitness genes improves resistance to soybean cyst nematodes in stable transgenic soybean. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:2651-2662. [PMID: 31230117 PMCID: PMC6707959 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Soybean expressing small interfering RNA of SCN improved plant resistance to SCN consistently, and small RNA-seq analysis revealed a threshold of siRNA expression required for resistance ability. Soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, is one of the most destructive pests limiting soybean production worldwide, with estimated losses of $1 billion dollars annually in the USA alone. RNA interference (RNAi) has become a powerful tool for silencing gene expression. We report here that the expression of hairpin RNAi constructs, derived from two SCN genes related to reproduction and fitness, HgY25 and HgPrp17, enhances resistance to SCN in stably transformed soybean plants. The analyses of T3 to T5 generations of stable transgenic soybeans by molecular strategies and next-generation sequencing confirmed the presence of specific short interfering RNAs complementary to the target SCN genes. Bioassays performed on transgenic soybean lines targeting SCN HgY25 and HgPrp17 fitness genes showed significant reductions (up to 73%) for eggs/g root in the T3 and T4 homozygous transgenic lines. Targeted mRNAs of SCN eggs collected from the transgenic soybean lines were efficiently down-regulated, as confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. Based on the small RNA-seq data and bioassays, it is our hypothesis that a threshold of small interfering RNA molecules is required to significantly reduce SCN populations feeding on the host plants. Our results demonstrated that host-derived gene silencing of essential SCN fitness genes could be an effective strategy for enhancing resistance in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tian
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, 1712 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Jiarui Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, 1712 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
- Innatrix Inc, 6 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Lila O Vodkin
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Timothy C Todd
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, 1712 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - John J Finer
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, OARDC, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Harold N Trick
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, 1712 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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Maloshenok LG, Abdeeva IA, Panina JS, Piruzian ES, Zolotarenko AD, Bruskin SA. Development of Methods for the Target-Specific Protein Elimination in Plants. RUSS J GENET+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795418110091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bandaranayake PCG, Yoder JI. Factors affecting the efficiency of Rhizobium rhizogenes root transformation of the root parasitic plant Triphysaria versicolor and its host Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT METHODS 2018; 14:61. [PMID: 30026789 PMCID: PMC6048883 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-018-0327-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhizobium rhizogenes transformation is commonly used to generate transgenic roots traditionally called hairy roots, for both investigative and commercial applications. While fertile plants can be regenerated from transgenic roots, the transgenic roots are more typically used directly, either to investigate root biology or to produce valuable secondary metabolites. Hairy roots have been particularly useful for genetic studies of rhizosphere interactions; including the recognition of host plant roots by the roots of parasitic angiosperms. RESULTS In this manuscript we analyzed various environmental, nutritional and procedural conditions for their effects on transformation of the model hemi-parasitic plant Triphysaria versicolor and Arabidopsis thaliana, one of its hosts. We first examined the effects of media, gelling agents and co-incubation times on Triphysaria root transformation and determined that while all three affected transformation rates, the media were the most significant. Once those primary conditions were fixed, we examined the roles of seedling age, explant type, acetosyringone, temperature and illumination on Triphysaria hairy root transformation rates. Using the optimized procedure approximately 70% of Triphysaria seedlings developed transgenic roots as judged by expression of YFP. These conditions were then used to transform Arabidopsis and similar transformation rates were obtained. CONCLUSIONS Analyses of root transformation factors provides a method recovering transgenic roots from both parasitic plants and their hosts at high frequency. In addition to providing an effective in vitro approach for genetic investigations of parasitic plant-host plant interactions, these results are applicable to genetic studies of non-parasitic plants as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeepa C. G. Bandaranayake
- Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400 Sri Lanka
- Department of Plant Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - John I. Yoder
- Department of Plant Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
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Gosal SS, Wani SH. RNAi for Resistance Against Biotic Stresses in Crop Plants. BIOTECHNOLOGIES OF CROP IMPROVEMENT, VOLUME 2 2018. [PMCID: PMC7123769 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90650-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi)-based gene silencing has become one of the most successful strategies in not only identifying gene function but also in improving agronomical traits of crops by silencing genes of different pathogens/pests and also plant genes for improvement of desired trait. The conserved nature of RNAi pathway across different organisms increases its applicability in various basic and applied fields. Here we attempt to summarize the knowledge generated on the fundamental mechanisms of RNAi over the years, with emphasis on insects and plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs). This chapter also reviews the rich history of RNAi research, gene regulation by small RNAs across different organisms, and application potential of RNAi for generating transgenic plants resistant to major pests. But, there are some limitations too which restrict wider applications of this technology to its full potential. Further refinement of this technology in terms of resolving these shortcomings constitutes one of the thrust areas in present RNAi research. Nevertheless, its application especially in breeding agricultural crops resistant against biotic stresses will certainly offer the possible solutions for some of the breeding objectives which are otherwise unattainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satbir Singh Gosal
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab India
| | - Shabir Hussain Wani
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Khudwani, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir India
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Banerjee S, Banerjee A, Gill SS, Gupta OP, Dahuja A, Jain PK, Sirohi A. RNA Interference: A Novel Source of Resistance to Combat Plant Parasitic Nematodes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:834. [PMID: 28580003 PMCID: PMC5437379 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant parasitic nematodes cause severe damage and yield loss in major crops all over the world. Available control strategies include use of insecticides/nematicides but these have proved detrimental to the environment, while other strategies like crop rotation and resistant cultivars have serious limitations. This scenario provides an opportunity for the utilization of technological advances like RNA interference (RNAi) to engineer resistance against these devastating parasites. First demonstrated in the model free living nematode, Caenorhabtidis elegans; the phenomenon of RNAi has been successfully used to suppress essential genes of plant parasitic nematodes involved in parasitism, nematode development and mRNA metabolism. Synthetic neurotransmitants mixed with dsRNA solutions are used for in vitro RNAi in plant parasitic nematodes with significant success. However, host delivered in planta RNAi has proved to be a pioneering phenomenon to deliver dsRNAs to feeding nematodes and silence the target genes to achieve resistance. Highly enriched genomic databases are exploited to limit off target effects and ensure sequence specific silencing. Technological advances like gene stacking and use of nematode inducible and tissue specific promoters can further enhance the utility of RNAi based transgenics against plant parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Banerjee
- Division of Nematology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR)New Delhi, India
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand UniversityRohtak, India
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR)New Delhi, India
| | - Anamika Banerjee
- Division of Nematology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR)New Delhi, India
| | | | - Om P. Gupta
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR)New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Dahuja
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR)New Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep K. Jain
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology (ICAR)New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Sirohi
- Division of Nematology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR)New Delhi, India
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Gillet FX, Bournaud C, Antonino de Souza Júnior JD, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Plant-parasitic nematodes: towards understanding molecular players in stress responses. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:775-789. [PMID: 28087659 PMCID: PMC5378187 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-parasitic nematode interactions occur within a vast molecular plant immunity network. Following initial contact with the host plant roots, plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) activate basal immune responses. Defence priming involves the release in the apoplast of toxic molecules derived from reactive species or secondary metabolism. In turn, PPNs must overcome the poisonous and stressful environment at the plant-nematode interface. The ability of PPNs to escape this first line of plant immunity is crucial and will determine its virulence. SCOPE Nematodes trigger crucial regulatory cytoprotective mechanisms, including antioxidant and detoxification pathways. Knowledge of the upstream regulatory components that contribute to both of these pathways in PPNs remains elusive. In this review, we discuss how PPNs probably orchestrate cytoprotection to resist plant immune responses, postulating that it may be derived from ancient molecular mechanisms. The review focuses on two transcription factors, DAF-16 and SKN-1 , which are conserved in the animal kingdom and are central regulators of cell homeostasis and immune function. Both regulate the unfolding protein response and the antioxidant and detoxification pathways. DAF-16 and SKN-1 target a broad spectrum of Caenorhabditis elegans genes coding for numerous protein families present in the secretome of PPNs. Moreover, some regulatory elements of DAF-16 and SKN-1 from C. elegans have already been identified as important genes for PPN infection. CONCLUSION DAF-16 and SKN-1 genes may play a pivotal role in PPNs during parasitism. In the context of their hub status and mode of regulation, we suggest alternative strategies for control of PPNs through RNAi approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Xavier Gillet
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, CEP 70·770-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Caroline Bournaud
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, CEP 70·770-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, CEP 70·770-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília-DF, Brazil
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Tian B, Li J, Oakley TR, Todd TC, Trick HN. Host-Derived Artificial MicroRNA as an Alternative Method to Improve Soybean Resistance to Soybean Cyst Nematode. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:E122. [PMID: 27941644 PMCID: PMC5192498 DOI: 10.3390/genes7120122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, is one of the most important pests limiting soybean production worldwide. Novel approaches to managing this pest have focused on gene silencing of target nematode sequences using RNA interference (RNAi). With the discovery of endogenous microRNAs as a mode of gene regulation in plants, artificial microRNA (amiRNA) methods have become an alternative method for gene silencing, with the advantage that they can lead to more specific silencing of target genes than traditional RNAi vectors. To explore the application of amiRNAs for improving soybean resistance to SCN, three nematode genes (designated as J15, J20, and J23) were targeted using amiRNA vectors. The transgenic soybean hairy roots, transformed independently with these three amiRNA vectors, showed significant reductions in SCN population densities in bioassays. Expression of the targeted genes within SCN eggs were downregulated in populations feeding on transgenic hairy roots. Our results provide evidence that host-derived amiRNA methods have great potential to improve soybean resistance to SCN. This approach should also limit undesirable phenotypes associated with off-target effects, which is an important consideration for commercialization of transgenic crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tian
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Jiarui Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
- Bayer CropScience, 3500 Paramount Pkwy, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA.
| | - Thomas R Oakley
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Timothy C Todd
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Harold N Trick
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Acharya K, Tande C, Byamukama E. Determination of Heterodera glycines Virulence Phenotypes Occurring in South Dakota. PLANT DISEASE 2016; 100:2281-2286. [PMID: 30682916 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-16-0572-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, is the most important yield-limiting pathogen of soybean in the United States. In South Dakota, SCN has been found in 29 counties, as of 2016, and continues to spread. Determining the virulence phenotypes (HG types) of the SCN populations can reveal the diversity of the SCN populations and the sources of resistance that would be most effective for SCN management. To determine the HG types prevalent in South Dakota, 250 soil samples were collected from at least three arbitrarily selected fields in each of the 28 counties with fields previously found to be infested with SCN. SCN was detected in 82 fields (33%), and combined egg and juvenile counts ranged from 200 to 65,200 per 100 cm3 of soil. Eggs and juveniles were extracted from each soil sample and were used to infest seven SCN HG type test indicator soybean lines and 'Williams 82' as the susceptible check. A female index (FI) was calculated based on the number of females found on each indicator line relative to those on the susceptible check. A FI equal to or greater than 10% in any line was assigned as that HG type. Out of 73 SCN populations for which HG type tests were done, 63% had FI ≥10% on PI 548316 (indicator line #7), 25% on PI 88788 (#2), 19% on PI 209332 (#5), 7% on PI 548402 (#1), 4% on PI 90736 (#3), and 4% on PI 89722 (#6). None of the SCN populations had FI ≥10% on PI 437654 (indicator line #4). The most prevalent HG types were 0, 2.5.7, and 7. These accounted for 81% of all the HG types determined for the samples tested. HG types with ≥10% reproduction on indicator lines PI 88788, PI 209332, and PI 548317 were most prevalent in the soil samples tested, suggesting that the use of these sources of resistance for developing SCN resistant cultivars should be avoided. For sustainable SCN management, use of resistant cultivars should be rotated with nonhost crops and cultivars with different sources of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Acharya
- Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
| | - C Tande
- Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
| | - E Byamukama
- Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
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Stage-Wise Identification and Analysis of miRNA from Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101758. [PMID: 27775666 PMCID: PMC5085782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated global changes in miRNAs of Meloidogyne incognita throughout its life cycle. Small RNA sequencing resulted in approximately 62, 38, 38, 35, and 39 Mb reads in the egg, J2, J3, J4, and female stages, respectively. Overall, we identified 2724 known and 383 novel miRNAs (read count > 10) from all stages, of which 169 known and 13 novel miRNA were common to all the five stages. Among the stage-specific miRNAs, miR-286 was highly expressed in eggs, miR-2401 in J2, miR-8 and miR-187 in J3, miR-6736 in J4, and miR-17 in the female stages. These miRNAs are reported to be involved in embryo and neural development, muscular function, and control of apoptosis. Cluster analysis indicated the presence of 91 miRNA clusters, of which 36 clusters were novel and identified in this study. Comparison of miRNA families with other nematodes showed 17 families to be commonly absent in animal parasitic nematodes and M. incognita. Validation of 43 predicted common and stage-specific miRNA by quantitative PCR (qPCR) indicated their expression in the nematode. Stage-wise exploration of M. incognita miRNAs has not been carried out before and this work presents information on common and stage-specific miRNAs of the root-knot nematode.
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Dinh PTY, Brown CR, Elling AA. RNA Interference of Effector Gene Mc16D10L Confers Resistance Against Meloidogyne chitwoodi in Arabidopsis and Potato. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2014; 104:1098-106. [PMID: 24835223 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-14-0063-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Meloidogyne chitwoodi, a quarantine pathogen, is a significant problem in potato-producing areas worldwide. In spite of considerable genetic diversity in wild potato species, no commercial potato cultivars with resistance to M. chitwoodi are available. Nematode effector genes are essential for the molecular interactions between root-knot nematodes and their hosts. Stable transgenic lines of Arabidopsis and potato (Solanum tuberosum) with resistance against M. chitwoodi were developed. RNA interference (RNAi) construct pART27(16D10i-2) was introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana and potato to express double-stranded RNA complementary to the putative M. chitwoodi effector gene Mc16D10L. Plant-mediated RNAi led to a significant level of resistance against M. chitwoodi in Arabidopsis and potato. In transgenic Arabidopsis lines, the number of M. chitwoodi egg masses and eggs was reduced by up to 57 and 67% compared with empty vector controls, respectively. Similarly, in stable transgenic lines of potato, the number of M. chitwoodi egg masses and eggs was reduced by up to 71 and 63% compared with empty vector controls, respectively. The relative transcript level of Mc16D10L was reduced by up to 76% in M. chitwoodi eggs and infective second-stage juveniles that developed on transgenic pART27(16D10i-2) potato, suggesting that the RNAi effect is systemic and heritable in M. chitwoodi.
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New insights into the FLPergic complements of parasitic nematodes: Informing deorphanisation approaches. EUPA OPEN PROTEOMICS 2014; 3:262-272. [PMID: 26366373 PMCID: PMC4405611 DOI: 10.1016/j.euprot.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We report the identification of flp and flp-GPCR gene homologues in parasitic nematodes. We provide data to support re-evaluation of the number of flp-genes in nematodes. Post BLAST phylogenetic analysis facilitates identification of putative flp-GPCRs in nematode parasites. We expose the most highly conserved flp and flp-GPCR genes in key pathogens within phylum Nematoda.
FMRFamide-like peptide (FLP) receptors are appealing as putative anthelmintic targets. To date, 31 flp-encoding genes have been identified in Caenorhabditis elegans and thirteen FLP-activated G-protein coupled receptors (FLP-GPCRs) have been reported. The lack of knowledge on FLPs and FLP-GPCRs in parasites impedes their functional characterisation and chemotherapeutic exploitation. Using homology-based BLAST searches and phylogenetic analyses this study describes the identification of putative flp and flp-GPCR gene homologues in 17 nematode parasites providing the first pan-phylum genome-based overview of the FLPergic complement. These data will facilitate FLP-receptor deorphanisation efforts in the quest for novel control targets for nematode parasites.
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Dinh P, Dinh P, Zhang L, Dinh P, Zhang L, Brown C, Dinh P, Zhang L, Brown C, Elling A. Plant-mediated RNA interference of effector gene Mc16D10L confers resistance against Meloidogyne chitwoodi in diverse genetic backgrounds of potato and reduces pathogenicity of nematode offspring. NEMATOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00002796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Meloidogyne chitwoodi is a major problem for potato production in the Pacific Northwest of the USA. In spite of long-term breeding efforts no commercial potato cultivars with resistance to M. chitwoodi exist to date. The resistance gene against M. chitwoodi has been introgressed from Solanum bulbocastanum into cultivated potato (S. tuberosum), but M. chitwoodi pathotypes are able to overcome this resistance. In this study, an RNA interference (RNAi) transgene targeting the M. chitwoodi effector gene Mc16D10L was introduced into potato cvs Russet Burbank and Désirée, and the advanced breeding line PA99N82-4, which carries the gene. Stable transgenic lines were generated for glasshouse infection assays. At 35 days after inoculation (DAI) with M. chitwoodi race 1 the number of egg masses (g root)−1 formed on RNAi lines of cvs Russet Burbank and Désirée was reduced significantly by up to 68% compared to empty vector control plants. At 55 DAI, the number of eggs was reduced significantly by up to 65%. In addition, RNAi of Mc16D10L significantly reduced the development of egg masses and eggs formed by the resistance-breaking M. chitwoodi pathotype Roza on PA99N82-4 by up to 47 and 44%, respectively. Importantly, the plant-mediated silencing effect of Mc16D10L was transmitted to M. chitwoodi offspring and significantly reduced pathogenicity in the absence of selection pressure on empty vector control plants. This finding suggests that the RNAi effect is stable and nematode infection decreases regardless of the genotype of the host once the RNAi process has been initiated in the nematode through a transgenic plant. In summary, plant-mediated down-regulation of effector gene Mc16D10L provides a promising new tool for molecular breeding against M. chitwoodi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong T.Y. Dinh
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Phuong T.Y. Dinh
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Linhai Zhang
- Vegetable and Forage Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Prosser, WA 99350, USA
| | - Phuong T.Y. Dinh
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Linhai Zhang
- Vegetable and Forage Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Prosser, WA 99350, USA
| | - Charles R. Brown
- Vegetable and Forage Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Prosser, WA 99350, USA
| | - Phuong T.Y. Dinh
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Linhai Zhang
- Vegetable and Forage Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Prosser, WA 99350, USA
| | - Charles R. Brown
- Vegetable and Forage Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Prosser, WA 99350, USA
| | - Axel A. Elling
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Stacking resistance to crown gall and nematodes in walnut rootstocks. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:668. [PMID: 24083348 PMCID: PMC3852553 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Crown gall (CG) (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) and the root lesion nematodes (RLNs) (Pratylenchus vulnus) are major challenges faced by the California walnut industry, reducing productivity and increasing the cost of establishing and maintaining orchards. Current nematode control strategies include nematicides, crop rotation, and tolerant cultivars, but these methods have limits. Developing genetic resistance through novel approaches like RNA interference (RNAi) can address these problems. RNAi-mediated silencing of CG disease in walnut (Juglans regia L.) has been achieved previously. We sought to place both CG and nematode resistance into a single walnut rootstock genotype using co-transformation to stack the resistance genes. A. tumefaciens, carrying self-complimentary iaaM and ipt transgenes, and Agrobacterium rhizogenes, carrying a self-complimentary Pv010 gene from P. vulnus, were used as co-transformation vectors. RolABC genes were introduced by the resident T-DNA in the A. rhizogenes Ri-plasmid used as a vector for plant transformation. Pv010 and Pv194 (transgenic control) genes were also transferred separately using A. tumefaciens. To test for resistance, transformed walnut roots were challenged with P. vulnus and microshoots were challenged with a virulent strain of A. tumefaciens. Results Combining the two bacterial strains at a 1:1 rather than 1:3 ratio increased the co-transformation efficiency. Although complete immunity to nematode infection was not observed, transgenic lines yielded up to 79% fewer nematodes per root following in vitro co-culture than untransformed controls. Transgenic line 33-3-1 exhibited complete crown gall control and 32% fewer nematodes. The transgenic plants had thicker, longer roots than untransformed controls possibly due to insertion of rolABC genes. When the Pv010 gene was present in roots with or without rolABC genes there was partial or complete control of RLNs. Transformation using only one vector showed 100% control in some lines. Conclusions CG and nematode resistance gene stacking controlled CG and RLNs simultaneously in walnuts. Silencing genes encoding iaaM, ipt, and Pv010 decrease CG formation and RLNs populations in walnut. Beneficial plant genotype and phenotype changes are caused by co-transformation using A. tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes strains. Viable resistance against root lesion nematodes in walnut plants may be accomplished in the future using this gene stacking technology.
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Manzano-Román R, Siles-Lucas M. MicroRNAs in parasitic diseases: Potential for diagnosis and targeting. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2012; 186:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Mohr SE, Perrimon N. RNAi screening: new approaches, understandings, and organisms. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2011; 3:145-58. [PMID: 21953743 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) leads to sequence-specific knockdown of gene function. The approach can be used in large-scale screens to interrogate function in various model organisms and an increasing number of other species. Genome-scale RNAi screens are routinely performed in cultured or primary cells or in vivo in organisms such as C. elegans. High-throughput RNAi screening is benefitting from the development of sophisticated new instrumentation and software tools for collecting and analyzing data, including high-content image data. The results of large-scale RNAi screens have already proved useful, leading to new understandings of gene function relevant to topics such as infection, cancer, obesity, and aging. Nevertheless, important caveats apply and should be taken into consideration when developing or interpreting RNAi screens. Some level of false discovery is inherent to high-throughput approaches and specific to RNAi screens, false discovery due to off-target effects (OTEs) of RNAi reagents remains a problem. The need to improve our ability to use RNAi to elucidate gene function at large scale and in additional systems continues to be addressed through improved RNAi library design, development of innovative computational and analysis tools and other approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Mohr
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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