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Desfossés-Vallée S, Leclerc JB, Blanchet P, O’Connor KP, Lavoie ME. Comparing the 'When' and the 'Where' of Electrocortical Activity in Patients with Tourette Syndrome, Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors, and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2489. [PMID: 38731020 PMCID: PMC11084402 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13092489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Tourette Syndrome (TS), Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors (BFRB) are three disorders that share many similarities in terms of phenomenology, neuroanatomy, and functionality. However, despite the literature pointing toward a plausible spectrum of these disorders, only a few studies have compared them. Studying the neurocognitive processes using Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) offers the advantage of assessing brain activity with excellent temporal resolution. The ERP components can then reflect specific processes known to be potentially affected by these disorders. Our first goal is to characterize 'when' in the processing stream group differences are the most prominent. The second goal is to identify 'where' in the brain the group discrepancies could be. Methods: Participants with TS (n = 24), OCD (n = 18), and BFRB (n = 16) were matched to a control group (n = 59) and were recorded with 58 EEG electrodes during a visual counting oddball task. Three ERP components were extracted (i.e., P200, N200, and P300), and generating sources were modelized with Standardized Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography. Results: We showed no group differences for the P200 and N200 when controlling for anxiety and depressive symptoms, suggesting that the early cognitive processes reflected by these components are relatively intact in these populations. Our results also showed a decrease in the later anterior P300 oddball effect for the TS and OCD groups, whereas an intact oddball effect was observed for the BFRB group. Source localization analyses with sLORETA revealed activations in the lingual and middle occipital gyrus for the OCD group, distinguishing it from the other two clinical groups and the controls. Conclusions: It seems that both TS and OCD groups share deficits in anterior P300 activation but reflect distinct brain-generating source activations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Desfossés-Vallée
- Laboratoire de Psychophysiologie Cognitive et Sociale, Montréal, QC H1N 3J4, Canada;
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, QC H1N 3J4, Canada; (J.B.L.); (P.B.); (K.P.O.)
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Julie B. Leclerc
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, QC H1N 3J4, Canada; (J.B.L.); (P.B.); (K.P.O.)
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 3P2, Canada
- Centre de Recherche CIUSSS du Nord-de-l’île-de-Montréal, Montréal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
| | - Pierre Blanchet
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, QC H1N 3J4, Canada; (J.B.L.); (P.B.); (K.P.O.)
- Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Département de Stomatologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Kieron P. O’Connor
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, QC H1N 3J4, Canada; (J.B.L.); (P.B.); (K.P.O.)
- Département de Psychiatrie et Addictologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Marc E. Lavoie
- Laboratoire de Psychophysiologie Cognitive et Sociale, Montréal, QC H1N 3J4, Canada;
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, QC H1N 3J4, Canada; (J.B.L.); (P.B.); (K.P.O.)
- Département de Sciences Humaines, Lettres et Communication, Université TÉLUQ, Quebec City, QC G1K 9H6, Canada
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P3b Amplitude and Latency in Tic Disorders: A Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12121712. [PMID: 36552171 PMCID: PMC9775302 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
P3b is an event-related potential (ERP) that may be abnormal in patients with tic disorders (TD), but evidence has been inconsistent. Given the possible association between P3b and TD and the need for biomarkers for TD, the primary objective of this meta-analysis was to characterize P3b in patients with TD in comparison to healthy controls (HCs). METHODS By searching PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Medline, and Google Scholar, we identified studies that compared P3b between TD patients and HCs. The amplitude and latency of P3b were then analyzed. Subgroup analyses were conducted to investigate the influence of different experimental factors on P3b indices. RESULT Overall, 19 articles involving 388 cases and 414 controls were evaluated. There were no significant abnormalities in P3b amplitude and latency in TD patients. The P3b amplitude of the TD patients was significantly decreased during the oddball task, and the P3b amplitude of the adult TD patients was also significantly decreased. CONCLUSION TD patients may have an abnormal P3b compared to HCs under specified conditions.
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Neural correlates of performance monitoring in adult patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: A study of event-related potentials. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 131:597-608. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Cognitive and motor event-related potentials in Tourette syndrome and tic disorders: A systematic review. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:1041-1057. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Buse J, Beste C, Roessner V. Neural correlates of prediction violations in boys with Tourette syndrome: Evidence from harmonic expectancy. World J Biol Psychiatry 2018; 19:130-141. [PMID: 28010171 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1274052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It has been suggested that Tourette syndrome (TS) might be associated with alterations of the attention system, but the nature of these alterations and the underlying neuroanatomical network remains elusive. We aimed at investigating the functional neuroanatomical modulators of attention allocation towards predictable versus unpredictable stimuli in boys with TS. METHODS Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we ran a harmonic expectancy violation paradigm in 17 boys with TS and 23 matched healthy controls (HCs). We presented chord sequence in which the first four chords induced a strong expectancy for a harmonic chord at the next position. In 70% this expectancy was fulfilled (harmonic), in 30% the expectancy was violated (disharmonic). RESULTS HCs responded faster to the disharmonic compared to harmonic chords, indicating a stronger attention allocation towards unpredictable stimuli, while this effect was not found in boys with TS. HCs showed stronger anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activation during disharmonic compared to harmonic chords. Boys with TS showed stronger ACC activation during harmonic chords, which was associated with greater tic severity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that boys with TS showed altered reactions towards predictable versus unpredictable stimuli in brain regions playing an important role in attention control. This might indicate altered allocation of attention towards those stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Buse
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden , Dresden , Germany.,b Experimental Neurobiology , National Institute of Mental Health , Klecany , Czech Republic
| | - Veit Roessner
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden , Dresden , Germany
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Sauvé G, Morand-Beaulieu S, O'Connor KP, Blanchet PJ, Lavoie ME. P300 Source Localization Contrasts in Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors and Tic Disorders. Brain Sci 2017; 7:E76. [PMID: 28671557 PMCID: PMC5532589 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7070076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tic disorders (TD) and body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRB) have similar phenotypes that can be challenging to distinguish in clinical settings. Both disorders show high rates of comorbid psychiatric conditions, dysfunctional basal ganglia activity, atypical cortical functioning in the prefrontal and motor cortical regions, and cognitive deficits. Clinicians frequently confound the two disorders and it is important to find reliable objective methods to discriminate TD and BFRB. Neuropsychological tests and event-related potential (ERP) studies have yielded inconsistent results regarding a possible context updating deficit in TD and BFRB patients. However, most previous studies did not control for the presence of comorbid psychiatric condition and medication status, which might have confounded the findings reported to date. Hence, we aimed to investigate the psychophysiology of working memory using ERP in carefully screened TD and BFRB patients excluding those with psychiatric comorbidity and those taking psychoactive medication. The current study compared 12 TD patients, 12 BRFB patients, and 15 healthy control participants using a motor oddball task (button press). The P300 component was analyzed as an index of working memory functioning. Results showed that BFRB patients had decreased P300 oddball effect amplitudes over the right hemisphere compared to the TD and control groups. Clinical groups presented different scalp distributions compared to controls, which could represent a potential endophenotype candidate of BFRB and TD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Sauvé
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada.
- Cognitive and Social Psychophysiology Lab, Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, 7331 Hochelaga Street, Montréal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada.
| | - Simon Morand-Beaulieu
- Cognitive and Social Psychophysiology Lab, Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, 7331 Hochelaga Street, Montréal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada.
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Kieron P O'Connor
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
- Centre D'études sur les Troubles Obsessionnels-Compulsifs et les Tics, Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, 7331 Hochelaga Street, Montréal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada.
| | - Pierre J Blanchet
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
- Centre D'études sur les Troubles Obsessionnels-Compulsifs et les Tics, Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, 7331 Hochelaga Street, Montréal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada.
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Marc E Lavoie
- Cognitive and Social Psychophysiology Lab, Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, 7331 Hochelaga Street, Montréal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada.
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
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Morand-Beaulieu S, O'Connor KP, Richard M, Sauvé G, Leclerc JB, Blanchet PJ, Lavoie ME. The Impact of a Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Event-Related Potentials in Patients with Tic Disorders or Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:81. [PMID: 27242551 PMCID: PMC4861894 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Tic disorders (TD) are characterized by the presence of non-voluntary contractions of functionally related groups of skeletal muscles in one or multiple body parts. Patients with body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRB) present frequent and repetitive behaviors, such as nail biting or hair pulling. TD and BFRB can be treated with a cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) that regulates the excessive amount of sensorimotor activation and muscular tension. Our CBT, which is called the cognitive-psychophysiological (CoPs) model, targets motor execution and inhibition, and it was reported to modify brain activity in TD. However, psychophysiological effects of therapy are still poorly understood in TD and BFRB patients. Our goals were to compare the event-related potentials (ERP) of TD and BFRB patients to control participants and to investigate the effects of the CoPs therapy on the P200, N200, and P300 components during a motor and a non-motor oddball task. METHOD Event-related potential components were compared in 26 TD patients, 27 BFRB patients, and 27 control participants. ERP were obtained from 63 EEG electrodes during two oddball tasks. In the non-motor task, participants had to count rare stimuli. In the motor task, participants had to respond with a left and right button press for rare and frequent stimuli, respectively. ERP measures were recorded before and after therapy in both patient groups. RESULTS CoPs therapy improved symptoms similarly in both clinical groups. Before therapy, TD and BFRB patients had reduced P300 oddball effect during the non-motor task, in comparison with controls participants. An increase in the P300 oddball effect was observed posttherapy. This increase was distributed over the whole cortex in BFRB patients, but localized in the parietal area in TD patients. DISCUSSION These results suggest a modification of neural processes following CoPs therapy in TD and BFRB patients. CoPs therapy seems to impact patients' attentional processes and context updating capacities in working memory (i.e., P300 component). Our results are consistent with a possible role of the prefrontal cortex and corpus callosum in mediating interhemispheric interference in TD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Morand-Beaulieu
- Laboratoire de psychophysiologie cognitive et sociale, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de neurosciences, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kieron P O'Connor
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de psychiatrie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maxime Richard
- Laboratoire de psychophysiologie cognitive et sociale, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de neurosciences, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Geneviève Sauvé
- Laboratoire de psychophysiologie cognitive et sociale, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julie B Leclerc
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de psychologie, Faculté des sciences humaines, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre J Blanchet
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de stomatologie, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc E Lavoie
- Laboratoire de psychophysiologie cognitive et sociale, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de psychiatrie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Morand-Beaulieu S, O'Connor KP, Sauvé G, Blanchet PJ, Lavoie ME. Cognitive-behavioral therapy induces sensorimotor and specific electrocortical changes in chronic tic and Tourette's disorder. Neuropsychologia 2015; 79:310-21. [PMID: 26022060 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tic disorders, such as the Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and persistent tic disorder, are neurodevelopmental movement disorders involving impaired motor control. Hence, patients show repetitive unwanted muscular contractions in one or more parts of the body. A cognitive-behavioral therapy, with a particular emphasis on the psychophysiology of tic expression and sensorimotor activation, can reduce the frequency and intensity of tics. However, its impact on motor activation and inhibition is not fully understood. METHODS To study the effects of a cognitive-behavioral therapy on electrocortical activation, we recorded the event-related potentials (ERP) and lateralized readiness potentials (LRP), before and after treatment, of 20 patients with tic disorders and 20 healthy control participants (matched on age, sex and intelligence), during a stimulus-response compatibility inhibition task. The cognitive-behavioral therapy included informational, awareness training, relaxation, muscle discrimination, cognitive restructuration and relapse prevention strategies. RESULTS Our results revealed that prior to treatment; tic patients had delayed stimulus-locked LRP onset latency, larger response-locked LRP peak amplitude, and a frontal overactivation during stimulus inhibition processing. Both stimulus-locked LRP onset latency and response-locked LRP peak amplitude normalized after the cognitive behavioral therapy completion. However, the frontal overactivation related to inhibition remained unchanged following therapy. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that P300 and reaction times are sensitive to stimulus-response compatibility, but are not related to tic symptoms. Secondly, overactivity of the frontal LPC and impulsivity in TD patients were not affected by treatment. Finally, CBT had normalizing effects on the activation of the pre-motor and motor cortex in TD patients. These results imply specific modifications of motor processes following therapy, while inhibition processes remained unchanged. Given that LRPs are partially generated within the sensorimotor and supplementary motor area, the reported reduction in tic frequency and improvements of LRPs components suggest that CBT induced a physiological change in patients' motor area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Morand-Beaulieu
- Laboratoire de Psychophysiologie Cognitive et Sociale, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, 7331 rue Hochelaga, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Kieron P O'Connor
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, 7331 rue Hochelaga, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Geneviève Sauvé
- Laboratoire de Psychophysiologie Cognitive et Sociale, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, 7331 rue Hochelaga, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Pierre J Blanchet
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, 7331 rue Hochelaga, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2; Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Marc E Lavoie
- Laboratoire de Psychophysiologie Cognitive et Sociale, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, 7331 rue Hochelaga, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada.
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Johannes S, Weber A, Müller-Vahl KR, Kolbe H, Dengler R, Münte TF. Event-related brain potentials show changed attentional mechanisms in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome. Eur J Neurol 2011; 4:152-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.1997.tb00321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Thibault G, O’Connor KP, Stip E, Lavoie ME. Electrophysiological manifestations of stimulus evaluation, response inhibition and motor processing in Tourette syndrome patients. Psychiatry Res 2009; 167:202-20. [PMID: 19395047 PMCID: PMC3757001 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder with childhood onset presenting with multiple fluctuating motor tics and one or more phonic tics. A significant proportion of people suffering from GTS are still symptomatic in adulthood and present other emotional and cognitive difficulties, along with motor problems that often accompany these comorbid conditions. The nature of these difficulties is still poorly understood and multiple comorbidities are often inadequately controlled. The current study investigates both stimulus evaluation and motor processing in GTS while controlling for comorbidity. Fifteen adults with GTS and 20 control participants were matched on gender, laterality and intelligence. The P300 component, the no-go anteriorization (NGA) as well as the stimulus and response-locked lateralized-readiness potentials (S-LRP, R-LRP) were elicited during a stimulus-response compatibility (SRC) paradigm. The standard version of the Stroop Color-Word Test (SCWT) was also administered. Reaction times showed that participants with GTS processed both the SRC and the SCWT more rapidly than the control group, while producing a delayed P300 peak latency. The GTS group also showed faster S-LRP onset in response to the incompatible and faster processing of interference in the SCWT. There was also a tendency toward a greater frontal shift of the NGA in the GTS group. The P300 latency showed that with GTS patients, stimulus evaluation occurs later whereas the overlapping pre-motor response selection processes occur faster. Our findings are congruent with a probable cortical motor over-activation hypothesis of GTS involving faster motor program selection in processing conflicting SR configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Thibault
- Centre de Recherche Fernand-Seguin and Hôpital Louis-H. Lafontaine, Montréal, Québec, Canada,Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kieron P. O’Connor
- Centre de Recherche Fernand-Seguin and Hôpital Louis-H. Lafontaine, Montréal, Québec, Canada,Département de Psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada,Département de Psychologie et Psychoéducation, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Stip
- Centre de Recherche Fernand-Seguin and Hôpital Louis-H. Lafontaine, Montréal, Québec, Canada,Département de Psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc E. Lavoie
- Centre de Recherche Fernand-Seguin and Hôpital Louis-H. Lafontaine, Montréal, Québec, Canada,Département de Psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada,Corresponding author. Fernand-Seguin Research Center, 7331, Hochelaga Street, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2. Tel.: +1 514 251 4015x3587; fax: +1 514 251 2617. (M.E. Lavoie)
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Influence of comorbid obsessive-compulsive symptoms on brain event-related potentials in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:803-15. [PMID: 18280023 PMCID: PMC3756999 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 30 to 50% of people suffering from Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (GTS) also fulfill diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Despite this high degree of comorbidity, very few studies have addressed the question of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) in GTS patients using specific brain event-related potentials (ERP) responses. The aim of the current study was to quantify neurocognitive aspects of comorbidity, using ERPs. Fourteen adults with GTS (without OCD) were compared to a group of 12 participants with GTS and comorbid obsessive-compulsive symptoms (GTS+OCS), to a group of 15 participants with OCD and to a group of 14 control participants without neurological or psychiatric problems. The P200 and P300 components were recorded during a visual counting oddball task. Results showed intact P200 amplitude in all groups, whilst the P300 amplitude was affected differentially across groups. The P300 oddball effect was reduced in participants in both OCD and GTS+OCS groups in the anterior region. However, the P300 oddball effect was significantly larger in participants of the GTS group compared to all other groups, mostly in the parietal region. These findings suggest that adults with GTS are characterized by enhanced working memory updating processes and that the superimposition of OCS can lead to a reduction of these processes. The discrepancy between our findings and results obtained in previous studies on GTS could reflect the modulating effect of OCS on late ERP components.
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Georgiou-Karistianis N, Gardner B, Vardy Y, Evans N, Bradshaw JL, Shapiro K, Sheppard D. Attentional blink in adults with Tourette syndrome. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00049530600940240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nellie Georgiou-Karistianis
- Experimental Neuropsychology Research Unit, Psychology Department, School of Psychology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Betina Gardner
- Experimental Neuropsychology Research Unit, Psychology Department, School of Psychology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yvette Vardy
- Experimental Neuropsychology Research Unit, Psychology Department, School of Psychology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie Evans
- Experimental Neuropsychology Research Unit, Psychology Department, School of Psychology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John L. Bradshaw
- Experimental Neuropsychology Research Unit, Psychology Department, School of Psychology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kimron Shapiro
- School of Psychology, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Dianne Sheppard
- Experimental Neuropsychology Research Unit, Psychology Department, School of Psychology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Rankins D, Bradshaw JL, Georgiou-Karistianis N. The semantic Simon effect in Tourette’s syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Cogn 2006; 61:225-34. [PMID: 16510227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2006.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Core symptoms of Tourette's syndrome (TS) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may be attributed to an impairment in inhibitory control. Neuropsychological studies have addressed inhibition in both disorders, but findings have been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to examine cognitive inhibition, using a semantic Simon effect paradigm, in patients with TS and OCD. Furthermore, to address comorbidity a group of TS+OCD patients was also examined. Results indicated that patients with TS and OCD were affected by the inhibitory components of the task. TS groups performed similarly to controls on simple and choice RT tasks, but were particularly compromised as increasingly complex inhibitory demands were imposed. OCD patients were slower and committed more errors than controls, especially in the more cognitively demanding conditions, and were particularly disadvantaged by incongruent stimulus-response compatibilities. Findings implicate possible fronto-striatal dysfunction, are consistent with previously reported inhibitory deficits in TS and OCD, and support the theory that comorbid TS+OCD is more closely linked to pure TS than OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rankins
- Australian Centre for Child Neuropsychological Studies, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Australia.
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Osmon DC, Smerz JM. Neuropsychological evaluation in the diagnosis and treatment of Tourette's syndrome. Behav Modif 2005; 29:746-83. [PMID: 16046663 DOI: 10.1177/0145445505279380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The neurobiological basis of Tourette's syndrome is reviewed for the purpose of presenting a clinically relevant account of the neuropsychology of the disorder for the clinician who is behaviorally oriented. The neuropathology and neuropsychological deficits typically found in Tourette's are reviewed, and a neuropsychological test battery is described that can be used to help characterize the clinical presentation of the disorder. Although Tourette's syndrome is ultimately diagnosed by behavioral criteria, characterizing the cognitive deficits (or lack thereof) associated with the disorder is integral to fully appreciating the challenges posed by the disorder in any given case. The variety of cognitive deficits associated with Tourette's is reviewed to show the importance of the neuropsychological evaluation in differential diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic decisions.
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Johannes S, Wieringa BM, Mantey M, Nager W, Rada D, Müller-Vahl KR, Emrich HM, Dengler R, Münte TF, Dietrich D. Altered inhibition of motor responses in Tourette Syndrome and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Acta Neurol Scand 2001; 104:36-43. [PMID: 11442441 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0404.2001.00308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (TS) and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) have been shown to display impaired cognitive and motor inhibition. This study investigated inhibitory mechanisms of motor responses in order to expand the understanding of sensorimotor integration processes in both disorders. We hypothesized that both patient groups would display altered frontal inhibitory activity. MATERIAL AND METHODS To this end event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded in a STOP-paradigm in groups of TS and OCD patients and in a control group. The paradigm required the execution of a motor response after a "go" signal was given and the occasional suppression of this response after a second "stop" signal occurred. RESULTS Behavioral parameters and Lateralized Readiness Potential (LRP) confirmed that both patient groups were well able to initiate motor responses. "Go" and "stop" stimuli elicited an enhanced frontal negative activity in both patient groups. In addition, "stop" stimuli were associated with a frontal shift of the NoGo-Anteriorization (NGA) in the TS group but not in the OCD group. CONCLUSIONS The data are interpreted to indicate altered frontal inhibitory functions. Similarities and dissimilarities between the findings for TS and OCD are discussed with respect to other pathophysiologic aspects of the disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Johannes
- Department of Neuropsychology, Otto-von-Guericke Universität, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Johannes S, Wieringa BM, Nager W, Müller-Vahl KR, Dengler R, Münte TF. Electrophysiological measures and dual-task performance in Tourette syndrome indicate deficient divided attention mechanisms. Eur J Neurol 2001; 8:253-60. [PMID: 11328334 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-1331.2001.00199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome has been associated with impairments of attentional functions such as distractability, even in subjects without co-morbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Based on the results of earlier research we hypothesized that Tourette syndrome patients might employ altered control mechanisms of attentional processes and have concurrent difficulties in allocating their attentional resources among competing tasks. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded in a group of Tourette syndrome patients and in a matched control group during a dual task experiment. This experiment required the simultaneous detection of visual and auditory target stimuli which were manipulated to yield two different difficulty levels each of which were varied orthogonally. The behavioural parameters confirmed the intended performance differences between difficult-to-detect targets and easy-to-detect targets. This was paralleled by lower amplitudes and longer latencies of the corresponding P3b-ERP subcomponents. Although Tourette syndrome patients were unimpaired in overall performance they showed an increased interference of visual task demands with auditory target perception. In parallel they also exhibited a reduced amplitude of the P3b component to auditory targets. The findings show that Tourette syndrome patients are not generally impaired in their dual task performance. The allocation of attentional resources to competing tasks however, is altered. We speculate that this may be related to deficient inhibitory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Johannes
- Department of Neuropsychology, Otto-von-Guericke Universität, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Gironell A, Rodríguez-Fornells A, Kulisevsky J, Pascual B, Riba J, Barbanoj M, Berthier M. Abnormalities of the acoustic startle reflex and reaction time in gilles de la tourette syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol 2000; 111:1366-71. [PMID: 10904216 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2457(00)00343-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the startle reflex and the effect of the startle reflex stimulus over reaction time (start-react effect) in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS). METHOD Ten GTS patients and ten matched healthy volunteers underwent a simple RT paradigm (4 blocks of 50 trials). Forty acoustic startle reflex stimuli (110 dB) were randomly delivered with a 20% occurrence probability and presented unexpectedly at the same time as the imperative stimuli of the RT. Variables of interest were: amplitude, onset latency, degree of spread and rate of habituation of the startle response, and RT and the start-react effect caused by the startle stimuli. RESULTS GTS patients showed a significantly higher amplitude, a major degree of spread and fewer habituation phenomena of the startle reflex. GTS patients showed poorer non statistically significant RT performance compared to controls, with a significant correlation between RT and severity of the disease. The start-react effect was significantly less pronounced in GTS patients. CONCLUSIONS The present study confirms that GTS has an exaggerated startle reflex response and extend the spectrum of abnormalities to the start-react effect. A state of dopaminergic hyperactivity may have contributed to these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gironell
- Servei de Neurologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
The constellation of motor and vocal tics and certain of the other neuropsychiatric symptoms seen in Tourette syndrome are thought to have an organic basis, although the nature of the neurobiological lesion is uncertain. The syndrome is usually familial but the presumed genetic substrate has not been identified. A number of models currently under debate include a proposed autoimmune contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Robertson
- Academic Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, University College London Medical School, UK
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