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Condi FLDF, Fuchs LFP, Carvalho KC, Baracat EC. Treatment with Raloxifene Induces the Expression of Kisspeptin, Insulin, and Androgen Receptors in Bones of Castrated Adult Female Rats. Rev Bras Ortop 2024; 59:e228-e234. [PMID: 38606141 PMCID: PMC11006519 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1779319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effects of estrogen, raloxifene and genistein on the expression of KISS1 (kisspeptin), KISS1R (kisspeptin receptor), AR (androgen receptor) and INSR (insulin receptor) in the bones of ovariectomized rats. Methods Forty-eight adult rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, containing 8 animals each: G1-nonovariectomized control; G2-ovariectomized and treated with conjugated equine estrogens (50 µg/Kg/day); G3-ovariectomized and treated with raloxifene (0.75 mg/kg/day); G4-ovariectomized animal that received soy extract with genistein (300 mg/kg/day); G5-ovariectomized animal that received estrogen and genistein; and G6-ovariectomized animal that received estrogen and raloxifene. Three months after surgery, the castrated animals received the drugs orally daily for 120 days. All animals were sacrificed after this period, by deepening the anesthesia. The left tibia was removed for total RNA extraction and analysis of gene expression of KISS1 , KISS1R , AR and INSR , by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results KISS1 was not detected in any of the treated groups. KISS1R , INSR and AR showed higher expression in the G3 group ( p < 0.001), while lower levels of transcripts for these genes were observed in G4 and G5. G2 animals showed hypoexpression of the evaluated genes. Conclusion The results indicate that raloxifene, alone or combined with estrogen, was able to induce the expression of genes associated with the recovery of bone tissue homeostasis in ovariectomized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiz Fernando Portugal Fuchs
- Departamento de Ginecologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Katia Candido Carvalho
- Laboratório de Ginecologia Estrutural e Molecular (LIM 58), Disciplina de Ginecologia, Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Edmund Chada Baracat
- Laboratório de Ginecologia Estrutural e Molecular (LIM 58), Disciplina de Ginecologia, Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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2
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Liu B, Zhao S, Ma L, Zang T, Huang C, Tang X. Bioinformatics Analysis of Hub Genes Involved in Smoke-Induced Hemifacial Microsomia Pathogenesis. J Craniofac Surg 2023; 34:2551-2555. [PMID: 37665067 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000009616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tobacco smoke is a recognized teratogen, which increases the risk for hemifacial microsomia (HFM) of the fetus during maternal pregnancy. The present study aimed to explore potential mechanisms and verify hub genes of HFM associated with smoke and tobacco smoke pollution (TSP) via bioinformatics methods. METHODS Hemifacial microsomia and smoke and TSP pathogenic genes were obtained. A protein-protein interactional (PPI) network was constructed. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses and molecular complex detection were performed by Metascape. Finally, we used the cytoHubba plug-in to screen the hub genes. RESULTS A total of 43 HFM genes and 50 optimal smoke candidate genes were selected. Functional enrichment analysis largely focused on tissue morphogenesis and development. Two modules were identified from the PPI network, and 10 hub genes were screened out. The genes most relevant to smoke-induced HFM pathogenesis included TP53 , ESR1 , ESR2 , and HNRNPL. CONCLUSIONS This study identified some significant hub genes, pathways, and modules of HFM related to smoke by bioinformatics analyses. Our results suggest that the TP53 , ESR1 , ESR2 , and HNRNPL gene subfamilies may have played a major role in HFM induced by smoke and TSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyang Liu
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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3
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Brook N, Dharmarajan A, Chan A, Dass CR. Potential therapeutic role for pigment epithelium-derived factor in post-menopausal breast cancer bone metastasis. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023:7146711. [PMID: 37116213 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review discusses key oestrogens associated with the circulating pre- and post-menopausal milieu and how they may impact intratumoral oestrogen levels and breast cancer (BC) metastasis. It also identifies critical steps in BC metastasis to bone from the viewpoint of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) function, and discusses the role of several associated pro-metastatic biomarkers in BC bone metastasis. KEY FINDINGS PEDF is regulated by oestrogen in a number of oestrogen-sensitive tissues. Changes in circulating oestrogen levels associated with menopause may enhance the growth of BC bone metastases, leading to the establishment of a pre-metastatic niche. The establishment of such a pre-metastatic niche is driven by several key mediators, with pro-osteoclastic and pro-metastatic function which are upregulated by BC cells. These mediators appear to be regulated by oestrogen, as well as differentially affected by menopausal status. PEDF interacts with several pro-metastatic, pro-osteoclastic biomarkers, including C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) in BC bone metastasis. CONCLUSION Mediators such as CXCR4 and MT1-MMP underpin the ability of PEDF to function as an antimetastatic in other cancers such as osteosarcoma, highlighting the possibility that this serpin could be used as a therapeutic against BC metastasis in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Brook
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Arun Dharmarajan
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600116, India
| | - Arlene Chan
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Breast Cancer Research Centre-Western Australia, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands 6009, Australia
| | - Crispin R Dass
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley 6102, Australia
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Jayusman PA, Nasruddin NS, Baharin B, Ibrahim N'I, Ahmad Hairi H, Shuid AN. Overview on postmenopausal osteoporosis and periodontitis: The therapeutic potential of phytoestrogens against alveolar bone loss. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1120457. [PMID: 36909165 PMCID: PMC9995413 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1120457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis and periodontitis are two major chronic diseases of postmenopausal women. The association between these two diseases are evident through systemic bone loss and alveolar bone loss. Both postmenopausal osteoporosis and periodontitis impose a considerable personal and socioeconomic burden. Biphosphonate and hormone replacement therapy are effective in preventing bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis and periodontitis, but they are coupled with severe adverse effects. Phytoestrogens are plant-based estrogen-like compounds, which have been used for the treatment of menopause-related symptoms. In the last decades, numerous preclinical and clinical studies have been carried out to evaluate the therapeutic effects of phytoestrogens including bone health. The aim of this article is to give an overview of the bidirectional interrelationship between postmenopausal osteoporosis and periodontitis, summarize the skeletal effects of phytoestrogens and report the most studied phytoestrogens with promising alveolar bone protective effect in postmenopausal osteoporosis model, with and without experimental periodontitis. To date, there are limited studies on the effects of phytoestrogens on alveolar bone in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Phytoestrogens may have exerted their bone protective effect by inhibiting bone resorption and enhancing bone formation. With the reported findings on the protective effects of phytoestrogens on bone, well-designed trials are needed to better investigate their therapeutic effects. The compilation of outcomes presented in this review may provide an overview of the recent research findings in this field and direct further in vivo and clinical studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putri Ayu Jayusman
- Department of Craniofacial Diagnostics and Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurrul Shaqinah Nasruddin
- Department of Craniofacial Diagnostics and Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Badiah Baharin
- Unit of Periodontology, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurul 'Izzah Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Haryati Ahmad Hairi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Manipal University College, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Nazrun Shuid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
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Biason-Lauber A, Lang-Muritano M. Estrogens: Two nuclear receptors, multiple possibilities. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 554:111710. [PMID: 35787463 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Much is known about estrogen action in experimental animal models and in human physiology. This article reviews the mechanisms of estrogen activity in animals and humans and the role of its two receptors α and β in terms of structure and mechanisms of action in various tissues in health and in relationship with human pathologies (e.g., osteoporosis). Recently, the spectrum of clinical pictures of estrogen resistance caused by estrogen receptors gene variants has been widened by our description of a woman with β-receptor defect, which could be added to the already known descriptions of α-receptor defect in women and men and β-receptor defect in men. The essential role of the β-receptor in the development of the gonad stands out. We summarize the clinical pictures due to estrogen resistance in men and women and focus on long-term follow-up of two women, one with α- and the other with β-receptor resistance. Some open questions remain on the complex interactions between the two receptors on bone metabolism and hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, which need further deepening and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Biason-Lauber
- University of Fribourg, Division of Endocrinology, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Mariarosaria Lang-Muritano
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
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Niu Q, He J, Wu M, Liu J, Lu X, Zhang L, Jin Z. Transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and fibrin glue into extraction socket in maxilla promoted bone regeneration in osteoporosis rat. Life Sci 2022; 290:119480. [PMID: 33862113 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Bone defect repair in osteoporosis remains a tremendous challenge for clinicians due to increased bone metabolism resulted from estrogen deficiency. This study aims to investigate the effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) combined with fibrin glue (FG) in the extraction socket healing process of osteoporosis rats, as well as estimate the role of estrogen receptors (ERs) played in BMSCs differentiation in vitro and in the alveolar bone reconstruction process in vivo. MAIN METHODS Forty rats were randomly divided into four groups, under general anesthesia, three groups underwent bilateral ovariectomy(OVX) and one group with the sham operation. Three months later, the osteogenic ability of BMSCs, isolated from healthy and osteoporosis rats, respectively, was tested. The ERα and ERβ mRNA expression in BMSCs was also evaluated by RT-PCR analysis. In vivo experiment, Micro-CT detection, histological and immunofluorescent analysis, tissue PCR was conducted up to 2, 4 and 6 weeks after transplantation of BMSCs/FG to assess the newly formed bone in the extraction socket. KEY FINDINGS The BMSCs from osteoporosis rats displayed weaker osteogenic potential and lower ERs expression compared with the BMSCs from healthy rats. Newly formed bone tissue filled the socket defect in BMSCs/FG treated VOX rats after six weeks, which was comparable to the sham group, while reduced ERs expression was found in the regenerated bone of the OVX group. SIGNIFICANCE The BMSCs seeded within FG might provide an alternative therapeutic method for repairing the extraction socket defect in osteoporosis condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaojiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Minke Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Department of Stomatology, The Air Force 986 Hospital, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zuolin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
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Sun Y, Li J, Xie X, Gu F, Sui Z, Zhang K, Yu T. Recent Advances in Osteoclast Biological Behavior. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:788680. [PMID: 34957116 PMCID: PMC8694526 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.788680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With the progress of the aging population, bone-related diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis have become urgent problems. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of osteoclasts in bone homeostasis, implying these will be an important mediator in the treatment of bone-related diseases. Up to now, several reviews have been performed on part of osteoclast biological behaviors such as differentiation, function, or apoptosis. However, few reviews have shown the complete osteoclast biology and research advances in recent years. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the origin, differentiation, apoptosis, behavior changes and coupling signals with osteoblasts, providing a simple but comprehensive overview of osteoclasts for subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiangbi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoping Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Feng Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenjiang Sui
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tiecheng Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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8
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Barbosa DD, Delfino MM, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Tanomaru-Filho M, Sasso-Cerri E, Silva GF, Cerri PS. Histomorphometric and immunohistochemical study shows that tricalcium silicate cement associated with zirconium oxide or niobium oxide is a promising material in the periodontal tissue repair of rat molars with perforated pulp chamber floors. Int Endod J 2021; 54:736-752. [PMID: 33277697 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the periodontium response to tricalcium silicate (TCS) with zirconium oxide (ZrO2 ) or niobium oxide (Nb2 O5 ) used in the sealing of perforated pulp chamber floors in rat maxillary molars. METHODOLOGY In eighty rats, the perforations in right maxillary molars were filled with either TCS + ZrO2 , TCS + Nb2 O5 , White MTA (used as a gold standard material) or no repair material was placed (Sham Group, SG); the left molars of SG, were used as controls (CG). Sections of maxillary fragments following 7, 15, 30 and 60 days were used to evaluate the volume densities of inflammatory cells (VvIC) and fibroblasts (VvFb), width of the periodontal space, amount of collagen, number of osteoclasts and number of IL-6-immunostained cells. The data were subjected to two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (P ≤ 0.05). RESULTS At all periods, significant differences in VvIC were not detected among TCS + ZrO2, TCS + Nb2 O5 and MTA groups, which had values significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the SG. Significant differences in the number of IL-6-immunolabelled cells were not observed among TCS + ZrO2 , TCS + Nb2 O5 and MTA groups (P > 0.05) at 15, 30 and 60 days. At 7, 15 and 30 days, the number of osteoclast was significantly greater in TCS + ZrO2, TCS + Nb2 O5 and MTA (P < 0.05) than in the CG; no significant difference was detected after 60 days (P > 0.05). The width of the periodontal space and amount of collagen in TCS + ZrO2 and TCS + Nb2 O5 groups were similar to the CG at 30 and 60 days while SG specimens had a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the amount of collagen and significant increase (P < 0.05) in the width of the periodontal space. CONCLUSIONS TCS + ZrO2 and TCS + Nb2 O5 were associated with periodontium repair since these materials allowed the reestablishment of periodontal space width and collagen formation when used in the filling of uninfected perforations in the pulp chamber floor of maxillary rat molars. Furthermore, the significant reduction in the periodontal space of TCS + ZrO2 and TCS + Nb2 O5 specimens after 60 days confirmed that the experimental materials were associated with a more rapid recovery of the injured tissues than MTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Barbosa
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - M M Delfino
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - J M Guerreiro-Tanomaru
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - M Tanomaru-Filho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - E Sasso-Cerri
- Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - G F Silva
- Pro-Rectory of Research and Graduation, School of Dentistry, Universidade Sagrado Coração (USC), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P S Cerri
- Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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9
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Florencio-Silva R, Sasso GRDS, Sasso-Cerri E, Simões MDJ, Cerri PS. Immunoexpression pattern of autophagy mediators in alveolar bone osteoclasts following estrogen withdrawal in female rats. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:321-333. [PMID: 33409945 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09953-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
It is known that estrogen deficiency increases osteoclast formation and activity. Autophagy, a cell survival pathway, has been shown to be crucial for osteoclast function. However, little is known about the effects of estrogen depletion on osteoclast autophagy. Here, we evaluated the effects of estrogen deficiency in the immunoexpression of autophagy mediators in alveolar bone osteoclasts of ovariectomized rats. Twelve adult female rats were ovariectomized (OVX-group) or SHAM-operated (SHAM-group). After three weeks, the rats were euthanized and maxillary fragments containing alveolar bone of the first molars were processed for light microscopy or transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Paraffin-sections were subjected to the TRAP method (osteoclast marker) or to the immunohistochemical detections of beclin-1, LC3α, and p62 (autophagy mediators); araldite-sections were processed for TEM. The number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts and the number of immunolabeled-multinucleated cells (MNCs) along the alveolar bone surface of the first molar were computed. The number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts and the number of beclin-1-, LC3α- and p62-immunolabelled osteoclasts were significantly higher in OVX-group than the SHAM-group. MNCs were frequently located juxtaposed to Howship lacunae along the alveolar bone surface, indicating that these cells are osteoclasts. TEM revealed osteoclasts exhibiting autophagosomes. Our data indicate that autophagy plays an important role during estrogen deficiency-induced osteoclastogenesis. Thus, our results contribute to a better understanding on the role of autophagy on osteoclasts under estrogenic deficiency, and reinforce the idea that modulation of autophagy may be a useful tool to inhibit excessive oral bone resorption in post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo Florencio-Silva
- Disciplina de Histologia e Biologia Estrutural, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Escola Paulista de Medicina - EPM, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
| | - Gisela Rodrigues da Silva Sasso
- Departamento de Ginecologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina - EPM, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Estela Sasso-Cerri
- Araraquara - Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - Manuel de Jesus Simões
- Disciplina de Histologia e Biologia Estrutural, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Escola Paulista de Medicina - EPM, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Cerri
- Araraquara - Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brasil
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10
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Abstract
Osteoclasts are the principal mediators of bone resorption. They form through the fusion of mononuclear precursor cells under the principal influence of the cytokines macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF, aka CSF-1) and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL, aka TNFSF11). Sexual dimorphism in the development of the skeleton and in the incidence of skeletal diseases is well described. In general, females, at any given age, have a lower bone mass than males. The reasons for the differences in the bone mass of the skeleton between women and men at various ages, and the incidence of certain metabolic bone diseases, are multitude, and include the actions of sex steroids, genetics, age, environment and behavior. All of these influence the rate that osteoclasts form, resorb and die, and frequently produce different effects in females and males. Hence, a variety of factors are responsible for the sexual dimorphism of the skeleton and the activity of osteoclasts in bone. This review will provide an overview of what is currently known about these factors and their effects on osteoclasts.
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11
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Deng L, Guo Y. Estrogen effects on orthodontic tooth movement and orthodontically-induced root resorption. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 118:104840. [PMID: 32730908 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen is an essential regulator of the bone tissue. The remodeling of the alveolar bone and periodontal ligament is the basis of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). There is a negative coregulation between physiological estrogen levels and the rate of OTM. As a possible inhibitory factor of OTM, estrogen suppresses bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclastic differentiation and restraining osteoclast lifespan though multiple pathways and cytokines, leading to the suppression of the initiation step of bone remodeling. On the other hand, estrogen stimulates osteoblastic differentiation and function. Estrogen receptor-α (ERα) involves in the osteogenic responses to mechanical stimulation, and the ERα expression is regulated positively by the levels of circulatory estrogen. Orthodontically induced root resorption (OIRR) is a common side-effect of orthodontic treatment. Estrogen may have some inhibitory effects on OIRR, but more studies are needed to get an effective conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanzhi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yongwen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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12
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Mohamad NV, Ima-Nirwana S, Chin KY. Are Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Mediators of Bone Loss Due to Estrogen Deficiency? A Review of Current Evidence. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 20:1478-1487. [PMID: 32496996 PMCID: PMC8383467 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200604160614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is one of the major health issues associated with menopause-related estrogen deficiency. Various reports suggest that the hormonal changes related to menopausal transition may lead to the derangement of redox homeostasis and ultimately oxidative stress. Estrogen deficiency and oxidative stress may enhance the expression of genes involved in inflammation. All these factors may contribute, in synergy, to the development of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Previous studies suggest that estrogen may act as an antioxidant to protect the bone against oxidative stress, and as an antiinflammatory agent in suppressing pro-inflammatory and pro-osteoclastic cytokines. Thus, the focus of the current review is to examine the relationship between estrogen deficiency, oxidative stress and inflammation, and the impacts of these phenomena on skeletal health in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur-Vaizura Mohamad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soelaiman Ima-Nirwana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Filipović B, Šošić-Jurjević B, Ajdžanović V, Živanović J, Manojlović-Stojanoski M, Nestorović N, Ristić N, Trifunović S, Milošević V. The phytoestrogen genistein prevents trabecular bone loss and affects thyroid follicular cells in a male rat model of osteoporosis. J Anat 2018; 233:204-212. [PMID: 29761487 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As a major phytoestrogen of soy, genistein effectively prevents bone loss in both humans and rat models of osteoporosis. However, although the bone-sparing effects of genistein are achieved directly through estrogen receptors, its mode of action on bone by modulation of other endocrine functions is not entirely clear. Thus, thyroid hormones and calcitonin (CT) have an essential influence on bone metabolism. Besides its action on bones, in this study we examined the effect of genistein on the activity of two different endocrine cell populations, thyroid follicular and C-cells. Fifteen-month-old Wistar rats were either bilaterally orchidectomized (Orx) or sham-operated (SO). Two weeks after surgery, half of the Orx rats were treated chronically with 30 mg kg-1 b.w. genistein (Orx + G) subcutaneously (s.c.) every day for 3 weeks, while the remaining Orx rats and the SO rats were given the same volume of sterile olive oil to serve as controls. For histomorphometrical analysis of the trabecular bone microarchitecture an ImageJ public domain image processing programme was used. Thyroid sections were analysed histologically and stereologically after visualization of follicular and C-cells by immunohistochemical staining for thyroglobulin and CT. Thyroid follicular epithelium, interstitium, colloid and CT-immunopositive C-cells were examined morphometrically. Serum concentrations of osteocalcin (OC), triiodothyronine (T3 ), thyroxine (T4 ) and CT were determined as well as urinary calcium (Ca2+ ) concentrations. Genistein treatment significantly increased cancellous bone area (B.Ar), trabecular thickness (TbTh) and trabecular number (TbN) (P < 0.05), but trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) was decreased (P < 0.05) compared with control Orx rats. In the thyroid, genistein treatment significantly elevated the relative volume density (Vv) of the follicular cells (P < 0.05) compared with Orx, whereas Vv of the colloid was lower (P < 0.05) than in the Orx. Evaluation of the biochemical parameters showed significant reductions in serum OC, T3 , T4 and urinary Ca2+ concentrations (P < 0.05), compared with Orx rats. These data indicate that genistein treatment improves the trabecular microarchitecture of proximal tibia, induces histomorphometrical changes in thyroid glands, and decreases circulating thyroid hormone levels in orchidectomized rat model of male osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branko Filipović
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Šošić-Jurjević
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Ajdžanović
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Živanović
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Nataša Nestorović
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Ristić
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Trifunović
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Verica Milošević
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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14
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Brook N, Brook E, Dharmarajan A, Dass CR, Chan A. Breast cancer bone metastases: pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 96:63-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Florencio-Silva R, Sasso GRS, Sasso-Cerri E, Simões MJ, Cerri PS. Effects of estrogen status in osteocyte autophagy and its relation to osteocyte viability in alveolar process of ovariectomized rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 98:406-415. [PMID: 29276969 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen maintains osteocyte viability, whereas its deficiency induces osteocyte apoptosis. As autophagy is important for osteocyte viability, we hypothesized whether the anti-apoptotic effect of estrogen is related to autophagy in osteocytes. Thirty adult female rats were sham-operated (SHAM) or ovariectomized (OVX). After three weeks, twelve rats of SHAM and OVX groups were killed before treatment (basal period), whereas the remaining rats received estrogen (OVXE) or vehicle (OVX) for 45 days. Fragments of maxilla containing alveolar process of the first molars were embedded in paraffin or Araldite. Paraffin-sections were stained with hematoxylin/eosin for histomorphometry, or subjected to the silver impregnation method for morphological analysis of osteocyte cytoplasmic processes. Autophagy was analyzed by immunohistochemical detections of beclin-1, MAP-LC3α and p62, whereas apoptosis was evaluated by immunohistochemical detections of cleaved caspase-3 and BAX, TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) method and by ultrastructural analysis. Araldite-semithin sections were subjected to the Sudan-black method for detection of lipids. OVX-basal group showed high frequency of caspase-3-, TUNEL- and p62-positive osteocytes accompanied with low frequency of beclin-1- and MAP-LC3α-positive osteocytes. At 45 days, OVXE group exhibited higher number of osteocytes, higher frequency of beclin-1- and MAP-LC3α-positive osteocytes, and lower frequency of caspase-3, BAX-, TUNEL- and p62-positive osteocytes than OVX group. Significant reduction in bone area was observed in the OVX compared to OVXE and SHAM groups. The highest frequency of Sudan-Black-positive osteocytes and osteocytes with scarce cytoplasmic processes, or showing apoptotic features were mainly observed in OVX groups. Our results indicate that estrogen deficiency decreases autophagy and increases apoptosis, whereas estrogen replacement enhances osteocyte viability by inhibiting apoptosis and maintaining autophagy in alveolar process osteocytes. These results suggest that the anti-apoptotic effect of estrogen may be, at least in part, related to autophagy regulation in osteocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo Florencio-Silva
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Escola Paulista de Medicina - EPM, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Disciplina de Histologia e Biologia Estrutural, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisela R S Sasso
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Escola Paulista de Medicina - EPM, Departmento de Ginecologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Estela Sasso-Cerri
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara - Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Manuel J Simões
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Escola Paulista de Medicina - EPM, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Disciplina de Histologia e Biologia Estrutural, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Cerri
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara - Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Barakat R, Oakley O, Kim H, Jin J, Ko CJ. Extra-gonadal sites of estrogen biosynthesis and function. BMB Rep 2017; 49:488-96. [PMID: 27530684 PMCID: PMC5227141 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.9.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens are the key hormones regulating the development and function of reproductive organs in all vertebrates. Recent evidence indicates that estrogens play important roles in the immune system, cancer development, and other critical biological processes related to human well-being. Obviously, the gonads (ovary and testis) are the primary sites of estrogen synthesis, but estrogens synthesized in extra- gonadal sites play an equally important role in controlling biological activities. Understanding non-gonadal sites of estrogen synthesis and function is crucial and will lead to therapeutic interventions targeting estrogen signaling in disease prevention and treatment. Developing a rationale targeting strategy remains challenging because knowledge of extra-gonadal biosynthesis of estrogens, and the mechanism by which estrogen activity is exerted, is very limited. In this review, we will summarize recent discoveries of extra-gonadal sites of estrogen biosynthesis and their local functions and discuss the significance of the most recent novel discovery of intestinal estrogen biosynthesis. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(9): 488-496]
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa Barakat
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61802, Unites States; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Oliver Oakley
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Eastern Kentucky University, Kentucky 40475, United States
| | - Heehyen Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jooyoung Jin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - CheMyong Jay Ko
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61802, Unites States
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de Oliveira PA, de Pizzol-Júnior JP, Longhini R, Sasso-Cerri E, Cerri PS. Cimetidine Reduces Interleukin-6, Matrix Metalloproteinases-1 and -9 Immunoexpression in the Gingival Mucosa of Rat Molars With Induced Periodontal Disease. J Periodontol 2016; 88:100-111. [PMID: 27587368 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.160132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histamine seems to act, via H2 receptor, on inflammatory processes by stimulating interleukin (IL)-6 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) release. As cimetidine is an H2 receptor antagonist, the authors hypothesize that this antiulcer drug reduces IL-6, MMP-1, and MMP-9 immunoexpression in gingiva with induced periodontal disease (PD). To confirm a possible modulatory role of IL-6 on MMPs, the relationship between IL-6/MMP-1 and IL-6/MMP-9 immunoexpression was evaluated. METHODS Forty-six male rats were distributed into the cimetidine group (CimG: received daily intraperitoneal injections of 100 mg/kg of body weight of cimetidine) or the saline group (SG). PD was induced by cotton ligature around the maxillary left first molars (PDSG and PDCimG). The right molars were used as controls (SG and CimG). After 7, 15, 30, and 50 days, maxillary fragments were processed for paraffin embedding or for transmission electron microscopy. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclasts in the alveolar process surface and number of IL-6, MMP-1, and MMP-9-immunolabeled cells in the gingival mucosa were quantified. Statistical analyses were performed (P ≤0.05). RESULTS In PDSG and PDCimG, gingival mucosa exhibited few collagen fibers among numerous inflammatory cells. In PDCimG, the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts and IL-6, MMP-1, and MMP-9-immunolabeled cells was significantly lower than in PDSG at all periods. A positive correlation between IL-6/MMP-1 and IL-6/MMP-9 was detected in PDSG and PDCimG. CONCLUSION Cimetidine decreases bone loss through reduction of osteoclast number and induces reduction of IL-6, MMP-1, and MMP-9 immunoexpression, reinforcing the idea that the beneficial effect of cimetidine in PD may be due to reduction of IL-6 immunolabeling in the inflamed gingival mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Paulo de Pizzol-Júnior
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Morphology, Dental School, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, University Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Longhini
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Estela Sasso-Cerri
- Department of Morphology, Dental School, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, University Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Cerri
- Department of Morphology, Dental School, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, University Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Abstract
Estrogens are important for bone metabolism via a variety of mechanisms in osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, immune cells and other cells to maintain bone mineral density. Estrogens bind to estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and ERβ, and the roles of each of these receptors are beginning to be elucidated through whole body and tissue-specific knockouts of the receptors. In vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that ERα and ERβ antagonize each other in bone and in other tissues. This review will highlight the role of these receptors in bone, with particular emphasis on their antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysha B Khalid
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Susan A Krum
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.
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19
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de Pizzol Júnior JP, Sasso-Cerri E, Cerri PS. Apoptosis and reduced microvascular density of the lamina propria during tooth eruption in rats. J Anat 2015; 227:487-96. [PMID: 26228092 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During tooth eruption, structural and functional changes must occur in the lamina propria to establish the eruptive pathway. In this study, we evaluate the structural changes that occur during lamina propria degradation and focus these efforts on apoptosis and microvascular density. Fragments of maxilla containing the first molars from 9-, 11-, 13- and 16-day-old rats were fixed, decalcified and embedded in paraffin. The immunohistochemical detection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), caspase-3 and MAC387 (macrophage marker), and the TUNEL method were applied to the histological molar sections. The numerical density of TUNEL-positive cells and VEGF-positive blood vessel profiles were also obtained. Data were statistically evaluated using a one-way anova with the post-hoc Kruskal-Wallis or Tukey test and a significance level of P ≤ 0.05. Fragments of maxilla were embedded in Araldite for analysis under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TUNEL-positive structures, fibroblasts with strongly basophilic nuclei and macrophages were observed in the lamina propria at all ages. Using TEM, we identified processes of fibroblasts or macrophages surrounding partially apoptotic cells. We found a high number of apoptotic cells in 11-, 13- and 16-day-old rats. We observed VEGF-positive blood vessel profiles at all ages, but a significant decrease in the numerical density was found in 13- and 16-day-old rats compared with 9-day-old rats. Therefore, the establishment of the eruptive pathway during the mucosal penetration stage depends on cell death by apoptosis, the phagocytic activity of fibroblasts and macrophages, and a decrease in the microvasculature due to vascular cell death. These data point to the importance of vascular rearrangement and vascular neoformation during tooth eruption and the development of oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Estela Sasso-Cerri
- Dental School - Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Cerri
- Dental School - Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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20
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Biology of Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Factors That Influence Bone Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:421746. [PMID: 26247020 PMCID: PMC4515490 DOI: 10.1155/2015/421746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 880] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue is continuously remodeled through the concerted actions of bone cells, which include bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts, whereas osteocytes act as mechanosensors and orchestrators of the bone remodeling process. This process is under the control of local (e.g., growth factors and cytokines) and systemic (e.g., calcitonin and estrogens) factors that all together contribute for bone homeostasis. An imbalance between bone resorption and formation can result in bone diseases including osteoporosis. Recently, it has been recognized that, during bone remodeling, there are an intricate communication among bone cells. For instance, the coupling from bone resorption to bone formation is achieved by interaction between osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Moreover, osteocytes produce factors that influence osteoblast and osteoclast activities, whereas osteocyte apoptosis is followed by osteoclastic bone resorption. The increasing knowledge about the structure and functions of bone cells contributed to a better understanding of bone biology. It has been suggested that there is a complex communication between bone cells and other organs, indicating the dynamic nature of bone tissue. In this review, we discuss the current data about the structure and functions of bone cells and the factors that influence bone remodeling.
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21
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Lee DE, Kim JH, Choi SH, Cha JH, Bak EJ, Yoo YJ. Periodontitis mainly increases osteoclast formation via enhancing the differentiation of quiescent osteoclast precursors into osteoclasts. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:256-64. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D.-E. Lee
- Department of Oral Biology; College of Dentistry; Yonsei University; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Applied Life Science; The Graduate School; Yonsei University; Seoul South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project; College of Dentistry; Yonsei University; Seoul South Korea
| | - J.-H. Kim
- Department of Oral Biology; College of Dentistry; Yonsei University; Seoul South Korea
| | - S.-H. Choi
- Department of Periodontology; Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration; College of Dentistry; Yonsei University; Seoul South Korea
| | - J.-H. Cha
- Department of Oral Biology; College of Dentistry; Yonsei University; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Applied Life Science; The Graduate School; Yonsei University; Seoul South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project; College of Dentistry; Yonsei University; Seoul South Korea
- Oral Cancer Research Institute; College of Dentistry; Yonsei University; Seoul South Korea
| | - E.-J. Bak
- Oral Cancer Research Institute; College of Dentistry; Yonsei University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Y.-J. Yoo
- Department of Oral Biology; College of Dentistry; Yonsei University; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Applied Life Science; The Graduate School; Yonsei University; Seoul South Korea
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22
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Lee DG, Park SY, Chung WS, Park JH, Shin HS, Hwang E, Kim IH, Yi TH. The bone regenerative effects of fucosterol in in vitro and in vivo models of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1249-57. [PMID: 24604889 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The aim of this study was to investigate the bone regenerative effects of fucosterol in estrogen-deficient ovariectomized (OVX) rats. METHODS AND RESULTS Bone regeneration was assessed in fucosterol-treated MG63 cells in vitro via assays for osteoblast proliferation, alkaline phosphatase, and osteoclast differentiation. Osteoblast proliferation rates, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization were increased in the fucosterol-treated group. Moreover, differentiation of osteoclasts was decreased in the fucosterol-treated group. In the in vivo assay, female rats were OVX. Twelve weeks after ovariectomy, rats were divided into seven groups, each oral administrate everyday for 7 weeks. The bone mineral density of femoral bones was higher in fucosterol groups than in OVX control, and body weight was lower in fucosterol groups. Among bone-quality parameters, bone volume/total volume increased and trabecular separation decreased in fucosterol groups relative to the OVX control. Bone formation and resorption were evaluated using the serum biomarkers osteocalcin and CTx. Fucosterol tripled the level of serum osteocalcin relative to the OVX group and reduced the serum level of CTx. CONCLUSION These results suggest that fucosterol has the dual potentials to activate osteoblasts to stimulate bone formation and suppress differentiation of osteoclasts so as to reduce bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don-Gil Lee
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Hawse JR, Pitel KS, Cicek M, Philbrick KA, Gingery A, Peters KD, Syed FA, Ingle JN, Suman VJ, Iwaniec UT, Turner RT, Spelsberg TC, Subramaniam M. TGFβ inducible early gene-1 plays an important role in mediating estrogen signaling in the skeleton. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:1206-16. [PMID: 24190163 PMCID: PMC4028712 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
TGFβ Inducible Early Gene-1 (TIEG1) knockout (KO) mice display a sex-specific osteopenic phenotype characterized by low bone mineral density, bone mineral content, and overall loss of bone strength in female mice. We, therefore, speculated that loss of TIEG1 expression would impair the actions of estrogen on bone in female mice. To test this hypothesis, we employed an ovariectomy (OVX) and estrogen replacement model system to comprehensively analyze the role of TIEG1 in mediating estrogen signaling in bone at the tissue, cell, and biochemical level. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), and micro-CT analyses revealed that loss of TIEG1 expression diminished the effects of estrogen throughout the skeleton and within multiple bone compartments. Estrogen exposure also led to reductions in bone formation rates and mineralizing perimeter in wild-type mice with little to no effects on these parameters in TIEG1 KO mice. Osteoclast perimeter per bone perimeter and resorptive activity as determined by serum levels of CTX-1 were differentially regulated after estrogen treatment in TIEG1 KO mice compared with wild-type littermates. No significant differences were detected in serum levels of P1NP between wild-type and TIEG1 KO mice. Taken together, these data implicate an important role for TIEG1 in mediating estrogen signaling throughout the mouse skeleton and suggest that defects in this pathway are likely to contribute to the sex-specific osteopenic phenotype observed in female TIEG1 KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Hawse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kevin S. Pitel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Muzaffer Cicek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Philbrick
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Anne Gingery
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kenneth D. Peters
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Farhan A. Syed
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Vera J. Suman
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Urszula T. Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Russell T. Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Thomas C. Spelsberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoflavones are an alternative to hormonal therapy for the relief of menopausal symptoms. Since isoflavones interact with estrogen receptors it has been hypothesized that such substances may have an effect on bone health. OBJECTIVE To clarify the effect of isoflavones on bone at experimental and clinical level, and to identify areas that require further clarification and research. METHOD A systematic review of studies involving isoflavones and bone health was performed, and a specific search on isoflavone's mechanism of action and the importance of equol production was made based on Internet search engines, MEDLINE (1966-October 2012) and the Cochrane Controlled Clinical Trials Register. This search was supplemented by a handsearch of reference lists of selected papers. RESULTS In vitro and animal studies show a positive effect of isoflavones on bone which has not been clearly confirmed by long-term human trials. Equol producers seem to present a more positive response to isoflavone intervention. Isoflavone rich diets could help maintain peak bone mass in premenopausal women. The effect of isoflavones in perimenopausal women is insufficiently studied but it seems to attenuate bone loss in the menopausal transition. In postmenopause, isoflavones may present a modest benefit but its clinical relevance in preventing osteoporotic fractures remains to be determined. CONCLUSIONS The present review suggests that isoflavone increase bone mineral density and decrease the bone turnover resorption markers. The effect of soy isoflavones on BMD is mediated by equol production, reproductive status, supplement type, isoflavone dose and intervention duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camil Castelo-Branco
- Institut Clinic of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, and Hospital Clinic-Institut d'Investigacions Biome` diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
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Longhini R, de Oliveira PA, de Souza Faloni AP, Sasso-Cerri E, Cerri PS. Increased apoptosis in osteoclasts and decreased RANKL immunoexpression in periodontium of cimetidine-treated rats. J Anat 2012. [PMID: 23198931 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that histamine interferes with the recruitment, formation and activity of osteoclasts via H(1)- and H(2)-receptors. Cimetidine is a H(2)-receptor antagonist used for treatment of gastric ulcers that seems to prevent bone resorption. In this study, a possible cimetidine interference was investigated in the number of alveolar bone osteoclasts. The incidence of osteoclast apoptosis and immunoexpression of RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand) was also evaluated. Adult male rats were treated with 100 mg kg(-1) of cimetidine for 50 days (CimG); the sham group (SG) received saline. Maxillary fragments containing the first molars and alveolar bone were fixed, decalcified and embedded in paraffin. The sections were stained by H&E or submitted to tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) method. TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling) method and immunohistochemical reactions for detecting caspase-3 and RANKL were performed. The number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts, the frequency of apoptotic osteoclasts and the numerical density of RANKL-positive cells were obtained. Osteoclast death by apoptosis was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In CimG, TRAP-positive osteoclasts with TUNEL-positive nuclei and caspase-3-immunolabeled osteoclasts were found. A significant reduction in the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts and a high frequency of apoptotic osteoclasts were observed in CimG. Under TEM, detached osteoclasts from the bone surface showed typical features of apoptosis. Moreover, a significant reduction in the numerical density of RANKL-positive cells was observed in CimG. The significant reduction in the number of osteoclasts may be due to cimetidine-induced osteoclast apoptosis. However, RANKL immunoexpression reduction also suggests a possible interference of cimetidine treatment in the osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Longhini
- Federal University of São Paulo, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Brazil
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Faloni APDS, Sasso-Cerri E, Rocha FRG, Katchburian E, Cerri PS. Structural and functional changes in the alveolar bone osteoclasts of estrogen-treated rats. J Anat 2011; 220:77-85. [PMID: 22092353 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated structural and functional features of apoptotic alveolar bone osteoclasts in estrogen-treated rats. For this purpose, 15 female rats 22 days old were divided into three groups: Estrogen (EG), Sham (SG) and Control (CG). The rats of EG received daily intramuscular injection of estrogen for 7 days. The SG received only the oil vehicle. Maxillary fragments containing alveolar bone were removed and processed for light and transmission electron microscopy. Area (OcA) and number of nuclei (OcN) and bone resorption surface per TRAP-positive osteoclasts (BS/OC) were obtained. Vimentin, caspase-3 and MMP-9 immunoreactions, TUNEL/TRAP and MMP-9/TUNEL combined reactions were performed. In EG, the OcA, OcN and BS/Oc were reduced. Moreover, osteoclasts showed cytoplasm immunolabelled by caspase-3 and a different pattern of vimentin expression in comparison with CG and SG. MMP-9 expression was not affected by estrogen and the TUNEL-positive osteoclasts were MMP-9-immunolabelled. In EG, ultrastructural images showed that apoptotic osteoclasts did not exhibit ruffled borders or clear zones and were shedding mononucleated portions. TRAP-positive structures containing irregular and dense chromatin were partially surrounded by fibroblast-like cells. In conclusion, the reduction in the BS/Oc may be due to reduction in OcA and OcN; these effects seem to be related to vimentin disarrangement rather than to an interference of estrogen with osteoclast MMP-9 expression. Osteoclast apoptosis involves caspase-3 activity and vimentin degradation; these cells release portions containing one apoptotic nucleus and, subsequently, undergo fragmentation, giving rise to apoptotic bodies.
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Cerri PS, Pereira-Júnior JA, Biselli NB, Sasso-Cerri E. Mast cells and MMP-9 in the lamina propria during eruption of rat molars: quantitative and immunohistochemical evaluation. J Anat 2010; 217:116-25. [PMID: 20557403 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
During the active tooth eruption process, structural changes in the lamina propria are necessary to provide extracellular matrix remodelling and for the establishment of the eruptive pathway. A large number of resident cells, recruited cells and proteases have been demonstrated in the eruptive process, but the participation of MMP-9 and mast cells has not yet been demonstrated. In this study, we set out to evaluate the intensity of MMP-9 immunoexpression, the frequency of mast cells and the correlation between the incidence of mast cells and bone resorption in different phases of tooth eruption. Fragments of maxilla containing first molars, obtained from 9-, 11-, 13- and 16-day-old rats, were fixed in 4% formaldehyde, decalcified and embedded in paraffin. Sagittal sections were stained with Masson's trichrome or submitted to the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase method for quantification of osteoclasts. Sections stained by 1% toluidine blue were used for quantification of metachromatic mast cells mm(-2) of lamina propria. The expression of MMP-9 in the lamina propria was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. In the 9-day-old rats, the lamina propria contained few mast cells and occasional osteoclasts were found in the bone surface overlying the occlusal portion of the tooth germs. Otherwise, a significant increase in the number of mast cells was observed in the intra-osseous phase of tooth eruption (11-day-old rats), period in which numerous TRAP-positive osteoclasts were found in the bone surface. MMP-9 immunolabelling was detected in fibroblasts, mast cells and macrophage-like cells of the lamina propria in all ages studied. However, an enhanced immunolabelling was evident in the advanced phase of tooth eruption (16-day-old rats). During the intra-osseous phase, the parallel between the high frequency of both mast cells and osteoclasts suggests that mast cells could exert a paracrine function on the osteoclasts and then stimulate bone resorption. The immunoexpression of MMP-9 in different cells of lamina propria, including mast cells, indicates that this enzyme participates in the degradation of ECM, mainly during late phase of mucosal penetration. Thus mast cells and MMP-9 are involved in the complex process of degradation of the eruptive pathway extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Sérgio Cerri
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Dental School, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Sasso-Cerri E. Enhanced ERbeta immunoexpression and apoptosis in the germ cells of cimetidine-treated rats. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009; 7:127. [PMID: 19922658 PMCID: PMC2785817 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-7-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cimetidine, refereed as antiandrogenic drug, causes hormonal changes in male patients such as increased testosterone and FSH levels. In the rat testis, structural alterations in the seminiferous tubules have been related to germ cell loss and Sertoli cell death by apoptosis. Regarding the important role of Sertoli cells in the conversion of testosterone into estrogen, via aromatase, the immunoexpression of estrogen receptors-beta (ERbeta) was evaluated in the germ cells of untreated and treated rats with cimetidine. A relationship between ERbeta immunoreactivity and apoptosis was also investigated in the germ cells of damaged tubules. METHODS Immunohistochemistry for detection of ERbeta and TUNEL method were performed in testicular sections of adult male rats treated with 50 mg/Kg of cimetidine (CmG) or saline solution (CG) for 52 days. RESULTS In CG, a cytoplasmic immunoexpression for ERbeta was observed in spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes and spermatids. An evident ERbeta immunoreactivity was always observed in the flagellum and residual bodies of late spermatids. In CmG, the cytoplasm or cytoplasm and nuclei of germ cells of the damaged tubules by cimetidine showed enhanced ERbeta immunostaining. TUNEL-labeling was usually observed in the same germ cell types exhibiting enhanced ERbeta immunoreactivity. CONCLUSION The presence of ERbeta immunolabeling in the flagellum and residual bodies of spermatids reinforces the role of estrogen in spermiogenesis. The overexpression of ERbeta in the germ cells of CmG could be related to a possible interference of cimetidine on tubular androgenization and/or on the intratubular aromatase due to Sertoli cell damage. The parallelism between ERbeta overexpression and apoptosis indicates a participation of ERbeta on germ cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Sasso-Cerri
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Dental School of São Paulo State University, Rua Humaitá, 1680, CEP: 14801-903, Araraquara (São Paulo), Brazil.
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