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Oro V, Goldsmith HH, Lemery-Chalfant K. Elucidating the Links Between Mother and Father Alcohol Use Disorder and Adolescent Externalizing Psychopathology: A Test of Transmission Specificity Within Competing Factor Structures and Genetic and Environmental Liabilities. Behav Genet 2021; 51:512-527. [PMID: 34189652 PMCID: PMC8601653 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-021-10072-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parental alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a substantiated risk factor for adolescent externalizing psychopathology; however, the level of specificity at which risk from parental AUD is transmitted to adolescent offspring should be interrogated further. The current study modeled competing factor structures of psychopathology in a sample of 502 adolescent twin pairs (Mage = 13.24 years) and tested associations with mother and father AUD. The bifactor model exhibited the best fit to the data when contrasted with correlated factors and general factor models. Paternal AUD predicted the externalizing and internalizing correlated factors, the adolescent P-factor but not the residual externalizing and internalizing factors, and the general factor. No significant associations with maternal AUD were noted. Lastly, the latent factors of adolescent psychopathology were all moderately heritable (h2 = 0.44-0.59) and influenced by the nonshared environment. Shared genetic factors primarily explained externalizing and internalizing covariance. Findings suggest that efforts to mitigate risk in offspring of fathers exhibiting AUD require broader approaches that address the full range of adolescent symptomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Oro
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - H Hill Goldsmith
- Waisman Center and Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Andersson A, Tuvblad C, Chen Q, Du Rietz E, Cortese S, Kuja-Halkola R, Larsson H. Research Review: The strength of the genetic overlap between ADHD and other psychiatric symptoms - a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020; 61:1173-1183. [PMID: 32157695 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently co-occurs with other psychiatric disorders. Twin studies have established that these co-occurrences are in part due to shared genetic risks. However, the strength of these genetic overlaps and the potential heterogeneity accounted for by type of psychiatric symptoms, age, and methods of assessment remain unclear. We conducted a systematic review to fill this gap. METHODS We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, and Web of Science until March 07, 2019. Genetic correlations (rg ) were used as effect size measures. RESULTS A total of 31 independent studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The pooled estimates showed that the associations between ADHD and other psychiatric symptoms were partly explained by shared genetic factors, with a pooled genetic correlation of 0.50, 95% confidence interval: 0.46-0.60. The genetic correlations (rg ) between ADHD and externalizing (rg = .49 [0.37-0.61]), internalizing (rg = .50 [0.39-0.69]), and neurodevelopmental (rg = .56 [0.47-0.66]) symptoms were similar in magnitude. The genetic correlations in childhood and adulthood were rg = .53 (0.43-0.63) and rg = .51 (0.44-0.56), respectively. For methods of assessment, the genetic correlations were also similar in strength, self-reports rg = .52 (0.47-0.58), other informants rg = .55 (0.41-0.69), and combined raters rg = .50 (0.33-0.65). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the co-occurrence of externalizing, internalizing, and neurodevelopmental disorder symptoms in individuals with ADHD symptoms in part is due to a shared genetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Tuvblad
- School of Psychology, Law and Social Work, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ebba Du Rietz
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Samuele Cortese
- Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life sciences & Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, UK.,Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,New York University Child Study Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ralf Kuja-Halkola
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Henrik Larsson
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
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Azeredo A, Moreira D, Barbosa F. ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2018; 82:10-19. [PMID: 29361339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to analyze the relationships between Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), and Conduct Disorder (CD), particularly regarding the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors in the development of these disorders. Studies that examined at least two of these disorders were obtained from multiple databases, following the procedures of the Cochrane Collaboration initiative. Of the 279 documents obtained, nine were retained for in-depth analysis and were considered eligible for inclusion. In addition, eight studies from the manual search were included. The objectives, methodological aspects (sample and instruments), and the main conclusions were extracted from each study. Overall, the results suggest that (a) the causes for the onset and maintenance of these disorders are more associated with genetic factors than environmental factors, although the importance of the latter is recognized, and (b) children with ADHD have a predisposition to manifest behaviors that are common to ODD and CD, including the antisocial behavior that these children often display.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Moreira
- Maia University Institute, Portugal; University of Porto, Portugal; Portucalense Institute of Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Neurosciences, Portugal.
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Harvey EA, Breaux RP, Lugo-Candelas CI. Early development of comorbidity between symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 125:154-167. [PMID: 26854502 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) are among the most common childhood disorders and frequently co-occur. The present study sought to advance our understanding of how comorbidity between ADHD and ODD develops during the preschool years by testing a cross-lagged model that integrates 2 prominent models: the developmental precursor model and the correlated risk factors model. Participants were 199 children (107 boys) who took part in a longitudinal study of preschoolers with behavior problems. Parent reports of ADHD and ODD symptoms were collected annually from ages 3 to 6 and a family history interview was administered at age 3. In support of the developmental precursors model, ADHD symptoms predicted later argumentative/defiant symptoms. In support of the correlated risk factors model, family histories of ADHD and ODD/CD symptoms were correlated risk factors that uniquely predicted ADHD and anger/irritable symptoms in children. Results suggest that the correlated risk factors model may best explain the development of comorbidity between symptoms of ADHD and anger/irritability, whereas the developmental precursors model may better explain the development of comorbidity between symptoms of ADHD and argumentative/defiance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Harvey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst
| | - Rosanna P Breaux
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst
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5
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King KM, Luk JW, Witkiewitz K, Racz S, McMahon RJ, Wu J. Externalizing Behavior Across Childhood as Reported by Parents and Teachers: A Partial Measurement Invariance Model. Assessment 2016; 25:744-758. [PMID: 27449054 DOI: 10.1177/1073191116660381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The externalizing spectrum may explain covariation among externalizing disorders observed in childhood and adulthood. Few prospective studies have examined whether externalizing spectrum might manifest differently across time, reporters, and gender during childhood. We used a multitrait, multimethod model with parent and teacher report of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms, and conduct disorder (CD)symptoms from kindergarten to Grade 5 in data from the Fast Track Project, a large multisite trial for children at risk for conduct problems ( n = 754). The externalizing spectrum was stably related to ADHD, ODD, and CD symptoms from kindergarten to Grade 5, with similar contributions from parents and teachers. Configural, metric, and scalar invariance were largely supported across time, suggesting that the structure of the externalizing spectrum is stable over time. Configural and partial metric invariance were supported across gender, but scalar invariance was not supported, with intercepts consistently higher for males than for females. Overall, our findings confirm other research that the externalizing spectrum can be observed early in development as covariation between ADHD, ODD, and CD, and extend that work to show that it is relatively consistent across time and reporter, but not consistent across gender.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sarah Racz
- 3 University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Robert J McMahon
- 4 Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,5 Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Johnny Wu
- 6 Johnson & Johnson, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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- Members of the Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group include Karen L. Bierman (Pennsylvania State University), Kenneth A. Dodge (Duke University), Mark T. Greenberg (Pennsylvania State University), John E. Lochman (University of Alabama), Robert J. McMahon (Simon Fraser University and Child & Family Research Institute), and Ellen E. Pinderhughes (Tufts University)
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Steffensson B, Larsson JO, Fried I, El-Sayed E, Rydelius PA, Lichtenstein P. Genetic Disposition for Global Maturity: An Explanation for Genetic Effects on Parental Report on ADHD. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/016502599383865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been shown to be substantially influenced by genetic factors. However it is still not known how these effects are mediated. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether genetic disposition for global maturity could be a mediator of the well-known findings of genetic factors for ADHD symptoms. A total of 1480 pairs of twins aged 8-9 years were identified through the population-based Swedish Twin Registry. A mailed questionnaire with items from DSM-III-R for ADHD and items concerning global maturity were completed by the parents. The results showed that global maturity mediated part of genetic effects for ADHD for both boys and girls. There were also genetic, shared environmental, as well as nonshared environmental effects unique to ADHD not in common with global maturity. Thus, there are at least two pathways through which genetic effects can influence ADHD: one through predisposition for maturational lag and one unique to ADHD, possibly mediated by personality. The results indicate that maturational lag could be of importance for treatment and prognosis of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan-Olov Larsson
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Karolinska Hospital,
Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingegärd Fried
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Karolinska Hospital,
Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eman El-Sayed
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Karolinska Hospital,
Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Anders Rydelius
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Karolinska Hospital,
Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, The Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Burt SA, Rescorla LA, Achenbach TM, Ivanova MY, Almqvist F, Begovac I, Bilenberg N, Bird H, Chahed M, Dobrean A, Döpfner M, Erol N, Hannesdottir H, Kanbayashi Y, Lambert MC, Leung PW, Minaei A, Novik TS, Oh KJ, Petot D, Petot JM, Pomalima R, Rudan V, Sawyer M, Simsek Z, Steinhausen HC, Valverde J, van der Ende J, Weintraub S, Metzke CW, Wolanczyk T, Zhang EY, Zukauskiene R, Verhulst FC. The association between aggressive and non-aggressive antisocial problems as measured with the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment: A study of 27,861 parent–adolescent dyads from 25 societies. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dalwani MS, McMahon MA, Mikulich-Gilbertson SK, Young SE, Regner MF, Raymond KM, McWilliams SK, Banich MT, Tanabe JL, Crowley TJ, Sakai JT. Female adolescents with severe substance and conduct problems have substantially less brain gray matter volume. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126368. [PMID: 26000879 PMCID: PMC4441424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Structural neuroimaging studies have demonstrated lower regional gray matter volume in adolescents with severe substance and conduct problems. These research studies, including ours, have generally focused on male-only or mixed-sex samples of adolescents with conduct and/or substance problems. Here we compare gray matter volume between female adolescents with severe substance and conduct problems and female healthy controls of similar ages. Hypotheses: Female adolescents with severe substance and conduct problems will show significantly less gray matter volume in frontal regions critical to inhibition (i.e. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex), conflict processing (i.e., anterior cingulate), valuation of expected outcomes (i.e., medial orbitofrontal cortex) and the dopamine reward system (i.e. striatum). Methods We conducted whole-brain voxel-based morphometric comparison of structural MR images of 22 patients (14-18 years) with severe substance and conduct problems and 21 controls of similar age using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) and voxel-based morphometric (VBM8) toolbox. We tested group differences in regional gray matter volume with analyses of covariance, adjusting for age and IQ at p<0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons at whole-brain cluster-level threshold. Results Female adolescents with severe substance and conduct problems compared to controls showed significantly less gray matter volume in right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, medial orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, bilateral somatosensory cortex, left supramarginal gyrus, and bilateral angular gyrus. Considering the entire brain, patients had 9.5% less overall gray matter volume compared to controls. Conclusions Female adolescents with severe substance and conduct problems in comparison to similarly aged female healthy controls showed substantially lower gray matter volume in brain regions involved in inhibition, conflict processing, valuation of outcomes, decision-making, reward, risk-taking, and rule-breaking antisocial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish S. Dalwani
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mary Agnes McMahon
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | | | - Susan E. Young
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Regner
- Departments of Radiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Kristen M. Raymond
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Shannon K. McWilliams
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Marie T. Banich
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, United States of America
- Institute of Cognitive Science and Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Jody L. Tanabe
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, United States of America
- Departments of Radiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Thomas J Crowley
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Joseph T. Sakai
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, United States of America
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9
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Genetic and Environmental Etiology of the Relationship Between Childhood Hyperactivity/Inattention and Conduct Problems in a South Korean Twin Sample. Twin Res Hum Genet 2015; 18:290-7. [DOI: 10.1017/thg.2015.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been increased research into the etiology of the comorbidity between hyperactivity/inattention problems (HIP) and conduct problems (CP). However, the nature of the etiology of the comorbidity has remained unclear. Mothers of 507 pairs of twins, comprised of 221 monozygotic (MZ) and 286 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs aged from 6 to 13 years (mean = 9.6 years; SD = 2.0 years), completed the HIP and the CP scale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) via a telephone interview. The phenotypic correlation between HIP and CP was 0.43 (p < .01). MZ and DZ twin correlations were, respectively, 0.48 (95%CI: 0.37–0.58) and 0.06 (95%CI: -0.06–0.19) for HIP and 0.38 (95%CI: 0.26–0.49) and 0.35 (95%CI: 0.25–0.45) for CP. The bivariate model-fitting results revealed additive genetic correlation of 1.0 (95% CI: 0.72–1.00), a complete overlap of additive genetic variance component between HIP and CP, supporting the importance of correlated additive genetic risk factors for the comorbid condition of HIP and CP. HIP was additionally influenced by non-additive genetic factors that did not contribute to the relationship between HIP and CP. There was a significant but moderate child-specific environmental correlation (re = 0.37) between HIP and CP. CP was additionally influenced by shared family environmental influences. While the results of the present study are generally consistent with the findings from Western twin studies of the relationship between HIP and CP, they add a new finding to the extant literature by showing that it is additive rather than non-additive genetic factors that are responsible for the co-occurrence of HIP and CP.
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Le Corff Y, Toupin J. Overt versus covert conduct disorder symptoms and the prospective prediction of antisocial personality disorder. J Pers Disord 2014; 28:864-72. [PMID: 25437929 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2012_26_074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown strong continuity between conduct disorder (CD) in adolescence and antisocial personality disorder (APD) in adulthood. Researchers have been trying to explain why some adolescents with CD persist into adult APD and others do not. A few studies reported that overt and covert CD symptoms have a differential predictive power for APD, with mixed results. The present study aimed to evaluate the prospective association of overt and covert CD symptoms with APD in a sample of male adolescents with CD (N = 128, mean age = 15.6, SD = 1.6). Participants were recruited at intake in Quebec Youth Centers and reassessed 3 years later (n = 73). CD and ADHD symptoms were assessed at intake with the DISC-R while APD was assessed 3 years later with the SCID-II. Logistic regression results showed that, contrary to previous prospective studies (Lahey, Loeber, Burke, & Applegate, 2005; Washburn et al., 2007), overt (OR = 2.12, 95% CI [1.29, 3.50]) but not covert (OR = 1.04, 95% CI [0.69, 1.56]) symptoms predicted later APD, controlling for ADHD symptoms and socioeconomic status. It is hypothesized that the divergence with previous studies may be explained by the higher mean number and wider range of overt CD symptoms in our sample.
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Ficks CA, Waldman ID. Candidate genes for aggression and antisocial behavior: a meta-analysis of association studies of the 5HTTLPR and MAOA-uVNTR. Behav Genet 2014; 44:427-44. [PMID: 24902785 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-014-9661-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Variation in central serotonin levels due to genetic mutations or experimental modifications has been associated with the manifestation of aggression in humans and animals. Many studies have examined whether common variants in serotonergic genes are implicated in aggressive or antisocial behaviors (ASB) in human samples. The two most commonly studied polymorphisms have been the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region of the serotonin transporter gene (5HTTLPR) and the 30 base pair variable number of tandem repeats of the monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA-uVNTR). Despite the aforementioned theoretical justification for these polymorphisms, findings across studies have been mixed and are thus difficult to interpret. A meta-analysis of associations of the 5HTTLPR and MAOA-uVNTR with ASB was conducted to determine: (1) the overall magnitude of effects for each polymorphism, (2) the extent of heterogeneity in effect sizes across studies and the likelihood of publication bias, and (3) whether sample-level or study-level characteristics could explain observed heterogeneity across studies. Both the 5HTTLPR and the MAOA-uVNTR were significantly associated with ASB across studies. There was also significant and substantial heterogeneity in the effect sizes for both markers, but this heterogeneity was not explained by any sample-level or study-level characteristics examined. We did not find any evidence for publication bias across studies for the MAOA-uVNTR, but there was evidence for an oversampling of statistically significant effect sizes for the 5HTTLPR. These findings provide support for the modest role of common serotonergic variants in ASB. Implications regarding the role of serotonin in antisocial behavior and the conceptualization of antisocial and aggressive phenotypes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Ficks
- Psychology Department, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA,
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12
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Knopik VS, Bidwell LC, Flessner C, Nugent N, Swenson L, Bucholz KK, Madden PAF, Heath AC. DSM-IV defined conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder: an investigation of shared liability in female twins. Psychol Med 2014; 44:1053-64. [PMID: 23795654 PMCID: PMC4024101 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713001396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DSM-IV specifies a hierarchal diagnostic structure such that an oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) diagnosis is applied only if criteria are not met for conduct disorder (CD). Genetic studies of ODD and CD support a combination of shared genetic and environmental influences but largely ignore the imposed diagnostic structure. METHOD We examined whether ODD and CD share an underlying etiology while accounting for DSM-IV diagnostic specifications. Data from 1446 female twin pairs, aged 11-19 years, were fitted to two-stage models adhering to the DSM-IV diagnostic hierarchy. RESULTS The models suggested that DSM-IV ODD-CD covariation is attributed largely to shared genetic influences. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study, to our knowledge, to examine genetic and environmental overlap among these disorders while maintaining a DSM-IV hierarchical structure. The findings reflect primarily shared genetic influences and specific (i.e. uncorrelated) shared/familial environmental effects on these DSM-IV-defined behaviors. These results have implications for how best to define CD and ODD for future genetically informed analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Knopik
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - L C Bidwell
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - C Flessner
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - N Nugent
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - K K Bucholz
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - P A F Madden
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - A C Heath
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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Skirrow C, McLoughlin G, Kuntsi J, Asherson P. Behavioral, neurocognitive and treatment overlap between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and mood instability. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 9:489-503. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.09.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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A General Population Twin Study of Conduct Problems and the Auditory P300 Waveform. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 42:861-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-013-9836-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Hamshere ML, Langley K, Martin J, Agha SS, Stergiakouli E, Anney RJ, Buitelaar J, Faraone SV, Lesch KP, Neale BM, Franke B, Sonuga-Barke E, Asherson P, Merwood A, Kuntsi J, Medland SE, Ripke S, Steinhausen HC, Freitag C, Reif A, Renner TJ, Romanos M, Romanos J, Warnke A, Meyer J, Palmason H, Vasquez AA, Lambregts-Rommelse N, Roeyers H, Biederman J, Doyle AE, Hakonarson H, Rothenberger A, Banaschewski T, Oades RD, McGough JJ, Kent L, Williams N, Owen MJ, Holmans P, O’Donovan MC, Thapar A. High loading of polygenic risk for ADHD in children with comorbid aggression. Am J Psychiatry 2013; 170:909-16. [PMID: 23599091 PMCID: PMC3935265 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12081129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is highly heritable, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have not yet identified any common genetic variants that contribute to risk. There is evidence that aggression or conduct disorder in children with ADHD indexes higher genetic loading and clinical severity. The authors examine whether common genetic variants considered en masse as polygenic scores for ADHD are especially enriched in children with comorbid conduct disorder. METHOD Polygenic scores derived from an ADHD GWAS meta-analysis were calculated in an independent ADHD sample (452 case subjects, 5,081 comparison subjects). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to compare polygenic scores in the ADHD and comparison groups and test for higher scores in ADHD case subjects with comorbid conduct disorder relative to comparison subjects and relative to those without comorbid conduct disorder. Association with symptom scores was tested using linear regression. RESULTS Polygenic risk for ADHD, derived from the meta-analysis, was higher in the independent ADHD group than in the comparison group. Polygenic score was significantly higher in ADHD case subjects with conduct disorder relative to ADHD case subjects without conduct disorder. ADHD polygenic score showed significant association with comorbid conduct disorder symptoms. This relationship was explained by the aggression items. CONCLUSIONS Common genetic variation is relevant to ADHD, especially in individuals with comorbid aggression. The findings suggest that the previously published ADHD GWAS meta-analysis contains weak but true associations with common variants, support for which falls below genome-wide significance levels. The findings also highlight the fact that aggression in ADHD indexes genetic as well as clinical severity.
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Hinnant JB, El-Sheikh M. Codevelopment of externalizing and internalizing symptoms in middle to late childhood: sex, baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity as predictors. Dev Psychopathol 2013; 25:419-36. [PMID: 23627954 PMCID: PMC3874140 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579412001150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the roles of sex and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), an index of autonomic parasympathetic nervous system activity, as predictors of codeveloping externalizing and internalizing symptoms in middle childhood. We expected that sex, baseline RSA (RSA-B), and RSA reactivity (RSA-R) to two types of tasks would interact to differentiate co-occurring trajectories of symptoms. We tested these hypotheses by combining longitudinal data from two independent samples (n = 390; 210 girls, 180 boys) with repeated measures at ages 8, 9, 10, and 11. RSA-R was measured in response to a socially stressful and frustrating stressor. Indicators of growth in externalizing and internalizing symptoms were derived from multiple domain growth models and used in person-centered growth mixture analyses. Three groups of externalizing and internalizing trajectories were found. Profile membership was predicted by several two-way interactions among sex, RSA-B, or RSA-R but was not predicted by three-way interactions. Children with low RSA-B and strong RSA withdrawal, girls with low RSA-B, and girls with strong RSA withdrawal were more likely to be on a developmental trajectory of low externalizing symptoms and moderately elevated internalizing symptoms. Membership in the high externalizing and high internalizing trajectory was predicted by weak RSA withdrawal for boys and strong RSA withdrawal for girls. The type of stressor task also played a role in predicting probability of profile membership. Results are discussed in the context of developmental psychobiology and implications for the codevelopment of psychopathology symptoms in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Benjamin Hinnant
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA.
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Moruzzi S, Rijsdijk F, Battaglia M. A Twin Study of the Relationships among Inattention, Hyperactivity/Impulsivity and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Problems. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 42:63-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-013-9725-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Le Corff Y, Toupin J. Overt Versus Covert Conduct Disorder Symptoms and the Prospective Prediction of Antisocial Personality Disorder. J Pers Disord 2013:1-9. [PMID: 23398101 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2013_27_074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown strong continuity between conduct disorder (CD) in adolescence and antisocial personality disorder (APD) in adulthood. Researchers have been trying to explain why some adolescents with CD persist into adult APD and others do not. A few studies reported that overt and covert CD symptoms have a differential predictive power for APD, with mixed results. The present study aimed to evaluate the prospective association of overt and covert CD symptoms with APD in a sample of male adolescents with CD (N = 128, mean age = 15.6, SD = 1.6). Participants were recruited at intake in Quebec Youth Centers and reassessed 3 years later (n = 73). CD and ADHD symptoms were assessed at intake with the DISC-R while APD was assessed 3 years later with the SCID-II. Logistic regression results showed that, contrary to previous prospective studies (Lahey, Loeber, Burke, & Applegate, 2005; Washburn et al., 2007), overt (OR = 2.12, 95% CI [1.29, 3.50]) but not covert (OR = 1.04, 95% CI [0.69, 1.56]) symptoms predicted later APD, controlling for ADHD symptoms and socioeconomic status. It is hypothesized that the divergence with previous studies may be explained by the higher mean number and wider range of overt CD symptoms in our sample.
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Kendler KS, Aggen SH, Patrick CJ. Familial influences on conduct disorder reflect 2 genetic factors and 1 shared environmental factor. JAMA Psychiatry 2013; 70:78-86. [PMID: 23117573 PMCID: PMC3606918 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Prior studies suggest that antisocial behavior in childhood and adolescence reflects multiple symptomatic dimensions. However, to our knowledge, no prior study has evaluated the underlying nature of the etiologic influences contributing to conduct disorder (CD) symptoms as defined in the DSM. OBJECTIVE To determine the structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for CD. DESIGN Population-based twin registry. SETTING Virginia. PARTICIPANTS Two thousand seven hundred sixty-nine members of male-male twin pairs from the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Retrospective self-reported symptoms of CD. RESULTS The best-fitting multivariate twin model included 2 genetic factors, 1 shared environmental common factor, and 1 nonshared environmental common factor, along with criterion-specific genetic and nonshared environmental effects. The CD criteria with the strongest loadings on the 2 genetic factors were, respectively, those reflecting rule breaking (eg, playing hooky) and overt aggressive acts (eg, hurting people). The shared environmental common factor had salient loadings on a distinct set of criteria reflecting covert delinquent acts (eg, stealing and hurting animals). Loadings on the single nonshared environmental common factor were more uniform and less selective. Scores on the 3 familial CD factors were differentially associated with a range of personality, psychopathology, and demographic factors. CONCLUSIONS From a genetic perspective, the DSM criteria for CD do not reflect a single dimension of liability. The familial risk to CD is composed of 2 discrete dimensions of genetic risk, reflecting rule breaking and overt aggression, and 1 dimension of shared environmental risk, reflecting covert delinquency. These 3 familial factors differ meaningfully in their association with a range of relevant validators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Departments of Psychiatry, and Human and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Virginia/Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Steven H. Aggen
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Departments of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia/Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
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20
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Shin KM, Shin YM, Lim KY, Chung YK, Cho SM. Gender-specific early risk factors for delinquent behavior of Korean youth: a 6- to 8-year longitudinal study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012; 21:709-11. [PMID: 22797608 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-012-0306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Edwards AC, Kendler KS. Twin study of the relationship between adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and adult alcohol dependence. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2012; 73:185-94. [PMID: 22333326 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2012.73.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adolescent problem behaviors such as conduct disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are often associated with alcohol problems in adulthood, particularly alcohol dependence. This association is partly a result of shared genetic liability. However, it is unclear whether ADHD, or an ADHD subtype, shares genetic influences with alcohol dependence beyond those also shared by conduct disorder. METHOD We evaluated phenotypic associations between adolescent conduct disorder and ADHD phenotypes with adult alcohol dependence in a population-based sample of adult male twins (N = 1,774). We then assessed genetic and environmental relationships among phenotypes using structural equation modeling. RESULTS Individually, conduct disorder and each ADHD factor were associated with adult alcohol dependence. Results from twin modeling indicate that a genetic factor common to conduct disorder and ADHD also loads strongly onto alcohol dependence. Even after controlling for genetic factors shared with conduct disorder and other ADHD factors, the hyperactivity component of ADHD shared significant residual genetic influences with alcohol dependence. CONCLUSIONS Most of the genetically mediated association between adolescent ADHD and adult alcohol dependence is shared with conduct disorder, reflecting a generalized risk to externalizing behaviors. The significant residual genetic covariance between the ADHD factor hyperactivity/impulsivity and alcohol dependence implies that impulsive behaviors less destructive/harmful than those manifested by conduct disorder can be indicative of genetic risk for adult alcohol dependence. However, the ADHD factors inattention and forgetfulness are not uniquely predictive of genetic/environmental risk for alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C Edwards
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, and Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0126, USA.
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22
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How do we optimally conceptualize the heterogeneity within antisocial behavior? An argument for aggressive versus non-aggressive behavioral dimensions. Clin Psychol Rev 2012; 32:263-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Beaver KM, Nedelec JL, Rowland MW, Schwartz JA. Genetic risks and ADHD symptomatology: exploring the effects of parental antisocial behaviors in an adoption-based study. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2012; 43:293-305. [PMID: 22020991 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-011-0263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A great deal of research has examined the etiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and ADHD symptomatologies. Genetic factors are consistently shown to explain a significant proportion of variance in measures of ADHD. The current study adds to this body of research by examining whether genetic liabilities for criminality and alcoholism have effects on the development of ADHD symptomatologies. Analyses based on a sample of adoptees drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) revealed that ADHD symptomatologies were elevated among adoptees who had biological mothers and fathers who had been arrested or who were alcoholics. These results suggest that part of the covariation between ADHD and antisocial behaviors may be the result of genetic factors that have general effects across a range of maladaptive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Beaver
- College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, 634 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1122, USA.
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24
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Ekholm A, Jokinen J, McDonald JW, Smith PWF. A latent class model for bivariate binary responses from twins. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9876.2011.01034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Waldron M, Heath AC, Turkheimer E, Emery R, Bucholz KK, Madden PAF, Martin NG. Age at First Sexual Intercourse and Teenage Pregnancy in Australian Female Twins. Twin Res Hum Genet 2012; 10:440-9. [PMID: 17564502 DOI: 10.1375/twin.10.3.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractGirls who report first sexual intercourse during their early teen years have much higher rates of teenage pregnancy and childbearing than girls who delay sexual onset until older adolescence. In this study, we examine genetic and environmental influences on variation in teenage pregnancy and covariation with age at first sexual intercourse in two cohorts of Australian female twins. In the older twin cohort, born 1893–1964, we observe substantial heritable variation in teenage pregnancy that is largely shared with heritable variation in age at first sexual intercourse, with shared environment contributintablg little to variation in teenage pregnancy. Genetic influences on teenage pregnancy are smaller and nonsignificant in the younger twin cohort, born 1964–1971, where shared environment contributes much more and overlaps entirely with shared environmental variation in age at first intercourse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Waldron
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, United States of America.
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26
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Schweitzer JB, Fassbender C, Lit L, Reeves GM, Powell SPH. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 106:391-405. [PMID: 22608633 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52002-9.00022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie B Schweitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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27
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Structure and etiology of co-occurring internalizing and externalizing disorders in adolescents. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 39:109-23. [PMID: 20683651 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-010-9444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Several studies suggest that a two-factor model positing internalizing and externalizing factors explains the interrelationships among psychiatric disorders. However, it is unclear whether the covariation between internalizing and externalizing disorders is due to common genetic or environmental influences. We examined whether a model positing two latent factors, internalizing and externalizing, explained the interrelationships among six psychiatric disorders (major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder) in adolescents, and whether there are common genetic and environmental influences on internalizing and externalizing latent factors. Multivariate behavior genetic analyses of data from 1162 twin pairs and 426 siblings ascertained from the general population via the Colorado Center for Antisocial Drug Dependence (CADD) were conducted. We found support for a model positing two latent factors (internalizing and externalizing). These factors were moderately heritable and influenced by significant common genetic and nonshared environmental influences. These findings suggest that co-occurrence of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in adolescents results from both genetic and environmental influences.
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28
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Kim J, Deater-Deckard K, Mullineaux PY, Beekman CR. Context specificity in stability of hyperactivity-impulsivity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2011; 24:656-674. [PMID: 21494576 DOI: 10.1002/per.767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper exemplifies a secondary data analysis of context-specific differences in children's hyperactivity-impulsivity while controlling for informant-specific effects. Participants were boys and girls from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development who were measured in 1(st), 3(rd), and 5(th) grades. Latent factor models were structured using multi-informant reports including mothers, fathers, teachers, and observers. Temporal stability within a context was stronger than cross-context consistency, and the magnitude of longitudinal stability was higher in the home context compared to the school context. Controlling for informant-specific effects resulted in a significantly improved model fit and increased within-context stability. Our findings highlight the importance of considering both context and informant effects when studying longitudinal stability and change in personality development.
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29
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Hack LM, Kalsi G, Aliev F, Kuo PH, Prescott CA, Patterson DG, Walsh D, Dick DM, Riley BP, Kendler KS. Limited associations of dopamine system genes with alcohol dependence and related traits in the Irish Affected Sib Pair Study of Alcohol Dependence (IASPSAD). Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010; 35:376-85. [PMID: 21083670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 50 years of evidence from research has established that the central dopaminergic reward pathway is likely involved in alcohol dependence (AD). Additional evidence supports a role for dopamine (DA) in other disinhibitory psychopathology, which is often comorbid with AD. Family and twin studies demonstrate that a common genetic component accounts for most of the genetic variance in these traits. Thus, DA-related genes represent putative candidates for the genetic risk that underlies not only AD but also behavioral disinhibition. Many linkage and association studies have examined these relationships with inconsistent results, possibly because of low power, poor marker coverage, and/or an inappropriate correction for multiple testing. METHODS We conducted an association study on the products encoded by 10 DA-related genes (DRD1-D5, SLC18A2, SLC6A3, DDC, TH, COMT) using a large, ethnically homogeneous sample with severe AD (n = 545) and screened controls (n = 509). We collected genotypes from linkage disequilibrium (LD)-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and employed a gene-based method of correction. We tested for association with AD diagnosis in cases and controls and with a variety of alcohol-related traits (including age-at-onset, initial sensitivity, tolerance, maximum daily drinks, and a withdrawal factor score), disinhibitory symptoms, and a disinhibitory factor score in cases only. A total of 135 SNPs were genotyped using the Illumina GoldenGate and Taqman Assays-on-Demand protocols. RESULTS Of the 101 SNPs entered into standard analysis, 6 independent SNPs from 5 DA genes were associated with AD or a quantitative alcohol-related trait. Two SNPs across 2 genes were associated with a disinhibitory symptom count, while 1 SNP in DRD5 was positive for association with the general disinhibitory factor score. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence of modest associations between a small number of DA-related genes and AD as well as a range of alcohol-related traits and measures of behavioral disinhibition. While we did conduct gene-based correction for multiple testing, we did not correct for multiple traits because the traits are correlated. However, false-positive findings remain possible, so our results must be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Hack
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA.
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30
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Shim SH, Hwangbo Y, Kwon YJ, Jeong HY, Lee BH, Hwang JA, Kim YK. A case-control association study of serotonin 1A receptor gene and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:974-9. [PMID: 20470849 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Serotonergic system-related genes are likely to be involved in mechanisms underlying attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We investigated the association of serotonin the 1A receptor C-1019G single nucleotide polymorphism (HTR1A C-1019G SNP) and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene -703G/T (TPH2 -703G/T) SNP with ADHD. All of the ADHD subjects completed a comprehensive and standardized diagnostic and psychological evaluation battery including the parents' Korean version of the ADHD Rating Scale-IV (ARS). The genotype and allele frequencies of 78 ADHD patients and 107 normal controls were analyzed for 5-HTR1A C-1019G and TPH2 -703G/T. There were statistically significant differences in the genotype distributions and allele frequencies of HTR1A C-1019G between the ADHD group and the control group. The homozygous allele C frequency was significantly higher in ADHD patients than in controls. However, no differences in either genotype distribution or in allele frequencies of TPH2 -703G/T were observed between the ADHD patients and the controls. In the ADHD patients, ANCOVA revealed that there were no significant differences in the subscales and total score between the ADHD probands with the CC genotype and those with the CG and GG genotypes in ARS and the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) when adjusting for age and gender. The odds ratio comparing the CC genotype group with the CG genotype group and the C allele with G was 2.12 and 1.79 respectively. Therefore, genotype CC was associated with higher risk of ADHD. Our results suggest that the HTR1A C-1019G SNP may affect susceptibility to ADHD. Further investigation with a larger number of subjects is needed in order to confirm this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hoon Shim
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan City, Bongmyoung Dong 23-20 Choongnam Province, 330-721, South Korea
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31
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Burt SA, McGue M, Iacono WG. Environmental contributions to the stability of antisocial behavior over time: are they shared or non-shared? JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 38:327-37. [PMID: 19904602 PMCID: PMC3075479 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-009-9367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been argued that shared environmental influences are moderate, identifiable, and persistent sources of individual differences in most forms of child and adolescent psychopathology, including antisocial behavior. Unfortunately, prior studies examining the stability of shared environmental influences over time were limited by possible passive gene-environment correlations, shared informants effects, and/or common experiences of trauma. The current study sought to address each of these limitations. We examined adolescent self-reported antisocial behavior in a 3.5 year longitudinal sample of 610 biological and adoptive sibling pairs from the Sibling Interaction and Behavior Study (SIBS). Results revealed that 74-81% of shared environmental influences present at time 1 were also present at time 2, whereas most non-shared environmental influences (88-89%) were specific to a particular assessment period. Such results provide an important constructive replication of prior research, strongly suggesting that shared environmental contributions to antisocial behavior are systematic in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alexandra Burt
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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32
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Phenotypic and measurement influences on heritability estimates in childhood ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010; 19:311-23. [PMID: 20213230 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-010-0097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Twin studies described a strongly heritable component of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. However, findings varied considerably between studies. In addition, ADHD presents with a high rate of comorbid disorders and associated psychopathology. Therefore, this literature review reports findings from population-based twin studies regarding the influence of subtypes, assessment instruments, rater effects, sex differences, and comorbidity rates on ADHD heritability estimates. In addition, genetic effects on the persistence of ADHD are discussed. By reviewing relevant factors influencing heritability estimates more homogeneous subtypes relevant for molecular genetic studies can be elicited. A systematic search of population-based twin studies in ADHD was performed, using the databases PubMed and PsycInfo. Results of family studies were added in case insufficient or contradictory findings were obtained in twin studies. Heritability estimates were strongly influenced by rater effects and assessment instruments. Inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were likely influenced by common as well as specific genetic risk factors. Besides persistent ADHD, ADHD accompanied by symptoms of conduct or antisocial personality disorder might be another strongly genetically determined subtype, however, family environmental risk factors have also been established for this pattern of comorbidity.
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Wood AC, Rijsdijk F, Asherson P, Kuntsi J. Hyperactive-impulsive symptom scores and oppositional behaviours reflect alternate manifestations of a single liability. Behav Genet 2009; 39:447-60. [PMID: 19633943 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-009-9290-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional behaviours frequently co-occur, We aimed to study the etiology of this overlap in a general population-based twin sample, assessing the symptom domains of hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattentiveness separately for their overlap with oppositionality. We further aimed to investigate whether rater bias may contribute to the overlap in previous data which used one rater only. Using parent and teacher ratings on hyperactivity-impulsivity, inattentiveness and oppositionality, and actigraph measurements of activity level, for 668 7-9-year-old twin pairs, oppositionality showed a higher overlap with hyperactivity-impulsivity (r = 0.95) than with inattentiveness (r = 0.52) and all etiological influences on hyperactivity-impulsivity were shared with those on oppositionality, indicated by a genetic correlation of 0.95 and a child-specific environmental correlation of 0.94. Actigraph data did not show an overlap with ratings of oppositionality. In middle childhood, symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity and oppositional behaviour may represent the same underlying liability, whereas the inattentive domain is more distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C Wood
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
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Tuvblad C, Zheng M, Raine A, Baker LA. A common genetic factor explains the covariation among ADHD ODD and CD symptoms in 9-10 year old boys and girls. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2009; 37:153-67. [PMID: 19015975 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-008-9278-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies examining the covariation among Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Conduct Disorder (CD) have yielded inconsistent results. Some studies have concluded that the covariation among these symptoms is due to common genetic influences, whereas others have found a common environmental overlap. The present study investigated the genetic and environmental correlations among these three childhood disorders, based on a sample of 1,219 twins, age 9-10 years. A latent externalizing behavior factor was found to explain the covariance among ADHD, ODD and CD symptoms. Genetic influences explained more than half of the variance in this externalizing factor in both boys and girls. There were also unique genetic and environmental influences in each set of symptoms, suggesting some etiological independence of the three disorders. Our findings have implications for molecular genetic studies trying to identify susceptibility genes for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Tuvblad
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, 3620 S. McClintock Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90089-1061, USA.
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35
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Sevecke K, Kosson DS, Krischer MK. The relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and psychopathy in adolescent male and female detainees. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2009; 27:577-598. [PMID: 19387992 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although ADHD and CD are apparent risk factors for adult psychopathy, there are three distinct perspectives regarding their relationships to psychopathy: (1) ADHD may contribute uniquely to the development of psychopathy or (2) its contribution may reflect its high comorbidity with CD. Alternatively, (3) the comorbid presence of ADHD and CD may confer unique risk for the development of psychopathy. Although prior adult studies have yielded conflicting findings, no prior studies of adolescents address this issue. We examined these three hypotheses and the possibility of sex differences using cross-sectional analyses in 90 male and 123 female incarcerated adolescents. Among males the influence of ADHD was largely attributable to the overlap between ADHD and CD, whereas among females ADHD contributed independently to psychopathy scores and to scores on several dimensions of psychopathy. In addition, among females, the ADHD x CD interaction was significant for the total score and the antisocial component of psychopathy and in a direction opposite to that predicted by the comorbid subtype hypothesis. These findings indicate that there may be sex-specific pathways to elevations in psychopathic traits and suggest that the comorbid subtype hypothesis is probably not correct for either boys or girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Sevecke
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 10, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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Genetic risk for conduct disorder symptom subtypes in an ADHD sample: specificity to aggressive symptoms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009; 48:757-764. [PMID: 19465875 DOI: 10.1097/chi.0b013e3181a5661b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have suggested an association between candidate genes (i.e., COMT, SLC6A4) and conduct disorder (CD). However, it is not clear if these relations extend to CD within the context of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Also, it is uncertain whether the risk is specific to aggressive symptoms or is a risk for CD generally. The aim of this study was to examine the role of the COMT and SLC6A4 genes in the risk for CD and its symptomatic subtypes in the context of ADHD. METHOD We examined subjects with ADHD (n = 444, age range 6-55 years) aggregated across four completed studies. Psychiatric diagnoses were determined by structured interviews. We tested the association between genotype and the diagnosis of CD and aggressive and covert symptom counts. RESULTS There was no significant association between variations in functional polymorphisms of either the COMT gene or the SLC6A4 gene and the risk for CD. The COMT gene was associated with increased aggressive CD symptoms but not covert CD symptoms. The SLC6A4 gene was not associated with either symptom subtype. CONCLUSIONS These findings contribute to our understanding of the genetic basis of antisocial behavior in the ADHD population and provide additional support for the notion that aggressive and covert CD symptom subtypes are etiologically distinct.
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Faraone SV, Kunwar A, Adamson J, Biederman J. Personality traits among ADHD adults: implications of late-onset and subthreshold diagnoses. Psychol Med 2009; 39:685-693. [PMID: 18588742 PMCID: PMC2874959 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291708003917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults is difficult when diagnosticians cannot establish onset prior to the DSM-IV criterion of age 7 or if the number of symptoms does not achieve the DSM threshold for diagnosis. Previous work has assessed the validity of such diagnoses based on psychiatric co-morbidity, family history and neuropsychological functions but none of these studies have used personality as a validation criterion. METHOD We compared four groups of adults: (1) full ADHD subjects who met all DSM-IV criteria for childhood-onset ADHD; (2) late-onset subjects who met all criteria except the age at onset criterion, (3) subthreshold subjects who did not meet full symptom criteria and (4) non-ADHD subjects who did not meet any of the above criteria. Diagnoses were made by using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) was used to assess personality traits. RESULTS We found that full ADHD and late-onset ADHD showed similar personality profiles with significant deviations on all TCI scales except reward dependence and self-transcendence. By contrast, subthreshold cases only showed deviations on novelty seeking and self-directiveness. CONCLUSIONS These data call into question the stringent age of onset of ADHD symptom criteria for adults when making retrospective diagnoses of ADHD. Subthreshold ADHD seems to be a milder form of the disorder that is consistent with dimensional views of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Genetic and environmental influences on externalizing behavior and alcohol problems in adolescence: a female twin study. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 93:313-21. [PMID: 19341765 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 02/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and environmental contributions to the observed correlations among DSM-IV ADHD problems [inattentive (INATT) and hyperactive/impulsive (HYP/IMP) behaviors], conduct problems (CDP) and alcohol problems (AlcProb) were examined by fitting multivariate structural equation models to data from the Missouri Adolescent Female Twin Study [N=2892 twins (831 monozygotic pairs, 615 dizygotic pairs)]. Based on results of preliminary regression models, we modified the structural model to jointly estimate (i) the regression of each phenotype on significant familial/prenatal predictors, and (ii) genetic and environmental contributions to the residual variance and covariance. Results suggested that (i) parental risk factors, such as parental alcohol dependence and regular smoking, increase risk for externalizing behavior; (ii) prenatal exposures predicted increased symptomatology for HYP/IMP (smoking during pregnancy), INATT and CDP (prenatal alcohol exposure); (iii) after adjusting for measured familial/prenatal risk factors, genetic influences were significant for HYP/IMP, INATT, and CDP; however, similar to earlier reports, genetic effects on alcohol dependence symptoms were negligible; and (iv) in adolescence, correlated liabilities for conduct and alcohol problems are found in environmental factors common to both phenotypes, while covariation among impulsivity, inattention, and conduct problems is primarily due to genetic influences common to these three behaviors. Thus, while a variety of adolescent problem behaviors are significantly correlated, the structure of that association may differ as a function of phenotype (e.g., comorbid HYP/IMP and CDP vs. comorbid CDP and AlcProb), a finding that could inform different approaches to treatment and prevention.
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The development of hyperactive-impulsive behaviors during the preschool years: the predictive validity of parental assessments. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2009; 36:977-87. [PMID: 18330688 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-008-9227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to establish the different developmental trajectories of hyperactive-impulsive behaviors on the basis of both mother and father ratings at 19, 32, 50, and 63 months, and to examine the predictive validity of these trajectories with respect to later hyperactive-impulsive behaviors, as rated by teachers in the first 2 years of school. Hyperactive-impulsive behaviors were assessed in a population-based sample of 1,112 twins (565 boys and 547 girls) at 19, 32, 50, and 63 months of age. The results revealed a differentiated and consistent view of developmental trajectories of hyperactive-impulsive behaviors derived from these repeated assessments, with 7.1% of children seen by mothers (7% for fathers) as displaying high and stable hyperactive-impulsive behaviors. According to mother ratings, children on a high-chronic trajectory were more likely than other children to display hyperactive-impulsive behaviors at 72 and 84 months according to their teachers. Repeated measures over time and father-based trajectories significantly added to the prediction teacher later ratings of hyperactive-impulsive behaviors. These results support the predictive validity of parental assessment of hyperactive-impulsive behaviors during the preschool years and their use to identify children at risk for further evaluation and possible intervention.
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Biederman J, Kim JW, Doyle AE, Mick E, Fagerness J, Smoller JW, Faraone SV. Sexually dimorphic effects of four genes (COMT, SLC6A2, MAOA, SLC6A4) in genetic associations of ADHD: a preliminary study. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:1511-8. [PMID: 18937309 PMCID: PMC2587524 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of literature finds gender differences in ADHD. However, little is known about the causes of these differences. One possibility is that ADHD risk genes have sexually dimorphic effects. We have investigated four ADHD candidate genes (COMT, SLC6A2, MAOA, SLC6A4) for which there is evidence of sexually dimorphic effects. Past neurobiological and genetic studies suggest that COMT, and SLC6A4 variants may have a greater influence on males and that SLC6A2, and MAOA variants may have a greater influence on females. Our results indicate that genetic associations are stronger when stratified by sex and in the same direction as the previous neurobiological studies indicate: associations were stronger in males for COMT, SLC6A4 and stronger in females for SLC6A2, MAOA. Moreover, we found a statistically significant gender effect in the case of COMT (P = 0.007) when we pooled our work with a prior study. In conclusion, we have found some evidence suggesting that the genetic association for these genes with ADHD may be influenced by the sex of the affected individual. Although our results are not fully validated yet, they should motivate further investigation of gender effects in ADHD genetic association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Biederman
- Pediatric Psychopharmacology Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Jang Woo Kim
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Alysa E Doyle
- Pediatric Psychopharmacology Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Eric Mick
- Pediatric Psychopharmacology Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Jesen Fagerness
- Pediatric Psychopharmacology Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience & Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
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Zhou K, Chen W, Buitelaar J, Banaschewski T, Oades RD, Franke B, Sonuga-Barke E, Ebstein R, Eisenberg J, Gill M, Manor I, Miranda A, Mulas F, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Steinhausen HC, Lasky-Su J, Taylor E, Brookes KJ, Xu X, Neale BM, Rijsdijk F, Thompson M, Asherson P, Faraone SV. Genetic heterogeneity in ADHD: DAT1 gene only affects probands without CD. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:1481-7. [PMID: 18553640 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have found heterogeneous association between DAT1-3'-UTR-VNTR and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Various proportions of conduct disorder (CD) comorbidity in their ADHD samples may partially explain the observational discrepancies. Evidence for this comes from family and twin studies which found ADHD probands with CD (ADHD + CD) are genetically different from those without CD (ADHD - CD). Genotypes of 20 DAT1 markers were analyzed in 576 trios, consisting of 141 ADHD + CD and 435 ADHD - CD. In addition to the classical TDT test, a specific genetic heterogeneity test was performed to identify variants that have different transmission patterns in the two phenotypic subgroups. After multiple-test correction, rs40184 and rs2652511 were significant in TDT tests. Further heterogeneity test found the two SNPs had a significant transmission pattern difference between ADHD + CD and ADHD - CD children, indicating that DAT1 has a significantly greater genetic influence on ADHD without CD. Although the result needs further replications, it does highlight the importance of selecting genetically homogeneous samples for molecular genetic analyses of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Zhou
- MRC Social Genetic Developmental and Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
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Burt SA, Barnes AR, McGue M, Iacono WG. Parental divorce and adolescent delinquency: ruling out the impact of common genes. Dev Psychol 2008; 44:1668-77. [PMID: 18999329 PMCID: PMC2593091 DOI: 10.1037/a0013477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although the well-documented association between parental divorce and adolescent delinquency is generally assumed to be environmental (i.e., causal) in origin, genetic mediation is also possible. Namely, the behavior problems often found in children of divorce could derive from similar pathology in the parents, pathology that is both heritable and increases the risk that the parent will experience divorce. To test these alternative hypotheses, the authors made use of a novel design that incorporated timing of divorce in a sample of 610 adoptive and biological families. They reasoned that if genes common to parent and child mediate this association, nonadopted youth should manifest increased delinquency in the presence of parental divorce even if the divorce preceded their birth (i.e., was from a prior parental relationship). However, should the association be environmental in origin, the authors reasoned that adolescents should manifest increased delinquency only in response to divorce exposure, and this association should not vary by adoption status. Results firmly supported the latter, suggesting that it is the experience of parental divorce, and not common genes, that drives the association between divorce and adolescent delinquency.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alexandra Burt
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Plotnin R, Rutter M. Child Development, Molecular Genetics, and What to Do with Genes Once They Are Found. Child Dev 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine sex differences in autonomic nervous system functioning in children and adolescents with conduct problems and to evaluate the role of aggression in predicting autonomic nervous system functioning, over and above the effects of disruptive behavior. Although deficiencies in autonomic responding among boys with oppositional defiant disorder and/or conduct disorder are well documented, it remains unclear whether such findings extend to girls or apply only to children with aggressive forms of conduct problems. METHOD Electrodermal responding, cardiac pre-ejection period, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia were recorded while boys (n = 110; 53 with conduct problems, 57 controls) and girls (n = 65; 33 with conduct problems, 32 controls) between the ages of 8 and 12 sat for an extended baseline, then played a game with conditions of reward and frustrative nonreward. RESULTS Both sex effects and aggression effects were found. Aggressive boys with conduct problems demonstrated reduced autonomic functioning, consistent with previous research. In contrast, aggressive girls with conduct problems exhibited greater electrodermal responding than controls, with no differences in cardiovascular reactivity to incentives. CONCLUSIONS Observed sex differences in the autonomic correlates of conduct problems and aggression may suggest different etiological mechanisms of externalizing psychopathology for girls compared with boys.
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Viding E, Larsson H, Jones AP. Quantitative genetic studies of antisocial behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008; 363:2519-27. [PMID: 18434281 PMCID: PMC2606717 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper will broadly review the currently available twin and adoption data on antisocial behaviour (AB). It is argued that quantitative genetic research can make a significant contribution to further the understanding of how AB develops. Genetically informative study designs are particularly useful for investigating several important questions such as whether: the heritability estimates vary as a function of assessment method or gender; the relative importance of genetic and environmental influences varies for different types of AB; the environmental risk factors are truly environmental; and genetic vulnerability influences susceptibility to environmental risk. While the current data are not yet directly translatable for prevention and treatment programmes, quantitative genetic research has concrete translational potential. Quantitative genetic research can supplement neuroscience research in informing about different subtypes of AB, such as AB coupled with callous-unemotional traits. Quantitative genetic research is also important in advancing the understanding of the mechanisms by which environmental risk operates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essi Viding
- Department of Psychology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Abstract
This article focuses on the contribution that behavioral genetic research can make to further the understanding of how antisocial and violent behavior develops. Genetically informative study designs are particularly useful for investigating etiological heterogeneity and can refine the search for developmental pathways to persistent antisocial conduct. While the current data are not yet directly translatable for prevention programs, behavioral genetic research will have far-reaching implications for prevention and treatment. As we find genes associated with risk for antisocial behavior and develop better understanding of the mechanics of the interplay between genes and the environment, we can expect to tailor prevention and treatment to serve the specific needs of etiologically distinct subgroups of children. Furthermore, researchers involved in sharpening the knowledge base have the responsibility of trying to ensure that such findings are not misused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essi Viding
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine sex differences in autonomic nervous system functioning in children and adolescents with conduct problems and to evaluate the role of aggression in predicting autonomic nervous system functioning, over and above the effects of disruptive behavior. Although deficiencies in autonomic responding among boys with oppositional defiant disorder and/or conduct disorder are well documented, it remains unclear whether such findings extend to girls or apply only to children with aggressive forms of conduct problems. METHOD Electrodermal responding, cardiac pre-ejection period, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia were recorded while boys (n = 110; 53 with conduct problems, 57 controls) and girls (n = 65; 33 with conduct problems, 32 controls) between the ages of 8 and 12 sat for an extended baseline, then played a game with conditions of reward and frustrative nonreward. RESULTS Both sex effects and aggression effects were found. Aggressive boys with conduct problems demonstrated reduced autonomic functioning, consistent with previous research. In contrast, aggressive girls with conduct problems exhibited greater electrodermal responding than controls, with no differences in cardiovascular reactivity to incentives. CONCLUSIONS Observed sex differences in the autonomic correlates of conduct problems and aggression may suggest different etiological mechanisms of externalizing psychopathology for girls compared with boys.
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48
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Leve LD, Winebarger AA, Fagot BI, Reid JB, Goldsmith HH. Environmental and Genetic Variance in Children's Observed and Reported Maladaptive Behavior. Child Dev 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Iacono WG, Malone SM, McGue M. Behavioral Disinhibition and the Development of Early-Onset Addiction: Common and Specific Influences. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2008; 4:325-48. [PMID: 18370620 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William G. Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; ,
| | - Stephen M. Malone
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; ,
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; ,
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The MAOA promoter polymorphism, disruptive behavior disorders, and early onset substance use disorder: gene-environment interaction. Psychiatr Genet 2008; 17:323-32. [PMID: 18075472 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e32811f6691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Conduct, oppositional defiant, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, reflecting early antisociality and behavior dysregulation, are predictive of substance use disorders. Liabilities to these disorders share genetic and environmental variance. Parenting characteristics have been shown to influence development of antisociality, moderated by variation at the MAOA gene, which has also been associated with the risk for substance use disorders. To extend these findings, we tested the relationships between the MAOA promoter polymorphism (variable number tandem repeat), indices of child's perception of paternal and maternal parenting, and disruptive behavior disorders and substance use disorders. METHODS A sample of 148 European-American males was assessed prospectively at ages from 10-12 to 18-19 years and genotyped for the monoamine oxidase A variable number tandem repeat. The Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder-III-R diagnoses were obtained using standard methodology. Parenting was assessed using a scale summarizing the child's evaluation of the parenting style (parent's behavior toward him, parental emotional distance and involvement). Correlation, logistic regression, and Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to determine the relationships between the variables. RESULTS The strength of association between parenting index and conduct and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders depended on the MAOA genotype. Unlike earlier findings, the parenting-risk relationships were observed in the 'high-' rather than 'low-activity' genotypes. The strength and direction of relationships depended on the parental sex. The MAOA polymorphism's association with the risk for substance use disorders was detected when parenting was controlled for. CONCLUSIONS The results are consistent with the contribution of the MAOA gene, parenting style and their interactions to variation in the risk for early onset behavior disorders and liability to substance use disorders.
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