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Hou JB, Hughes NC, Hopkins MJ, Shu D. Gill function in an early arthropod and the widespread adoption of the countercurrent exchange mechanism. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230341. [PMID: 37593708 PMCID: PMC10427831 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Rising but fluctuating oxygen levels in the Early Palaeozoic provide an environmental context for the radiation of early metazoans, but little is known about how mechanistically early animals satisfied their oxygen requirements. Here we propose that the countercurrent gaseous exchange, a highly efficient respiratory mechanism, was effective in the gills of the Late Ordovician trilobite Triarthrus eatoni. In order to test this, we use computational fluid dynamics to simulate water flow around its gills and show that water velocity decreased distinctly in front of and between the swollen ends, which first encountered the oxygen-charged water, and slowed continuously at the mid-central region, forming a buffer zone with a slight increase of the water volume. In T. eatoni respiratory surface area was maximized by extending filament height and gill shaft length. In comparison with the oxygen capacity of modern fish and crustaceans, a relatively low weight specific area in T. eatoni may indicate its low oxygen uptake, possibly related to a less active life mode. Exceptionally preserved respiratory structures in the Cambrian deuterostome Haikouella are also consistent with a model of countercurrent gaseous exchange, exemplifying the wide adoption of this strategy among early animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Bo Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Nigel C. Hughes
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Melanie J. Hopkins
- Division of Paleontology (Invertebrates), American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Degan Shu
- Early Life Institute and State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
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2
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Glendinning S, Vosloo A, Morris S. Ion regulation in a freshwater crab, Potamonautes warreni: The effects of trace metal exposure. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 237:105885. [PMID: 34166956 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Crustaceans inhabiting metal-contaminated freshwaters are susceptible to toxic insult to their osmoregulatory systems. The main osmoregulatory organs of decapod crustaceans, the gills, are continually bathed in freshwater and are therefore at risk from trace metal impacts. The effects of chronic (21 d) exposure to raised dissolved concentrations of Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb on aspects of hydromineral balance were investigated in Potamonautes warreni, a freshwater crab endemic to rivers in South Africa at potential risk from trace metal contamination from mining operations. Generally, hydromineral balance of P. warreni was tolerant to chronic metal exposures although sublethal cadmium exposure of 860 µg.l-1 for 21 days resulted in a reduced sodium concentration in the haemolymph. A chronic exposure to 43 µg.l-1 cadmium produced an elevated maximum unidirectional sodium uptake, possibly resulting from acclimation to the metal exposure. Branchial Na+/K+-ATPase and V-Type H+-ATPase activity were not affected by chronic in vivo Cd (43 µg.l-1) and Zn (500 µg.l-1) exposures. An important aspect of ameliorating metal toxicity may be through antioxidants and therefore the effects of applying a reducing agent were tested following in vitro metal treatment. Inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase could be prevented by pre-incubation with a reducing agent, indicating the importance of antioxidants in reducing metal toxicity in this species. Although this study demonstrates the physiological resilience of P. warreni to dissolved trace metal impacts, the energetic consequences of long-term exposure are as yet not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Glendinning
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Clifton, Bristol, BS8 1UG, UK.
| | - Andre Vosloo
- School for Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag x6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa. Present address: School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Steve Morris
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Clifton, Bristol, BS8 1UG, UK
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Hou JB, Hughes NC, Hopkins MJ. The trilobite upper limb branch is a well-developed gill. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe7377. [PMID: 33789898 PMCID: PMC8011964 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe7377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Whether the upper limb branch of Paleozoic "biramous" arthropods, including trilobites, served a respiratory function has been much debated. Here, new imaging of the trilobite Triarthrus eatoni shows that dumbbell-shaped filaments in the upper limb branch are morphologically comparable with gill structures in crustaceans that aerate the hemolymph. In Olenoides serratus, the upper limb's partial articulation to the body via an extended arthrodial membrane is morphologically comparable to the junction of the respiratory book gill of Limulus and differentiates it from the typically robust exopod junction in Chelicerata or Crustacea. Apparently limited mechanical rotation of the upper branch may have protected the respiratory structures. Partial attachment of the upper branch to the body wall may represent an intermediate state in the evolution of limb branch fusion between dorsal attachment to the body wall, as in Radiodonta, and ventral fusion to the limb base, as in extant Euarthropoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Bo Hou
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Nigel C Hughes
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Geological Studies Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, India
| | - Melanie J Hopkins
- Division of Paleontology (Invertebrates), American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
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Rodriguez C, Prieto GI, Vega IA, Castro-Vazquez A. Functional and evolutionary perspectives on gill structures of an obligate air-breathing, aquatic snail. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7342. [PMID: 31396441 PMCID: PMC6679647 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ampullariids are freshwater gastropods bearing a gill and a lung, thus showing different degrees of amphibiousness. In particular, Pomacea canaliculata (Caenogastropoda, Ampullariidae) is an obligate air-breather that relies mainly or solely on the lung for dwelling in poorly oxygenated water, for avoiding predators, while burying in the mud during aestivation, and for oviposition above water level. In this paper, we studied the morphological peculiarities of the gill in this species. We found (1) the gill and lung vasculature and innervation are intimately related, allowing alternation between water and air respiration; (2) the gill epithelium has features typical of a transporting rather than a respiratory epithelium; and (3) the gill has resident granulocytes within intraepithelial spaces that may serve a role for immune defence. Thus, the role in oxygen uptake may be less significant than the roles in ionic/osmotic regulation and immunity. Also, our results provide a morphological background to understand the dependence on aerial respiration of Pomacea canaliculata. Finally, we consider these findings from a functional perspective in the light of the evolution of amphibiousness in the Ampullariidae, and discuss that master regulators may explain the phenotypic convergence of gill structures amongst this molluscan species and those in other phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Rodriguez
- IHEM, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Mendoza, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biología, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Guido I Prieto
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biología, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Israel A Vega
- IHEM, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Mendoza, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biología, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Alfredo Castro-Vazquez
- IHEM, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Mendoza, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biología, Mendoza, Argentina
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5
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Xuan R, Wu H, Li Y, Wang J, Wang L. Sublethal Cd-induced cellular damage and metabolic changes in the freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:1738-1745. [PMID: 23975712 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To explore whether sublethal cadmium (Cd) exposure causes branchial cellular damages and affects the metabolic activity in brachyuran crustaceans, the freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense was exposed to 0.71, 1.43, and 2.86 mg/L Cd(2+) for 3 weeks. Gill morphology, metabolic activity (activities of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), mRNA expression of CCO active subunit 1 (cco-1) and ldh, as well as ATP levels) in crab muscle were investigated. The results showed that sublethal Cd exposure caused profound morphological damages in the gills. The branchial epithelial cells were disorganized and vacuolized. Ultrastructurally, a decrease in number of apical microvilli, vacuolized mitochondria, and condensed chromatin were observed in gill epithelial cells. Correspondingly, the Cd exposure also induced downregulations of cco-1 and ldh mRNA expression and reduced activities of IDH, CCO, and LDH, in accordance with the lower ATP level in crab muscle. These results led to the conclusion that gill damage caused by sublethal Cd exposure could lead to an impairment of oxygen uptake of S. henanense, and the inhibition of metabolic activity decreases the oxygen demand of the crab and assists them to survive under the condition of lower oxygen availability. These effects add to our understanding on toxic effects of Cd and survival management of S. henanense subchronically exposed to sublethal Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijing Xuan
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjun Li
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxiang Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, People's Republic of China.
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McNamara JC, Faria SC. Evolution of osmoregulatory patterns and gill ion transport mechanisms in the decapod Crustacea: a review. J Comp Physiol B 2012; 182:997-1014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-012-0665-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Wu JP, Chen HC, Huang DJ. Histopathological alterations in gills of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) after acute exposure to cadmium and zinc. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2009; 82:90-95. [PMID: 18941701 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-008-9582-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
White shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, a globally important cultured prawn species, is an ideal animal for studying the impairment caused by the effects of heavy metals that are often detected in coastal areas. In this present study, we detected the acute toxicity of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) to L. vannamei. Medium lethal time (LT50) values of Cd and Zn on L. vannamei were estimated. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that acute exposure to high concentrations of Cd and Zn resulted in morphological alterations in gills of L. vannamei in this present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Wu
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 106, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Maina JN, West JB. Thin and strong! The bioengineering dilemma in the structural and functional design of the blood-gas barrier. Physiol Rev 2005; 85:811-44. [PMID: 15987796 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00022.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In gas exchangers, the tissue barrier, the partition that separates the respiratory media (water/air and hemolymph/blood), is exceptional for its remarkable thinness, striking strength, and vast surface area. These properties formed to meet conflicting roles: thinness was essential for efficient flux of oxygen by passive diffusion, and strength was crucial for maintaining structural integrity. What we have designated as "three-ply" or "laminated tripartite" architecture of the barrier appeared very early in the evolution of the vertebrate gas exchanger. The design is conspicuous in the water-blood barrier of the fish gills through the lungs of air-breathing vertebrates, where the plan first appeared in lungfishes (Dipnoi) some 400 million years ago. The similarity of the structural design of the barrier in respiratory organs of animals that remarkably differ phylogenetically, behaviorally, and ecologically shows that the construction has been highly conserved both vertically and horizontally, i.e., along and across the evolutionary continuum. It is conceivable that the blueprint may have been the only practical construction that could simultaneously grant satisfactory strength and promote gas exchange. In view of the very narrow allometric range of the thickness of the blood-gas barrier in the lungs of different-sized vertebrate groups, the measurement has seemingly been optimized. There is convincing, though indirect, evidence that the extracellular matrix and particularly the type IV collagen in the lamina densa of the basement membrane is the main stress-bearing component of the blood-gas barrier. Under extreme conditions of operation and in some disease states, the barrier fails with serious consequences. The lamina densa which in many parts of the blood-gas barrier is <50 nm thin is a lifeline in the true sense of the word.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Maina
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Martinez AS, Charmantier G, Compère P, Charmantier-Daures M. Branchial chamber tissues in two caridean shrimps: the epibenthic Palaemon adspersus and the deep-sea hydrothermal Rimicaris exoculata. Tissue Cell 2005; 37:153-65. [PMID: 15748742 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2004.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Revised: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 12/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the epithelia of the branchial chamber organs (gills, branchiostegites, epipodites) and the localization of the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase were investigated in two caridean shrimps, the epibenthic Palaemon adspersus and the deep-sea hydrothermal Rimicaris exoculata. The general organization of the phyllobranchiate gills, branchiostegites and epipodites is similar in P. adspersus and in R. exoculata. The gill filaments are formed by a single axial epithelium made of H-shaped cells with thin lateral expansions and a basal lamina limiting hemolymph lacunae. In P. adspersus, numerous ionocytes are present in the epipodites and in the inner-side of the branchiostegites; immunofluorescence reveals their high content in Na(+),K(+)-ATPase. In R. exoculata, typical ionocytes displaying a strong Na(+),K(+)-ATPase specific fluorescence are observed in the epipodites only. While the epipodites and the branchiostegites appear as the main site of osmoregulation in P. adspersus, only the epipodites might be involved in ion exchanges in R. exoculata. In both species, the gill filaments are mainly devoted to respiration.
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10
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Onken H, McNamara JC. Hyperosmoregulation in the red freshwater crab Dilocarcinus pagei (Brachyura, Trichodactylidae): structural and functional asymmetries of the posterior gills. J Exp Biol 2002; 205:167-75. [PMID: 11821483 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.205.2.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
The osmotic and ionic status of the haemolymph and the structural and ion-transport characteristics of the posterior gills of Dilocarcinus pagei, a hololimnetic crab, were investigated. Haemolymph osmolality was 386±18 mosmol kg–1, while [Na+] and [Cl–] were 190±13 and 206±12 mmol l–1, respectively; [K+], [Ca2+] and [Mg2+] were 9.7±0.7, 10.2±0.5 and 2.8±0.4 mmol l–1, respectively (means ± s.e.m., N=12–17). The gill lamellae possess a central, osmiophilic area, which exhibits a marked structural asymmetry. The thick (18–20 μm) proximal epithelium is characterised by basal invaginations and a few apical vesicles, while the thin (3–10 μm) distal epithelium consists of apical pillar cell flanges populated by vesicles and membrane invaginations. Isolated gills, bathed and perfused with NaCl saline, spontaneously generate a negative transbranchial potential difference (Vte), which stabilises at positive or negative values. Ouabain shifts Vte to more positive values. When mounted in an Ussing chamber, distal split lamellae generate a negative, Cl–-dependent short-circuit current (Isc). Na+ substitution leads to more negative values of Isc. Internal ouabain is without effect, while diphenylamine-2-carboxylate and acetazolamide abolish Isc. Proximal split lamellae show a positive, Na+-dependent Isc, which decreases after internal application of ouabain. These data suggest that the thin epithelium actively absorbs Cl–, while the thick epithelium actively absorbs Na+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst Onken
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, São Paulo, Brasil.
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Maina JN. Is the sheet-flow design a 'frozen core' (a Bauplan) of the gas exchangers? Comparative functional morphology of the respiratory microvascular systems: illustration of the geometry and rationalization of the fractal properties. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2000; 126:491-515. [PMID: 10989341 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(00)00218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The sheet-flow design is ubiquitous in the respiratory microvascular systems of the modern gas exchangers. The blood percolates through a maze of narrow microvascular channels spreading out into a thin film, a "sheet". The design has been convergently conceived through remarkably different evolutionary strategies. Endothelial cells, e.g. connect parallel epithelial cells in the fish gills and reptilian lungs; epithelial cells divide the gill filaments in the crustacean gills, the amphibian lungs, and vascular channels on the lung of pneumonate gastropods; connective tissue elements weave between the blood capillaries of the mammalian lungs; and in birds, the blood capillaries attach directly and in some areas connect by short extensions of the epithelial cells. In the gills, skin, and most lungs, the blood in the capillary meshwork geometrically lies parallel to the respiratory surface. In the avian lung, where the blood capillaries anastomose intensely and interdigitate closely with the air capillaries, the blood occasions a 'volume' rather than a 'sheet.' The sheet-flow design and the intrinsic fractal properties of the respiratory microvascular systems have produced a highly tractable low-pressure low-resistance region that facilitates optimal perfusion. In complex animals, the sheet-flow design is a prescriptive evolutionary construction for efficient gas exchange by diffusion. The design facilitates the internal and external respiratory media to be exposed to each other over an extensive surface area across a thin tissue barrier. This comprehensive design is a classic paradigm of evolutionary convergence motivated by common enterprise to develop corresponding functionally efficient structures. With appropriate corrections for any relevant intertaxa differences, use of similar morphofunctional models in determining the diffusing capacities of various gas exchangers is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Maina
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, The University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Park Town 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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12
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A morphological study on posterior gills of the mangrove crab Ucides cordatus. Tissue Cell 1999; 31:380-9. [DOI: 10.1054/tice.1999.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/1999] [Accepted: 04/06/1999] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Maina J. Locations, ultrastructural morphology, and putative functions of the branchial podocytes of the fresh water crab Potamon niloticus — Savigy (crustacea, decapoda, potamonidae). Tissue Cell 1998; 30:562-72. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(98)80037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/1997] [Accepted: 06/30/1998] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Astall CA, Anderson SJ, Taylor AC, Atkinson RJA. Comparative studies of the branchial morphology, gill area and gill ultrastructure of some thalassinidean mud-shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidea). J Zool (1987) 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Comparative Pulmonary Morphology and Morphometry: The Functional Design of Respiratory Systems. ADVANCES IN COMPARATIVE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-78598-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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16
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The ultrastructure of the sternal gills forming a striking contrast with the coxal gills in a fresh-water amphipod (crustacea). Tissue Cell 1993; 25:915-28. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(93)90040-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/1993] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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The osmoregulatory tissue around the afferent blood vessels of the coxal gills in the estuarine amphipods, Grandidierella japonica and Melita setiflagella. Tissue Cell 1993; 25:627-38. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(93)90014-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/1993] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Morphology and ultrastructure of the gills of terrestrial crabs (Crustacea, Gecarcinidae and Grapsidae): Adaptations for air-breathing. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01632993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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