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Fischer ML, Parolin LC, Neves FM, Villanueva-Bonilla GA, Vasconellos-Neto J. Effects of food, kinship, and density on the longevity of spiderlings. CAN J ZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2020-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cannibalism is a behavioral characteristic found in a wide variety of animal groups. Although the rates of cannibalism can vary from one group to another, studies indicate that the main factors contributing to an increase in the frequency of such behavior are the availability of food, population density, the behavior and availability of victims, and environmental stress. We carried out different laboratory experiments to assess whether different factors such as the presence or absence of food among siblings and non-siblings, and at different densities among conspecific and heterospecific individuals, affect longevity of recently emerged Brazilian brown recluse (Loxosceles intermedia Mello-Leitão, 1934) and Chilean recluse (Loxosceles laeta (Nicolet, 1849)) spiderlings during periods of starvation. The results revealed that the survivorship of L. laeta during starvation was significantly higher than that of L. intermedia and that the addition of conspecific individuals increased survival rates by 1.5- and 1.6-fold, respectively. The tolerance of conspecifics differed between the two species, and generally, cannibalism was not observed, probably due to the risk of predation and limited consumption by weakened spiders, which coincided with the continued availability of endogenous vitelline reserves, thus indicating that the use of these spiderlings as a food resource may act to regulate starvation in more resistant spiders. The greater longevity and conspecific tolerance of L. laeta may be important factors contributing to the establishment of large populations of this spider in restricted areas, whereas for L. intermedia, hunger probably functions as a trigger for dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Luciane Fischer
- School of Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155, CEP 80215-182, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lays Cherobim Parolin
- School of Education and Humanities, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155, CEP 80215-182, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Felipe Marcel Neves
- Department of Zoology, Federal University of Paraná, R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155, CEP 80215-182, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - German Antonio Villanueva-Bonilla
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, R. Barão Geraldo, CEP 13083-854, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Vasconellos-Neto
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, R. Barão Geraldo, CEP 13083-854, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Canals M, Arriagada N, Solís R. Interactions Between the Chilean Recluse Spider (Araneae: Sicariidae) and an Araneophagic Spitting Spider (Araneae: Scytodidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:109-116. [PMID: 26336293 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tju021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In Chile, all necrotic arachnidism is attributed to the Chilean recluse spider, Loxosceles laeta Nicolet, a species that shares the microenvironmental habitats with the spitting spider Scytodes globula Nicolet. The latter species has been proposed as a potential predator of L. laeta. For this research, we studied the interaction between both species during individual encounters to assess the possibility of population regulation of L. laeta cohorts exposed to this potential predator. We found that in most encounters S. globula prevailed. Also, S. globula preys on spiderlings of L. laeta, with a population effect on cohorts of this species. These findings suggest that S. globula may be influencing L. laeta populations in central Chile. The population regulation of L. laeta by predation would be important because this species, in the absence of predators, has a high reproductive rate, and it can maintain populations of large size. However according to our results, although S. globula may aid in the reduction of both spiderling and adult L. laeta populations, and perhaps other Loxosceles species, it is insufficient for biological control of Loxosceles species. Its presence together with other control measures such as hygiene of the rooms can help to decrease loxoscelism incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Canals
- Programa de Salud Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Poblacional, Escuela de Salud Pública Salvador Allende G., Santiago, Chile. Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. CP: 8380413 and Departamento de Zoología; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile. Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Nicolás Arriagada
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Animales, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, CP: 8820808 Chile
| | - Rigoberto Solís
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Animales, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, CP: 8820808 Chile
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Alfaro C, Veloso C, Torres-ContreraS H, Solis R, Canals M. Thermal niche overlap of the corner recluse spider Loxosceles laeta (Araneae; Sicariidae) and its possible predator, the spitting spider Scytodes globula (Scytodidae). J Therm Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yip EC, Rayor LS. Maternal care and subsocial behaviour in spiders. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2013; 89:427-49. [PMID: 24171917 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While most spiders are solitary and opportunistically cannibalistic, a variety of social organisations has evolved in a minority of spider species. One form of social organisation is subsociality, in which siblings remain together with their parent for some period of time but disperse prior to independent reproduction. We review the literature on subsocial and maternal behaviour in spiders to highlight areas in which subsocial spiders have informed our understanding of social evolution and to identify promising areas of future research. We show that subsocial behaviour has evolved independently at least 18 times in spiders, across a wide phylogenetic distribution. Subsocial behaviour is diverse in terms of the form of care provided by the mother, the duration of care and sibling association, the degree of interaction and cooperation among siblings, and the use of vibratory and chemical communication. Subsocial spiders are useful model organisms to study various topics in ecology, such as kin recognition and the evolution of cheating and its impact on societies. Further, why social behaviour evolved in some lineages and not others is currently a topic of debate in behavioural ecology, and we argue that spiders offer an opportunity to untangle the ecological causes of parental care, which forms the basis of many other animal societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Yip
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, U.S.A
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Wickler W, Seibt U. Pedogenetic Sociogenesis via the “Sibling-route” and some Consequences for Stegodyphus Spiders. Ethology 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1993.tb00452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schneider JM. Food Intake, Growth and Relatedness in the Subsocial Spider, Stegodyphus lineatus (Eresidae). Ethology 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1996.tb01134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Li D, Kuan JYX. Natal dispersal and breeding dispersal of a subsocial spitting spider (Scytodes pallida) (Araneae: Scytodidae), from Singapore. J Zool (1987) 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2005.00028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Preston-Mafham KG, Cahill A. Female-initiated copulations in two tetragnathid spiders from Indonesia: Leucauge nigrovittata and Tylorida ventralis. J Zool (1987) 2000. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb01223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Whitehouse MEA, Jackson RR. Predatory behaviour and parental care in Argyrodes flavipes, a social spider from Queensland. J Zool (1987) 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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