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Carrión O, Zhu XY, Williams BT, Wang J, Zhang XH, Todd JD. Molecular discoveries in microbial DMSP synthesis. Adv Microb Physiol 2023; 83:59-116. [PMID: 37507162 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is one of the Earth's most abundant organosulfur compounds because many marine algae, bacteria, corals and some plants produce it to high mM intracellular concentrations. In these organisms, DMSP acts an anti-stress molecule with purported roles to protect against salinity, temperature, oxidative stress and hydrostatic pressure, amongst many other reported functions. However, DMSP is best known for being a major precursor of the climate-active gases and signalling molecules dimethylsulfide (DMS), methanethiol (MeSH) and, potentially, methane, through microbial DMSP catabolism. DMSP catabolism has been extensively studied and the microbes, pathways and enzymes involved have largely been elucidated through the application of molecular research over the last 17 years. In contrast, the molecular biology of DMSP synthesis is a much newer field, with the first DMSP synthesis enzymes only being identified in the last 5 years. In this review, we discuss how the elucidation of key DMSP synthesis enzymes has greatly expanded our knowledge of the diversity of DMSP-producing organisms, the pathways used, and what environmental factors regulate production, as well as to inform on the physiological roles of DMSP. Importantly, the identification of key DMSP synthesis enzymes in the major groups of DMSP producers has allowed scientists to study the distribution and predict the importance of different DMSP-producing organisms to global DMSP production in diverse marine and sediment environments. Finally, we highlight key challenges for future molecular research into DMSP synthesis that need addressing to better understand the cycling of this important marine organosulfur compound, and its magnitude in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Carrión
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom.
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Beth T Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jinyan Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jonathan D Todd
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom.
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Balch WM, Drapeau DT, Poulton N, Archer SD, Cartisano C, Burnell C, Godrijan J. Osmotrophy of dissolved organic compounds by coccolithophore populations: Fixation into particulate organic and inorganic carbon. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf6973. [PMID: 37224255 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf6973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Coccolithophores are typically thought of as photoautotrophs, yet a few genera inhabit sub-euphotic environments with insufficient light for photosynthesis, suggesting that other carbon acquisition strategies are likely. Field experiments were performed in the northwest Atlantic (a region with potentially abundant coccolithophores). Phytoplankton populations were incubated with 14C-labeled dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compounds, acetate, mannitol, and glycerol. Coccolithophores were sorted from these populations 24 hours later using flow cytometry, and DOC uptake was measured. DOC uptake rates were as high as 10-15 moles cell-1 day-1, slow relative to photosynthesis rates (10-12 moles cell-1 day-1). Growth rates on the organic compounds were low, suggesting that osmotrophy plays more of a survival strategy in low-light situations. Assimilated DOC was found in both particulate organic carbon and calcite coccoliths (particulate inorganic carbon), suggesting that osmotrophic uptake of DOC into coccolithophore calcite is a small but notable part of the biological carbon pump and alkalinity pump paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Balch
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Dr., East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA
| | - David T Drapeau
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Dr., East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA
| | - Nicole Poulton
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Dr., East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA
| | - Stephen D Archer
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Dr., East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA
| | - Carmen Cartisano
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Dr., East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA
| | - Craig Burnell
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Dr., East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA
| | - Jelena Godrijan
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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Curson ARJ, Williams BT, Pinchbeck BJ, Sims LP, Martínez AB, Rivera PPL, Kumaresan D, Mercadé E, Spurgin LG, Carrión O, Moxon S, Cattolico RA, Kuzhiumparambil U, Guagliardo P, Clode PL, Raina JB, Todd JD. DSYB catalyses the key step of dimethylsulfoniopropionate biosynthesis in many phytoplankton. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:430-439. [PMID: 29483657 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is a globally important organosulfur molecule and the major precursor for dimethyl sulfide. These compounds are important info-chemicals, key nutrients for marine microorganisms, and are involved in global sulfur cycling, atmospheric chemistry and cloud formation1-3. DMSP production was thought to be confined to eukaryotes, but heterotrophic bacteria can also produce DMSP through the pathway used by most phytoplankton 4 , and the DsyB enzyme catalysing the key step of this pathway in bacteria was recently identified 5 . However, eukaryotic phytoplankton probably produce most of Earth's DMSP, yet no DMSP biosynthesis genes have been identified in any such organisms. Here we identify functional dsyB homologues, termed DSYB, in many phytoplankton and corals. DSYB is a methylthiohydroxybutryate methyltransferase enzyme localized in the chloroplasts and mitochondria of the haptophyte Prymnesium parvum, and stable isotope tracking experiments support these organelles as sites of DMSP synthesis. DSYB transcription levels increased with DMSP concentrations in different phytoplankton and were indicative of intracellular DMSP. Identification of the eukaryotic DSYB sequences, along with bacterial dsyB, provides the first molecular tools to predict the relative contributions of eukaryotes and prokaryotes to global DMSP production. Furthermore, evolutionary analysis suggests that eukaryotic DSYB originated in bacteria and was passed to eukaryotes early in their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R J Curson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Beth T Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Leanne P Sims
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Deepak Kumaresan
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Elena Mercadé
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lewis G Spurgin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Ornella Carrión
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Simon Moxon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Paul Guagliardo
- The Centre for Microscopy Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Peta L Clode
- The Centre for Microscopy Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.,Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Jean-Baptiste Raina
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan D Todd
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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4
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Pozdnyakov I, Matantseva O, Negulyaev Y, Skarlato S. Obtaining spheroplasts of armored dinoflagellates and first single-channel recordings of their ion channels using patch-clamping. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:4743-55. [PMID: 25199048 PMCID: PMC4178496 DOI: 10.3390/md12094743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion channels are tightly involved in various aspects of cell physiology, including cell signaling, proliferation, motility, endo- and exo-cytosis. They may be involved in toxin production and release by marine dinoflagellates, as well as harmful algal bloom proliferation. So far, the patch-clamp technique, which is the most powerful method to study the activity of ion channels, has not been applied to dinoflagellate cells, due to their complex cellulose-containing cell coverings. In this paper, we describe a new approach to overcome this problem, based on the preparation of spheroplasts from armored bloom-forming dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum. We treated the cells of P. minimum with a cellulose synthesis inhibitor, 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB), and found out that it could also induce ecdysis and arrest cell shape maintenance in these microalgae. Treatment with 100-250 µM DCB led to an acceptable 10% yield of P. minimum spheroplasts and was independent of the incubation time in the range of 1-5 days. We show that such spheroplasts are suitable for patch-clamping in the cell-attached mode and can form 1-10 GOhm patch contact with a glass micropipette, allowing recording of ion channel activity. The first single-channel recordings of dinoflagellate ion channels are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Pozdnyakov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia.
| | - Olga Matantseva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia.
| | - Yuri Negulyaev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia.
| | - Sergei Skarlato
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia.
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5
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Gebser B, Pohnert G. Synchronized regulation of different zwitterionic metabolites in the osmoadaption of phytoplankton. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:2168-82. [PMID: 23774888 PMCID: PMC3721227 DOI: 10.3390/md11062168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to adapt to different seawater salinities is essential for cosmopolitan marine phytoplankton living in very diverse habitats. In this study, we examined the role of small zwitterionic metabolites in the osmoadaption of two common microalgae species Emiliania huxleyi and Prorocentrum minimum. By cultivation of the algae under salinities between 16‰ and 38‰ and subsequent analysis of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), glycine betaine (GBT), gonyol, homarine, trigonelline, dimethylsulfonioacetate, trimethylammonium propionate, and trimethylammonium butyrate using HPLC-MS, we could reveal two fundamentally different osmoadaption mechanisms. While E. huxleyi responded with cell size reduction and a nearly constant ratio between the major metabolites DMSP, GBT and homarine to increasing salinity, osmolyte composition of P. minimum changed dramatically. In this alga DMSP concentration remained nearly constant at 18.6 mM between 20‰ and 32‰ but the amount of GBT and dimethylsulfonioacetate increased from 4% to 30% of total investigated osmolytes. Direct quantification of zwitterionic metabolites via LC-MS is a powerful tool to unravel the complex osmoadaption and regulation mechanisms of marine phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Lessingstr. 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany; E-Mail:
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Larsen A, Bryant S, Båmstedt U. Growth rate and toxicity ofPrymnesium parvumandPrymnesium patelliferum(haptophyta) in response to changes in salinity, light and temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00364827.1998.10413700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Analysis of expressed sequence tags from the marine microalga Pseudochattonella farcimen (Dictyochophyceae). Protist 2011; 163:143-61. [PMID: 21820956 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pseudochattonella farcimen (Eikrem, Edvardsen, et Throndsen) is a unicellular alga belonging to the Dictyochophyceae (Heterokonta). It forms recurring blooms in Scandinavian coastal waters, and has been associated to fish mortality. Here we report the sequencing and analysis of 10,368 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) corresponding to 8,149 unique gene models from this species. Compared to EST libraries from other heterokonts, P. farcimen contains a high number of genes with functions related to cell communication and signaling. We found several genes encoding proteins related to fatty acid metabolism, including eight fatty acid desaturases and two phospholipase A2 genes. Three desaturases are highly similar to Δ4-desaturases from haptophytes. P. farcimen also possesses three putative polyketide synthases (PKSs), belonging to two different families. Some of these genes may have been acquired via horizontal gene transfer by a common ancestor of brown algae and dictyochophytes, together with genes involved in mannitol metabolism, which are also present in P. farcimen. Our findings may explain the unusual fatty acid profile previously observed in P. farcimen, and are discussed from an evolutionary perspective and in relation to the ichthyotoxicity of this alga.
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8
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Somero GN, Yancey PH. Osmolytes and Cell‐Volume Regulation: Physiological and Evolutionary Principles. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp140110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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9
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Vogt M, Vallina SM, Buitenhuis ET, Bopp L, Le Quéré C. Simulating dimethylsulphide seasonality with the Dynamic Green Ocean Model PlankTOM5. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jc005529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Manning SR, La Claire JW. Prymnesins: toxic metabolites of the golden alga, Prymnesium parvum Carter (Haptophyta). Mar Drugs 2010; 8:678-704. [PMID: 20411121 PMCID: PMC2857367 DOI: 10.3390/md8030678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly over the past century, seasonal fish kills associated with toxic blooms of Prymnesium parvum have devastated aquaculture and native fish, shellfish, and mollusk populations worldwide. Protracted blooms of P. parvum can result in major disturbances to the local ecology and extensive monetary losses. Toxicity of this alga is attributed to a collection of compounds known as prymnesins, which exhibit potent cytotoxic, hemolytic, neurotoxic and ichthyotoxic effects. These secondary metabolites are especially damaging to gill-breathing organisms and they are believed to interact directly with plasma membranes, compromising integrity by permitting ion leakage. Several factors appear to function in the activation and potency of prymnesins including salinity, pH, ion availability, and growth phase. Prymnesins may function as defense compounds to prevent herbivory and some investigations suggest that they have allelopathic roles. Since the last extensive review was published, two prymnesins have been chemically characterized and ongoing investigations are aimed at the purification and analysis of numerous other toxic metabolites from this alga. More information is needed to unravel the mechanisms of prymnesin synthesis and the significance of these metabolites. Such work should greatly improve our limited understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of P. parvum and how to mitigate its blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schonna R Manning
- Section of MCD Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A6700, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
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11
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Garza-Sánchez F, Chapman DJ, Cooper JB. NITZSCHIA OVALIS (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) MONO LAKE STRAIN ACCUMULATES 1,4/2,5 CYCLOHEXANETETROL IN RESPONSE TO INCREASED SALINITY(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2009; 45:395-403. [PMID: 27033818 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The growth of microalgae in hypersaline conditions requires that cells accumulate osmoprotectants. In many instances, these are polyols. We isolated the diatom Nitzschia ovalis H. J. Arn. from the saline and alkaline water body Mono Lake (CA, USA). This isolate can grow in salinities ranging from 5 to 120 parts per thousand (ppt) of salt but normally at 90 ppt salinity. In this report, we identified the major polyol osmoprotectant as 1,4/2,5 cyclohexanetetrol by electron ionization-mass spectrometry (EI-MS), (1) H, (13) C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and infrared (IR) and showed an increase in cellular concentration in response to rising salinity. This increase in the cyclitol concentration was evaluated by gas chromatography of the derived tetraacetylated cyclohexanetetrol obtaining an average of 0.7 fmol · cell(-1) at 5 ppt and rising to 22.5 fmol · cell(-1) at 120 ppt. The 1,4/2,5 cyclohexanetetrol was also detected in the red alga Porphyridium purpureum. Analysis of the free amino acid content in N. ovalis cultures exposed to changes in salinity showed that proline and lysine also accumulate with increased salinity, but the cellular concentration of these amino acids is about 10-fold lower than the concentration of 1,4/2,5 cyclohexanetetrol. The comparison of amino acid concentration per cell with cyclitol suggests that this polyol is important in compensating the cellular osmotic pressure due to increased salinity, but other physiological functions could also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Garza-Sánchez
- Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, 93106-9610, USAMolecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, 93106-9610, USA
| | - David J Chapman
- Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, 93106-9610, USAMolecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, 93106-9610, USA
| | - James B Cooper
- Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, 93106-9610, USAMolecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, 93106-9610, USA
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Shibagaki N, Grossman A. The State of Sulfur Metabolism in Algae: From Ecology to Genomics. SULFUR METABOLISM IN PHOTOTROPHIC ORGANISMS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6863-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Shiraiwa Y. Physiological regulation of carbon fixation in the photosynthesis and calcification of coccolithophorids. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 136:775-83. [PMID: 14662302 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(03)00221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica are the predominant coccolithophorid species that produce blooms in the ocean and affect the global environment. These species are capable of carbon fixation by both photosynthesis for organic matter production and by intracellular calcification for coccolith production. Both processes were strongly affected by the nutrient status in a laboratory culture. The coccolith production was stimulated by the addition of a high concentration of sodium bicarbonate and by the depletion of phosphate. Interestingly, when the calcification was stimulated, the increase in cell number during algal growth was greatly suppressed and then the cell volume increased. When the growth rate was increased under nutrient-sufficient conditions, the cells became very small in size and most of them bore few or no coccoliths. The data from laboratory experiments show that the cell growth and calcification proceeded apparently independently at different phases. We, therefore, assume that the coccolithophorid blooms in the ocean might be separated into two phases; firstly, the increase in cell population might be triggered by an adequate supply of nutrients to enhance algal growth and then the calcification might subsequently be stimulated when the nutrients become depleted by substantial algal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Shiraiwa
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan.
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14
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Yoch DC, Ansede JH, Rabinowitz KS. Evidence for Intracellular and Extracellular Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) Lyases and DMSP Uptake Sites in Two Species of Marine Bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:3182-8. [PMID: 16535674 PMCID: PMC1389229 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.8.3182-3188.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) uptake and dimethylsulfide (DMS) production from DMSP in two bacterial species, Alcaligenes sp. strain M3A, an isolate from estuarine surface sediments, and Pseudomonas doudoroffii, from seawater, were investigated. In Alcaligenes cells induced for DMSP lyase (DL) activity, DMS production occurred without DMSP uptake. In DL-induced suspensions of P. doudoroffii, uptake of DMSP preceded the production of DMS, indicating an intracellular location of DL; intracellular DMSP levels reached ca. 7 mM. DMSP uptake rates in noninduced cells showed saturation at three concentrations (K(inft) [transport] values, 3.4, 127, and 500 (mu)M). In DL-induced cells of P. doudoroffii, DMSP uptake rates increased ca. threefold (V(infmax), 0.022 versus 0.065 (mu)mol of DMSP taken up min(sup-1) mg of cell protein(sup-1)), suggesting that the uptake binding proteins were inducible. DMSP uptake and DL activity in P. doudoroffii were both inhibited by CN(sup-), 2,4-dinitrophenol, and membrane-impermeable thiol-binding reagents, further indicating active uptake of DMSP by cell surface components. The respiratory inhibitors had limited or no effect on DL activity by the Alcaligenes sp. Of the structural analogs of DMSP tested for their effect on DMSP metabolism, glycine betaine (GBT), but not methyl-3-mercaptopropionic acid (MMPA), inhibited DMSP uptake by P. doudoroffii, suggesting that GBT shares a binding protein with DMSP and that MMPA is taken up at a separate site. Two models of DMSP uptake, induction, and DL location found in marine bacteria are presented.
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15
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Liss PS, Hatton AD, Malin G, Nightingale PD, Turner SM. Marine sulphur emissions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1997. [DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1997.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The principal volatile sulphur species found in seawater are dimethyl sulphide (DMS), carbonyl sulphide (COS) and carbon disulphide (CS
2
. Of these, DMS is the most abundant and widespread in its distribution. The predominant oceanic source of DMS is dimethylsulphonioproprionate (DMSP), a compatible solute synthesized by phytoplankton for osmoregulation and/or cryoprotection. Not all species have the same ability to form DMSP; for example, diatoms generally produce little, whereas prymnesiophytes and some dinoflagellates make significantly larger amounts. Much of the release of DMSP and DMS to the water occurs on death or through predation of the plankton. Our recent field data strongly suggest that oxidation of DMS to dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) is an important process in the water column, and it is clear that considerable internal cycling in the DMSP/DMS/DMSO system occurs in the euphotic zone. A fraction of the DMS crosses the sea surface and enters the atmosphere where it is oxidized by radicals such OH and NO
3
to form products such as methanesulphonate (MSA), DMSO and non-sea salt sulphate (NSSS) particles. These particles are the main source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) over oceanic areas remote from land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S. Liss
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East AngliaNorWich NR4 7TJUK
| | - Angela D. Hatton
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East AngliaNorWich NR4 7TJUK
| | - Gill Malin
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East AngliaNorWich NR4 7TJUK
| | | | - Suzanne M. Turner
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East AngliaNorWich NR4 7TJUK
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16
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Randall K, Lever M, Peddie BA, Chambers ST. Natural and synthetic betaines counter the effects of high NaCl and urea concentrations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1291:189-94. [PMID: 8980631 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(96)00057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli was used as a model system to evaluate a range of betaines for their ability to protect against salt and urea stresses. Betaine structure determined the salt and urea protective effects. Dimethylthetin conferred salt protection similar to glycine betaine, whereas dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) was less effective than either glycine betaine or dimethylthetin, but similar to propionobetaine (its nitrogen analogue). Hydrophobic alpha-substituents altered salt tolerance. Valine betaine with an aliphatic side group conferred salt tolerance similar to glycine betaine. Betaines containing phenyl groups (phenylglycine, phenylalanine and N-phenylglycine betaines) did not confer salt protection, growth being similar to, or less than the control (no betaine). Hydrophobic groups decreased the ability to protect against urea stresses; valine betaine conferred poor urea tolerance. The addition of an hydroxyl group increased the ability of a betaine to protect against urea denaturation. Proline betaine, an effective salt protector, conferred poor urea tolerance. Increasing the charge separation in the betaine molecule decreased the ability to confer urea tolerance. Thiolanium, pyridinium and triethylglycine betaines, with larger cationic functions, conferred no urea tolerance to E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Randall
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand
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Kieber DJ, Jiao J, Kiene RP, Bates TS. Impact of dimethylsulfide photochemistry on methyl sulfur cycling in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jc03624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Randall K, Lever M, Peddie BA, Chambers ST. Accumulation of natural and synthetic betaines by a mammalian renal cell line. Biochem Cell Biol 1996; 74:283-7. [PMID: 9213438 DOI: 10.1139/o96-030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular accumulation of different betaines was compared in osmotically stressed Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells to model the betaine accumulation specificity of the mammalian inner medulla and to show how this accumulation differed from that of bacteria. All betaines accumulated less than glycine betaine. Arsenobetaine (the arsenic analogue of glycine betaine) accumulated to 12% of the glycine betaine levels and the sulphur analogue dimethylthetin accumulated to >80%. Most substituted glycine betaine analogues accumulated to 2-5% of intracellular glycine betaine concentrations, however, serine betaine accumulated to <0.5% of glycine betaine levels. Inhibition studies to distinguish the betaine ports were performed by the addition of proline. Butyrobetaine and carnitine accumulation was not proline sensitive, whereas that of other betaines was. As with glycine betaine, the accumulation of propionobetaine and dimethylthetin was proline sensitive and osmoregulated. Pyridinium betaine was accumulated by both proline-sensitive and -insensitive systems, with a small increase under osmotic stress. High concentrations (10 times that of glycine betaine) of the dietary betaines proline betaine and trigonelline inhibited total betaine accumulation. Because alpha-substituted betaines are accumulated by bacteria and not by MDCK cells, these betaines may be the basis for design of antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Randall
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand
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Andreae TW, Andreae MO, Schebeske G. Biogenic sulfur emissions and aerosols over the tropical South Atlantic: 1. Dimethylsulfide in sea water and in the atmospheric boundary layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lawrence MG. An empirical analysis of the strength of the phytoplankton-dimethylsulfide-cloud-climate feedback cycle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Anthoni U, Christophersen C, Hougaard L, Nielsen P. Quaternary ammonium compounds in the biosphere—An example of a versatile adaptive strategy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(91)90002-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bürgermeister S, Zimmermann RL, Georgii HW, Bingemer HG, Kirst GO, Janssen M, Ernst W. On the biogenic origin of dimethylsulfide: Relation between chlorophyll, ATP, organismic DMSP, phytoplankton species, and DMS distribution in Atlantic surface water and atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id12p20607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chrominski A, Weber DJ, Smith BN, Hegerhorst DF, Horrocks RD, Burgener KW. Is dimethylsulfonium propionate an osmoprotectant of terrestrial glycophytes? Naturwissenschaften 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00366227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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