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Cáceres-Del-Carpio J, Moustafa MT, Toledo-Corral J, Hamid MA, Atilano SR, Schneider K, Fukuhara PS, Costa RD, Norman JL, Malik D, Chwa M, Boyer DS, Limb GA, Kenney MC, Kuppermann BD. In vitro response and gene expression of human retinal Müller cells treated with different anti-VEGF drugs. Exp Eye Res 2020; 191:107903. [PMID: 31904361 PMCID: PMC7058176 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M Tarek Moustafa
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Mohamed A Hamid
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shari R Atilano
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Schneider
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Paula S Fukuhara
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - J Lucas Norman
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Deepika Malik
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Marilyn Chwa
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - David S Boyer
- Retina-Vitreous Associates Medical Group, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - G Astrid Limb
- Division of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - M Cristina Kenney
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Baruch D Kuppermann
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, USA
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Mammone T, Chidlow G, Casson RJ, Wood JPM. Expression and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in the optic nerve head in a rat model of ocular hypertension. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 88:270-291. [PMID: 29408550 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness manifesting as an age-related, progressive optic neuropathy with associated retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs: p42/44 MAPK, SAPK/JNK, p38 MAPK) are activated in various retinal disease models and likely contribute to the mechanisms of RGC death. Although MAPKs play roles in the development of retinal pathology, their action in the optic nerve head (ONH), where the initial insult to RGC axons likely resides in glaucoma, remains unexplored. METHODS An experimental paradigm representing glaucoma was established by induction of chronic ocular hypertension (OHT) via laser-induced coagulation of the trabecular meshwork in Sprague-Dawley rats. MAPKs were subsequently investigated over the following days for expression and activity alterations, using RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western immunoblot. RESULTS p42/44 MAPK expression was unaltered after intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation, but there was a significant activation of this enzyme in ONH astrocytes after 6-24 h. Activated SAPK/JNK isoforms were present throughout healthy RGC axons but after IOP elevation or optic nerve crush, they both accumulated at the ONH, likely due to RGC axon transport disruption, and were subject to additional activation. p38 MAPK was expressed by a population of microglia which were significantly more populous following IOP elevation. However it was only significantly activated in microglia after 3 days, and then only in the ONH and optic nerve; in the retina it was solely activated in RGC perikarya. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, each of the MAPKs showed a specific spatio-temporal expression and activation pattern in the retina, ONH and optic nerve as a result of IOP elevation. These findings likely reflect the roles of the individual enzymes, and the cells in which they reside, in the developing pathology following IOP elevation. These data have implications for understanding the mechanisms of ocular pathology in diseases such as glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Mammone
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Level 7 Adelaide Health & Medical Sciences Building, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Glyn Chidlow
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Level 7 Adelaide Health & Medical Sciences Building, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Robert J Casson
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Level 7 Adelaide Health & Medical Sciences Building, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - John P M Wood
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Level 7 Adelaide Health & Medical Sciences Building, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Moustafa MT, Ramirez C, Schneider K, Atilano SR, Limb GA, Kuppermann BD, Kenney MC. Protective Effects of Memantine on Hydroquinone-Treated Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells and Human Retinal Müller Cells. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 33:610-619. [PMID: 28961056 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2016.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Memantine (MEM) acts on the glutamatergic system by blocking N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors. The role that MEM plays in protecting retinal cells is unknown. Hydroquinone (HQ) is one of the cytotoxic components in cigarette smoke. In the present study, we tested whether pretreatment with MEM could protect against the cytotoxic effects of HQ on human retinal pigment epithelium cells (ARPE-19) and human retinal Müller cells (MIO-M1) in vitro. METHODS Cells were plated, pretreated for 6 h with 30 μM of MEM, and then exposed for 24 h to 200, 100, 50, and 25 μM of HQ while MEM was still present. Cell viability (CV), reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays were performed. RESULTS HQ-treated cells showed a dose-dependent decrease in CV and ΔΨm, but an increase in ROS production and LDH levels in both cell lines. MEM pretreatment reversed the CV in 50, 100, and 200 μM doses in ARPE-19 cells and at all HQ concentrations in MIO-M1 cells compared to HQ-treated cultures. ROS production was reversed in all HQ concentrations in both cell lines. ΔΨm was significantly increased after MEM pretreatment only in 50 μM HQ concentration for both cell lines. LDH levels were decreased at 50 and 25 μM HQ in ARPE-19 and MIO-M1 cells, respectively. CONCLUSION HQ-induced toxicity is concentration dependent in ARPE-19 and MIO-M1 cultures. MEM exerts protective effects against HQ-induced toxicity on human retinal pigment epithelial and Müller cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Tarek Moustafa
- 1 Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California
- 2 Ophthalmology Department, Minia University , Minia, Egypt
| | - Claudio Ramirez
- 1 Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Kevin Schneider
- 1 Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Shari R Atilano
- 1 Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Gloria Astrid Limb
- 3 Division of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology , London, United Kingdom
| | - Baruch D Kuppermann
- 1 Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Maria Cristina Kenney
- 1 Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California
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Singh PK, Guest JM, Kanwar M, Boss J, Gao N, Juzych MS, Abrams GW, Yu FS, Kumar A. Zika virus infects cells lining the blood-retinal barrier and causes chorioretinal atrophy in mouse eyes. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e92340. [PMID: 28239662 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an important pathogen that causes not only neurologic, but also ocular, abnormalities. Thus, it is imperative that models to study ZIKV pathogenesis in the eye are developed to identify potential targets for interventions. Here, we studied ZIKV interactions with human retinal cells and evaluated ZIKV's pathobiology in mouse eyes. We showed that cells lining the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), the retinal endothelium, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) were highly permissive and susceptible to ZIKV-induced cell death. Direct inoculation of ZIKV in eyes of adult C57BL/6 and IFN-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) KO mice caused chorioretinal atrophy with RPE mottling, a common ocular manifestation of congenital ZIKV infection in humans. This response was associated with induced expression of multiple inflammatory and antiviral (IFNs) response genes in the infected mouse retina. Interestingly, ISG15 KO eyes exhibited severe chorioretinitis, which coincided with increased retinal cell death and higher ZIKV replication. Collectively, our study provides the first evidence to our knowledge that ZIKV causes retinal lesions and infects the cells lining the BRB and that ISG15 plays a role in retinal innate defense against ZIKV infection. Our mouse model can be used to study mechanisms underlying ZIKV-induced chorioretinitis and to gauge ocular antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar Singh
- Kresge Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and
| | | | - Mamta Kanwar
- Kresge Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology
| | - Joseph Boss
- Kresge Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology
| | - Nan Gao
- Kresge Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology
| | | | | | - Fu-Shin Yu
- Kresge Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Kresge Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Shafaie S, Hutter V, Cook MT, Brown MB, Chau DYS. In Vitro Cell Models for Ophthalmic Drug Development Applications. Biores Open Access 2016; 5:94-108. [PMID: 27158563 PMCID: PMC4845647 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2016.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a rapidly expanding field that aims to establish feasible techniques to fabricate biologically equivalent replacements for diseased and damaged tissues/organs. Emerging from this prospect is the development of in vitro representations of organs for drug toxicity assessment. Due to the ever-increasing interest in ocular drug delivery as a route for administration as well as the rise of new ophthalmic therapeutics, there is a demand for physiologically accurate in vitro models of the eye to assess drug delivery and safety of new ocular medicines. This review summarizes current existing ocular models and highlights the important factors and limitations that need to be considered during their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Shafaie
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Postgraduate Medicine, The Research Center in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire , Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Hutter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Postgraduate Medicine, The Research Center in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire , Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T Cook
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Postgraduate Medicine, The Research Center in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire , Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Marc B Brown
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Postgraduate Medicine, The Research Center in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.; MedPharm Ltd., Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - David Y S Chau
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Postgraduate Medicine, The Research Center in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire , Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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Abstract
PURPOSE Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is an immunosuppressive agent that controls noninfectious uveitis. Intravitreal MPA delivery may be a potential adjuvant therapy in patients who have to discontinue steroid or immunosuppressive systemic therapy because of side effects. The aims of this study are to evaluate the in vitro effects of MPA over human retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) and human Muller cells (MIO M-1). METHODS ARPE-19 cells and MIO M-1 cells were exposed to 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL of MPA (Roche Bioscience, Palo Alto, CA) for 24 hours. Toxicity was evaluated by trypan blue dye-exclusion cell viability assay, caspase-3/7 apoptosis-related assay, and JC-1 mitochondrial membrane potential assay. RESULTS The MPA (25 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL) did not cause reduction in cell viability or significant change in caspase-3/7 activity in both cell lines tested. Mycophenolic acid (100 µg/mL) caused a significant decrease in cell viability (P < 0.01) and higher caspase-3/7 activity (P < 0.05) in both cell lines compared with untreated cells. The JC-1 mitochondrial membrane potential did not show statistically significant differences for both cell lines and all concentration tested when compared with untreated controls (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Intraocular delivery may be a potential alternative for the treatment of noninfectious uveitis, either by intravitreal injection or sustained-release drug-delivery systems, in doses of 50 µg/mL or lower.
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Mansoor S, Gupta N, Luczy-Bachman G, Limb GA, Kuppermann BD, Kenney MC. Protective effects of memantine and epicatechin on catechol-induced toxicity on Müller cells in vitro. Toxicology 2010; 271:107-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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