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Ghosh N, Kesh K, Singh PK, Sharma U, Chupikova I, Ramakrishnan S, Roy S. Morphine use induces gastric microbial dysbiosis driving gastric inflammation through TLR2 signalling which is attenuated by proton pump inhibition. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:1582-1596. [PMID: 36585367 PMCID: PMC10175111 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Opioids are the standard drug for pain management; however, their effects on gastric dysfunction are relatively understudied. Opioid users have a higher incidence of gastric pathology leading to increased hospitalization. Herein, we investigated the consequences of morphine use on gastric pathology and the underlying mechanisms. We further investigated the therapeutic benefit of proton pump inhibition to overcome morphine-mediated gastric inflammation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mice were implanted with 25 mg slow-release morphine and placebo pellets. Gastric microbiome analyses were performed. Gastric damage was assayed. Gastric pH was measured. Germ-free and TLR2KO mice were used to investigate the mechanisms. Gastroprotective studies were performed with the proton pump inhibitor (PPI) omeprazole. KEY RESULTS Chronic morphine treatment alters gastric microbial composition and induces preferential expansion of pathogenic bacterial communities such as Streptococcus and Pseudomonas. Morphine causes disruption of the gastric mucosal layer, increases apoptosis, and elevates inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, morphine-mediated gastric pathology was significantly attenuated in germ-free mice, and reconstitution of morphine gastric microbiome in germ-free mice resulted gastric inflammation. In addition, morphine-mediated gastric inflammation was attenuated in TLR2KO mice. Morphine causes a decrease in gastric pH, which contributes to gastric dysbiosis leads to gastric inflammation. Omeprazole treatment inhibits gastric acidity, rescuing morphine-induced gastric dysbiosis and preventing inflammation. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS This study attributes morphine-induced gastric acidity as a driver of gastric dysbiosis and pathology and proposes the therapeutic use of PPI as an inexpensive approach for the clinical management of morphine-associated pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nillu Ghosh
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kousik Kesh
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Praveen Kumar Singh
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Umakant Sharma
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Irina Chupikova
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sundaram Ramakrishnan
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sabita Roy
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
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Ghosh N, Kesh K, Ramakrishnan S, Roy S. Opioid Use in Murine Model Results in Severe Gastric Pathology that May Be Attenuated by Proton Pump Inhibition. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:1136-1150. [PMID: 35605643 PMCID: PMC9379687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Opioids are the gold standard for chronic and acute pain management; however, their consequence on gastric function is relatively understudied. Opioid users have a higher incidence of gastric dysfunction, worse quality of life, increased hospitalizations, and increased use of antiemetic and pain modulator medications. The current study shows that morphine treatment in the murine model results in greater disruption of gastric epithelial cell morphology, increased gastric cell apoptosis, elevated inflammatory cytokines, and matrix metallopeptidase-9 secretion. Morphine treatment also increases gastric acid secretion and causes delays in gastric emptying. Moreover, morphine treatment causes an increase in systemic IL-6 level, which plays an important role in morphine-induced delayed gastric emptying and gastric damage. IL-6 knockout mice show a significant level of reduction in morphine-induced gastric delaying, acid retention, and gastric damage. Thus, morphine-mediated gastric damage is a consequence of the accumulation of acid in the stomach due to increased gastric acid secretion and delayed gastric emptying. Treatment with a proton pump inhibitor resulted in a significant reduction in morphine-induced gastric inflammation, gastric delaying, and improved morphine tolerance. Hence, these studies attribute morphine-mediated induction in gastric acidity and inflammatory cytokines as drivers for morphine-associated gastric pathology and show the therapeutic use of proton pump inhibitors as an inexpensive approach for clinical management of morphine-associated pathophysiology and analgesic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nillu Ghosh
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Kousik Kesh
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Sundaram Ramakrishnan
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Sabita Roy
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida.
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Lay J, Carbone SE, DiCello JJ, Bunnett NW, Canals M, Poole DP. Distribution and trafficking of the μ-opioid receptor in enteric neurons of the guinea pig. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G252-66. [PMID: 27365337 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00184.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The μ-opioid receptor (MOR) is a major regulator of gastrointestinal motility and secretion and mediates opiate-induced bowel dysfunction. Although MOR is of physiological and therapeutic importance to gut function, the cellular and subcellular distribution and regulation of MOR within the enteric nervous system are largely undefined. Herein, we defined the neurochemical coding of MOR-expressing neurons in the guinea pig gut and examined the effects of opioids on MOR trafficking and regulation. MOR expression was restricted to subsets of enteric neurons. In the stomach MOR was mainly localized to nitrergic neurons (∼88%), with some overlap with neuropeptide Y (NPY) and no expression by cholinergic neurons. These neurons are likely to have inhibitory motor and secretomotor functions. MOR was restricted to noncholinergic secretomotor neurons (VIP-positive) of the ileum and distal colon submucosal plexus. MOR was mainly detected in nitrergic neurons of the colon (nitric oxide synthase positive, 87%), with some overlap with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). No expression of MOR by intrinsic sensory neurons was detected. [d-Ala(2), MePhe(4), Gly(ol)(5)]enkephalin (DAMGO), morphiceptin, and loperamide induced MOR endocytosis in myenteric neurons. After stimulation with DAMGO and morphiceptin, MOR recycled, whereas MOR was retained within endosomes following loperamide treatment. Herkinorin or the δ-opioid receptor agonist [d-Ala(2), d-Leu(5)]enkephalin (DADLE) did not evoke MOR endocytosis. In summary, we have identified the neurochemical coding of MOR-positive enteric neurons and have demonstrated differential trafficking of MOR in these neurons in response to established and putative MOR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joslyn Lay
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simona E Carbone
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jesse J DiCello
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Daniel P Poole
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
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Lippl F, Schusdziarra V, Allescher HD. Effect of endomorphin on somatostatin secretion in the isolated perfused rat stomach. Neuropeptides 2001; 35:303-9. [PMID: 12030816 DOI: 10.1054/npep.2001.0886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recently the two peptides endomorphin-1 and -2 were isolated from bovine brain, which are postulated to be endogenous agonists for mu-opiate receptors in the CNS. Since exogenous and endogenous opioids have been shown to influence gastric functions, it was of interest to examine the effects of endomorphin-1 (Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe-NH(2), EM-1) and -2 (Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH(2), EM-2) in the isolated perfused rat stomach. RESULTS EM-1 10(-8) M and 10(-6) M inhibited somatostatin (SLI) levels from a mean of 79 +/- 2.7 pg/min and 73 +/- 2.7 pg/min to 52 +/- 4.0 pg/min (n = 5, n.s.) and 27 +/- 3.0 pg/min (n = 5, P < 0.05), respectively. To characterize the effect on stimulated SLI-secretion, it was prestimulated for 30 min with gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP, 10(-9) M). EM-1 decreased prestimulated SLI-secretion in a concentration-dependent manner from a mean of 469 +/- 64.9 pg/min during the immediately preceding 15 minutes to 184 +/- 12.1 pg/min (67 +/- 4.0 %) at 10(-7) M and from a mean of 1146 +/- 269.6 pg/min to 111 +/- 14.1 pg/min (94 +/- 2.2 %) at 10(-6) M (each n = 6, each P < 0.05). In addition EM-2 was also examined at a concentration of 10(-6) M, which inhibited prestimulated SLI-secretion from a mean of 514 +/- 14.9 pg/min to a nadir of 204 +/- 44.7 pg/min (42 +/- 5 %, n = 6, P < 0.05). Application of the specific mu-opiate receptor antagonist CTOP in doses of 10(-7) to 10(-5) M significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of EM-1 10(-7) M from 67 +/- 4.0 % to 34 +/- 4.7 % (10(-7) M), 33 +/- 3.0 % (10(-6) M) or 30 +/- 8.6 % (10(-5) M), respectively. This residual inhibition, however, was still significantly different from the preceding perfusion period. On the other hand, naloxone 10(-6) M completely abolished the inhibitory effect of EM-1 10(-7) M. Similarly, the inhibitory effect of 10(-6) M EM-1 was also significantly reduced by CTOP from 94 +/- 2.2 % to 60 +/- 10.9 % (10(-7) M), 61 +/- 5.5 % (10(-6) M) or 51 +/- 12.5 % (10(-5) M), respectively, and the residual effect was significantly different from the preceding perfusion period as well. At this higher dose of EM-1 (10(-6) M) naloxone 10(-6) M reduced the effect to 35 +/- 8.2 %, but there was still a significant difference of SLI levels compared to the preceding stimulation period (P < 0.05). Naloxone 10(-6) M reduced the inhibitory effect of EM-2 10(-6) M from 42 +/- 5.0 % to 20 +/- 5.0 % (P < 0.05), which was still significantly different compared to the preceding stimulation period. EM-1 at the doses of 10(-12) M, 10(-10) M, 10(-8) M and 10(-6) M had no significant effect neither on basal gastrin, bombesin (BLI) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) release nor during concomitant infusion of GIP. CONCLUSIONS EM-1 and -2 inhibit basal and prestimulated SLI secretion in the isolated perfused rat stomach, which is in part attenuated by the mu-receptor antagonist CTOP. The greater inhibitory effect of naloxone, which can be demonstrated at least during the lower dose of EM-1, indicates that other opiate receptors contribute as well. The failure of naloxone to completely antagonize the effect of the higher concentration of EM-1 or EM-2 could be due to insufficient dosage or might indicate the involvement of non-opiate receptor mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lippl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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Ramírez C, Calatayud S, Beltrán B, Martínez-Cuesta A, Barrachina D. Effects of endotoxin on neurally-mediated gastric acid secretion in the rat. J Pharm Pharmacol 1997; 49:1239-41. [PMID: 9466350 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1997.tb06077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a peripheral administration of E. coli endotoxin on neurally-mediated gastric acid secretion and the role of endogenous opioids or PAF receptors in endotoxin effects have been evaluated in the continuously perfused stomach of the anaesthetized rat. Gastric acid secretion stimulated by distension (20 cm H2O) was reduced dose-dependently by single intravenous bolus injection of endotoxin (0.1-10 microg kg(-1)). Doses of 5 microg kg(-1) induced a peak reduction of distension-stimulated acid output and significantly reduced the secretory response induced by an intravenous bolus of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (150 mg kg(-1)). This dose of endotoxin did not significantly modify mean systemic arterial blood pressure throughout the experimental period. Pretreatment with the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (1 mg kg(-1) , i.v.) or the platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist WEB 2086 (2 mg kg(-1), i.v.) did not reverse the inhibitory effects of endotoxin (5 microg kg(-1) , i.v.) on acid secretion stimulated by both distension and 2-deoxy-D-glucose. These findings suggest that endotoxin-induced acute inhibition of neurally-mediated acid responses, stimulated by gastric distension or administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose, do not involve the activation of endogenous opioids or PAF receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia, Spain
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Barrachina MD, Whittle BJ, Moncada S, Esplugues JV. Endotoxin inhibition of distension-stimulated gastric acid secretion in rat: mediation by NO in the central nervous system. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 114:8-12. [PMID: 7712033 PMCID: PMC1510176 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1995.tb14898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The involvement of nitric oxide in the acute inhibitory effects of low doses of endotoxin, following intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) or intravenous (i.v.) administration, on gastric acid secretion stimulated by distension or i.v. infusion of pentagastrin has been investigated in the continuously perfused stomach of the anaesthetized rat. 2. The i.c.v. administration of E. coli endotoxin (800 ng kg-1) abolished the acid secretory response induced by gastric distension (20 cm water intragastric pressure) within 30 min of administration. 3. By contrast, submaximal rates of acid secretion induced by i.v. infusion of pentagastrin (8 micrograms kg-1 h-1) were not inhibited by i.c.v. administration of endotoxin (800 ng kg-1). 4. Prior i.c.v. administration of the NO synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 800 micrograms kg-1) restored the acid secretory responses to distension in rats treated with endotoxin (i.c.v.). 5. Likewise, i.v. administration of endotoxin (5 micrograms kg-1) abolished the acid secretory response induced by gastric distension within 30 min of administration. Prior i.c.v. injection of L-NAME (800 micrograms kg-1) or its i.v. administration (10 mg kg-1) restored acid secretory responses in rats receiving i.v. endotoxin. 6. The reversal by L-NAME (i.v.) of the acid inhibitory effects of endotoxin (i.v.) was prevented by L-arginine (12 mg kg-1, i.c.v. or 100 mg kg-1, i.v.), but not by its enantiomer D-arginine. 7. The present results imply the existence of an acute response to endotoxin involving NO synthesis in the brain. NO may act as a neuromodulator or neurotransmitter in a nervous reflex leading to the inhibition of acid secretion stimulated by gastric distension.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Barrachina
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
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Barrachina D, Calatayud S, Esplugues J, Whittle BJ, Moncada S, Esplugues JV. Nitric oxide donors preferentially inhibit neuronally mediated rat gastric acid secretion. Eur J Pharmacol 1994; 262:181-3. [PMID: 7813571 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(94)90044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Continuous i.v. infusion of the nitric oxide (NO) donors, S-nitroso-glutathione (10-50 micrograms kg-1 min-1) and S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (10 micrograms kg-1 min-1) inhibited neuronally mediated gastric acid secretion, as induced by gastric distension (20 cm water) or i.v. bolus administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (150 mg kg-1) in the anaesthetized rat. By contrast, gastric acid responses to i.v. infusion of submaximal doses of pentagastrin (8 micrograms kg-1 h-1) or histamine (1 mg kg-1 h-1) were not influenced by these NO donors. These findings suggest that NO does not directly influence acid secretion in vivo but could play an inhibitory modulator role in neuronally mediated acid responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Barrachina
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
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Intorre L, Mengozzi G, Vanni E, Grassi F, Soldani G. The role of peripheral opioid receptor subtypes in the modulation of gastric acid secretion and plasma gastrin in dogs. Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 243:265-72. [PMID: 8276079 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(93)90184-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The peripheral opioid receptor subtypes involved in the regulation of gastric acid secretion were studied in dogs with both a gastric fistula and a Heidenhain pouch, by using the putative mu-opioid receptor agonist dermorphin, the delta-opioid receptor agonist [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalin (DADLE) and the kappa-opioid receptor agonist dynorphin-(1-13). Dermorphin caused a significant increase in basal acid secretion from both the gastric fistula and the Heidenhain pouch, while DADLE and dynorphin-(1-13) did not. Acid secretion stimulated by 2-deoxy-D-glucose from the gastric fistula was not modified by dermorphin and dynorphin-(1-13), while DADLE significantly inhibited it; at the same time gastric secretion from the Heidenhain pouch was significantly increased by dermorphin and unmodified by DADLE and dynorphin-(1-13). Dermorphin, DADLE or dynorphin-(1-13) did not modify plasma gastrin during basal or 2-deoxy-D-glucose-stimulated conditions. Submaximal bethanechol-stimulated secretion was increased by dermorphin and DADLE but unaffected by dynorphin-(1-13). Acid secretion from the gastric fistula stimulated by pentagastrin was enhanced by dermorphin, inhibited by DADLE and unaffected by dynorphin-(1-13). Dermorphin and DADLE significantly increased acid secretion from the Heidenhain pouch stimulated by pentagastrin, while dynorphin-(1-13) was ineffective. Naloxone prevented the stimulatory effects of dermorphin and DADLE on the Heidenhain pouch, but it reduced acid secretion from the gastric fistula further when given with DADLE. The inhibitory effects of DADLE on secretion from the gastric fistula were prevented by naltrindole, a selective antagonist of delta-opioid receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- L Intorre
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Institute of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Pisa, Italy
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