1
|
Hashemi SMA, Thijssen M, Hosseini SY, Tabarraei A, Pourkarim MR, Sarvari J. Human gene polymorphisms and their possible impact on the clinical outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2089-2108. [PMID: 33934196 PMCID: PMC8088757 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has become one of the most serious health concerns globally. Although multiple vaccines have recently been approved for the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an effective treatment is still lacking. Our knowledge of the pathogenicity of this virus is still incomplete. Studies have revealed that viral factors such as the viral load, duration of exposure to the virus, and viral mutations are important variables in COVID-19 outcome. Furthermore, host factors, including age, health condition, co-morbidities, and genetic background, might also be involved in clinical manifestations and infection outcome. This review focuses on the importance of variations in the host genetic background and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. We will discuss the significance of polymorphisms in the ACE-2, TMPRSS2, vitamin D receptor, vitamin D binding protein, CD147, glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), neuropilin-1, heme oxygenase, apolipoprotein L1, vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 (VKORC1), and immune system genes for the clinical outcome of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Ali Hashemi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Marijn Thijssen
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Seyed Younes Hosseini
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alijan Tabarraei
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Pourkarim
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Health Policy Research Centre, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jamal Sarvari
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Elhabyan A, Elyaacoub S, Sanad E, Abukhadra A, Elhabyan A, Dinu V. The role of host genetics in susceptibility to severe viral infections in humans and insights into host genetics of severe COVID-19: A systematic review. Virus Res 2020; 289:198163. [PMID: 32918943 PMCID: PMC7480444 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Susceptibility to severe viral infections was reported to be associated with genetic variants in immune response genes using case reports and GWAS studies. SARS-CoV-2 is an emergent viral disease that caused millions of COVID-19 cases all over the world. Around 15 % of cases are severe and some of them are accompanied by dysregulated immune system and cytokine storm. There is increasing evidence that severe manifestations of COVID-19 might be attributed to human genetic variants in genes related to immune deficiency and or inflammasome activation (cytokine storm). OBJECTIVE Identify the candidate genes that are likely to aid in explaining severe COVID-19 and provide insights to understand the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19. METHODS In this article, we systematically reviewed genes related to viral susceptibility that were reported in human genetic studies (Case-reports and GWAS) to understand the role of host viral interactions and to provide insights into the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19. RESULTS We found 40 genes associated with viral susceptibility and 21 of them were associated with severe SARS-CoV disease and severe COVID-19. Some of those genes were implicated in TLR pathways, others in C-lectin pathways, and others were related to inflammasome activation (cytokine storm). CONCLUSION This compilation represents a list of candidate genes that are likely to aid in explaining severe COVID-19 which are worthy of inclusion in gene panels and during meta-analysis of different variants in host genetics studies of COVID-19. In addition, we provide several hypotheses for severe COVID-19 and possible therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelazeem Elhabyan
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, AZ, USA; Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Gharbia, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Saja Elyaacoub
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Ehab Sanad
- Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Gharbia, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Asmaa Elhabyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Gharbia, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Valentin Dinu
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Haller O, Kochs G. Mx genes: host determinants controlling influenza virus infection and trans-species transmission. Hum Genet 2019; 139:695-705. [PMID: 31773252 PMCID: PMC7087808 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human MxA protein, encoded by the interferon-inducible MX1 gene, is an intracellular influenza A virus (IAV) restriction factor. It can protect transgenic mice from severe IAV-induced disease, indicating a key role of human MxA for host survival and suggesting that natural variations in MX1 may account for inter-individual differences in disease severity among humans. MxA also provides a robust barrier against zoonotic transmissions of avian and swine IAV strains. Therefore, zoonotic IAV must acquire MxA escape mutations to achieve sustained human-to-human transmission. Here, we discuss recent progress in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Otto Haller
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Georg Kochs
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Z, Wang C, Liu Z, Zou G, Li J, Lu M. Host Genetic Determinants of Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Front Genet 2019; 10:696. [PMID: 31475028 PMCID: PMC6702792 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still a major health problem worldwide. Recently, a great number of genetic studies based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genome-wide association studies have been performed to search for host determinants of the development of chronic HBV infection, clinical outcomes, therapeutic efficacy, and responses to hepatitis B vaccines, with a focus on human leukocyte antigens (HLA), cytokine genes, and toll-like receptors. In addition to SNPs, gene insertions/deletions and copy number variants are associated with infection. However, conflicting results have been obtained. In the present review, we summarize the current state of research on host genetic factors and chronic HBV infection, its clinical type, therapies, and hepatitis B vaccine responses and classify published results according to their reliability. The potential roles of host genetic determinants of chronic HBV infection identified in these studies and their clinical significance are discussed. In particular, HLAs were relevant for HBV infection and pathogenesis. Finally, we highlight the need for additional studies with large sample sizes, well-matched study designs, appropriate statistical methods, and validation in multiple populations to improve the treatment of HBV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,College of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Changtai Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Anqing Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anqing, China
| | - Zhongping Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guizhou Zou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rebbani K, Ababou M, Nadifi S, Kandil M, Marchio A, Pineau P, Ezzikouri S, Benjelloun S. Myxovirus resistance 1 gene polymorphisms and outcomes of viral hepatitis B and C infections in Moroccan patients. J Med Virol 2016; 89:647-652. [PMID: 27458866 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Host genetic factors may influence the establishment of chronicity or spontaneous clearance in viral hepatitis B and C infections. More light was shed on the role played by interferon-stimulated genes in the innate immunity. Myxovirus resistance 1 (MX1) is one of those key genes that have reported to inhibit several viruses. The present study aims to explore the possible association of -88G/T and -123C/A promoter variants of MX1 with susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B and C and/or with spontaneous clearance in a Moroccan population. The -88G/T and -123C/A SNPs were genotyped by PCR-RFLP in 538 individuals stratified into HBV chronically infected patients (n = 120), HCV-chronically infected patients (n = 115), HBV spontaneously resolved subjects (n = 114), HCV spontaneously resolved group (n = 52), and healthy controls (n = 137). A significant association of -123C allele with HBV spontaneous clearance has been found (P = 0.002, OR = 2.34; 95%CI [1.36-4]). In addition, a significant correlation between the MX1-GC haplotype and HBV spontaneous clearance (P < 0.001) was found. No significant association of -88G/T and -123C/A polymorphisms with regard to HCV infection was observed in this study. Here, we show that for North African patients with chronic hepatitis, MX1 gene variation at position -123 may influence the outcome of HBV infection but not HCV infection. J. Med. Virol. 89:647-652, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Rebbani
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc., Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mostafa Ababou
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc., Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Sellama Nadifi
- Laboratoire de génétique médicale et de pathologie moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mostafa Kandil
- Equipe d'Anthropogénétique et biotechnologies, Faculté des Sciences, Université Chouaïb Doukkali., El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Agnès Marchio
- Unité «Organisation nucléaire et oncogenèse», INSERM U993, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Pineau
- Unité «Organisation nucléaire et oncogenèse», INSERM U993, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sayeh Ezzikouri
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc., Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Soumaya Benjelloun
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc., Casablanca, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Song L, Ma N, Han L, Yan H, Yan B, Yuan Z, Cao B. Association between LMP2/LMP7 genetic variability and the metastasis risk of ovarian cancer in Chinese women in Beijing. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:239-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
7
|
Zhang X, Xu H, Chen X, Li X, Wang X, Ding S, Zhang R, Liu L, He C, Zhuang L, Li H, Zhang P, Yang H, Li T, Liu W, Cao W. Association of functional polymorphisms in the MxA gene with susceptibility to enterovirus 71 infection. Hum Genet 2013; 133:187-97. [PMID: 24085612 PMCID: PMC7088390 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1367-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Myxovirus resistance A (MxA) is an antiviral protein induced by type I interferons α and β (IFN-α and IFN-β) that can inhibit virus replication. We examined whether the MxA polymorphisms were related to the risk and severity of enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection in Chinese populations. The MxA C-123A and G-88T polymorphisms were genotyped in two independent case–control populations in China by polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CIs). MxA messenger RNA was quantified by real-time quantitative PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 45 healthy children and 19 patients with EV71 infection. Significantly decreased susceptibility to EV71 infection was observed for the -123A allele and -88T allele carriers, with ORs (95 % CIs) estimated as 0.56 (0.39–0.81) and 0.64 (0.47–0.88), respectively, in the northern population. This association was confirmed in the southern population, with ORs (95 % CIs) estimated as 0.58 (0.38–0.89) and 0.67(0.47–0.95), respectively. The A-123T-88 haplotype was also significantly associated with lower risk of EV71 infection in both the northern (OR = 0.62; 95 % CI = 0.44–0.85) and the southern population (OR = 0.63; 95 % CI = 0.43–0.92). Furthermore, we observed higher MxA messenger RNA levels in IFNβ1a-stimulated PBMCs from the -123A or -88T allele carriers compared with that from nocarriers. Our findings suggest that polymorphisms in the MxA promoter may play a role in mediating the susceptibility to EV71 infection in Chinese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071 People’s Republic of China
- School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiujun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071 People’s Republic of China
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianjun Wang
- Shandong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250001 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shujun Ding
- Shandong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250001 People’s Republic of China
| | - Renli Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518020 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Cui He
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Panhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingyu Li
- Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wuchun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tran Thi Duc T, Desmecht D, Cornet A. Functional characterization of new allelic polymorphisms identified in the promoter region of the human MxA gene. Int J Immunogenet 2012; 40:316-9. [PMID: 22985419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2012.01153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Mx proteins are high-molecular-weight dynamin-like proteins whose expression depends strictly on type-I and type-III interferons (IFN). Some isoforms are able to inhibit the life cycle of one or several viruses and are thus components of innate immune response. The human MxA protein displays the broadest antiviral spectrum which makes it appear as a key antiviral effector of innate immunity. Allelic polymorphisms located in the MxA gene promoter can be expected to affect the magnitude of MxA mRNA transcription in response to IFNs and therefore to alter the severity of viral diseases in humans. Here, three single nucleotide polymorphism sites (-309, -101 and +20) were examined for their ability to alter MxA gene promoter-driven reporter expression. We show that, besides the previously reported role of -123A and -88T, the presence of -101G is equally important. Moreover, when a promoter construct carries these three critical nucleotides, a first additional positive effect is conferred by a C at position -309 and, in this latter case, a second additional effect is produced by a A at position +20. This finding is clinically useful to improve prediction of IFN-responsiveness in patients not only with viral diseases for which type-I IFN therapy is used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Tran Thi Duc
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Detection of new biallelic polymorphisms in the human MxA gene. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:8533-8. [PMID: 22714910 PMCID: PMC7088644 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1708-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The interferon-inducible human MxA protein plays an important role in innate defense against an array of viruses. One might expect allelic diversity at the MxA locus to influence the timing and magnitude of its expression or even the range of viruses whose biological cycle is inhibited by the encoded product. Here we have collected 267 samples of genomic DNA from three distinct populations (European, Asian, and African) and have systematically sequenced the promoter of the MxA gene and its 17 exons in order to inventory its allelic variants. Eighteen single-nucleotide polymorphisms were detected, four of which had never been identified before. Two of these, located in the promoter (at positions -309 and -101 respectively), might affect the MxA expression pattern. The other two result in substitutions (Gly255Glu and Val268Met) in the protein's N-terminal region that might directly affect its antiviral function.
Collapse
|
10
|
Strobl B, Leitner NR, Müller M. Multifaceted Antiviral Actions of Interferon-stimulated Gene Products. JAK-STAT SIGNALING : FROM BASICS TO DISEASE 2012. [PMCID: PMC7121797 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0891-8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are extremely powerful cytokines for the host defence against viral infections. Binding of IFNs to their receptors activates the JAK/STAT signalling pathway with the Janus kinases JAK1, 2 and TYK2 and the signal transducer and activators of transcription (STAT) 1 and STAT2. Depending on the cellular setting, additional STATs (STAT3-6) and additional signalling pathways are activated. The actions of IFNs on infected cells and the surrounding tissue are mediated by the induction of several hundred IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Since the cloning of the first ISGs, considerable progress has been made in describing antiviral effector proteins and their many modes of action. Effector proteins individually target distinct steps in the viral life cycle, including blocking virus entry, inhibition of viral transcription and translation, modification of viral nucleic acids and proteins and, interference with virus assembly and budding. Novel pathways of viral inhibition are constantly being elucidated and, additionally, unanticipated functions of known antiviral effector proteins are discovered. Herein, we outline IFN-induced antiviral pathways and review recent developments in this fascinating area of research.
Collapse
|
11
|
Chai Y, Huang HL, Hu DJ, Luo X, Tao QS, Zhang XL, Zhang SQ. IL-29 and IFN-α regulate the expression of MxA, 2',5'-OAS and PKR genes in association with the activation of Raf-MEK-ERK and PI3K-AKT signal pathways in HepG2.2.15 cells. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 38:139-43. [PMID: 20309637 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) can activate the PI3K-AKT and Raf-MEK-ERK signal pathways and induce antiviral proteins (MxA, 2',5'-OAS and PKR) expression in specific cell lines. However, the relationship between those antiviral proteins expression and signal pathways remains unknown at present. Thus our experiments were designed to determine the exact relationship in HepG2.2.15 cell line. The results demonstrated that IFN-α and IL-29 were both able to activate PI3K-AKT and Raf-MEK-ERK signal pathways, and IFN-α up-regulated the expression of MxA, 2',5'-OAS and PKR whereas IL-29 increased mRNA expression of MxA and 2',5'-OAS and had no influence on PKR. Furthermore, MxA, 2',5'-OAS and PKR expression were down-regulated while PI3K-AKT signal pathway was blocked by LY294002. And MxA was up-regulated after Raf-MEK-ERK signal pathway being blocked by PD98059. These findings indicate that the expression of MxA, 2',5'-OAS and PKR are up-regulate by PI3K-AKT signal pathway, and Raf-MEK-ERK signal pathway has a negative regulatory effect on the expression of MxA and no significant effect on 2',5'-OAS and PKR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, 69 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Structural and Functional Studies of The Innate Immune Effector Mx Proteins: a Review. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2009.00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|