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Newar SL, Schneiderová I, Hughes B, Bowman J. Ultrasound and ultraviolet: crypsis in gliding mammals. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17048. [PMID: 38549780 PMCID: PMC10977092 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Gliding is only present in six extant groups of mammals-interestingly, despite divergent evolutionary histories, all mammalian gliders are strictly nocturnal. Gliding mammals also seem to have relatively high rates of ultrasound use and ultraviolet-induced photoluminescence (UVP) in contrast with their close relatives. Therefore, we hypothesized that, despite diverging lineages, gliding mammals use similar modes of cryptic communication compared to their non-gliding counterparts. We developed two datasets containing the vocal range (minimum-maximum of the dominant harmonic; kHz) and UVP of 73 and 82 species, respectively; we report four novel vocal repertoires and 57 novel observations of the presence or absence of UVP. We complemented these datasets with information about body size, diel activity patterns, habitat openness, and sociality to explore possible covariates related to vocal production and UVP. We found that the maximum of the dominant harmonic was significant higher in gliding mammals when vocalizing than their non-gliding relatives. Additionally, we found that nocturnality was the only significant predictor of UVP, consistent with the previous hypothesis that luminophores primarily drive UVP in mammal fur. In contrast, however, we did not find UVP ubiquitous in nocturnal mammals, suggesting that some unknown process may contribute to variation in this trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha L. Newar
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | | | - Bryan Hughes
- Faculty of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Jeff Bowman
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Foresty, Peterborough, ON, Canada
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2
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Reinhold LM, Rymer TL, Helgen KM, Wilson DT. Photoluminescence in mammal fur: 111 years of research. J Mammal 2023; 104:892-906. [PMID: 37545668 PMCID: PMC10399922 DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyad027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoluminescence in the pelage of mammals, a topic that has gained considerable recent research interest, was first documented in the 1700s and reported sporadically in the literature over the last century. The first detailed species accounts were of rabbits and humans, published 111 years ago in 1911. Recent studies have largely overlooked this earlier research into photoluminescent mammalian taxa and their luminophores. Here we provide a comprehensive update on existing research on photoluminescence in mammal fur, with the intention of drawing attention to earlier pioneering research in this field. We provide an overview on appropriate terminology, explain the physics of photoluminescence, and explore pigmentation and the ubiquitous photoluminescence of animal tissues, before touching on the emerging debate regarding visual function. We then provide a chronological account of research into mammalian fur photoluminescence, from the earliest discoveries and identification of luminophores to the most recent studies. While all mammal fur is likely to have a general low-level photoluminescence due to the presence of the protein keratin, fur glows luminously under ultraviolet light if it contains significant concentrations of tryptophan metabolites or porphyrins. Finally, we briefly discuss issues associated with preserved museum specimens in studies of photoluminescence. The study of mammal fur photoluminescence has a substantial history, which provides a broad foundation on which future studies can be grounded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Reinhold
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, P.O. Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia
| | - Tasmin L Rymer
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, P.O. Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Sciences, James Cook University, P.O. Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia
| | - Kristofer M Helgen
- Australian Museum Research Institute, 1 William Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - David T Wilson
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
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3
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Chavanne C, Troalen LG, Fronty IB, Buléon P, Walter P. Noninvasive Characterization and Quantification of Anthraquinones in Dyed Woolen Threads by Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7674-7682. [PMID: 35584233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The anthraquinone components of the roots of various species of madder (like Rubia tinctorum L. and Rubia peregrina L.) have been used for millennia as red colorants in textiles, carpets, tapestries, and other objects. To understand the selection and preparation of dyestuffs in various cultures and historical periods, these dyes (mainly alizarin and purpurin) are traditionally analyzed by means of separation methods that require sampling. This contribution focuses on establishing a fast, noninvasive, and in situ analytical procedure based on visible reflectance spectroscopy for the characterization and quantification of anthraquinones in ancient wool yarns. The method was successfully applied to Coptic textiles, and the analytical results are in agreement with prior observations obtained on samples by separation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Chavanne
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale (LAMS), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Lore G Troalen
- National Museums Scotland, Collections Services Department, National Museums Collection Centre, Edinburgh EH5 1JA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Pascal Buléon
- Université de Caen Normandie, CNRS, Maison de la Recherche en Sciences Humaines, MRSH, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Philippe Walter
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale (LAMS), 75005, Paris, France
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Gérard V, Galopin C, Ay E, Launay V, Morlet-Savary F, Graff B, Lalevée J. Photostability of l-tryptophan in aqueous solution: Effect of atmosphere and antioxidants addition. Food Chem 2021; 359:129949. [PMID: 33957330 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
l-Tryptophan (l-Trp) is an amino acid important in nutrition, and mainly provided by food supplements. However, it is known to be unstable under light irradiation, which is an issue for the nutrition and feed industry. In the present study, the photostability of l-Trp was studied in acidic aqueous solutions under air and under an inert atmosphere, N2. The photodegradation was followed using UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy after photolysis. Moreover, molecular orbitals and bond dissociation energies calculations, and electron spin resonance spectroscopy were performed. From all these results, a photodegradation occurring through a free radical pathway was suggested. Interestingly, several antioxidants were tested to improve the photostability of l-Trp, especially during irradiation under air, since the l-Trp was evidenced to be much less stable under air than under N2. The results showed that sodium benzoate or EDTA were not efficient, but antioxidants such as chlorogenic acid, ascorbic acid or potassium sorbate improved significantly the photostability of l-Trp in acidic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Gérard
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France; Université de Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Christophe Galopin
- PepsiCo Global Beverage Research and Development, 100 East Stevens Avenue, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
| | - Emel Ay
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France; Université de Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Valentin Launay
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France; Université de Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Fabrice Morlet-Savary
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France; Université de Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Bernadette Graff
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France; Université de Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France; Université de Strasbourg, F-67000, France.
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Xu J, Kralles ZT, Hart CH, Dai N. Effects of Sunlight on the Formation Potential of Dichloroacetonitrile and Bromochloroacetonitrile from Wastewater Effluents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3245-3255. [PMID: 32068383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight plays an important role in transforming effluent organic matter as wastewater effluents travel downstream, but the corresponding effects on the formation of haloacetonitriles (HANs), a group of toxic disinfection byproducts, in wastewater-impacted surface water have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we observed that sunlight preferentially attenuated the formation potential of bromochloroacetonitrile (BCAN-FP) over that of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN-FP) in chlorine- and UV-disinfected secondary effluents. For four effluent samples from different plants, 36 h of irradiation by simulated sunlight removed 28-33% of DCAN-FP and 41-48% of BCAN-FP. Across a larger set of effluent samples (n = 18), 8 h of irradiation (equivalent to 2-3 d of natural sunlight) decreased the calculated cytotoxicity contributed by dihaloacetonitrile-FP in most samples. Similar behavior was observed for a mixture of wastewater and surface water (volume ratio 1:1). For UV-disinfected effluents, the higher the UV dose, the more likely was there a reduction in DCAN-FP and BCAN-FP in the subsequent sunlight irradiation. Experiments with model compounds showed that fulvic acid and UV photoproducts of tryptophan yield excited triplet-state organic matters during sunlight irradiation and play an important role in promoting the attenuation of HAN precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Xu
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Zachary T Kralles
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Christine H Hart
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Ning Dai
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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Lai CW, Schwab M, Hill SC, Santarpia J, Pan YL. Raman scattering and red fluorescence in the photochemical transformation of dry tryptophan particles. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:11654-11667. [PMID: 27410091 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.011654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan is a fluorescent amino acid common in proteins. Its absorption is largest for wavelengths λ ≲ 290 nm and its fluorescence emissions peak around 300-350 nm, depending upon the local environment. Here we report the observation of red fluorescence near 600 nm emerging from 488-nm continuous-wave (CW) laser photoexcitation of dry tryptophan (Trp) particles. With an excitation intensity below 0.5 kW/cm2, dry Trp particles yield distinctive Raman scattering peaks in the presence of relatively weak and spectrally broad emissions with λ ∼500-700 nm, allowing estimation of particle temperature at low excitation intensities. When the photoexcitation intensity is increased to 1 kW/cm2 or more for a few minutes, fluorescence intensity dramatically increases by more than two orders of magnitude. The fluorescence continues to increase in intensity and gradually shift to the red when photoexcitation intensity and the duration of exposure are increased. The resulting products absorb at visible wavelengths and generate red fluorescence with λ ∼ 650-800 nm with 633-nm CW laser excitation. We attribute the emergence of orange and red fluorescence in the Trp products to a photochemical transformation that is instigated by weak optical transitions to triplet states in Trp with 488-nm excitation and which may be expedited by a photothermal effect.
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Plowman JE, Deb-Choudhury S, Grosvenor AJ, Dyer JM. Protein oxidation: identification and utilisation of molecular markers to differentiate singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical-mediated oxidative pathways. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 12:1960-7. [PMID: 24057301 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50182e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of reactive oxidation species (ROS) on tryptophan or tyrosine was investigated by qualitatively determining the major detectable oxidation products generated by hydroxyl radicals, produced by the Fenton process, or singlet oxygen, generated by exposure to green light in the presence of Rose Bengal, on these photosensitive amino acids in synthetic pentapeptides. Based on mass spectrometric analysis it would appear that the hydroxyl radical favours a pathway leading to the formation of tryptophandione-based products from tryptophan. In contrast singlet oxygen attack appears to favour the formation of kynurenine-type products from tryptophan. Specific oxidative products observed proteomically are therefore potentially able to discriminate between predominant ROS-mediated pathways. To validate these findings, a keratin-enriched extract was exposed to UVB light under aqueous conditions. The observation of the conversion of tryptophan to hydroxytryptophan in marker peptides, and the absence of singlet-oxygen specific modifications, suggested that under these conditions oxidative degradation occurred primarily via hydroxyl radical attack. These observations provide the first direct proteomic evidence of the dominant photodegradation pathways in wet wool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Plowman
- Food & Bio-Based Products, AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Li Y, Polozova A, Gruia F, Feng J. Characterization of the degradation products of a color-changed monoclonal antibody: tryptophan-derived chromophores. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6850-7. [PMID: 24937252 DOI: 10.1021/ac404218t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We describe the characterization of degradation products responsible for color change in near UV-visible light-irradiated and heat-stressed monoclonal antibody (mAb) drug product in liquid formulation. The treated samples were characterized using reversed-phase HPLC and size-exclusion HPLC with absorption spectroscopy. Both methods showed color change was due to chromophores formed on the mAb but not associated with the formulation excipients in both light-irradiated and heat-stressed mAb samples. These chromophores were further located by a new peptide mapping methodology with a combination of mass spectrometry and absorption spectroscopy. Mass spectrometry identified the major tryptophan oxidation products as kynurenine (Kyn), N-formylkynurenine (NFK), and hydroxytryptophan (OH-Trp). The absorption spectra showed that each of the tryptophan oxidation products exhibited a distinct absorption band above 280 nm shifted to the longer wavelengths in the order of OH-Trp < NFK < Kyn. The Kyn-containing peptide was detected by absorption at 420 nm. No new absorption bands were observed for either methionine or histidine oxidation products. This confirmed that tryptophan oxidation products, but not methionine and histidine oxidation products, were responsible for the color change. It is worth noting that a new oxidation product with the loss of hydrogen (2 Da mass decrease) for Trp-107 of the heavy chain was identified in the heat-stressed mAb sample. This oxidized tryptophan residue exhibited a distinct absorption band at the maximum absorbance wavelength 335 nm, which is responsible for the color change to yellow. This study showed that the new peptide mapping methodology with a combination of mass spectrometry and absorption spectroscopy is useful to identify tryptophan oxidation products as chromophores responsible for color change in stressed mAb drug product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Li
- MedImmune , Analytical Biotechnology, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
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Longo VM, da Silva Pinheiro A, Sambrano JR, Agnelli JAM, Longo E, Varela JA. Towards an insight on photodamage in hair fibre by UV-light: An experimental and theoretical study. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013; 35:539-45. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. M. Longo
- INCTMN; Universidade Estadual Paulista; P.O. Box 355 CEP 14801-907 Araraquara SP Brazil
| | | | - J. R. Sambrano
- Grupo de Simulação Molecular, DM; Universidade Estadual Paulista; Box 473 17033-360 Bauru Brazil
| | - J. A. M. Agnelli
- Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia de Materiais; UFSCar; P.O. Box 676 13565-905 São Carlos SP Brazil
| | - E. Longo
- INCTMN; Universidade Estadual Paulista; P.O. Box 355 CEP 14801-907 Araraquara SP Brazil
| | - J. A. Varela
- INCTMN; Universidade Estadual Paulista; P.O. Box 355 CEP 14801-907 Araraquara SP Brazil
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Jus S, Kokol V, Guebitz GM. Tyrosinase-Catalysed Coating of Wool Fibres With Different Protein-Based Biomaterials. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 20:253-69. [DOI: 10.1163/156856209x404523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Jus
- a Technical University of Graz, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria; University of Maribor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Textile Materials and Design, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Vanja Kokol
- b University of Maribor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Textile Materials and Design, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Georg M. Guebitz
- c Technical University of Graz, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Hamdy MS, Scott EL, Carr RH, Sanders JPM. A Novel Photocatalytic Conversion of Tryptophan to Kynurenine Using Black Light as a Light Source. Catal Letters 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-012-0775-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Bracchitta G, Catalfo A, De Guidi G. Photoinduced protein modifications by methylene blue and naproxen. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:1886-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25067e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Catalfo A, Bracchitta G, De Guidi G. Role of aromatic amino acid tryptophan UVA-photoproducts in the determination of drug photosensitization mechanism: a comparison between methylene blue and naproxen. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:1467-75. [DOI: 10.1039/b9pp00028c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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