Longevity assurance genes: how do they influence aging and life span?

Mitochondrial Aging and Senolytic Natural Products with Protective Potential

Living organisms do not disregard the laws of thermodynamics and must therefore consume energy for their survival. In this way, cellular energy exchanges, which aim above all at the production of ATP, a fundamental molecule used by the cell for its metabolisms, favor the formation of waste products that, if not properly disposed of, can contribute to cellular aging and damage. Numerous genes have been linked to aging, with some favoring it (gerontogenes) and others blocking it (longevity pathways). Animal model studies have shown that calorie restriction (CR) may promote longevity pathways, but given the difficult application of CR in humans, research is investigating the use of CR-mimetic substances capable of producing the same effect. These include some phytonutrients such as oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, epigallo-catechin-gallate, fisetin, quercetin, and curcumin and minerals such as magnesium and selenium. Some of them also have senolytic effects, which promote the apoptosis of defective cells that accumulate over the years (senescent cells) and disrupt normal metabolism. In this article, we review the properties of these natural elements that can promote a longer and healthier life.

Garbage catastrophe theory of aging: imperfect removal of oxidative damage?

Increasing evidence suggests an important role of oxidant-induced damage in the progress of senescent changes, providing support for the free radical theory of aging proposed by Harman in 1956. However, considering that biological organisms continuously renew their structures, it is not clear why oxidative damage should accumulate with age. No strong evidence has been provided in favor of the concept of aging as an accumulation of synthetic errors (e.g. Orgel's 'error-catastrophe' theory and the somatic mutation theory). Rather, we believe that the process of aging may derive from imperfect clearance of oxidatively damaged, relatively indigestible material, the accumulation of which further hinders cellular catabolic and anabolic functions. From this perspective, it might be predicted that: (i) suppression of oxidative damage would enhance longevity; (ii) accumulation of incompletely digested material (e.g. lipofuscin pigment) would interfere with cellular functions and increase probability of death; (iii) rejuvenation during reproduction is mainly provided by dilution of undigested material associated with intensive growth of the developing organism; and (iv) age-related damage starts to accumulate substantially when development is complete, and mainly affects postmitotic, cells and extracellular matrix, not proliferating cells. There is abundant support for all these predictions.

Support for basic gerontological research in the USA

Support for research in basic gerontology in the United States of America is briefly described. The support mechanisms, how to apply for a grant, and priority areas of research are outlined, and recent progress in a few of these priority areas is discussed. In general, government support for biogerontology research has been generous, and as a result considerable progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms of aging in animal model systems. Translation of these findings to humans, and development of interventions to promote healthy aging in humans remain an unfulfilled priority, but new knowledge and development of better technologies and model systems suggest an optimistic future.

21st Century: Review: Ageing and medicine

Throughout the world, populations are ageing. The response of the health services needs to be based on a knowledge of the nature of human ageing and the principles of rational health care for older people. Ageing comes about from interactions between intrinsic (genetic) and extrinsic (environment and lifestyle) factors. Health care has to be responsive to the general needs of older people, but also to recognize the heterogeneity produced by different rates and patterns of individual ageing. There are now real possibilities of improving the course of human ageing through modulation of both intrinsic and extrinsic processes. There is also a need to adapt social institutions to what is a permanent change in demography.