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Mather MA, Ho EH, Bedjeti K, Karpouzian-Rogers T, Rogalski EJ, Gershon R, Weintraub S. Measuring Multidimensional Aspects of Health in the Oldest Old Using the NIH Toolbox: Results From the ARMADA Study. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2024:acad105. [PMID: 38216151 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acad105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The percentage of older adults living into their 80s and beyond is expanding rapidly. Characterization of typical cognitive performance in this population is complicated by a dearth of normative data for the oldest old. Additionally, little attention has been paid to other aspects of health, such as motor, sensory, and emotional functioning, that may interact with cognitive changes to predict quality of life and well-being. The current study used the NIH Toolbox (NIHTB) to determine age group differences between persons aged 65-84 and 85+ with normal cognition. METHOD Participants were recruited in two age bands (i.e., 65-84 and 85+). All participants completed the NIHTB Cognition, Motor, Sensation, and Emotion modules. Independent-samples t-tests determined age group differences with post-hoc adjustments using Bonferroni corrections. All subtest and composite scores were then regressed on age and other demographic covariates. RESULTS The 65-84 group obtained significantly higher scores than the 85+ group across all cognitive measures except oral reading, all motor measures except gait speed, and all sensation measures except pain interference. Age remained a significant predictor after controlling for covariates. Age was not significantly associated with differences in emotion scores. CONCLUSIONS Results support the use of the NIHTB in persons over 85 with normal cognition. As expected, fluid reasoning abilities and certain motor and sensory functions decreased with age in the oldest old. Inclusion of motor and sensation batteries is warranted when studying trajectories of aging in the oldest old to allow for multidimensional characterization of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Mather
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emily H Ho
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katy Bedjeti
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tatiana Karpouzian-Rogers
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emily J Rogalski
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard Gershon
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Farrukh S, Habib S, Rafaqat A, Sarfraz A, Sarfraz Z, Tariq H. Association of exercise, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and cognition among older women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2023; 114:105068. [PMID: 37257214 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis explored the effects of structured exercise regimens on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, a proxy for cognitive function, in older women. In this study, we collated evidence from the available clinical trials that reported BDNF levels and other outcomes following structured exercise regimens. Adhering to PRISMA Statement 2020 guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL Plus, and Cochrane were systematically searched using a combination of the following keywords: brain-derived neurotrophic factor, women, exercise, older, cognition, and/or cognitive. A random-effects model was applied; the statistical analysis was conducted in RevMan 5.4 (Cochrane). The risk of bias in the included trials was assessed using the Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool. Across 12 trials, 994 older women were included that were enrolled in different exercise regimens globally. Exercise regimens were categorized as aerobic, resistance/power training, aquatic, taekwondo, and multimodal and ranging from 30 to 60 min, 1-5 times per week across 5-24 weeks. Moderate improvement (Cohen's d: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.04-0.84, p = 0.03) was found in BDNF levels across all trials. There was a small yet insignificant improvement in mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scores (Cohen's d: 0.17, 95% CI: -0.79-1.13, p = 0.73). Aerobic exercise, aquatic exercise, and multimodal regimens showed significant association with improved BDNF levels but the sample size for individual exercise regimens was small A main limitation was the inclusion of 114 (10.3%) males in the data, introducing gender bias. This study provides novel insight into the association between various exercise regimens and BDNF levels among older women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shagufta Habib
- University Medical and Dental College Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Amna Rafaqat
- Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Hira Tariq
- Shalamar Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan
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3
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Blomstrand P, Tesan D, Nylander EM, Ramstrand N. Mind body exercise improves cognitive function more than aerobic- and resistance exercise in healthy adults aged 55 years and older - an umbrella review. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2023; 20:15. [PMID: 37558977 PMCID: PMC10413530 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-023-00325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise is often cited as a major factor contributing to improved cognitive functioning. As a result, the relationship between exercise and cognition has received much attention in scholarly literature. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses present varying and sometimes conflicting results about the extent to which exercise can influence cognition. The aim of this umbrella review was to summarize the effects of physical exercise on cognitive functions (global cognition, executive function, memory, attention, or processing speed) in healthy adults ≥ 55 years of age.Methods An umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta-analyses investigating the effect of exercise on cognition was performed. Databases (CINAHL, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched from inception until June 2023 for reviews of randomized or non-randomised controlled trials. Full-text articles meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed and methodological quality assessed. Overlap within included reviews was assessed using the corrected covered area method (CCA). A random effects model was used to calculate overall pooled effect size with sub-analyses for specific cognitive domains, exercise type and timing of exercise.Results Database searches identified 9227 reviews. A total of 20 met the inclusion criteria. They were based on 332 original primary studies. Overall quality of the reviews was considered moderate with most meeting 8 or more of the 16 AMSTAR 2 categories. Overall pooled effects indicated that exercise in general has a small positive effect on cognition (d = 0.22; SE = 0.04; p < 0.01). Mind-body exercise had the greatest effect with a pooled effect size of (d = 0.48; SE = 0.06; p < 0.001). Exercise had a moderate positive effect on global cognition (d = 0.43; SE = 0,11; p < 0,001) and a small positive effect on executive function, memory, attention, and processing speed. Chronic exercise was more effective than acute exercise. Variation across studies due to heterogeneity was considered very high.Conclusions Mind-body exercise has moderate positive effects on the cognitive function of people aged 55 or older. To promote healthy aging, mind-body exercise should be used over a prolonged period to complement other types of exercise. Results of this review should be used to inform the development of guidelines to promote healthy aging.Trial registration PROSPERO (CDR 42022312955).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Blomstrand
- Department of Natural Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.
- Futurum Academy for Health and Care, Region Jönköping County, Jönköping, Sweden.
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Dario Tesan
- Futurum Academy for Health and Care, Region Jönköping County, Jönköping, Sweden
| | | | - Nerrolyn Ramstrand
- Department of Rehabilitation, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
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Gajewski PD, Golka K, Hengstler JG, Kadhum T, Digutsch J, Genç E, Wascher E, Getzmann S. Does physical fitness affect cognitive functions differently across adulthood? An advantage of being older. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1134770. [PMID: 37397318 PMCID: PMC10312084 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1134770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is a large interindividual variability in cognitive functioning with increasing age due to biological and lifestyle factors. One of the most important lifestyle factors is the level of physical fitness (PF). The link between PF and brain activity is widely accepted but the specificity of cognitive functions affected by physical fitness across the adult lifespan is less understood. The present study aims to clarify whether PF is basically related to cognition and general intelligence in healthy adults, and whether higher levels of PF are associated with better performance in the same or different cognitive functions at different ages. Methods A sample of 490 participants (20-70 years) was analyzed to examine this relationship. Later, the sample was split half into the young to middle-aged group (YM; 20-45 years; n = 254), and the middleaged to older group (MO; 46-70 years; n = 236). PF was measured by a quotient of maximum power in a bicycle ergometry test PWC-130 divided by body weight (W/kg), which was supported by a self-reported level of PF. Cognitive performance was evaluated by standardized neuropsychological test batteries. Results Regression models showed a relationship between PF and general intelligence (g-factor) and its subcomponents extracted using structural equation modeling (SEM) in the entire sample. This association was moderated by age, which also moderated some specific cognitive domains such as attention, logical reasoning, and interference processing. After splitting the sample into two age groups, a significant relationship was found between cognitive status, as assessed by the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), and PF in both age groups. However, apart from cognitive failures in daily life (CFQ), no other association between PF and specific cognitive functions was found in the YM group. In contrast, several positive associations were observed in the MO group, such as with selective attention, verbal memory, working memory, logical reasoning, and interference processing. Discussion These findings show that middle-aged to older adults benefit more from PF than younger to middle-aged adults. The results are discussed in terms of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the cognitive effects of PF across the lifespan. Clinical trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05155397, identifier NCT05155397.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D. Gajewski
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Klaus Golka
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thura Kadhum
- Clinic for Psychosomatic Rehabilitation, Mittelrhein-Klinik, Boppard - Bad Salzig, Boppard, Germany
| | - Jan Digutsch
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
- Institute of Behavioral Science and Technology, University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Erhan Genç
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Edmund Wascher
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stephan Getzmann
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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Solis-Urra P, Molina-Hidalgo C, García-Rivero Y, Costa-Rodriguez C, Mora-Gonzalez J, Fernandez-Gamez B, Olvera-Rojas M, Coca-Pulido A, Toval A, Bellón D, Sclafani A, Martín-Fuentes I, Triviño-Ibañez EM, de Teresa C, Huang H, Grove G, Hillman CH, Kramer AF, Catena A, Ortega FB, Gómez-Río M, Erickson KI, Esteban-Cornejo I. Active Gains in brain Using Exercise During Aging (AGUEDA): protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1168549. [PMID: 37284481 PMCID: PMC10239947 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1168549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is currently the leading cause of dementia and one of the most expensive, lethal and severe diseases worldwide. Age-related decline in executive function is widespread and plays a key role in subsequent dementia risk. Physical exercise has been proposed as one of the leading non-pharmaceutical approaches to improve executive function and ameliorate cognitive decline. This single-site, two-arm, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial (RCT) will include 90 cognitively normal older adults, aged 65-80 years old. Participants will be randomized to a 24-week resistance exercise program (3 sessions/week, 60 min/session, n = 45), or a wait-list control group (n = 45) which will be asked to maintain their usual lifestyle. All study outcomes will be assessed at baseline and at 24-weeks after the exercise program, with a subset of selected outcomes assessed at 12-weeks. The primary outcome will be indicated by the change in an executive function composite score assessed with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery and the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery. Secondary outcomes will include changes in brain structure and function and amyloid deposition, other cognitive outcomes, and changes in molecular biomarkers assessed in blood, saliva, and fecal samples, physical function, muscular strength, body composition, mental health, and psychosocial parameters. We expect that the resistance exercise program will have positive effects on executive function and related brain structure and function, and will help to understand the molecular, structural, functional, and psychosocial mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Solis-Urra
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Cristina Molina-Hidalgo
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- AdventHealth Research Institute, Neuroscience Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Yolanda García-Rivero
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
- ibs.GRANADA Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Jose Mora-Gonzalez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernandez-Gamez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marcos Olvera-Rojas
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Andrea Coca-Pulido
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Angel Toval
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Darío Bellón
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alessandro Sclafani
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Martín-Fuentes
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Eva María Triviño-Ibañez
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
- ibs.GRANADA Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos de Teresa
- Andalusian Centre of Sports Medicine, Consejería de Turismo y Deporte, Granada, Spain
| | - Haiqing Huang
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - George Grove
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Charles H. Hillman
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Arthur F. Kramer
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Andrés Catena
- School of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco B. Ortega
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Gómez-Río
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
- ibs.GRANADA Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
| | - Kirk I. Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- AdventHealth Research Institute, Neuroscience Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Irene Esteban-Cornejo
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- ibs.GRANADA Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Steen I, Münchow M, Jensen S, Kjaer TW, Waehrens SS, Bredie WLP. Evaluation of a sensory and cognitive online training tool for odor recognition in professional coffee tasters. J SENS STUD 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Steen
- Section for Food Design and Consumer Behaviour, Department of Food Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- CoffeeMind Academy, CoffeeMind Aps Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Morten Münchow
- Section for Food Design and Consumer Behaviour, Department of Food Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- CoffeeMind Academy, CoffeeMind Aps Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Troels W. Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Sandra S. Waehrens
- Section for Food Design and Consumer Behaviour, Department of Food Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Wender L. P. Bredie
- Section for Food Design and Consumer Behaviour, Department of Food Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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7
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Pezeshki PS. Comment on "Adherence, safety and potential effectiveness of a home-based Radio-Taiso exercise program in older adults with frailty: A pilot randomized controlled trial". Geriatr Gerontol Int 2023; 23:157-158. [PMID: 36623848 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Parmida Sadat Pezeshki
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Liu J, Taneepanichskul S, Zhang B, Xenos P. The Effect of a Single Bout of Chinese Archery on Core Executive Functions in Preadolescent Children in Shanghai. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1415. [PMID: 36674178 PMCID: PMC9859288 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent literature has demonstrated that acute physical activity benefits the transfer of executive functions. However, further studies indicated the type of variability in the effect of physical activity on executive functions. Therefore, this study initially explored the effect of a single bout of Chinese archery on subdomains of core EFs in preadolescent children; Method: Eligible participants were allocated either an intervention group (n = 36) or a control group (n = 36). The subjects in the intervention group received a 45-min Chinese archery session. The primary outcomes were the performance of core EFs (inhibition control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility) in preadolescent children, assessed with psychological paradigms (Fish Flanker Task, N-Back Task, and DCCS (Border version), respectively). Paired t-test and ANCOVA were used to analyze the mean difference in the performance of core EFs within and between subjects, respectively; Results: Considering reaction time and accuracy, we explored the impressive performance in three cognitive tasks with acute Chinese archery; Conclusion: The finding suggests that a single bout of Chinese archery benefited three subdomains of core EFs in healthy preadolescent children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Liu
- School of Physical Education & Health, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Shanghai 201620, China
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Bo Zhang
- School of Physical Education & Health, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Peter Xenos
- Capitol University Research and Extension Office (CUREXO), Capitol University, Cagayan de Oro City 9000, Philippines
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Zhang S, Zhen K, Su Q, Chen Y, Lv Y, Yu L. The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Cognitive Function in People with Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192315700. [PMID: 36497772 PMCID: PMC9736612 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of research has examined the effect of aerobic exercise on cognitive function in people with Alzheimer's Disease (AD), but the findings of the available studies were conflicting. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of aerobic exercise on cognitive function in AD patients. Searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO databases from the inception of indexing until 12 November 2021. Cochrane risk assessment tool was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the included literature. From 1942 search records initially identified, 15 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were considered eligible for systematic review and meta-analysis. Included studies involved 503 participants in 16 exercise groups (mean age: 69.2-84 years) and 406 participants (mean age: 68.9-84 years) in 15 control groups. There was a significant effect of aerobic exercise on increasing mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score in AD patients [weighted mean difference (WMD), 1.50 (95% CI, 0.55 to 2.45), p = 0.002]. Subgroup analyses showed that interventions conducted 30 min per session [WMD, 2.52 (95% CI, 0.84 to 4.20), p = 0.003], less than 150 min per week [WMD, 2.10 (95% CI, 0.84 to 3.37), p = 0.001], and up to three times per week [WMD, 1.68 (95% CI, 0.46 to 2.89), p = 0.007] increased MMSE score significantly. In addition, a worse basal cognitive status was associated with greater improvement in MMSE score. Our analysis indicated that aerobic exercise, especially conducted 30 min per session, less than 150 min per week, and up to three times per week, contributed to improving cognitive function in AD patients. Additionally, a worse basal cognitive status contributed to more significant improvements in cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kai Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qing Su
- Ersha Sports Training Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510100, China
| | - Yiyan Chen
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Laikang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
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10
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The effects of aerobic exercise and transcranial direct current stimulation on cognitive function in older adults with and without cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 81:101738. [PMID: 36162707 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aerobic exercise (AE) may slow age-related cognitive decline. However, such cognition-sparing effects are not uniform across cognitive domains and studies. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a form of non-invasive brain stimulation and is also emerging as a potential alternative to pharmaceutical therapies. Like AE, the effectiveness of tDCS is also inconsistent for reducing cognitive impairment in ageing. The unexplored possibility exists that pairing AE and tDCS could produce synergistic effects and reciprocally augment cognition-improving effects in older individuals with and without cognitive impairments. Previous research found such synergistic effects on cognition when cognitive training is paired with tDCS in older individuals with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia. AIM The purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to explore if pairing AE with tDCS could augment singular effects of AE and tDCS on global cognition (GC), working memory (WM) and executive function (EF) in older individuals with or without MCI and dementia. METHODS Using a PRISMA-based systematic review, we compiled studies that examined the effects of AE alone, tDCS alone, and AE and tDCS combined on cognitive function in older individuals with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia. Using a PICOS approach, we systematically searched PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science searches up to December 2021, we focused on 'MoCA', 'MMSE', 'Mini-Cog' (measures) and 'cognition', 'cognitive function', 'cognitive', 'cognitive performance', 'executive function', 'executive process', 'attention', 'memory', 'memory performance' (outcome terms). We included only randomized controlled trials (RTC) in humans if available in English full text over the past 20 years, with participants' age over 60. We assessed the methodological quality of the included studies (RTC) by the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. RESULTS Overall, 68 studies were included in the meta-analyses. AE (ES = 0.56 [95% CI: 0.28-0.83], p = 0.01) and tDCS (ES = 0.69 [95% CI: 0.12-1.26], p = 0.02) improved GC in all three groups of older adults combined (healthy, MCI, demented). In healthy population, AE improved GC (ES = 0.46 [95% CI: 0.22-0.69], p = 0.01) and EF (ES = 0.27 [95% CI: 0.05-0.49], p = 0.02). AE improved GC in older adults with MCI (ES = 0.76 [95% CI: 0.21-1.32], p = 0.01). tDCS improved GC (ES = 0.69 [90% CI: 0.12-1.26], p = 0.02), all three cognitive function (GC, WM and EF) combined in older adults with dementia (ES = 1.12 [95% CI: 0.04-2.19], p = 0.04) and improved cognitive function in older adults overall (ES = 0.69 [95% CI: 0.20-1,18], p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Our systematic review with meta-analysis provided evidence that beyond the cardiovascular and fitness benefits of AE, pairing AE with tDCS may have the potential to slow symptom progression of cognitive decline in MCI and dementia. Future studies will examine the hypothesis of this present review that a potentiating effect would incrementally improve cognition with increasing severity of cognitive impairment.
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Zhou XP, Zhang LM, Chen GQ, Wang SW, He JF, Li Z, Zhang BS. Meta analysis of aerobic exercise improving intelligence and cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31177. [PMID: 36281092 PMCID: PMC9592430 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease. This study aims to explore the intervention and treatment effects of aerobic exercise and different exercise modes on AD through meta-analysis. METHODS Using the set inclusion and exclusion criteria, retrieve the China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, China Science and Technology Journal Database, Cochrane Library, and PubMed were searched from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2021. Cochrane risk bias assessment tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included articles, and ReMan5.4.1 was used for forest plot analysis of mini-mental state exam (MMSE) score indicators included in the included articles. RESULTS Twelve randomized controlled trials and 795 samples were included. Meta analysis of all articles: I2 = 91%, P ≤ .00001, (MD = 2.95, 95%CI [2.49, 3.40], P ≤ .00001). Meta analysis of 5 fit aerobics groups: I2 = 4%, P = .38, (MD = 1.53, 95%CI [0.72, 2.33], P = .0002); meta-analysis of three spinning groups: I2 = 3%, P = .36, (MD = 1.79, 95%CI [0.29, 3.29], P = .02). CONCLUSION Aerobic exercise can effectively improve intellectual and cognitive impairment in AD patients, and for different forms of aerobic exercise, the therapeutic effect of spinning aerobic exercise is better than that of fit aerobics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Pei Zhou
- College of basic medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Li-Mei Zhang
- College of basic medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- College of clinical medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Shen-Wu Wang
- College of clinical medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Jin-Fen He
- College of clinical medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhuang Li
- College of clinical medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Ben-Si Zhang
- College of basic medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
- *Correspondence: Bensi Zhang, College of basic medicine, Dali University, 671000 Dali, Yunnan, China (e-mail: )
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Wender CL, Sandroff BM, Krch D. Rationale and methodology for examining the acute effects of aerobic exercise combined with varying degrees of virtual reality immersion on cognition in persons with TBI. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2022; 29:100963. [PMID: 35865279 PMCID: PMC9294260 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2022.100963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Persons with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) commonly present with long-term cognitive deficits in executive function, processing speed, attention, and learning and memory. While specific cognitive rehabilitation techniques have shown significant success for deficits in individual domains, aerobic exercise training represents a promising approach for an efficient and general treatment modality that might improve many cognitive domains concurrently. Existing studies in TBI report equivocal results, however, and are hampered by methodological concerns, including small sample sizes, uncontrolled single-group designs, and the use of suboptimal exercise modalities for eliciting cognitive improvements in this population. One particularly promising modality involves the application of environmental enrichment via virtual reality (VR) during aerobic exercise in persons with TBI, but this has yet to be investigated. One approach for systematically developing an optimal aerobic exercise intervention for persons with TBI involves the examination of single bouts of aerobic exercise (i.e., acute aerobic exercise) on cognition. Acute exercise research is a necessary first step for informing the development of high-quality exercise training interventions that are more likely to induce meaningful beneficial effects. To date, such an acute exercise paradigm has yet to be conducted in persons with TBI. To that end, we propose an acute exercise study that will investigate the acute effects of aerobic exercise with incremental degrees of environmental enrichment (VR) relative to a control comparison condition on executive function (divided attention and working memory) and processing speed in 24 people with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly L.A. Wender
- Center for Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Kessler Foundation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers-NJ Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
- Corresponding author. Kessler Foundation, 120 Eagle Rock Ave, Suite 100, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, USA.
| | - Brian M. Sandroff
- Center for Neuropsychology & Neuroscience Research, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers-NJ Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Denise Krch
- Center for Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Kessler Foundation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers-NJ Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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de Diego-Moreno M, Álvarez-Salvago F, Martínez-Amat A, Boquete-Pumar C, Orihuela-Espejo A, Aibar-Almazán A, Jiménez-García JD. Acute Effects of High-Intensity Functional Training and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Cognitive Functions in Young Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10608. [PMID: 36078324 PMCID: PMC9517925 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the present study was to compare the influence of an acute bout of high-intensity functional training (HIFT) with an acute bout of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on measures of cognitive function. METHODS Sixty-nine young adults (Mean ± SD: age = 21.01 ± 2.79 yrs; body mass = 69.65 ± 6.62 kg; height = 1.74 ± 0.05 m; Body Mass Index = 22.8 ± 1.41) gave informed consent and were randomly divided into three groups. The HIFT group, with 27 participants, performed a high-intensity (>85% Max. HR) circuit of functional exercises for 30 min. The MICT group, with 28 participants, performed moderate-intensity (70-80% Max. HR) continuous training on a cyclo-ergometer. The control group did not perform any activity. The Stroop Test, Word Recall and N-Back Test were completed to assess during the familiarization period, immediately before and immediately after the training's bouts. RESULTS The repeated measures ANOVA did not show significant mean differences for any group. However, the T-Test for the paired samples demonstrated very significant differences in the Stroop Test, in terms of fastest response time (FRT; mean difference (MD) = -1.14, p < 0.01, d = 0.9), mean response time (MRT; MD = -2.16, p < 0.01, d = 0.66) and the number of correct answers (NCA; MD = 1.08, p < 0.05, d = 0.5) in the HIFT group and in the MICT group (FRT; MD = -1.79, p < 0.01, d = 0.9), (MRT; MD = -3.07, p < 0.01, d = 0.9) (NCA; MD = 1.54, p < 0.05, d = 0.5). CONCLUSIONS There were no differences in the control group. HIFT and MICT may elicit specific influences on cognitive function, mainly in executive function and selective attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel de Diego-Moreno
- Deparment of Physical Education, University of Wales, Trinity, Saint David, 29018 Málaga, Spain
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Francisco Álvarez-Salvago
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, European University of Valencia, 46112 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Martínez-Amat
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Carmen Boquete-Pumar
- Deparment of Physical Education, University of Wales, Trinity, Saint David, 29018 Málaga, Spain
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Orihuela-Espejo
- Deparment of Physical Education, University of Wales, Trinity, Saint David, 29018 Málaga, Spain
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Agustín Aibar-Almazán
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
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Angel L, Guerrerro-Sastoque L, Bernardo M, Vanneste S, Isingrini M, Bouazzaoui B, Kachouri H, Fay S, Taconnat L. Metamemory mediates the protective effect of cognitive reserve on episodic memory during aging. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 228:103627. [PMID: 35688111 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the impact of cognitive reserve on episodic memory and metamemory control during aging using a multidimensional index of cognitive reserve and a measure of metamemory control abilities. We tested the hypotheses that cognitive reserve may play a protective role against age-related differences in episodic memory and metamemory control and that metamemory control may mediate the effect of cognitive reserve on episodic memory during aging. Young and older adults carried out a readiness-recall task in which task difficulty was manipulated through a variation of the nature of the cue-target pair link (weak vs. strong semantic associates). Episodic memory was assessed through recall performance, and metamemory by a task difficulty index reflecting the ability to adjust study time to task difficulty. Results confirmed that older adults recall fewer words, indicating an age-related deficit in episodic memory, and that older adults adjust less to task difficulty, suggesting impaired metamemory control. Findings also showed that metamemory control moderates the age-related decline in episodic memory and that cognitive reserve plays a protective role against age-related deficits in episodic memory and metamemory control. In addition, metamemory abilities mediated the beneficial effect of cognitive reserve on episodic memory performance during aging. Hence, this study sheds new light on the mechanisms underlying the impact of cognitive reserve on cognitive aging, highlighting the role of metacognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Angel
- Université de Tours, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7295 Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Tours, France.
| | - Lina Guerrerro-Sastoque
- Université de Tours, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7295 Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Tours, France
| | - Marie Bernardo
- Université de Tours, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7295 Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Tours, France
| | - Sandrine Vanneste
- Université de Tours, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7295 Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Tours, France
| | - Michel Isingrini
- Université de Tours, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7295 Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Tours, France
| | - Badiâa Bouazzaoui
- Université de Tours, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7295 Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Tours, France
| | - Hajer Kachouri
- Université de Tours, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7295 Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Tours, France
| | - Séverine Fay
- Université de Tours, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7295 Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Tours, France
| | - Laurence Taconnat
- Université de Tours, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7295 Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Tours, France
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Audiffren M, André N, Baumeister RF. Training Willpower: Reducing Costs and Valuing Effort. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:699817. [PMID: 35573284 PMCID: PMC9095966 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.699817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrative model of effortful control presented in a previous article aimed to specify the neurophysiological bases of mental effort. This model assumes that effort reflects three different inter-related aspects of the same adaptive function. First, a mechanism anchored in the salience network that makes decisions about the effort that should be engaged in the current task in view of costs and benefits associated with the achievement of the task goal. Second, a top-down control signal generated by the mechanism of effort that modulates neuronal activity in brain regions involved in the current task to filter pertinent information. Third, a feeling that emerges in awareness during effortful tasks and reflects the costs associated with goal-directed behavior. The aim of the present article is to complete this model by proposing that the capacity to exert effortful control can be improved through training programs. Two main questions relative to this possible strengthening of willpower are addressed in this paper. The first question concerns the existence of empirical evidence that supports gains in effortful control capacity through training. We conducted a review of 63 meta-analyses that shows training programs are effective in improving performance in effortful tasks tapping executive functions and/or self-control with a small to large effect size. Moreover, physical and mindfulness exercises could be two promising training methods that would deserve to be included in training programs aiming to strengthen willpower. The second question concerns the neural mechanisms that could explain these gains in effortful control capacity. Two plausible brain mechanisms are proposed: (1) a decrease in effort costs combined with a greater efficiency of brain regions involved in the task and (2) an increase in the value of effort through operant conditioning in the context of high effort and high reward. The first mechanism supports the hypothesis of a strengthening of the capacity to exert effortful control whereas the second mechanism supports the hypothesis of an increase in the motivation to exert this control. In the last part of the article, we made several recommendations to improve the effectiveness of interventional studies aiming to train this adaptive function."Keep the faculty of effort alive in you by a little gratuitous exercise every day."James (1918, p. 127).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Audiffren
- Research Centre on Cognition and Learning, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nathalie André
- Research Centre on Cognition and Learning, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Roy F. Baumeister
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Rieker JA, Reales JM, Muiños M, Ballesteros S. The Effects of Combined Cognitive-Physical Interventions on Cognitive Functioning in Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Multilevel Meta-Analysis. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:838968. [PMID: 35399365 PMCID: PMC8987130 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.838968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has shown that both physical exercise and cognitive training help to maintain cognition in older adults. The question is whether combined training might produce additive effects when the group comparisons are equated in terms of exercise intensity and modality. We conducted a systematic electronic search in MEDLINE, PsycInfo, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases to identify relevant studies published up to February 2021. Seven hundred and eighty-three effect sizes were obtained from 50 published intervention studies, involving 6,164 healthy older adults, and submitted to a three-level meta-analysis. Results showed that combined training produced a small advantage in comparison to single cognitive training on executive functions, whereas both types of training achieved similar effects on attention, memory, language, processing speed, and global cognition. Combined training achieved higher training gains in balance than single physical training, indicating a transfer from cognitive training to balance. Performing cognitive and physical exercise simultaneously, and interactive training (e.g., exergames, square stepping) produced the largest gains in executive functions, speed, and global cognition, as well as the largest improvements in physical functions. Aerobic training was associated with higher effects in attention and fitness, whereas non-aerobic training produced larger effects in global cognition and balance. For all cognitive and physical outcomes, training resulted more advantageous when performed in a social context, even though individual training obtained similar results in balance as group training.Systematic Review Registration:www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier: CRD42020175632.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Rieker
- Studies on Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Reales
- Studies on Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Muiños
- Studies on Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Internacional de Valencia (VIU), Valencia, Spain
| | - Soledad Ballesteros
- Studies on Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Soledad Ballesteros
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Mikulska J, Juszczyk G, Gawrońska-Grzywacz M, Herbet M. HPA Axis in the Pathomechanism of Depression and Schizophrenia: New Therapeutic Strategies Based on Its Participation. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101298. [PMID: 34679364 PMCID: PMC8533829 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is involved in the pathophysiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. Increased HPA axis activity can be observed during chronic stress, which plays a key role in the pathophysiology of depression. Overactivity of the HPA axis occurs in major depressive disorder (MDD), leading to cognitive dysfunction and reduced mood. There is also a correlation between the HPA axis activation and gut microbiota, which has a significant impact on the development of MDD. It is believed that the gut microbiota can influence the HPA axis function through the activity of cytokines, prostaglandins, or bacterial antigens of various microbial species. The activity of the HPA axis in schizophrenia varies and depends mainly on the severity of the disease. This review summarizes the involvement of the HPA axis in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders, focusing on major depression and schizophrenia, and highlights a possible correlation between these conditions. Although many effective antidepressants are available, a large proportion of patients do not respond to initial treatment. This review also discusses new therapeutic strategies that affect the HPA axis, such as glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists, vasopressin V1B receptor antagonists and non-psychoactive CB1 receptor agonists in depression and/or schizophrenia.
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Makino T, Umegaki H, Ando M, Cheng XW, Ishida K, Akima H, Oshida Y, Yoshida Y, Uemura K, Shimada H, Kuzuya M. Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, or Combined Exercise Training Among Older Adults with Subjective Memory Complaints: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:701-717. [PMID: 34092635 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical exercise is suggested to be effective for preventing cognitive decline in older adults, but the relative efficacy of different types of exercise have yet to be clarified. OBJECTIVE This single-blinded randomized controlled trial was designed to investigate the differential effects of aerobic exercise training (AT), resistance exercise training (RT), and combined exercise training (CT) on cognition in older adults with subjective memory complaints (SMC). METHODS Community-dwelling older adults with SMC (n = 415; mean age = 72.3 years old) were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: AT, RT, CT, or control group. The study consisted of two phases: a 26-week intervention and a 26-week follow-up. The participants were evaluated at baseline, 26 weeks (postintervention), and 52 weeks (follow-up). The primary outcome of this study was memory function, which was assessed using the Logical Memory II subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) score. The secondary outcomes included global cognitive function, verbal fluency, working memory, processing speed, and executive functions. RESULTS Intention-to-treat analysis by a mixed-effect model repeated measure showed that the AT group had significantly improved performance on the WMS-R Logical Memory II test (2.74 [1.82-3.66] points) than the control group (1.36 [0.44-2.28] points) at the postintervention assessment (p = 0.037). The effect was more pronounced in those without amnesia than those with amnesia. No significant improvement was observed in the RT and CT groups. CONCLUSION This study suggests that AT intervention can improve delayed memory in community-dwelling older adults, particularly in individuals without objective memory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeko Makino
- Department of Rehabilitation and Care, Seijoh University, Tokai, Aichi, Japan.,Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Umegaki
- Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ando
- Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Xian Wu Cheng
- Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koji Ishida
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness & Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akima
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness & Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Oshida
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness & Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuko Yoshida
- Innovative Research Center for Preventive Medical Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuki Uemura
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimada
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kuzuya
- Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Nguyen L, Murphy K, Andrews G. A Game a Day Keeps Cognitive Decline Away? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Commercially-Available Brain Training Programs in Healthy and Cognitively Impaired Older Adults. Neuropsychol Rev 2021; 32:601-630. [PMID: 34251578 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-021-09515-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The rising prevalence rates of age-related cognitive impairment are a worldwide public concern, bringing about a surge in the number of "brain training" programs commercially available to the general public. Numerous companies advertise that their products improve memory and protect against cognitive decline, though researchers have voiced concerns regarding the validity of such claims. To address this issue, the current meta-analytic investigation examined evidence from 43 studies (encompassing 2,636 participants) to evaluate the efficacy of commercial training programs within two separate populations: healthy older adults and older adults with mild cognitive-impairment (MCI). Seven programs were identified: BrainGymmer, BrainHQ, CogMed, CogniFit, Dakim, Lumosity, and MyBrainTrainer. Analyses yielded small, significant near-transfer effects for both healthy and MCI samples. Far-transfer was not observed for the MCI sample, whereas a small, significant effect was found for subjective but not objective measures of far-transfer in the healthy sample. Analyses of individual domains (combining near-and far-transfer outcomes) yielded significant transfer to executive-functioning, memory, and processing-speed in healthy older adults. After adjusting for publication bias, only the effect size for processing speed remained significant. Transfer to attention, objective everyday functioning, fluid-intelligence, and visuospatial domains was not significant. Thus, whilst "brain training" may be suitable for enjoyment and entertainment purposes, there is currently insufficient empirical evidence to support that such training can improve memory, general cognition, or everyday functioning. This area of research is still in its infancy and warrants further investigation to provide more substantial evidence regarding the efficacy of this rapidly expanding industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Nguyen
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia.
| | - Karen Murphy
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Glenda Andrews
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
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Associations between vitamin E, oxidative stress markers, total homocysteine levels, and physical activity or cognitive capacity in older adults. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12867. [PMID: 34145349 PMCID: PMC8213688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the associations between vitamin E, oxidative stress markers, total homocysteine levels, and physical activity or cognitive capacity in older adults. One hundred and six older adults (62 men, 44 women) within the age range of 56-81 years participated. The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment were used to assess physical activity and cognitive function, respectively. Vitamin E (e.g., α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol), oxidative stress markers (e.g., total antioxidant capacity and nitric oxide), and total homocysteine were estimated. There were significant associations between physical activity (high versus moderate versus poor) and all biomarkers (all p = 0.000, and p = 0.010 for γ-tocopherol). While total homocysteine and total antioxidant capacity were significantly associated with cognitive capacity (p = 0.000), vitamin E levels (e.g., α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol) and nitric oxide (p = 0.354, 0.103 and 0.060, respectively) were not related to cognitive capacity in older adults. This study concludes that physical activity was associated with Vitamin E, oxidative stress markers, total homocysteine, and cognitive capacity in older adults. Although cognitive capacity was associated with total homocysteine and total antioxidant capacity, it was unrelated to vitamin E levels and nitric oxide in older adults.
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21
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Duda BM, Sweet LH. Functional brain changes associated with cognitive training in healthy older adults: A preliminary ALE meta-analysis. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 14:1247-1262. [PMID: 30900077 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that cognitive training (CT) programs may provide healthy older adults (OAs) with cognitive benefits that are accompanied by alterations in neural activity. The current review offers the first quantitative synthesis of the available literature on the neural effects of CT in healthy aging. It was hypothesized that OAs would evidence increased and decreased neural activations across various challenging CTs, and that these effects would be observed as significantly altered clusters within regions of the frontoparietal network (FPN). Online databases and reference lists were searched to identify peer-reviewed publications that reported assessment of neural changes associated with CT programs in healthy OAs. Among the 2097 candidate studies identified, 14 studies with a total of 238 participants met inclusionary criteria. GingerALE software was used to quantify neural effects in a whole-brain analysis. The activation likelihood estimation technique revealed significant increases in activation following CT in the left hemisphere middle frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, and posterior parietal cortex, extending to the superior occipital gyrus. Two clusters of diminished neural activity following CT were identified within the right hemisphere middle frontal gyrus and supramarginal gyrus, extending to the superior temporal gyrus. These results provide preliminary evidence of common neural effects of different CT interventions within regions of the FPN. Findings may inform future investigations of neuroplasticity across the lifespan, including clinical applications of CT, such as assessing treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryant M Duda
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-3001, USA.
| | - Lawrence H Sweet
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-3001, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
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22
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Panagiotou M, Michel S, Meijer JH, Deboer T. The aging brain: sleep, the circadian clock and exercise. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 191:114563. [PMID: 33857490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a multifactorial process likely stemming from damage accumulation and/or a decline in maintenance and repair mechanisms in the organisms that eventually determine their lifespan. In our review, we focus on the morphological and functional alterations that the aging brain undergoes affecting sleep and the circadian clock in both human and rodent models. Although both species share mammalian features, differences have been identified on several experimental levels, which we outline in this review. Additionally, we delineate some challenges on the preferred analysis and we suggest that a uniform route is followed so that findings can be smoothly compared. We conclude by discussing potential interventions and highlight the influence of physical exercise as a beneficial lifestyle intervention, and its effect on healthy aging and longevity. We emphasize that even moderate age-matched exercise is able to ameliorate several aging characteristics as far as sleep and circadian rhythms are concerned, independent of the species studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Panagiotou
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
| | - S Michel
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - J H Meijer
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - T Deboer
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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23
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Faieta JM, Devos H, Vaduvathiriyan P, York MK, Erickson KI, Hirsch MA, Downer BG, van Wegen EEH, Wong DC, Philippou E, Negm A, Ahmadnezhad P, Krishnan S, Kahya M, Sood P, Heyn PC. Exercise interventions for older adults with Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. Syst Rev 2021; 10:6. [PMID: 33397453 PMCID: PMC7779651 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-020-01555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing societal and economic impact of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is further compounded by the present lack of disease-modifying interventions. Non-pharmacological intervention approaches, such as exercise, have the potential to be powerful approaches to improve or mitigate the symptoms of AD without added side effects or financial burden associated with drug therapies. Various forms and regiments of exercise (i.e., strength, aerobic, multicomponent) have been reported in the literature; however, conflicting evidence obscures clear interpretation of the value and impact of exercise as an intervention for older adults with AD. The primary objective of this review will be to evaluate the effects of exercise interventions for older adults with AD. In addition, this review will evaluate the evidence quality and synthesize the exercise training prescriptions for proper clinical practice guidelines and recommendations. METHODS This systematic review and meta-analysis will be carried out by an interdisciplinary collective representing clinical and research stakeholders with diverse expertise related to neurodegenerative diseases and rehabilitation medicine. Literature sources will include the following: Embase, PsychINFO, OVID Medline, and Ovid MEDLINE(R) and Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations and Daily. Inclusion criteria are participants with late onset AD and structured exercise interventions with prescribed duration, frequency, and intensity. The primary outcome of this study will center on improved or sustained cognitive functioning. Secondary outcomes will include institutionalization-related outcomes, ability in activities of daily living, mood and emotional well-being, quality of life, morbidity, and mortality. Analysis procedures to include measurement of bias, data synthesis, sensitivity analysis, and assessment of heterogeneity are described in this protocol. DISCUSSION This review is anticipated to yield clinically meaningful insight on the specific value of exercise for older adults with AD. Improved understanding of diverse exercise intervention approaches and their specific impact on various health- and function-related outcomes is expected to guide clinicians to more frequently and accurately prescribe meaningful interventions for those affected by AD. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42020175016 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Faieta
- Department of Rehabilitation, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada. .,Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en réadaptation et en intégration sociale (CIRRIS), Québec, Canada.
| | - Hannes Devos
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mark A Hirsch
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Carolinas Medical Center/Carolinas Rehabilitation, Charlotte, USA
| | - Brian G Downer
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Erwin E H van Wegen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Diana C Wong
- Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation Department, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Elena Philippou
- Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ahmed Negm
- Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Pedram Ahmadnezhad
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA
| | - Shilpa Krishnan
- Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Physical Therapy, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Melike Kahya
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA
| | - Pallavi Sood
- Rehabilitation Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Patricia C Heyn
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
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24
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Yang L, Gallant SN, Wilkins LK, Dyson B. Cognitive and Psychosocial Outcomes of Self-Guided Executive Function Training and Low-Intensity Aerobic Exercise in Healthy Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:576744. [PMID: 33328958 PMCID: PMC7710606 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.576744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prior work has demonstrated that executive function training or physical exercise can improve older adults' cognition. The current study takes an exploratory approach to compare the feasibility and efficacy of online executive function training and low-intensity aerobic exercise for improving cognitive and psychosocial functioning in healthy older adults. METHOD Following a standard pretest-training-posttest protocol, 40 older adults (aged 65 and above) were randomly assigned to an executive function or a physical training group. A battery of cognitive and psychosocial outcome measures were administered before and after training. During the 10 weeks of self-guided training at home (25-30 min/day, 4 days/week), the executive function training group practiced a set of adaptive online executive function tasks designed by Lumos Labs, whereas the physical training group completed an adaptive Digital Video Disc (DVD)-based low-intensity aerobic exercise program. RESULTS Training transfer effects were limited. Relative to low-intensity aerobic exercise, executive function training yielded cognitive improvement on the 64-card Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST-64), a general executive function measure. Depression and stress levels dropped following both training programs, but this could be driven by decreased stress or excitement in performing the tasks over time. DISCUSSION The results revealed limited cognitive benefits of the online executive function training program, specifically to a near transfer test of general executive control. Importantly, the current study supports the feasibility of home-based self-guided executive function and low-intensity physical training with healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Yang
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sara N. Gallant
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Leanne Karyn Wilkins
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Ben Dyson
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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25
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Huang CH, Umegaki H, Makino T, Uemura K, Hayashi T, Kitada T, Inoue A, Shimada H, Kuzuya M. Effect of various exercises on frailty among older adults with subjective cognitive concerns: a randomised controlled trial. Age Ageing 2020; 49:1011-1019. [PMID: 32520984 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afaa086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical exercise has been linked to reduced frailty, but there is insufficient evidence of beneficial effects in community-dwelling older adults with subjective cognitive concerns. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to clarify the effects of physical exercise in this population. DESIGN Single-blind randomised controlled trial. SETTING Community sports centres. PARTICIPANTS Residents aged 65-85 years were screened using the Kihon checklist; those with subjective cognitive concerns were invited for eligibility assessment. In total, 415 community-dwelling older adults were enrolled and randomised. METHODS This trial investigated the effects of aerobic training (AT), resistance training (RT) and combined training (AT+RT) programs on reducing frailty. All participants were randomised into one of the three intervention groups or the control group. Participants in the intervention groups underwent a group training program and self-paced home training for 26 weeks. The control group received lectures about health promotion. A 95-item frailty index (FI) was utilised to determine the effects of training. Participants were followed up at weeks 26 and 52. RESULTS At baseline, mean age of all participants (47% women) was 72.3 ± 4.6 years, with a mean FI score of 0.3 ± 0.1. Compared with control group, AT improved total FI by 0.020 (CI -0.039 to -0.001, effect size -0.275) and the depression and anxiety component of FI by 0.051 (CI -0.084 to -0.018, effect size -0.469) at week 26, but the effects waned at week 52. No significant differences in FI were found in RT and AT+RT groups at weeks 26 and 52. CONCLUSIONS A 26-week AT reduced frailty modestly, especially in the depression and anxiety component, in older adults with subjective cognitive concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Hsien Huang
- Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Family Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, R.O.C
- School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hiroyuki Umegaki
- Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Taeko Makino
- Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuki Uemura
- Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hayashi
- Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Kitada
- Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Aiko Inoue
- Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimada
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu City, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kuzuya
- Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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26
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Sanders CL, Rattinger GB, Deberard MS, Hammond AG, Wengreen H, Kauwe JSK, Buhusi M, Tschanz JT. Interaction Between Physical Activity and Genes Related to Neurotrophin Signaling in Late-Life Cognitive Performance: The Cache County Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75:1633-1642. [PMID: 31504225 PMCID: PMC7494026 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Research indicates that lifestyle and genetic factors influence the course of cognitive impairment in aging, but their interactions have not been well-examined. This study examined the relationship between physical activity and genotypes related to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in predicting cognitive performance in a sample of older adults with up to 12 years of follow-up. Physical activity levels (sedentary, light, and moderate/vigorous) were determined for the sample of 3,591 participants (57% female) without dementia. The genotypes examined included BDNF gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs6265 and rs56164415) and receptor gene SNPs (NTRK2 rs2289656 and NGFR rs2072446). Cognition was assessed triennially using the Modified Mini-Mental State Exam. Unadjusted linear mixed models indicated that sedentary (β = -5.05) and light (β = -2.41) groups performed worse than moderate-vigorous (p < .001). Addition of interaction effects showed significant differences in rate of decline between activity levels, particularly among males (p = .006). A three-way interaction with sex, NGFR SNP rs2072446, and physical activity suggested that the C/C allele was associated with better cognitive performance among males engaging in light activity only (p = .004). Physical activity and sex, but not BDNF-related SNPs, predicted rate of cognitive decline in older adults, while NGFR rs2072446 may modify main effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gail B Rattinger
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, New York
| | | | | | - Heidi Wengreen
- Dietetics and Food Sciences Department, Utah State University, Logan
| | - John S K Kauwe
- Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Mona Buhusi
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan
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27
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Huang CH, Umegaki H, Makino T, Uemura K, Hayashi T, Kitada T, Inoue A, Shimada H, Kuzuya M. Effect of Various Exercises on Intrinsic Capacity in Older Adults With Subjective Cognitive Concerns. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2020; 22:780-786.e2. [PMID: 32768376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Physical activity is associated with improvement in overall health and well-being, but robust evidence with comprehensive assessment of general health is lacking. This study aimed to clarify the effects of physical activity on intrinsic capacity among community-dwelling older adults with subjective memory concerns. DESIGN A single-blind randomized controlled trial compared aerobic training (AT), resistance training (RT), and combined training (AT+RT) programs for improving general health evaluated by intrinsic capacity. SETTING Toyota, Japan. PARTICIPANTS Residents (65-85 years old) who screened positive for subjective memory concerns using the Kihon checklist were invited for eligibility assessment. In total, 415 community-dwelling older adults were enrolled and randomized into the AT, RT, AT+RT, and control groups. METHODS Participants in the intervention groups underwent a group training program and self-paced home training for 26 weeks. The control group received lectures about health promotion. Intrinsic capacity (IC), constructed based on locomotion, cognition, psychological function, and vitality domains, was used to assess general health at baseline, week 26, and week 52. Between-group differences were exhibited with Z-score change in individual domain and combination of all domains. RESULTS At baseline, mean age of all participants (47% women) was 72.3 ± 4.6 years, with a mean composited IC Z-score of -0.2 ± 0.5. Overall, AT and RT improved composite IC Z-scores by 0.17 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.03-0.30) and 0.17 (95% CI 0.05-0.28) at week 26, respectively, but the beneficial effects waned at week 52. No significant differences in composite IC Z-scores were found in the AT+RT group at weeks 26 and 52. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Twenty-six-week AT with self-paced home training and RT with self-paced home training improve IC among community-dwelling older adults with subjective memory concerns, but the benefits waned subsequently. It will be required to develop optimal interventions that have a continuous beneficial effect on IC among community-dwelling older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Hsien Huang
- Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan; Department of Family Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, R.O.C.; School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Umegaki
- Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Taeko Makino
- Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Kazuki Uemura
- Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hayashi
- Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Kitada
- Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Aiko Inoue
- Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimada
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu City, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kuzuya
- Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan; Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan.
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28
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Park KS, Ganesh AB, Berry NT, Mobley YP, Karper WB, Labban JD, Wahlheim CN, Williams TM, Wideman L, Etnier JL. The effect of physical activity on cognition relative to APOE genotype (PAAD-2): study protocol for a phase II randomized control trial. BMC Neurol 2020; 20:231. [PMID: 32503473 PMCID: PMC7274941 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-020-01732-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND By 2050, the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the United States is predicted to reach 13.8 million. Despite worldwide research efforts, a cure for AD has not been identified. Thus, it is critical to identify preventive strategies that can reduce the risk of or delay the onset of AD. Physical activity (PA) has potential in this regard. This randomized clinical trial aims to (a) test the causal relationship between PA and AD-associated cognitive function for persons with a family history of AD (FH+), (b) determine the moderating role of apolipoprotein epsilon 4 (APOE4) carrier status on cognition, and (c) assess cerebral structure, cerebral function, and putative biomarkers as mediators of the effects of PA on cognition. METHODS We are recruiting cognitively normal, middle aged (40-65 years) sedentary adults with FH+. Participants are randomly assigned to a 12-month PA intervention for 3 days/week or to a control group maintaining their normal lifestyle. Saliva samples are taken at pre-test to determine APOE genotype. At pre-, mid-, and post-tests, participants complete a series of cognitive tests to assess information-processing speed, verbal and visual episodic memory, constructional praxis, mnemonic discrimination, and higher-order executive functions. At pre- and post-tests, brain imaging and blood biomarkers are assessed. DISCUSSION We hypothesize that 1) the PA group will demonstrate improved cognition compared with controls; 2) PA-derived cognitive changes will be moderated by APOE4 status; and 3) PA-induced changes in neural and blood biomarkers will contribute to cognitive changes and differ as a function of APOE4 status. Our results may provide important insights into the potential of PA to preserve neurocognitive function in people with a heightened risk of AD due to FH+ and as moderated by APOE4 status. By using sophisticated analytic techniques to assess APOE as a moderator and neurobiological mechanisms as mediators across trajectories of cognitive change in response to PA, we will advance our understanding of the potential of PA in protecting against AD. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03876314. Registered March 15, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Shin Park
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - Alexis B Ganesh
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | | | - Yashonda P Mobley
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - William B Karper
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Labban
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - Christopher N Wahlheim
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - Tomika M Williams
- Department of Advanced Nursing Practice and Education, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Laurie Wideman
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - Jennifer L Etnier
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA.
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29
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Gavelin HM, Lampit A, Hallock H, Sabatés J, Bahar-Fuchs A. Cognition-Oriented Treatments for Older Adults: a Systematic Overview of Systematic Reviews. Neuropsychol Rev 2020; 30:167-193. [PMID: 32266520 PMCID: PMC7305099 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-020-09434-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cognition-oriented treatments - commonly categorized as cognitive training, cognitive rehabilitation and cognitive stimulation - are promising approaches for the prevention of cognitive and functional decline in older adults. We conducted a systematic overview of meta-analyses investigating the efficacy of cognition-oriented treatments on cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes in older adults with or without cognitive impairment. Review quality was assessed by A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR). We identified 51 eligible reviews, 46 of which were included in the quantitative synthesis. The confidence ratings were "moderate" for 9 (20%), "low" for 13 (28%) and "critically low" for 24 (52%) of the 46 reviews. While most reviews provided pooled effect estimates for objective cognition, non-cognitive outcomes of potential relevance were more sparsely reported. The mean effect estimate on cognition was small for cognitive training in healthy older adults (mean Hedges' g = 0.32, range 0.13-0.64, 19 reviews), mild cognitive impairment (mean Hedges' g = 0.40, range 0.32-0.60, five reviews), and dementia (mean Hedges' g = 0.38, range 0.09-1.16, seven reviews), and small for cognitive stimulation in dementia (mean Hedges' g = 0.36, range 0.26-0.44, five reviews). Meta-regression revealed that higher AMSTAR score was associated with larger effect estimates for cognitive outcomes. The available evidence supports the efficacy of cognition-oriented treatments improving cognitive performance in older adults. The extent to which such effects are of clinical value remains unclear, due to the scarcity of high-quality evidence and heterogeneity in reported findings. An important avenue for future trials is to include relevant non-cognitive outcomes in a more consistent way and, for meta-analyses in the field, there is a need for better adherence to methodological standards. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42018084490.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Malmberg Gavelin
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Amit Lampit
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harry Hallock
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julieta Sabatés
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alex Bahar-Fuchs
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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30
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Iso-Markku P, Waller K, Hautasaari P, Kaprio J, Kujala UM, Tarkka IM. Twin studies on the association of physical activity with cognitive and cerebral outcomes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 114:1-11. [PMID: 32325068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Regular physical activity (PA) offers positive effects on the human body. However, the effects of PA on cognition and in the brain are less clear. In this paper, we narratively review the relationship of PA with cognition and dementia, first from general perspective and then through genetically informed studies on the topic. Then we move on to imaging studies on exercise and brain anatomy first by presenting an overall picture of the topic and then discussing brain imaging studies addressing PA and brain structure in twins in more detailed way. Regarding PA and cognition or dementia, genetically informed studies are uncommon, even though the relationship between PA and cognitive ageing has been extensively studied. It is challenging to find twin pairs discordant for PA and dementia. Concerning brain imaging studies, among PA discordant young adult twin pairs, the more active co-twins showed larger gray matter volumes in striatal, prefrontal, and hippocampal regions and in electrophysiological studies automatic deviance-detection processes differed in brain regions involved with sensorimotor, visual and memory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Iso-Markku
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki 42, University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Waller
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Pekka Hautasaari
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ina M Tarkka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Wilke J, Giesche F, Klier K, Vogt L, Herrmann E, Banzer W. Acute Effects of Resistance Exercise on Cognitive Function in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review with Multilevel Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2020; 49:905-916. [PMID: 30838520 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research has revealed a beneficial impact of chronic resistance exercise (RE) on brain function. However, it is unclear as to whether RE is also effective in an acute setting. OBJECTIVE To investigate the immediate effects of a single RE session on cognitive performance in healthy adults. METHODS A multilevel meta-analysis with random effects meta-regression model was used to pool the standardized mean differences (SMD) between RE and no-exercise (NEX) as well as between RE and aerobic exercise (AE). In addition to global cognitive function, effects on reported sub-domains (inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, working memory, attention) were examined. RESULTS Twelve trials with fair methodological quality (PEDro scale) were identified. Compared to NEX, RE had a positive effect on global cognition (SMD: 0.56, 95% CI 0.22-0.90, p = 0.004), but was not superior to AE (SMD: - 0.10, 95% CI 0.01 to - 0.20, p = 0.06). Regarding cognitive sub-domains, RE, compared to NEX, improved inhibitory control (SMD: 0.73, 95% CI 0.21-1.26, p = 0.01) and cognitive flexibility (SMD: 0.36, 95% CI 0.17-0.55, p = 0.004). In contrast, working memory (SMD: 0.35, 95% CI - 0.05 to 0.75, p = 0.07) and attention (SMD: 0.79, 95% CI - 0.42 to 2.00, p = 0.16) remained unaffected. No significant differences in sub-domains were found between RE and AE (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION RE appears to be an appropriate method to immediately enhance cognitive function in healthy adults. Further studies clearly elucidating the impact of effect modifiers such as age, training intensity, or training duration are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wilke
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Florian Giesche
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Kristina Klier
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Lutz Vogt
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Eva Herrmann
- Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modeling, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Winfried Banzer
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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The Effect of Exercise Training on Brain Structure and Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review Based on Evidence from Randomized Control Trials. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9040914. [PMID: 32230708 PMCID: PMC7230405 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9040914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that exercise training is associated with improvements in brain health in older adults, yet the extant literature is insufficient in detailing why exercise training facilitates brain structure and function. Specifically, few studies have employed the FITT-VP principle (i.e., Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type, Volume, and Progression) to characterize the exercise exposure, thus research is yet to specify which characteristics of exercise training benefit brain outcomes. To determine whether exercise training is consequential to cognitive and brain outcomes, we conducted a systematic review investigating the effects of exercise training on brain structure and function in older adults. PubMed and Scopus were searched from inception to February 2020, and study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. A total of 24 randomized controlled trials were included. This systematic review indicates that older adults involved in exercise training may derive general benefits to brain health, as reflected by intervention-induced changes in brain structure and function. However, such benefits are dependent upon the dose of the exercise intervention. Importantly, current evidence remains limited for applied exercise prescriptions (e.g., volume, progression) and future research is needed to clarify the effects of exercise training on cognitive and brain outcomes in older adults.
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Soltani N, Soltani Z, Khaksari M, Ebrahimi G, Hajmohammmadi M, Iranpour M. The Changes of Brain Edema and Neurological Outcome, and the Probable Mechanisms in Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury Induced in Rats with the History of Exercise. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:555-567. [PMID: 31836968 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00753-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since no definitive treatment has been suggested for diffuse traumatic brain injury (TBI), and also as the effect of exercise has been proven to be beneficial in neurodegenerative diseases, the effect of endurance exercise on the complications of TBI along with its possible neuroprotective mechanism was investigated in this study. Our objective was to find out whether previous endurance exercise influences brain edema and neurological outcome in TBI. We also assessed the probable mechanism of endurance exercise effect in TBI. Rats were randomly assigned into four groups of sham, TBI, exercise + sham and exercise + TBI. Endurance exercise was carried out before TBI. Brain edema was assessed by calculating the percentage of brain water content 24 h after the surgery. Neurological outcome was evaluated by obtaining veterinary coma scale (VCS) at - 1, 1, 4 and 24 h after the surgery. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl and histopathological changes were evaluated 24 h after the surgery. Previous exercise prevented the increase in brain water content, MDA level, histopathological edema and apoptosis following TBI. The reduction in VCS in exercise + TBI group was lower than that of TBI group. In addition, a decrease in the level of serum IL-1β and the content of brain protein carbonyl was reported in exercise + TBI group in comparison with the TBI group. We suggest that the previous endurance exercise prevents brain edema and improves neurological outcome following diffuse TBI, probably by reducing apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Soltani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Soltani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Department of Physiology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ebrahimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mojdeh Hajmohammmadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Iranpour
- Department of Pathology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Wu R, Strickland-Hughes C. Adaptation for growth as a common goal throughout the lifespan: Why and how. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lin TW, Tsai SF, Kuo YM. Physical Exercise Enhances Neuroplasticity and Delays Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Plast 2018; 4:95-110. [PMID: 30564549 PMCID: PMC6296269 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-180073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that exercise can improve learning and memory as well as attenuate neurodegeneration, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to improving neuroplasticity by altering the synaptic structure and function in various brain regions, exercise also modulates systems like angiogenesis and glial activation that are known to support neuroplasticity. Moreover, exercise helps to maintain a cerebral microenvironment that facilitates synaptic plasticity by enhancing the clearance of Aβ, one of the main culprits of AD pathogenesis. The purpose of this review is to highlight the positive impacts of exercise on promoting neuroplasticity. Possible mechanisms involved in exercise-modulated neuroplasticity are also discussed. Undoubtedly, more studies are needed to design an optimal personalized exercise protocol for enhancing brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wei Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sheng-Feng Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Oberste M, Schaffrath N, Schmidt K, Bloch W, Jäger E, Steindorf K, Hartig P, Joisten N, Zimmer P. Protocol for the "Chemobrain in Motion - study" (CIM - study): a randomized placebo-controlled trial of the impact of a high-intensity interval endurance training on cancer related cognitive impairments in women with breast cancer receiving first-line chemotherapy. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1071. [PMID: 30400840 PMCID: PMC6220507 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4992-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to 80% of breast cancer patients suffer from Cancer Related Cognitive Impairments (CRCI). Exercise is suggested as a potential supportive care option to reduce cognitive decline in cancer patients. This study will investigate the effects of a high-intensity interval endurance training (HIIT) on CRCI in breast cancer patients. Potentially underlying immunological and neurobiological mechanisms, as well as effects on patients' self-perceived cognitive functioning and common cancer related side-effects, will be explored. METHODS A single-blinded randomized controlled trial will be carried out. The impact of HIIT on CRCI will be compared to that of a placebo-intervention (supervised myofascial release training). Both interventions will be conducted simultaneously with the patients' first-line chemotherapy treatment typically lasting 12-18 weeks. Fifty-nine women with breast cancer will be included in each of the two groups. The study is powered to detect (α = .05, β = .2) a medium effect size difference between the two groups (d = .5) in terms of patients' change in cognitive testing performances, from baseline until the end of the exercise-intervention. The cognitive test battery, recommended by the International Cancer and Cognition Task Force to assess CRCI, will be used as primary measure. This includes the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (learning/verbal memory), the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (verbal fluency) and the Trail-Making-Test A/B (attention/set-switching). The following endpoints will be assessed as secondary measures: Go-/No-Go test performance (response inhibition), self-perceived cognitive functioning, serum levels of pro- and antiinflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor alpha, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-1 alpha, Interleukin-1 beta, C-reactive protein, Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and Interleukin-10), serum levels of neurotrophic and growth factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulin-like growth factor 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor), as well as common cancer-related side effects (decrease in physical capacity, fatigue, anxiety and depression, sleep disturbances, quality of life and chemotherapy compliance). DISCUSSION This study will provide data on the question whether HIIT is an effective supportive therapy that alleviates CRCI in breast cancer patients. Moreover, the present study will help shed light on the underlying mechanisms of potential CRCI improving effects of exercise in breast cancer patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION DRKS.de, German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS), ID: DRKS00011390 , Registered on 17 January 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Oberste
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nils Schaffrath
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
- Department for Oncology and Hematology, Clinic Northwest, Steinbacher Hohl 2-26, 60488 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katharina Schmidt
- Department for Oncology and Hematology, Clinic Northwest, Steinbacher Hohl 2-26, 60488 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Elke Jäger
- Department for Oncology and Hematology, Clinic Northwest, Steinbacher Hohl 2-26, 60488 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karen Steindorf
- Division of Physical Activity, Prevention and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Hartig
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Niklas Joisten
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
- Division of Physical Activity, Prevention and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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McCaskey MA, Schättin A, Martin-Niedecken AL, de Bruin ED. Making More of IT: Enabling Intensive Motor Cognitive Rehabilitation Exercises in Geriatrics Using Information Technology Solutions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4856146. [PMID: 30581853 PMCID: PMC6276519 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4856146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the health benefits of physical activity and exercise for older people are well established, a largely sedentary lifestyle still prevails in ageing western societies. Finding new ways to make exercise more accessible and acceptable for older adults must be developed to fully unleash its potential in preventing and weakening age-related physical and cognitive decline. Existing barriers to implement effective exercise-based treatment plans include motivational reservations on both the clinician's and patient's side, but also physical limitations caused by disease or deconditioning. Particularly in the more senior population, debilitating conditions do not allow adherence to currently recommended exercise regimes. A major rethinking of age- and user-adapted exercise is overdue. The high intensities required for physical and mental adaptations must be modifiable and personalized according to the functional status of each patient. Emerging information and communication technologies (ICT) have brought forward a plethora of attractive solutions for smart and adapted exercise, but there remains a vast gap between technological advancement and clinical relevance. Where in the beginning ICT for active ageing mainly focussed on aspects of usability and user experience, the current status of IT as applied in ageing populations noticeably shifted toward new services, applications, and devices that can be offered with the aim to prevent, compensate, care, and/or enhance daily life functioning of senior citizens. In this perspective paper, we aim to summarize the current state of the art in ICT-based interventions aimed at improved motor-cognitive control and make suggestions about how these could be combined with high-intensive interval exercise regimes to make rehabilitation for the impaired older adults more effective, and more fun.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. McCaskey
- Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, The Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A. Schättin
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, The Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A. L. Martin-Niedecken
- Department of Design, Subject Area Game Design, Zurich University of the Arts, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E. D. de Bruin
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, The Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Physiotherapy, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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De Wit L, O'Shea D, Chandler M, Bhaskar T, Tanner J, Vemuri P, Crook J, Morris M, Smith G. Physical exercise and cognitive engagement outcomes for mild neurocognitive disorder: a group-randomized pilot trial. Trials 2018; 19:573. [PMID: 30340619 PMCID: PMC6194559 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2865-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is considered a risk state for the development of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease. It is also a period in which interventions may be most effective in slowing progression to dementia. Computerized cognitive training and increased physical activity have shown to be among the most promising interventions. However, current evidence from randomized controlled trials comparing cognitive training, physical activity, and an active control is inconsistent. Furthermore, the neural mechanisms underlying these interventions are currently unclear. Methods The objective of the current pilot study is to explore the feasibility of a trial investigating the impact of computerized cognitive training, yoga, and an active control intervention (wellness education) in individuals with aMCI by conducting a group-randomized, multisite, parallel, three-arm pilot study. We will establish preliminary effect sizes regarding the association of each intervention with neuroimaging and cognitive and participant-reported measures. We also aim to estimate the strength of association between the various outcomes. The current trial aims to recruit 75 people with aMCI and their 75 cognitively healthy care partners through clinics and senior care facilities. The initial intervention will last 10 days and will consist of 1 h daily of the assigned intervention i.e., (yoga, computerized cognitive training, or wellness education) combined with 1 h of memory compensation training and 1 h of support groups. Twenty-five participants will be group-randomized to each arm using a random number generator. Study staff and participants will be kept blind until recruitment is complete for each group. After the initial two-week intervention, participants will continue the assigned intervention for 24 weeks. Outcome measures are: functional connectivity and cerebral perfusion as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging; cognition; daily functioning; mood; anxiety; self-efficacy; caregiver burden; quality of life; and study feasibility including recruitment and retention rates. Discussion This pilot trial aims to investigate the feasibility of a trial studying the impact of computerized cognitive training, yoga, and an active control intervention in persons with aMCI on MRI-based functional connectivity and cerebral perfusion as well as cognition, daily functioning, mood, anxiety, and quality of life and feasibility? Trial registrations ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03095170. Registered on 23 March 2017. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-018-2865-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liselotte De Wit
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32606, USA
| | - Deirdre O'Shea
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32606, USA
| | - Melanie Chandler
- Institutional address: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Tripti Bhaskar
- Tallahassee Memorial HealthCare, 1401 Centerville Road, Tallahassee, FL, 32308, USA
| | - Jared Tanner
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32606, USA
| | - Prashanthi Vemuri
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Julia Crook
- Institutional address: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Miranda Morris
- Institutional address: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Glenn Smith
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32606, USA.
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Htut TZC, Hiengkaew V, Jalayondeja C, Vongsirinavarat M. Effects of physical, virtual reality-based, and brain exercise on physical, cognition, and preference in older persons: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2018; 15:10. [PMID: 30305852 PMCID: PMC6169073 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-018-0199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physical exercise (PE), virtual reality-based exercise (VRE), and brain exercise (BE) can influence physical and cognitive conditions in older persons. However, it is not known which of the three types of exercises provide the best effects on physical and cognitive status, and which exercise is preferred by older persons. This study compared the effects of PE, VRE, and BE on balance, muscle strength, cognition, and fall concern. In addition, exercise effort perception and contentment in older persons was evaluated. Methods Eighty-four older persons (n = 84) were randomly selected for PE, VRE, BE, and control groups. The exercise groups received 8-week training, whereas the control group did not. Balance was assessed by Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Timed Up and Go test (TUG), muscle strength by 5 Times Sit to Stand (5TSTS) and left and right hand grip strength (HGS), cognition by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Timed Up and Go test Cognition (TUG-cog), fall concern by Fall Efficacy Scale International (FES-I), exercise effort perception by Borg category ratio scale (Borg CR-10), and exercise contentment by a questionnaire. Results After exercise, PE significantly enhanced TUG and 5TSTS to a greater extent than VRE (TUG; p = 0.004, 5TSTS; p = 0.027) and BE (TUG; p = 0,012, 5TSTS; p < 0.001). VRE significantly improved MoCA (p < 0.001) and FES-I (p = 0.036) compared to PE, and 5TSTS (p < 0.001) and FES-I (p = 0.011) were improved relative to BE. MoCA was significantly enhanced by BE compared to PE (p < 0.001) and both MoCA and TUG-cog were improved compared to VRE (p = 0.04). PE and VRE significantly (p < 0.001) increased Borg CR-10 in all exercise sessions, whereas BE showed a significant improvement (p < 0.001) in the first 4 sessions. Participants had a significantly greater satisfaction with BE than controls (p = 0.006), and enjoyed VRE and BE more than PE (p < 0.001). Subjects in all exercise groups exhibited benefits compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Conclusions PE provided the best results in physical tests, VRE produced measurable improvements in physical and cognition scores, while BE enhanced cognition ability in older persons. Older persons preferred VRE and BE compared to PE. Both exercises are suggested to older persons to improve physical and cognitive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thwe Zar Chi Htut
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Rd., Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170 Thailand
| | - Vimonwan Hiengkaew
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Rd., Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170 Thailand
| | - Chutima Jalayondeja
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Rd., Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170 Thailand
| | - Mantana Vongsirinavarat
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Rd., Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170 Thailand
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Joubert C, Chainay H. Aging brain: the effect of combined cognitive and physical training on cognition as compared to cognitive and physical training alone - a systematic review. Clin Interv Aging 2018; 13:1267-1301. [PMID: 30057444 PMCID: PMC6057553 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s165399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents a critical examination of current knowledge of the impact of combined cognitive and physical training on cognition in healthy elderly subjects. The objectives are to evaluate the contribution of cognitive and physical training to the enhancement of cognition, and to determine the interest of combining these two training types in one intervention in terms of the benefits for cognition (direct and transfer), long-term maintenance, and transfer to daily living. To do so, a systematic electronic search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar. Exclusion criteria were animal and pathological aging studies. We focused on the shared and different behavioral impacts of these two types of training on cognition, as well as their functional and structural impact on the brain. The review indicates that both cognitive and physical training have an impact on cognition and on the brain. However, each type of training seems to preferentially enhance different cognitive functions and specifically impact both brain structure and function. Even though some results argue in favor of a complementarity between cognitive and physical training and the superiority of combined cognitive and physical training, the current state of knowledge does not permit any definitive conclusion. Thus, the present review indicates the need for additional investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Joubert
- Laboratory for the Study of Cognitive Mechanisms, University of Lyon 2, Lyon, France,
| | - Hanna Chainay
- Laboratory for the Study of Cognitive Mechanisms, University of Lyon 2, Lyon, France,
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Working memory training revisited: A multi-level meta-analysis of n-back training studies. Psychon Bull Rev 2018; 24:1077-1096. [PMID: 28116702 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-016-1217-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of working memory (WM) training has been a controversial and hotly debated issue during the past years. Despite a large number of training studies and several meta-analyses, the matter has not yet been solved. We conducted a multi-level meta-analysis on the cognitive transfer effects in healthy adults who have been administered WM updating training with n-back tasks, the most common experimental WM training paradigm. Thanks to this methodological approach that has not been employed in previous meta-analyses in this field, we were able to include effect sizes from all relevant tasks used in the original studies. Altogether 203 effect sizes were derived from 33 published, randomized, controlled trials. In contrast to earlier meta-analyses, we separated task-specific transfer (here untrained n-back tasks) from other WM transfer tasks. Two additional cognitive domains of transfer that we analyzed consisted of fluid intelligence (Gf) and cognitive control tasks. A medium-sized transfer effect was observed to untrained n-back tasks. For other WM tasks, Gf, and cognitive control, the effect sizes were of similar size and very small. Moderator analyses showed no effects of age, training dose, training type (single vs. dual), or WM and Gf transfer task contents (verbal vs. visuospatial). We conclude that a substantial part of transfer following WM training with the n-back task is task-specific and discuss the implications of the results to WM training research.
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Mindfulness training induces structural connectome changes in insula networks. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7929. [PMID: 29785055 PMCID: PMC5962606 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26268-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although mindfulness meditation is known to provide a wealth of psychological benefits, the neural mechanisms involved in these effects remain to be well characterized. A central question is whether the observed benefits of mindfulness training derive from specific changes in the structural brain connectome that do not result from alternative forms of experimental intervention. Measures of whole-brain and node-level structural connectome changes induced by mindfulness training were compared with those induced by cognitive and physical fitness training within a large, multi-group intervention protocol (n = 86). Whole-brain analyses examined global graph-theoretical changes in structural network topology. A hypothesis-driven approach was taken to investigate connectivity changes within the insula, which was predicted here to mediate interoceptive awareness skills that have been shown to improve through mindfulness training. No global changes were observed in whole-brain network topology. However, node-level results confirmed a priori hypotheses, demonstrating significant increases in mean connection strength in right insula across all of its connections. Present findings suggest that mindfulness strengthens interoception, operationalized here as the mean insula connection strength within the overall connectome. This finding further elucidates the neural mechanisms of mindfulness meditation and motivates new perspectives about the unique benefits of mindfulness training compared to contemporary cognitive and physical fitness interventions.
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Hatta T, Kato K, Iwahara A, Hatta T, Fujiwara K, Ito E, Hasegawa Y. Relations Between Exercise Habit and Visual Attentional Ability in Older Adult Community Dwellers: Evidences From the Yakumo Study. Rehabil Process Outcome 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1179572718773071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The relation between mild everyday exercise and cognitive ability in healthy older people was examined using cohort study database. Methods: Individually calculated linear regression coefficients in digit cancelation task performances for 11 years age from 65 to 75 years were compared between mild exercise habit holders and non-holders. Results: Exercise habit holders showed significantly smaller age-related decline than non-holders, irrespective of task difficulty. Discussion: The results suggested that even mild exercise habit for long years possesses benefits on sustaining cognitive function in older people as well as the physical activities such as programmed in a sport gym. It also becomes clear that it is difficult for ordinary older adult to continue exercising habits for many years. Therefore, more substantial ways are required for local health officials to advertise the effectiveness of mild exercise habits and to devise the necessary work to become a habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hatta
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kansai University of Welfare Sciences, Kashiwara, Japan
| | - Kimiko Kato
- Faculty of Psychology, Aichi Shukutoku University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Akihiko Iwahara
- Department of Psychology, Kyoto Women’s University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Hatta
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Gifu University of Medical Sciences, Seki, Japan
| | - Kazumi Fujiwara
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kansai University of Welfare Sciences, Kashiwara, Japan
| | - Emi Ito
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukiharu Hasegawa
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Kansai University of Welfare Sciences, Kashiwara, Japan
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Exercise Intervention Associated with Cognitive Improvement in Alzheimer's Disease. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:9234105. [PMID: 29713339 PMCID: PMC5866875 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9234105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with the syndrome of cognitive and functional decline. Pharmacotherapy has always been in a dominant position for the treatment of AD. However, in most cases, drug therapy is accompanied with clinical delays when older adults have suffered from cognitive decline in episodic memory, working memory, and executive function. On the other hand, accumulating evidence suggests that exercise intervention may ameliorate the progression of cognitive impairment in aging ones while the standard strategy is lacking based on different levels of cognitive decline especially in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. MCI is the preclinical stage of AD in which neurodegeneration may be reversed via neuroplasticity. Therefore, taking exercise intervention in the early stage of MCI and healthy aging at the risk of AD could slow down the process of cognitive impairment and provide a promising cost-effective nonpharmacological therapy to dementia.
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Sofija E, Plugge M, Wiseman N, Harris N. 'This is the beginning of the new me': process evaluation of a group fitness intervention to promote wellbeing in formerly homeless individuals. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:290. [PMID: 29482615 PMCID: PMC6389096 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Homelessness is a persistent social issue with diverse impacts reaching far beyond individuals. Strategies and research concerning homelessness and health have largely focused on the risk factors and weaknesses of individuals. Such preoccupation has meant the potential strengths and resources within individuals, and so-called strength-based approaches have received less attention. Consequently, understanding how to effectively work with and engage this population in such interventions is limited. Methods The current study presents a process evaluation of an 8-week group fitness intervention in a supportive housing facility. The purpose of the intervention was to increase tenants’ physical activity together with opportunities for social interaction and support to, in turn, improve physical and mental wellbeing, and ultimately help individuals re-engage in their community. The evaluation focused on seven key components: context, recruitment, reach/participation, dose delivered, dose received, satisfaction/feedback and fidelity. Data collection methods included observation, attendance records and participant and staff interviews. Results Findings indicate the intervention was appropriate, well delivered, and enjoyed by participants who highlighted the importance of the sessions for their mental wellbeing and social inclusion. The intervention being conducted on site, the trainers’ ability to build good rapport with participants together with the supportive environment they created were central to successful implementation. Conclusion Group fitness sessions represent a promising intervention to improve wellbeing of this population. However, the need for more personalised care when delivering fitness sessions, due to the complexity of health issues prevalent in this population, was identified. This has implications for already limited resources, including staffing. Strategies to address this are required to ensure the continuity of fitness programs. Impact evaluation to quantify changes/improvements in wellbeing would complement this work and add much to understanding the effects of participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesta Sofija
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Australia. .,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Australia.
| | - Melanie Plugge
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Nicola Wiseman
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Neil Harris
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Australia
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Chen YT, Holahan CK, Holahan CJ, Li X. Leisure-Time Physical Activity, Subjective Age, and Self-Rated Memory in Middle-Aged and Older Adults. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2018; 87:377-391. [PMID: 29355027 DOI: 10.1177/0091415017752939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Memory concerns are common in middle-aged and older adults. This study investigated the relation of leisure-time physical activity to self-rated memory and the possible mediating role of subjective age in this relationship in middle-aged and older adults. Cross-sectional analyses were conducted with a sample of 1,608 middle-aged and older adults from the second wave of the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS2). In a path analysis conducted with Mplus, a higher level of leisure-time physical activity was associated with a more positive appraisal of memory compared to others of one's age; younger subjective age partially mediated this relationship. Neither gender nor age-group moderated the association. Age, race, education, marital status, health status, and negative affect were controlled for in the analyses. These findings suggest a possible role of physical activity in countering the effects of age stereotypes on perceived memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen T Chen
- 1 Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Carole K Holahan
- 1 Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Charles J Holahan
- 2 Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoyin Li
- 1 Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
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Edwards JD, Fausto BA, Tetlow AM, Corona RT, Valdés EG. Systematic review and meta-analyses of useful field of view cognitive training. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 84:72-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for preventing Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2017; 334:163-177. [PMID: 28743599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review provides the rationale for implementing cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There are known risk factors associated with the development of AD, some of which may be ameliorated with CBT. We posit that treating the risk factors of inactivity, poor diet, hyposmia and anosmia, sleep disorders and lack of regularly engaged challenging cognitive activity will modify the physiology of the brain sufficiently to avoid the accumulation of excess proteins, including amyloid beta, causal events in the development of AD. Further, the successful treatment of the listed risk factors is well within our technology to do so and, even further, it is cost effective. Also, there is considerable scientific literature to support the proposition that, if implemented by well-established practices, CBT will be effective and will be engaged by those of retirement age. That is, we present a biologically informed CBT for the prevention of the development of AD, i.e., an aspect of applied behavioral neuroscience.
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Gregory MA, Boa Sorte Silva NC, Gill DP, McGowan CL, Liu-Ambrose T, Shoemaker JK, Hachinski V, Holmes J, Petrella RJ. Combined Dual-Task Gait Training and Aerobic Exercise to Improve Cognition, Mobility, and Vascular Health in Community-Dwelling Older Adults at Risk for Future Cognitive Decline1. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 57:747-763. [PMID: 28304305 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This 6-month experimental case series study investigated the effects of a dual-task gait training and aerobic exercise intervention on cognition, mobility, and cardiovascular health in community-dwelling older adults without dementia. Participants exercised 40 min/day, 3 days/week for 26 weeks on a Biodex GaitTrainer2 treadmill. Participants were assessed at baseline (V0), interim (V1: 12-weeks), intervention endpoint (V2: 26-weeks), and study endpoint (V3: 52-weeks). The study outcomes included: cognition [executive function (EF), processing speed, verbal fluency, and memory]; mobility: usual & dual-task gait (speed, step length, and stride time variability); and vascular health: ambulatory blood pressure, carotid arterial compliance, and intima-media thickness (cIMT). Fifty-six participants [age: 70(6) years; 61% female] were included in this study. Significant improvements following the exercise program (V2) were observed in cognition: EF (p = 0.002), processing speed (p < 0.001), verbal fluency [digit symbol coding (p < 0.001), phonemic verbal fluency (p < 0.001)], and memory [immediate recall (p < 0.001) and delayed recall (p < 0.001)]; mobility: usual & dual-task gait speed (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively) and step length (p = 0.001 and p = 0.003, respectively); and vascular health: cIMT (p = 0.002). No changes were seen in the remaining outcomes. In conclusion, 26 weeks of dual-task gait training and aerobic exercise improved performance on a number of cognitive outcomes, while increasing usual & dual-task gait speed and step length in a sample of older adults without dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Gregory
- Graduate Program in Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Narlon C Boa Sorte Silva
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Dawn P Gill
- Graduate Program in Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,Centre for Studies in Family Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Cheri L McGowan
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,Centre for Studies in Family Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Teresa Liu-Ambrose
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - J Kevin Shoemaker
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Vladimir Hachinski
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jeff Holmes
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Robert J Petrella
- Graduate Program in Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Centre for Studies in Family Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Kurebayashi Y, Otaki J. Association between altered physical activity and neurocognitive function among people with schizophrenia: A minimum 6-months' follow-up study. Compr Psychiatry 2017. [PMID: 28623813 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term benefits of physical activity on neurocognitive function among patients with schizophrenia, specifically among inpatients, remain unclear. This preliminary study, with a minimum of 6-months' follow-up, examined alterations in physical activity and neurocognitive function in both inpatients and outpatients with schizophrenia. METHODS Symptoms and neurocognitive function were assessed at 2 intervals using the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale and Cognitrax, respectively. After each testing period, participants wore an accelerometer for 1week to measure their levels and duration of physical activity. After the 6-months' follow-up (average duration, 235.9±36.2days), participants were divided into 2 groups based on either increased or decreased activity, as compared with baseline: increased-activity and decreased-activity groups. RESULTS Of the 29 initially enrolled participants, 25 (mean age, 56.8±11.8years) completed the follow-up. Reaction times in the increased-activity group in daily activity (n=10) improved as compared with the decreased-activity group (n=15). Moreover, cognitive flexibility and executive function improved in the increased-activity group in steps (n=7) compared with the decreased-activity group (n=18). Finally, there was no association between the duration of moderate or vigorous exercise and neurocognitive function. CONCLUSIONS Together, our results suggest that increased daily activity and walking, but not high intensity activity, are associated with improved neurocognitive function in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kurebayashi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, 5-4-1 Shimorenjaku, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Junichi Otaki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, 5-4-1 Shimorenjaku, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan.
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