1
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Milawati H, Manabe Y, Matsumoto T, Tsutsui M, Ueda Y, Miura A, Kabayama K, Fukase K. Practical Antibody Recruiting by Metabolic Labeling with Caged Glycans. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303750. [PMID: 37042088 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
We propose a de novo glycan display approach that combines metabolic labeling and a glycan-caging strategy as a facile editing method for cell-surface glycans. This method enables the introduction of antigen glycans onto cancer cells to induce immune responses through antibody recruiting. The caging strategy prevents the capture of α-rhamnose (an antigen glycan) by endogenous antibodies during the introduction of the glycan to the targeted cell surface, and subsequent uncaging successfully induces immune responses. Therefore, this study proposes a practical method for editing the cell-surface glycocalyx under promiscuous conditions, such as those in vivo, which paves the way for the development of glycan function analysis and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hersa Milawati
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Manabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
- Forefront Research Center, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Masato Tsutsui
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ueda
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Ayane Miura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kabayama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
- Forefront Research Center, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
- Forefront Research Center, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
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2
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Kundu S, Jaiswal M, Craig KC, Guo J, Guo Z. Labeling cell surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins through metabolic engineering using an azide-modified phosphatidylinositol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 645:103-109. [PMID: 36682329 PMCID: PMC9899547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchorage is one of the most common mechanisms to attach proteins to the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) play a critical role in many biological processes but are difficult to study. Here, a new method was developed for the effective and selective metabolic engineering and labeling of cell surface GPI-APs with an azide-modified phosphatidylinositol (PI) as the biosynthetic precursor of GPIs. It was demonstrated that this azido-PI derivative was taken up by HeLa cells and incorporated into the biosynthetic pathway of GPIs to present azide-labeled GPI-APs on the live cell surface. The azido group was used as a molecular handle to install other labels through a biocompatible click reaction to enable various biological studies, e.g., fluorescent imaging and protein pull-down, which can help explore the functions of GPI-APs and discover new GPI-APs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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3
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Localization of synthetic glycolipids in the cell and the dynamics of their insertion/loss. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183645. [PMID: 34019901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Modification of the cell surface with synthetic glycolipids opens up a wide range of possibilities for studying the function of glycolipids. Synthetic glycolipids called Function-Spacer-Lipids (FSL; where F is a glycan or label, S is a spacer, and L is dioleoylphosphatidyl ethanolamine) easily and controllably modify the membrane of a living cells. This current study investigates the dynamics and mechanism of the FSL insertion and release/loss. FSL insert into the cell membrane (~1 million molecules per cell) within tens of minutes, almost regardless of the nature of the cells (including the thickness of their glycocalyx) and the size of the FSL glycan. FSLs do not accumulate uniformly, but instead form patches >300 nm in size either entrapped in the glycocalyx, or integrated in the plane of the plasma membrane, but always outside the cell rafts. The natural release (loss) of FSL from the modified cell was two orders of magnitude slower than attachment/insertion and occurred mainly in the form of released microvesicles with a size of 140 ± 5 nm. The accumulation of FSL as patches in the cell membrane is similar to the coalescence of natural glycosphingolipids and supports (along with their long residence time in the membrane) the use of FSL as probes for the study of glycosphingolipid-protein interactions.
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4
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Glycoengineering: scratching the surface. Biochem J 2021; 478:703-719. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
At the surface of many cells is a compendium of glycoconjugates that form an interface between the cell and its surroundings; the glycocalyx. The glycocalyx serves several functions that have captivated the interest of many groups. Given its privileged residence, this meshwork of sugar-rich biomolecules is poised to transmit signals across the cellular membrane, facilitating communication with the extracellular matrix and mediating important signalling cascades. As a product of the glycan biosynthetic machinery, the glycocalyx can serve as a partial mirror that reports on the cell's glycosylation status. The glycocalyx can also serve as an information-rich barrier, withholding the entry of pathogens into the underlying plasma membrane through glycan-rich molecular messages. In this review, we provide an overview of the different approaches devised to engineer glycans at the cell surface, highlighting considerations of each, as well as illuminating the grand challenges that face the next era of ‘glyco-engineers’. While we have learned much from these techniques, it is evident that much is left to be unearthed.
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Shirakawa A, Manabe Y, Fukase K. Recent Advances in the Chemical Biology of N-Glycans. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041040. [PMID: 33669465 PMCID: PMC7920464 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Asparagine-linked N-glycans on proteins have diverse structures, and their functions vary according to their structures. In recent years, it has become possible to obtain high quantities of N-glycans via isolation and chemical/enzymatic/chemoenzymatic synthesis. This has allowed for progress in the elucidation of N-glycan functions at the molecular level. Interaction analyses with lectins by glycan arrays or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) using various N-glycans have revealed the molecular basis for the recognition of complex structures of N-glycans. Preparation of proteins modified with homogeneous N-glycans revealed the influence of N-glycan modifications on protein functions. Furthermore, N-glycans have potential applications in drug development. This review discusses recent advances in the chemical biology of N-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Shirakawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan;
| | - Yoshiyuki Manabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan;
- Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education, Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (K.F.); Tel.: +81-6-6850-5391 (Y.M.); +81-6-6850-5388 (K.F.)
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan;
- Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education, Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (K.F.); Tel.: +81-6-6850-5391 (Y.M.); +81-6-6850-5388 (K.F.)
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6
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Santos L, Jin C, Mourato C, Mendes F, Hesse C, Teneberg S. Characterization of sheep erythrocyte glycosphingolipids recognized by human anti-Forssman antibodies. Glycobiology 2020; 30:881-894. [PMID: 32280958 PMCID: PMC7581655 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The FORS histo-blood group system is the most recently discovered carbohydrate-based human blood group system. FORS is a rare blood group system, and most individuals have naturally occurring anti-FORS1 antibodies in plasma. Screening for anti-FORS1 antibodies is often done by hemagglutination assays using FORS1-expressing sheep erythrocytes, since FORS1-positive human erythrocytes are most often not available. Here, we have characterized the non-acid glycosphingolipids from sheep erythrocytes and isolated subfractions, with mass spectrometry, binding of antibodies and lectins, and by enzymatic hydrolysis. This demonstrated the presence of Forssman and Galili pentaosylceramides, and a Galili heptaosylceramide. Two complex glycosphingolipids recognized by human anti-FORS1 antibodies were characterized as a Forssman neolacto hybrid hexaosylceramide (GalNAcα3GalNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAcβ3Galβ4Glcβ1Cer) and a Forssman Galili hybrid heptaosylceramide (GalNAcα3GalNAcβ3Galα3Galβ4GlcNAcβ3Galβ4Glcβ1Cer). These are novel glycosphingolipid structures, and to our knowledge, the first case of an elongated Galili antigen. Thus, the anti-Forssman antibodies in human serum bind not only to the classical Forssman pentaosylceramide (GalNAcα3GalNAcβ3Galα4Galβ4Glcβ1Cer), but also when the GalNAcα3GalNAcβ3 sequence is presented on a neolacto core chain and even on a Galili carbohydrate sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licinia Santos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cristiana Mourato
- Department of Laboratory Biomedical Sciences, ESTeSC-Coimbra Health School, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernando Mendes
- Department of Laboratory Biomedical Sciences, ESTeSC-Coimbra Health School, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium/Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, Biophysics Institute, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,European Association for Professions in Biomedical Sciences
| | - Camilla Hesse
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susann Teneberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Henry
- Centre for Kode Technology Innovation School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences Auckland University of Technology Auckland New Zealand
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8
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Stowell SR, Stowell CP. Biologic roles of the ABH and Lewis histo-blood group antigens part II: thrombosis, cardiovascular disease and metabolism. Vox Sang 2019; 114:535-552. [PMID: 31090093 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ABH and Lewis antigens were among the first of the human red blood cell polymorphisms to be identified and, in the case of the former, play a dominant role in transfusion and transplantation. But these two therapies are largely twentieth-century innovations, and the ABH and related carbohydrate antigens are not only expressed on a very wide range of human tissues, but were present in primates long before modern humans evolved. Although we have learned a great deal about the biochemistry and genetics of these structures, the biological roles that they play in human health and disease are incompletely understood. This review and its companion, which appeared in a previous issue of Vox Sanguinis, will focus on a few of the biologic and pathologic processes which appear to be affected by histo-blood group phenotype. The first of the two reviews explored the interactions of two bacteria with the ABH and Lewis glycoconjugates of their human host cells, and described the possible connections between the immune response of the human host to infection and the development of the AB-isoagglutinins. This second review will describe the relationship between ABO phenotype and thromboembolic disease, cardiovascular disease states, and general metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Stowell
- Center for Apheresis, Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Emory Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher P Stowell
- Blood Transfusion Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Purcell SC, Godula K. Synthetic glycoscapes: addressing the structural and functional complexity of the glycocalyx. Interface Focus 2019; 9:20180080. [PMID: 30842878 PMCID: PMC6388016 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2018.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx is an information-dense network of biomacromolecules extensively modified through glycosylation that populates the cellular boundary. The glycocalyx regulates biological events ranging from cellular protection and adhesion to signalling and differentiation. Owing to the characteristically weak interactions between individual glycans and their protein binding partners, multivalency of glycan presentation is required for the high-avidity interactions needed to trigger cellular responses. As such, biological recognition at the glycocalyx interface is determined by both the structure of glycans that are present as well as their spatial distribution. While genetic and biochemical approaches have proven powerful in controlling glycan composition, modulating the three-dimensional complexity of the cell-surface 'glycoscape' at the sub-micrometre scale remains a considerable challenge in the field. This focused review highlights recent advances in glycocalyx engineering using synthetic nanoscale glycomaterials, which allows for controlled de novo assembly of complexity with precision not accessible with traditional molecular biology tools. We discuss several exciting new studies in the field that demonstrate the power of precision glycocalyx editing in living cells in revealing and controlling the complex mechanisms by which the glycocalyx regulates biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamil Godula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Henry
- Center for Kode Technology Innovation, School of Engineering, Computer & Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicolai V. Bovin
- Center for Kode Technology Innovation, School of Engineering, Computer & Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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11
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Vagianou CD, Stuhr-Hansen N, Moll K, Bovin N, Wahlgren M, Blixt O. ABO Blood Group Antigen Decorated Giant Unilamellar Vesicles Exhibit Distinct Interactions with Plasmodium falciparum Infected Red Blood Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2421-2426. [PMID: 30080386 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Severe malaria is considered to be the deadliest disease of this century, primarily among children in sub-Saharan Africa. It stems from infection by the virulent parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The pathogenesis of the disease is based on the rosetting phenomenon, which occurs during the life cycle of the parasite in red blood cells (RBCs) and promotes the binding of parasitized RBCs to healthy ones. The role of the ABO blood group antigens in relation to the phenomenon has previously only been investigated in clinical isolates obtained from malaria patients. Here, we aim to clarify their role using synthetic ABO-decorated giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), which serve as simple biomimetic models of RBC-size cell membranes. Our results suggest clearly and for the first time that the blood group A and O antigens have a direct impact on receptor-specific rosetting phenomena when compared to the B antigen, which only participates in rosetting to an insignificant degree. Thus, glycodecorated GUVs represent a practical tool for studying cell-surface interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charikleia-Despoina Vagianou
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Stuhr-Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Moll
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Box 280, Nobels väg 16, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicolai Bovin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mats Wahlgren
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Box 280, Nobels väg 16, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Blixt
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Henry
- Centre for Kode Technology Innovation; School of Engineering Computer & Mathematical Sciences; Auckland University of Technology; Auckland New Zealand
| | - H. Perry
- Centre for Kode Technology Innovation; School of Engineering Computer & Mathematical Sciences; Auckland University of Technology; Auckland New Zealand
| | - N. Bovin
- Centre for Kode Technology Innovation; School of Engineering Computer & Mathematical Sciences; Auckland University of Technology; Auckland New Zealand
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Lim YA, Kang SJ. Evaluation of kodecytes using function-spacer-lipid constructs as a survey material for external proficiency testing for ABO subgrouping. J Clin Lab Anal 2017; 31. [PMID: 28124794 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not easy to find natural red blood cells (RBCs) with weak A (Aw ) or weak B phenotype (Bw ) for use as quality controls in ABO subgroup testing (subgrouping). The aim of this study was to prepare RBC kodecytes with synthetic blood group A and/or B function-spacer-lipid (FSL) constructs and to evaluate the possibility of using such kodecytes as a survey material for an external proficiency test (PT) to improve the quality of subgroup analysis. METHODS Three types of survey samples, including O phenotype RBCs and A kodecytes with Aw (0.02 mg/mL FSL-A solution) and B kodecytes with Bw (0.15 mg/mL FSL-B solution) were sent to 53 laboratories for an educational trial of PT for subgrouping. Cell typing was done using the manual tube technique. RESULTS Forty-three laboratories responded, and the re-activities of the survey samples varied from 0 to 4+ against anti-A and anti-B monoclonal reagents(MoAbs). Twenty-nine laboratories (67%) correctly grouped the Bw kodecytes as Bw . Fifteen (35%), 21 (48%), and 6 (13%) laboratories grouped the Aw kodecytes as Aw , A2 , and O phenotypes, respectively. The anti-A MoAb clone affects the results of cell typing for Aw kodecytes. The stability of kodecytes was similar to that of natural O RBCs during storage. CONCLUSION Our kodecytes were useful as a survey material, and the survey results showed the necessity of materials for PT for subgrouping to improve the quality of laboratory analysis regardless of the different reactions according to the MoAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ae Lim
- Laboratory Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seon Joo Kang
- Laboratory Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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14
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Glycan Engineering for Cell and Developmental Biology. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:108-121. [PMID: 26933739 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell-surface glycans are a diverse class of macromolecules that participate in many key biological processes, including cell-cell communication, development, and disease progression. Thus, the ability to modulate the structures of glycans on cell surfaces provides a powerful means not only to understand fundamental processes but also to direct activity and elicit desired cellular responses. Here, we describe methods to sculpt glycans on cell surfaces and highlight recent successes in which artificially engineered glycans have been employed to control biological outcomes such as the immune response and stem cell fate.
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15
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Prevalence of antibodies to a new histo-blood system: the FORS system. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2016; 16:178-183. [PMID: 27893352 DOI: 10.2450/2016.0120-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 1987, three unrelated English families were reported with a putative blood subgroup called Apae. Swedish researchers later found evidence leading to abolishment of the Apae subgroup and establishment instead of the FORS blood group system (System 31 - ISBT, 2012). It is important to know the prevalence of antibodies in order to make the best decisions in transfusion medicine. Cells expressing the Forssman saccharide, such as sheep erythrocytes, are needed to detect the anti-Forssman antibody. The aim of this study was to define the prevalence of human anti-Forssman antibody. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasma samples from 800 individuals were studied. Sheep erythrocytes or Forssman "kodecytes" were mixed with the plasma samples using the tube technique. Plasma from an Apae individual was used as a negative control and monoclonal anti-Forssman antibody (M1/22.25.8HL cell line supernatant) was used as the positive control. RESULTS Of the 800 individuals tested, one was negative for the presence of anti-Forssman antibody. We compared the anti-Forssman antibody reaction pattern between genders and found that males have weaker reactions than females, both at room temperature (p=0.026) and at 37 °C (p=0.043). We also investigated the reaction pattern of anti-Forssman antibody in relation to ABO and Rh blood group types without finding any significant differences. DISCUSSION Sheep erythrocytes are suitable for searching for human anti-Forssman antibody. The quantity of anti-Forssman antibodies in plasma is higher in females than in males. In the population (n=800) studied here, we found one individual lacking the anti-Forssman antibody. These results contribute to the data already published, confirming that FORS is a rare blood group.
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Bachegowda LS, Cheng YH, Long T, Shaz BH. Impact of Uniform Methods on Interlaboratory Antibody Titration Variability: Antibody Titration and Uniform Methods. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2016; 141:131-138. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2015-0351-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Context.—Substantial variability between different antibody titration methods prompted development and introduction of uniform methods in 2008.
Objective.—To determine whether uniform methods consistently decrease interlaboratory variation in proficiency testing.
Design.—Proficiency testing data for antibody titration between 2009 and 2013 were obtained from the College of American Pathologists. Each laboratory was supplied plasma and red cells to determine anti-A and anti-D antibody titers by their standard method: gel or tube by uniform or other methods at different testing phases (immediate spin and/or room temperature [anti-A], and/or anti-human globulin [AHG: anti-A and anti-D]) with different additives. Interlaboratory variations were compared by analyzing the distribution of titer results by method and phase.
Results.—A median of 574 and 1100 responses were reported for anti-A and anti-D antibody titers, respectively, during a 5-year period. The 3 most frequent (median) methods performed for anti-A antibody were uniform tube room temperature (147.5; range, 119–159), uniform tube AHG (143.5; range, 134–150), and other tube AHG (97; range, 82–116); for anti-D antibody, the methods were other tube (451; range, 431–465), uniform tube (404; range, 382–462), and uniform gel (137; range, 121–153). Of the larger reported methods, uniform gel AHG phase for anti-A and anti-D antibodies had the most participants with the same result (mode). For anti-A antibody, 0 of 8 (uniform versus other tube room temperature) and 1 of 8 (uniform versus other tube AHG), and for anti-D antibody, 0 of 8 (uniform versus other tube) and 0 of 8 (uniform versus other gel) proficiency tests showed significant titer variability reduction.
Conclusion.—Uniform methods harmonize laboratory techniques but rarely reduce interlaboratory titer variance in comparison with other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Beth H. Shaz
- From the Department of Transfusion Medicine (Drs Bachegowda, Cheng, and Shaz), New York Blood Center, New York, New York; and Biostatistics, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Mr Long)
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Williams E, Korchagina E, Frame T, Ryzhov I, Bovin N, Henry S. Glycomapping the fine specificity of monoclonal and polyclonal Lewis antibodies with type-specific Lewis kodecytes and function-spacer-lipid constructs printed on paper. Transfusion 2015; 56:325-33. [PMID: 26589374 DOI: 10.1111/trf.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lewis serologic reagents frequently give inaccurate phenotyping results. Furthermore these serologic reagents are often used in nonserologic assays such as inhibition and immunohistochemistry. In both scenarios knowledge of the fine specificity and cross-reactivity of these reagents will improve the quality of results obtained. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A range of contemporary and historical workshop and developmental Lewis reagents including mouse monoclonal (MoAb) and human and goat polyclonal (PoAb) reagents were evaluated. All were evaluated both against Lewis kodecytes expressing only single Le(a) , Le(b) , ALe(b) , BLe(b) , Le(x) , Le(y) , ALe(y) , or BLe(y) antigens and against the same antigens inkjet printed on a paper-based microplate and analyzed by enzyme immunoassay. Nine clinical samples were also evaluated. A kodecyte antigen dilution sensitivity assay was used to establish the ratio of Le(b) antigen between group A1 /A2 and O RBCs. RESULTS A continuum of cross-reactivity from Le(x) through to H was observed with MoAbs. All PoAb and few MoAb anti-Le(a) samples and reagents cross-reacted to some degree with Le(b) antigen. Some PoAb and MoAb anti-Le(b) did not cross-react with Le(a) . All polyclonal goat anti-Le(b) reagents showed substantial activity against ALe(b) and BLe(b) , while no MoAb reagent had this activity. A1 RBCs had less than half the Le(b) antigen of A2 /O RBCs. CONCLUSIONS Substantial cross-reactivity of both MoAbs and PoAbs with related antigens highlights the risks of using serologic reagents in nonserologic assays or against synthetic antigens. The lack of ALe(b) activity in anti-Le(b) MoAbs explains their poor performance against blood group A1 Le(a-b+) phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Williams
- Biotech Innovation Centre, Faculty of Design and Creative Technologies, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Elena Korchagina
- Shemyakin Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Ivan Ryzhov
- Shemyakin Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nicolai Bovin
- Shemyakin Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Stephen Henry
- Biotech Innovation Centre, Faculty of Design and Creative Technologies, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
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Korchagina EY, Henry SM. Synthetic glycolipid-like constructs as tools for glycobiology research, diagnostics, and as potential therapeutics. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 80:857-71. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915070068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Bello-Gil D, Manez R. Exploiting natural anti-carbohydrate antibodies for therapeutic purposes. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 80:836-45. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915070044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Mittag D, Sran A, Chan KS, Boland MP, Bandala-Sanchez E, Huet O, Xu W, Sparrow RL. Stored red blood cell susceptibility to in vitro transfusion-associated stress conditions is higher after longer storage and increased by storage in saline-adenine-glucose-mannitol compared to AS-1. Transfusion 2015; 55:2197-206. [PMID: 25968419 DOI: 10.1111/trf.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biochemical changes induced in red blood cells (RBCs) during storage may impair their function upon transfusion. Transfusion-associated stresses may further amplify storage lesion effects including increased phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure at the RBC membrane, microparticle (MP) release, and adhesion to endothelial cells (ECs). RBC stress susceptibility in vitro was investigated in relation to storage time and additive solution. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Leukoreduced whole blood donations (n = 18) were paired, mixed, and resplit before separating the RBCs for storage in saline-adenine-glucose-mannitol (SAGM) or AS-1. Samples were taken after 3, 21, or 35 days. For oxidative stress treatment, RBCs were exposed to 0.5 mmol/L tert-butylhydroperoxide. Transfusion-associated stress was simulated by overnight culture at 37 °C with plasma containing inflammatory mediators. PS exposure and MPs were measured by flow cytometry and adhesion to ECs was tested under flow conditions. PS specificity of adhesion was tested by blocking with PS-containing lipid vesicles. RESULTS Oxidative stress induced significantly higher PS exposure and adhesion to ECs in RBCs stored for 35 days compared to 3 days (p < 0.04). PS-containing vesicles blocked RBC-EC adhesion. After overnight culture with or without plasma, PS exposure and EC adhesion were significantly increased (p < 0.05). MP numbers increased with longer RBC storage and after RBC culture with plasma. Culture conditions influenced MP numbers from Day 35 RBCs. RBCs stored in SAGM had significantly higher PS exposure after stress treatment than AS-1 RBCs (p < 0.02). CONCLUSION Storage for 35 days significantly increased RBC susceptibility to oxidative and in vitro transfusion-associated stresses and was higher for RBCs stored in SAGM compared to AS-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Mittag
- formerly Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, West Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amrita Sran
- formerly Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, West Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kasey S Chan
- formerly Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, West Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin P Boland
- School of Psychological and Clinical Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Esther Bandala-Sanchez
- Department of Medical Biology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olivier Huet
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - William Xu
- formerly Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, West Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rosemary L Sparrow
- formerly Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, West Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Ilyushina NA, Chernyy ES, Korchagina EY, Gambaryan AS, Henry SM, Bovin NV. Labeling of influenza viruses with synthetic fluorescent and biotin-labeled lipids. Virol Sin 2014; 29:199-210. [PMID: 25160755 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-014-3475-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct labeling of virus particles is a powerful tool for the visualization of virus-cell interaction events. However, this technique involves the chemical modification of viral proteins that affects viral biological properties. Here we describe an alternative approach of influenza virus labeling that utilizes Function-Spacer-Lipid (FSL) constructs that can be gently inserted into the virus membrane. We assessed whether labeling with fluorescent (fluo-Ad-DOPE) or biotin-labeled (biot-CMG2-DOPE) probes has any deleterious effect on influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) receptor specificity, neuraminidase (NA) activity, or replicative ability in vitro. Our data clearly show that neither construct significantly affected influenza virus infectivity or viral affinity to sialyl receptors. Neither construct influenced the NA activities of the influenza viruses tested, except the A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) strain. Our data indicate that lipid labeling provides a powerful tool to analyze influenza virus infection in vitro.
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22
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Huang ML, Smith RA, Trieger GW, Godula K. Glycocalyx remodeling with proteoglycan mimetics promotes neural specification in embryonic stem cells. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10565-8. [PMID: 25019314 PMCID: PMC4121001 DOI: 10.1021/ja505012a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Growth factor (GF) signaling is a key determinant of stem cell fate. Interactions of GFs with their receptors are often mediated by heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Here, we report a cell surface engineering strategy that exploits the function of HSPGs to promote differentiation in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). We have generated synthetic neoproteoglycans (neoPGs) with affinity for the fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and introduced them into plasma membranes of ESCs deficient in HS biosynthesis. There, the neoPGs assumed the function of native HSPGs, rescued FGF2-mediated kinase activity, and promoted neural specification. This glycocalyx remodeling strategy is versatile and may be applicable to other types of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Greg W. Trieger
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Kamil Godula
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0358, United States
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23
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Barr K, Korchagina E, Ryzhov I, Bovin N, Henry S. Mapping the fine specificity of ABO monoclonal reagents with A and B type-specific function-spacer-lipid constructs in kodecytes and inkjet printed on paper. Transfusion 2014; 54:2477-84. [PMID: 24749871 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoclonal (MoAb) reagents are routinely used and are usually very reliable for the serologic determination of ABO blood types. However, the fine specificity and cross-reactivity of these reagents are often unknown, particularly against synthetic antigens used in some diagnostic assays. If nonserologic assays or very sensitive techniques other than those specifically prescribed by the manufacturer are used, then there is a risk of incorrect interpretation of results. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Forty-seven MoAbs and two polyclonal ABO reagents were tested against red blood cell (RBC) kodecytes prepared with A trisaccharide, A Type 1, A Type 2, A Type 3, A Type 4, B trisaccharide, B Type 1, B Type 2, acquired B trisaccharide, and Le(a) trisaccharide function-spacer-lipid (FSL) constructs. Natural RBCs were tested in parallel. In addition these FSL constructs were printed onto paper with a desktop inkjet printer and used in a novel immunoassay that identifies reactivity through the appearance of alphanumeric characters. RESULTS Mapping of MoAbs with kodecytes and printed FSL constructs revealed a series of broad recognition patterns. All ABO MoAbs tested were reactive with the RBC dominant Type 2 ABO antigens. Unexpectedly some anti-A reagents were reactive against the B Type 1 antigen, while others were poorly reactive with trisaccharide antigens. CONCLUSIONS All ABO MoAbs detect the RBC dominant Type 2 ABO antigens; however, some reagents may show minor reactivity with inappropriate blood group antigens, which needs to be considered when using these reagents in alternative or highly sensitive analytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Barr
- Biotech Innovation Centre, School of Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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24
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Holgersson J, Rydberg L, Breimer ME. Molecular deciphering of the ABO system as a basis for novel diagnostics and therapeutics in ABO incompatible transplantation. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 33:174-94. [PMID: 24350817 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.857408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years ABO incompatible kidney transplantation (KTx) has become a more or less clinical routine procedure with graft and patient survival similar to those of ABO compatible transplants. Antigen-specific immunoadsorption (IA) for anti-A and anti-B antibody removal constitutes in many centers an important part of the treatment protocol. ABO antibody titration by hemagglutination is guiding the treatment; both if the recipient can be transplanted as well as in cases of suspected rejections if antibody removal should be performed. Despite the overall success of ABO incompatible KTx, there is still room for improvements and an extension of the technology to include other solid organs. Based on an increased understanding of the structural complexity and tissue distribution of ABH antigens and the fine epitope specificity of the ABO antibody repertoire, improved IA matrices and ABO antibody diagnostics should be developed. Furthermore, understanding the molecular mechanisms behind accommodation of ABO incompatible renal allografts could make it possible to induce long-term allograft acceptance also in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) sensitized recipients and, perhaps, also make clinical xenotransplantation possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Holgersson
- 1Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine and
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25
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Postexit surface engineering of retroviral/lentiviral vectors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:253521. [PMID: 23691494 PMCID: PMC3652111 DOI: 10.1155/2013/253521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gene delivery vectors based on retroviral or lentiviral particles are considered powerful tools for biomedicine and biotechnology applications. Such vectors require modification at the genomic level in the form of rearrangements to allow introduction of desired genes and regulatory elements (genotypic modification) as well as engineering of the physical virus particle (phenotypic modification) in order to mediate efficient and safe delivery of the genetic information to the target cell nucleus. Phenotypic modifications are typically introduced at the genomic level through genetic manipulation of the virus producing cells. However, this paper focuses on methods which allow modification of viral particle surfaces after they have exited the cell, that is, directly on the viral particles in suspension. These methods fall into three categories: (i) direct covalent chemical modification, (ii) membrane-topic reagents, and (iii) adaptor systems. Current applications of such techniques will be introduced and their advantages and disadvantages will be discussed.
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Forssman expression on human erythrocytes: biochemical and genetic evidence of a new histo-blood group system. Blood 2012; 121:1459-68. [PMID: 23255552 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-10-455055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In analogy with histo-blood group A antigen, Forssman (Fs) antigen terminates with α3-N-acetylgalactosamine and can be used by pathogens as a host receptor in many mammals. However, primates including humans lack Fs synthase activity and have naturally occurring Fs antibodies in plasma. We investigated individuals with the enigmatic ABO subgroup A(pae) and found them to be homozygous for common O alleles. Their erythrocytes had no A antigens but instead expressed Fs glycolipids. The unexpected Fs antigen was confirmed in structural, serologic, and flow-cytometric studies. The Fs synthase gene, GBGT1, in A(pae) individuals encoded an arginine to glutamine change at residue 296. Gln296 is present in lower mammals, whereas Arg296 was found in 6 other primates, > 250 blood donors and A(pae) family relatives without the A(pae) phenotype. Transfection experiments and molecular modeling showed that Agr296Gln reactivates the human Fs synthase. Uropathogenic E coli containing prsG-adhesin-encoding plasmids agglutinated A(pae) but not group O cells, suggesting biologic implications. Predictive tests for intravascular hemolysis with crossmatch-incompatible sera indicated complement-mediated destruction of Fs-positive erythrocytes. Taken together, we provide the first conclusive description of Fs expression in normal human hematopoietic tissue and the basis of a new histo-blood group system in man, FORS.
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Toward creating cell membrane glyco-landscapes with glycan lipid constructs. Carbohydr Res 2012; 356:238-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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28
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Henry SM, Komarraju S, Heathcote D, Rodionov IL. Designing peptide-based FSL constructs to create Miltenberger kodecytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2824.2011.01505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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29
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Obukhova P, Korchagina E, Henry S, Bovin N. Natural anti-A and anti-B of the ABO system: allo- and autoantibodies have different epitope specificity. Transfusion 2011; 52:860-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Harrison AL, Henry S, Mahfoud R, Manis A, Albertini A, Gaudin Y, Lingwood CA, Branch DR. A novel VSV/HIV pseudotype approach for the study of HIV microbicides without requirement for level 3 biocontainment. Future Virol 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.11.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies of potential HIV mucosal microbicides are difficult to undertake due to the requirement for a suitable animal model and the use of biosafety level 3 containment, which are not always available to researchers. Here we show the use of a mouse model of vaginal and rectal transmission of an HIV chimeric virus that does not require level 3 biosafety containment, to test the ex vivo efficacy of soluble Gb3 analogs for the prevention of mucosal HIV infection. The model uses a pseudoenvelope-typed vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)/HIV recombinant virus that can infect all murine cell types. We demonstrate that the envelope glycoproteins VSV-G of VSV and gp-120 of HIV both bind Gb3. We show that soluble Gb3 analogs inhibit in vitro infection of cervical and vaginal-derived cell lines by both intact HIV and the VSV/HIV recombinant virus. Soluble Gb3 analogs incorporated into gel or used alone and applied directly to the vaginal and rectal mucosal tissue of mice were able to resist viral infection as monitored by PCR and quantitative real-time PCR copy number of HIV cDNA extracted from mouse tissue. Only a trend towards significant efficacy for prevention of mucosal transmission through lower copy number in the treatment groups was evident from these studies; however, this finding warrants further evaluation. In addition, we illustrate a methodology to evaluate inflammatory responses in either vagina or rectum after administration of soluble microbicidal compounds. These studies provide a potential new ex vivo methodology suitable for animal facilities in general, to screen microbicide drug candidates, including drug candidates that target viral proteins, for efficacy and safety, in order to accelerate development and discovery of prophylactic and therapeutic agents for HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Harrison
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Blood Services, Toronto General Research Institute, 67 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M1, Canada
- Hosptial for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | | | - Radhia Mahfoud
- Hosptial for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Adam Manis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hosptial for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Aurelie Albertini
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, UMR-CNRS 2472 / UMR-INRA 1157,CNRS, Allée de la terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Yves Gaudin
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, UMR-CNRS 2472 / UMR-INRA 1157,CNRS, Allée de la terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Clifford A Lingwood
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hosptial for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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Fluorescein and radiolabeled Function-Spacer-Lipid constructs allow for simple in vitro and in vivo bioimaging of enveloped virions. J Virol Methods 2011; 176:78-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Blake DA, Bovin NV, Bess D, Henry SM. FSL constructs: a simple method for modifying cell/virion surfaces with a range of biological markers without affecting their viability. J Vis Exp 2011:3289. [PMID: 21847082 DOI: 10.3791/3289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to modify/visualize biological surfaces, and then study the modified cell/virion in a range of in vitro and in vivo environments is essential to gaining further insight into the function of specific molecules or the entire entity. Studies of biological surface modification are generally limited to genetic engineering of the organism or the covalent attachment of chemical moieties to the cell surface(1,2). However these traditional techniques expose the cell to chemical reactants, or they require significant manipulation to achieve the desired outcome, making them cumbersome, and they may also inadvertently affect the viability/functionality of the modified cell. A simple method to harmlessly modify the surface of cells is required. Recently a new technology, KODE Technology has introduced a range of novel constructs consisting of three components: a functional head group (F), a spacer (S) and a lipid tail (L) and are known as Function-Spacer-Lipid or FSL constructs3. The spacer (S) is selected to provide a construct that is dispersible in water, yet will spontaneously and stably incorporate into a membrane. FSL construct functional moieties (F) so far include a range of saccharides including blood group-related determinants, sialic acids, hyaluronan polysaccharides, fluorophores, biotin, radiolabels, and a range of peptides(3-12). FSL constructs have been used in modifying embryos, spermatozoa, zebrafish, epithelial/endometrial cells, red blood cells, and virions to create quality controls systems and diagnostic panels, to modify cell adhesion/ interaction/ separation/ immobilization, and for in vitro and in vivo imaging of cells/virions(3-12). The process of modifying cells/virions is generic and extremely simple. The most common procedure is incubation of cells (in lipid free media) with a solution for FSL constructs for 1-2 hours at 37°C(4-10). During the incubation the FSL constructs spontaneously incorporate into the membrane, and the process is complete. Washing is optional. Cells modified by FSL constructs are known as kodecytes(6-9), while virions are kodevirions(10). FSL constructs as direct infusions and kodecytes/kodevirions have been used in experimental animal models(7,8,10). All kodecytes/kodevirions appear to retain their normal vitality and functionality while gaining the new function of the F moiety(7,8,10,11). The combination of dispersibility in biocompatible media, spontaneous incorporation into cell membranes, and apparent low toxicity, makes FSL constructs valuable research tools for the study of cells and virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Blake
- Biotechnology Research Institute, AUT University and KODE Biotech Ltd
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Hult AK, Frame T, Chesla S, Henry S, Olsson ML. Flow cytometry evaluation of red blood cells mimicking naturally occurring ABO subgroups after modification with variable amounts of function-spacer-lipid A and B constructs. Transfusion 2011; 52:247-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Georgakopoulos T, Komarraju S, Henry S, Bertolini J. An improved Fc function assay utilizing CMV antigen-coated red blood cells generated with synthetic function-spacer-lipid constructs. Vox Sang 2011; 102:72-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2011.01512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Oliver C, Blake D, Henry S. In vivo neutralization of anti-A and successful transfusion of A antigen-incompatible red blood cells in an animal model. Transfusion 2011; 51:2664-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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36
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Oliver C, Blake D, Henry S. Modeling transfusion reactions and predicting in vivo cell survival with kodecytes. Transfusion 2011; 51:1723-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.03034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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A synthetic globotriaosylceramide analogue inhibits HIV-1 infection in vitro by two mechanisms. Glycoconj J 2010; 27:515-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-010-9297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review describes the current state-of-the-art with respect to the modification of red blood cells for creating quality controls for use in immunohaematology. RECENT FINDINGS The author has identified five technologies able to create modified red blood cells potentially suitable for use in quality control. Two of the technologies use enzymes, glycosidases or glycosyltransferases, to modify red blood cells and create ABO quality control cells. A third technology uses polyethylene glycol to reduce antigen expression by masking epitopes, whereas a fourth technology is speculative and involves the in-vitro generation of genetically modified erythroid cells. None of these four technologies are in routine use to make commercially available quality controls. A fifth commercially available technology creates quality controls by adding synthetic blood group A and B antigens (FSLs) to group O red blood cells, creating what are referred to as 'kodecytes'. This technology is also being used to add blood group peptides onto red cells for use in the future in a range of diagnostic applications. SUMMARY Transducing cell-derived erythroid populations with blood group encoding or silencing vectors, and the use of FSLs to create kodecytes, are two technologies with the potential to provide quality controls for laboratory use.
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Heathcote D, Carroll T, Wang JJ, Flower R, Rodionov I, Tuzikov A, Bovin N, Henry S. IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY: Novel antibody screening cells, MUT+Mur kodecytes, created by attaching peptides onto red blood cells. Transfusion 2009; 50:635-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Gassner C, Rainer E, Pircher E, Markut L, Körmöczi GF, Jungbauer C, Wessin D, Klinghofer R, Schennach H, Schwind P, Schönitzer D. Application of a Multivariant, Caucasian-Specific, Genotyped Donor Panel for Performance Validation of MDmulticard®, ID-System®, and Scangel® RhD/ABO Serotyping. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 36:219-225. [PMID: 21113264 DOI: 10.1159/000215935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Validations of routinely used serological typing methods require intense performance evaluations typically including large numbers of samples before routine application. However, such evaluations could be improved considering information about the frequency of standard blood groups and their variants. METHODS: Using RHD and ABO population genetic data, a Caucasian-specific donor panel was compiled for a performance comparison of the three RhD and ABO serological typing methods MDmulticard (Medion Diagnostics), ID-System (DiaMed) and ScanGel (Bio-Rad). The final test panel included standard and variant RHD and ABO genotypes, e.g. RhD categories, partial and weak RhDs, RhD DELs, and ABO samples, mainly to interpret weak serological reactivity for blood group A specificity. All samples were from individuals recorded in our local DNA blood group typing database. RESULTS: For 'standard' blood groups, results of performance were clearly interpretable for all three serological methods compared. However, when focusing on specific variant phenotypes, pronounced differences in reaction strengths and specificities were observed between them. CONCLUSIONS: A genetically and ethnically predefined donor test panel consisting of 93 individual samples only, delivered highly significant results for serological performance comparisons. Such small panels offer impressive representative powers, higher as such based on statistical chances and large numbers only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gassner
- Central Institute for Blood Transfusion and Immunological Department, Innsbruck, Austria
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Rabuka D, Forstner MB, Groves JT, Bertozzi CR. Noncovalent cell surface engineering: incorporation of bioactive synthetic glycopolymers into cellular membranes. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:5947-53. [PMID: 18402449 DOI: 10.1021/ja710644g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The controlled addition of structurally defined components to live cell membranes can facilitate the molecular level analysis of cell surface phenomena. Here we demonstrate that cell surfaces can be engineered to display synthetic bioactive polymers at defined densities by exogenous membrane insertion. The polymers were designed to mimic native cell-surface mucin glycoproteins, which are defined by their dense glycosylation patterns and rod-like structures. End-functionalization with a hydrophobic anchor permitted incorporation into the membranes of live cultured cells. We probed the dynamic behavior of cell-bound glycopolymers bearing various hydrophobic anchors and glycan structures using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). Their diffusion properties mirrored those of many natural membrane-associated biomolecules. Furthermore, the membrane-bound glycopolymers were internalized into early endosomes similarly to endogenous membrane components and were capable of specific interactions with protein receptors. This system provides a platform to study cell-surface phenomena with a degree of chemical control that cannot be achieved using conventional biological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rabuka
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Comparing the tube and gel techniques for ABO antibody titration, as performed in three European centers. Transplantation 2008; 84:S17-9. [PMID: 18162980 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000296019.85986.af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Data from 60 consecutive ABO-incompatible kidney transplantations performed in Stockholm, Sweden; Freiburg, Germany; and Uppsala, Sweden, revealed significant variation in preoperative A/B antibody levels, with median titers of 1:32, 1:128, and 1:8, respectively. We wanted to investigate whether these differences were method-related. The same samples from 21 healthy blood donors were analyzed in the three centers using current local methods. Results confirmed method-related differences, with higher A/B titers in Freiburg and lower titers in Uppsala compared with Stockholm. Results for the same sample differed by a median of three (range 0 to 6) titer steps. When the same number of samples were analyzed in the three centers using the same gel method and the same test erythrocytes, results differed by a median of one titer step (range 0 to 4) for the same sample. In conclusion, gel hemagglutination technique significantly decreases intercenter variation compared with tube technique.
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