1
|
Finch NC, Neal CR, Welsh GI, Foster RR, Satchell SC. The unique structural and functional characteristics of glomerular endothelial cell fenestrations and their potential as a therapeutic target in kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F465-F478. [PMID: 37471420 PMCID: PMC10639027 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00036.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glomerular endothelial cell (GEnC) fenestrations are a critical component of the glomerular filtration barrier. Their unique nondiaphragmed structure is key to their function in glomerular hydraulic permeability, and their aberration in disease can contribute to loss of glomerular filtration function. This review provides a comprehensive update of current understanding of the regulation and biogenesis of fenestrae. We consider diseases in which GEnC fenestration loss is recognized or may play a role and discuss methods with potential to facilitate the study of these critical structures. Literature is drawn from GEnCs as well as other fenestrated cell types such as liver sinusoidal endothelial cells that most closely parallel GEnCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Finch
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- Langford Vets, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Chris R Neal
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin I Welsh
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nakakura T, Tanaka H, Suzuki T. Caveolae-mediated endocytosis pathway regulates endothelial fenestra homeostasis in the rat pituitary. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 675:177-183. [PMID: 37506534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial fenestrae are transcellular pores separated by diaphragms formed by plasmalemma vesicle-associated proteins (PLVAP) and function as channels for peptide hormones and other substances. Caveola, a key regulator of clathrin-independent endocytosis, may be involved in the invagination and fusion of plasma membranes, which are essential for fenestra formation. In this study, we first found that caveolin-1 and -2, the major components of caveolae, was localized in fenestrated endothelial cells in the anterior lobe of the rat pituitary by immunohistochemistry. As we also observed caveolae in the endothelial cells of the anterior lobe of the rat pituitary by transmission electron microscopy, we studied the relationship between the caveolae-mediated endocytosis pathway and fenestrae structure in cultured endothelial cells isolated from the anterior lobe of the rat pituitary (CECAL) by immunofluorescence staining and scanning electron microscopy. The inhibition of caveolae-mediated endocytosis by genistein enlarged the PLVAP-positive oval-shaped structure that represented the sieve plate and induced the formation of a doughnut-shaped bulge around the fenestra in CECAL. In contrast, the acceleration of caveolae-mediated endocytosis by okadaic acid induced the diffusion of PLVAP-positive signals in the cytoplasm and reduced the number of fenestrae in CECAL. These results indicate that the caveolae-mediated endocytosis pathway is involved in the fenestra homeostasis in the fenestrated endothelial cells of the rat pituitary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakakura
- Department of Anatomy, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Takeshi Suzuki
- Department of Biology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rahman MT, Kaung Y, Shannon L, Androjna C, Sharifi N, Labhasetwar V. Nanoparticle-mediated synergistic drug combination for treating bone metastasis. J Control Release 2023; 357:498-510. [PMID: 37059400 PMCID: PMC10243348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastasis at an advanced disease stage is common in most solid tumors and is untreatable. Overexpression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) in tumor-bone marrow microenvironment drives a vicious cycle of tumor progression and bone resorption. Biodegradable nanoparticles (NPs), designed to localize in the tumor tissue in bone marrow, were evaluated in a prostate cancer model of bone metastasis. The combination treatment, encapsulating docetaxel, an anticancer drug (TXT-NPs), and Denosumab, a monoclonal antibody that binds to RANKL (DNmb-NPs), administered intravenously regressed the tumor completely, preventing bone resorption, without causing any mortality. With TXT-NPs alone treatment, after an initial regression, the tumor relapsed and acquired resistance, whereas DNmb-NPs alone treatment was ineffective. Only in the combination treatment, RANKL was not detected in the tumor tibia, thus negating its role in tumor progression and bone resorption. The combination treatment was determined to be safe as the vital organ tissue showed no increase in inflammatory cytokine or the liver ALT/AST levels, and animals gained weight. Overall, dual drug treatment acted synergistically to modulate the tumor-bone microenvironment with encapsulation enhancing their therapeutic potency to achieve tumor regression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Tanjimur Rahman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Youzhi Kaung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Logan Shannon
- Small Animal Imaging Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Charlie Androjna
- Small Animal Imaging Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nima Sharifi
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Vinod Labhasetwar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen S, Zhu J, Xue J, Wang X, Jing P, Zhou L, Cui Y, Wang T, Gong X, Lü S, Long M. Numerical simulation of flow characteristics in a permeable liver sinusoid with leukocytes. Biophys J 2022; 121:4666-4678. [PMID: 36271623 PMCID: PMC9748252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Double-layered channels of sinusoid lumen and Disse space separated by fenestrated liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) endow the unique mechanical environment of the liver sinusoid network, which further guarantees its biological function. It is also known that this mechanical environment changes dramatically under liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, including the reduced plasma penetration and metabolite exchange between the two flow channels and the reduced Disse space deformability. The squeezing of leukocytes through narrow sinusoid lumen also affects the mechanical environment of liver sinusoid. To date, the detailed flow-field profile of liver sinusoid is still far from clear due to experimental limitations. It also remains elusive whether and how the varied physical properties of the pathological liver sinusoid regulate the fluid flow characteristics. Here a numerical model based on the immersed boundary method was established, and the effects of Disse space and leukocyte elasticities, endothelium permeability, and sinusoidal stenosis degree on fluid flow as well as leukocyte trafficking were specified upon a mimic liver sinusoid structure. Results showed that endothelium permeability dominantly controlled the plasma penetration velocity across the endothelium, whereas leukocyte squeezing promoted local penetration and significantly regulated wall shear stress on hepatocytes, which was strongly related to the Disse space and leukocyte deformability. Permeability and elasticity cooperatively regulated the process of leukocytes trafficking through the liver sinusoid, especially for stiffer leukocytes. This study will offer new insights into deeper understanding of the elaborate mechanical features of liver sinusoid and corresponding biological function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenbao Chen
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingchen Zhu
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Xue
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics (LNM), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hydrodynamics (Ministry of Education), Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Jing
- Key Laboratory of Hydrodynamics (Ministry of Education), Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lüwen Zhou
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Cui
- Department of Mechanics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianhao Wang
- Department of Mechanics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaobo Gong
- Key Laboratory of Hydrodynamics (Ministry of Education), Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shouqin Lü
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Mian Long
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Enyong EN, Gurley JM, De Ieso ML, Stamer WD, Elliott MH. Caveolar and non-Caveolar Caveolin-1 in ocular homeostasis and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 91:101094. [PMID: 35729002 PMCID: PMC9669151 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Caveolae, specialized plasma membrane invaginations present in most cell types, play important roles in multiple cellular processes including cell signaling, lipid uptake and metabolism, endocytosis and mechanotransduction. They are found in almost all cell types but most abundant in endothelial cells, adipocytes and fibroblasts. Caveolin-1 (Cav1), the signature structural protein of caveolae was the first protein associated with caveolae, and in association with Cavin1/PTRF is required for caveolae formation. Genetic ablation of either Cav1 or Cavin1/PTRF downregulates expression of the other resulting in loss of caveolae. Studies using Cav1-deficient mouse models have implicated caveolae with human diseases such as cardiomyopathies, lipodystrophies, diabetes and muscular dystrophies. While caveolins and caveolae are extensively studied in extra-ocular settings, their contributions to ocular function and disease pathogenesis are just beginning to be appreciated. Several putative caveolin/caveolae functions are relevant to the eye and Cav1 is highly expressed in retinal vascular and choroidal endothelium, Müller glia, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and the Schlemm's canal endothelium and trabecular meshwork cells. Variants at the CAV1/2 gene locus are associated with risk of primary open angle glaucoma and the high risk HTRA1 variant for age-related macular degeneration is thought to exert its effect through regulation of Cav1 expression. Caveolins also play important roles in modulating retinal neuroinflammation and blood retinal barrier permeability. In this article, we describe the current state of caveolin/caveolae research in the context of ocular function and pathophysiology. Finally, we discuss new evidence showing that retinal Cav1 exists and functions outside caveolae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric N Enyong
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jami M Gurley
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Michael L De Ieso
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael H Elliott
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wei Z, Lei J, Shen F, Dai Y, Sun Y, Liu Y, Dai Y, Jian Z, Wang S, Chen Z, Liao K, Hong S. Cavin1 Deficiency Causes Disorder of Hepatic Glycogen Metabolism and Neonatal Death by Impacting Fenestrations in Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2000963. [PMID: 33042738 PMCID: PMC7539207 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that Cavin1 deficiency causes lipodystrophy in both humans and mice by affecting lipid metabolism. The ablation of Cavin1 in rodents also causes a significant deviation from Mendelian ratio at weaning in a background-dependent manner, suggesting the presence of undiscovered functions of Cavin1. In the current study, the results show that Cavin1 deficiency causes neonatal death in C57BL/6J mice by dampening the storage and mobilization of glycogen in the liver, which leads to lethal neonatal hypoglycemia. Further investigation by electron microscopy reveals that Cavin1 deficiency impairs the fenestration in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and impacts the permeability of endothelial barrier in the liver. Mechanistically, Cavin1 deficiency inhibits the RhoA-Rho-associated protein kinase 2-LIM domain kinase-Cofilin signaling pathway and suppresses the dynamics of the cytoskeleton, and eventually causes the reduction of fenestrae in LSECs. In addition, the defect of fenestration in LSECs caused by Cavin1 deficiency can be rescued by treatment with the F-actin depolymerization reagent latrunculin A. In summary, the current study reveals a novel function of Cavin1 on fenestrae formation in LSECs and liver glycogen metabolism, which provide an explanation for the neonatal death of Cavin1 null mice and a potential mechanism for metabolic disorders in patients with Cavin1 mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and School of Life SciencesHuman Phenome InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
- Key Laboratory of Systems BiologyInnovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesCAS320 Yueyang RoadShanghai200031China
| | - Jigang Lei
- Key Laboratory of Systems BiologyInnovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesCAS320 Yueyang RoadShanghai200031China
- The Department of BiologyTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Feng Shen
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryDongfeng HospitalHubei University of MedicineShiyanHubei442001China
| | - Yuxiang Dai
- Department of CardiologyZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai Institute of Cardiovascular DiseaseShanghai200031P. R. China
| | - Yan Sun
- Masonic Medical Research Institute2150 Bleecker StUticaNY13501USA
| | - Yilian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and School of Life SciencesHuman Phenome InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Yan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Systems BiologyInnovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesCAS320 Yueyang RoadShanghai200031China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell BiologyKey Laboratory of Systems BiologyInnovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesCAS320 Yueyang RoadShanghai200031China
| | - Zhijie Jian
- Department of Radiologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Shilong Wang
- The Department of BiologyTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Zhengjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems BiologyInnovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesCAS320 Yueyang RoadShanghai200031China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell BiologyKey Laboratory of Systems BiologyInnovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesCAS320 Yueyang RoadShanghai200031China
| | - Kan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Systems BiologyInnovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesCAS320 Yueyang RoadShanghai200031China
| | - Shangyu Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and School of Life SciencesHuman Phenome InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lafoz E, Ruart M, Anton A, Oncins A, Hernández-Gea V. The Endothelium as a Driver of Liver Fibrosis and Regeneration. Cells 2020; 9:E929. [PMID: 32290100 PMCID: PMC7226820 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a common feature of sustained liver injury and represents a major public health problem worldwide. Fibrosis is an active research field and discoveries in the last years have contributed to the development of new antifibrotic drugs, although none of them have been approved yet. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) are highly specialized endothelial cells localized at the interface between the blood and other liver cell types. They lack a basement membrane and display open channels (fenestrae), making them exceptionally permeable. LSEC are the first cells affected by any kind of liver injury orchestrating the liver response to damage. LSEC govern the regenerative process initiation, but aberrant LSEC activation in chronic liver injury induces fibrosis. LSEC are also main players in fibrosis resolution. They maintain liver homeostasis and keep hepatic stellate cell and Kupffer cell quiescence. After sustained hepatic injury, they lose their phenotype and protective properties, promoting angiogenesis and vasoconstriction and contributing to inflammation and fibrosis. Therefore, improving LSEC phenotype is a promising strategy to prevent liver injury progression and complications. This review focuses on changes occurring in LSEC after liver injury and their consequences on fibrosis progression, liver regeneration, and resolution. Finally, a synopsis of the available strategies for LSEC-specific targeting is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Lafoz
- Unidad de Hemodinámica Hepática, Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Clínic, Universidad de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Augusto Pi Suñer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.L.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (A.O.)
| | - Maria Ruart
- Unidad de Hemodinámica Hepática, Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Clínic, Universidad de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Augusto Pi Suñer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.L.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (A.O.)
| | - Aina Anton
- Unidad de Hemodinámica Hepática, Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Clínic, Universidad de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Augusto Pi Suñer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.L.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (A.O.)
| | - Anna Oncins
- Unidad de Hemodinámica Hepática, Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Clínic, Universidad de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Augusto Pi Suñer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.L.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (A.O.)
| | - Virginia Hernández-Gea
- Unidad de Hemodinámica Hepática, Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Clínic, Universidad de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Augusto Pi Suñer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.L.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (A.O.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zapotoczny B, Braet F, Kus E, Ginda-Mäkelä K, Klejevskaja B, Campagna R, Chlopicki S, Szymonski M. Actin-spectrin scaffold supports open fenestrae in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Traffic 2019; 20:932-942. [PMID: 31569283 PMCID: PMC6899910 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fenestrae are open transmembrane pores that are a structural hallmark of healthy liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). Their key role is the transport of solutes and macromolecular complexes between the sinusoidal lumen and the space of Disse. To date, the biochemical nature of the cytoskeleton elements that surround the fenestrae and sieve plates in LSECs remain largely elusive. Herein, we took advantage of the latest developments in atomic force imaging and super‐resolution fluorescence nanoscopy to define the organization of the supramolecular complex(es) that surround the fenestrae. Our data revealed that spectrin, together with actin, lines the inner cell membrane and provided direct structural support to the membrane‐bound pores. We conclusively demonstrated that diamide and iodoacetic acid (IAA) affect fenestrae number by destabilizing the LSEC actin‐spectrin scaffold. Furthermore, IAA induces rapid and repeatable switching between the open vs closed state of the fenestrae, indicating that the spectrin‐actin complex could play an important role in controlling the pore number. Our results suggest that spectrin functions as a key regulator in the structural preservation of the fenestrae, and as such, it might serve as a molecular target for altering transendothelial permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bartlomiej Zapotoczny
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Filip Braet
- School of Medical Sciences (Discipline of Anatomy and Histology) - Cellular Imaging Facility, Charles Perkins Centre - Australian Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Edyta Kus
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | | | - Roberto Campagna
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Szymonski
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Luo X, Wang D, Zhu X, Wang G, You Y, Ning Z, Li Y, Jin S, Huang Y, Hu Y, Chen T, Meng Y, Li X. Autophagic degradation of caveolin-1 promotes liver sinusoidal endothelial cells defenestration. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:576. [PMID: 29760379 PMCID: PMC5951836 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, interacting with actin cytoskeleton and the NO-dependent pathway, may affect the phenotype and function of endothelial cells. Moreover, caveolin-1 (Cav-1), as a structure protein in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), is closely related to autophagy. Hence, we aim to explore the role of autophagic degradation of Cav-1 in LSECs defenestration. In vivo, we found the increase of autophagy in liver sinusoidal endothelium in human fibrotic liver. Furthermore, autophagy, degradation of Cav-1, and actin filament (F-actin) remodeling were triggered during the process of CCl4-induced LSECs defenestration; in contrast, autophagy inhibitor 3MA diminished the degradation of Cav-1 to maintain fenestrae and relieve CCl4-induced fibrosis. In vitro, during LSECs defenestration, the NO-dependent pathway was down-regulated through the reduction of the PI3K–AKT–MTOR pathway and initiation of autophagic degradation of Cav-1; while, these effects were aggravated by starvation. However, VEGF inhibited autophagic degradation of Cav-1 and F-actin remodeling to maintain LSECs fenestrae via activating the PI3K–AKT–MTOR pathway. Additionally, inhibiting autophagy, such as 3MA, bafilomycin, or ATG5-siRNA, could attenuate the depletion of Cav-1 and F-actin remodeling to maintain LSECs fenestrae and improve the NO-dependent pathway; in turn, eNOS-siRNA and L-NAME, for blocking the NO-dependent pathway, could elevate autophagic degradation of Cav-1 to aggravate defenestration. Finally, overexpressed Cav-1 rescued rapamycin-induced autophagic degradation of Cav-1 to maintain LSECs fenestrae; whereas knockdown of Cav-1 facilitated defenestration due to the activation of the AMPK-dependent autophagy. Consequently, autophagic degradation of Cav-1 promotes LSECs defenestration via inhibiting the NO-dependent pathway and F-actin remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xintao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guozhen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuehua You
- Department of Stomatology, People's hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zuowei Ning
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyi Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Meng
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
This update focuses on two main topics. First, recent developments in our understanding of liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) function will be reviewed, specifically elimination of blood-borne waste, immunological function of LSECs, interaction of LSECs with liver metastases, LSECs and liver regeneration, and LSECs and hepatic fibrosis. Second, given the current emphasis on rigor and transparency in biomedical research, the update discusses the need for standardization of methods to demonstrate identity and purity of isolated LSECs, pitfalls in methods that might lead to a selection bias in the types of LSECs isolated, and questions about long-term culture of LSECs. Various surface markers used for immunomagnetic selection are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie D. DeLeve
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases and the USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ana C. Maretti-Mira
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases and the USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zapotoczny B, Szafranska K, Kus E, Chlopicki S, Szymonski M. Quantification of fenestrations in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells by atomic force microscopy. Micron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
12
|
Luo X, Dan Wang, Luo X, Zhu X, Wang G, Ning Z, Li Y, Ma X, Yang R, Jin S, Huang Y, Meng Y, Li X. Caveolin 1-related autophagy initiated by aldosterone-induced oxidation promotes liver sinusoidal endothelial cells defenestration. Redox Biol 2017; 13:508-521. [PMID: 28734243 PMCID: PMC5521033 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone, with pro-oxidation and pro-autophagy capabilities, plays a key role in liver fibrosis. However, the mechanisms underlying aldosterone-promoted liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) defenestration remain unknown. Caveolin 1 (Cav1) displays close links with autophagy and fenestration. Hence, we aim to investigate the role of Cav1-related autophagy in LSECs defenestration. We found the increase of aldosterone/MR (mineralocorticoid receptor) level, oxidation, autophagy, and defenestration in LSECs in the human fibrotic liver, BDL or hyperaldosteronism models; while antagonizing aldosterone or inhibiting autophagy relieved LSECs defenestration in BDL-induced fibrosis or hyperaldosteronism models. In vitro, fenestrae of primary LSECs gradually shrank, along with the down-regulation of the NO-dependent pathway and the augment of the AMPK-dependent autophagy; these effects were aggravated by rapamycin (an autophagy activator) or aldosterone treatment. Additionally, aldosterone increased oxidation mediated by Cav1, reduced ATP generation, and subsequently induced the AMPK-dependent autophagy, leading to the down-regulation of the NO-dependent pathway and LSECs defenestration. These effects were reversed by MR antagonist spironolactone, antioxidants or autophagy inhibitors. Besides, aldosterone enhanced the co-immunoprecipitation of Cav1 with p62 and ubiquitin, and induced Cav1 co-immunofluorescence staining with LC3, ubiquitin, and F-actin in the perinuclear area of LSECs. Furthermore, aldosterone treatment increased the membrane protein level of Cav1, whereas decrease the cytoplasmic protein level of Cav1, indicating that aldosterone induced Cav1-related selective autophagy and F-actin remodeling to promote defenestration. Consequently, Cav1-related selective autophagy initiated by aldosterone-induced oxidation promotes LSECs defenestration via activating the AMPK-ULK1 pathway and inhibiting the NO-dependent pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, No. 52 Zhongshan East Road Nanming District, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xintao Zhu
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guozhen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuowei Ning
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxin Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renqiang Yang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyi Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Meng
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li M, Zhang W, Wang B, Gao Y, Song Z, Zheng QC. Ligand-based targeted therapy: a novel strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:5645-5669. [PMID: 27920520 PMCID: PMC5127222 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s115727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Chemotherapy is recommended to patients with intermediate or advanced stage cancer. However, the conventional chemotherapy yields low desired response rates due to multidrug resistance, fast clearance rate, nonspecific delivery, severe side effects, low drug concentration in cancer cells, and so on. Nanoparticle-mediated targeted drug delivery system can surmount the aforementioned obstacles through enhanced permeability and retention effect and active targeting as a novel approach of therapeutics for HCC in recent years. The active targeting is triggered by ligands on the delivery system, which recognize with and internalize into hepatoma cells with high specificity and efficiency. This review focuses on the latest targeted delivery systems for HCC and summarizes the ligands that can enhance the capacity of active targeting, to provide some insight into future research in nanomedicine for HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital
| | - Weiyue Zhang
- The First Clinic Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Birong Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Puai Hospital, Wuhan, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital
| | - Zifang Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gaddam RR, Fraser R, Badiei A, Chambers S, Cogger VC, Le Couteur DG, Ishii I, Bhatia M. Cystathionine-Gamma-Lyase Gene Deletion Protects Mice against Inflammation and Liver Sieve Injury following Polymicrobial Sepsis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160521. [PMID: 27518439 PMCID: PMC4982653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), produced by the activity of cystathionine-gamma-lyase (CSE), is a key mediator of inflammation in sepsis. The liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are important target and mediator of sepsis. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CSE-derived H2S on inflammation and LSECs fenestrae in caecal-ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis using CSE KO mice. Methods Sepsis was induced by CLP, and mice (C57BL/6J, male) were sacrificed after 8 hours. Liver, lung, and blood were collected and processed to measure CSE expression, H2S synthesis, MPO activity, NF-κB p65, ERK1/2, and cytokines/chemokines levels. Diameter, frequency, porosity and gap area of the liver sieve were calculated from scanning electron micrographs of the LSECs. Results An increased CSE expression and H2S synthesizing activity in the liver and lung of wild-type mice following CLP-induced sepsis. This was associated with an increased liver and lung MPO activity, and increased liver and lung and plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and the chemokines MCP-1 and MIP-2α. Conversely, CSE KO mice had less liver and lung injury and reduced inflammation following CLP-induced sepsis as evidenced by decreased levels of H2S synthesizing activity, MPO activity, and pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines production. Extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB) became significantly activated after the CLP in WT mice but not in CSE KO mice. In addition, CLP-induced damage to the LSECs, as indicated by increased defenestration and gaps formation in the LSECs compared to WT sham control. CSE KO mice showed decreased defenestration and gaps formation following sepsis. Conclusions Mice with CSE (an H2S synthesising enzyme) gene deletion are less susceptible to CLP-induced sepsis and associated inflammatory response through ERK1/2-NF-κB p65 pathway as evidenced by reduced inflammation, tissue damage, and LSECs defenestration and gaps formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin Fraser
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Alireza Badiei
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Chambers
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Victoria C Cogger
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Alzheimers and Ageing Institute, Biogerentology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney and Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - David G Le Couteur
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Alzheimers and Ageing Institute, Biogerentology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney and Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Isao Ishii
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madhav Bhatia
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the cells forming the hepatic sinusoidal wall of rat in acetaminophen and Escherichia coli endotoxin-induced hepatotoxicity. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2016; 5:21-27. [PMID: 30023233 PMCID: PMC6014258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmau.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs and xenobiotics as well as bacterial endotoxins may reach the liver either systematically or after intestinal absorption. Therefore, cells lining the sinusoidal wall form the last barrier before blood constituents get in contact with the parenchymal cells. In this work, the ultrastructure of the cells forming the sinusoidal wall was studied after acetaminophen and Escherichia coli endotoxin treatments. Rats received acetaminophen at a dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight by intraperitoneal injection once in acute and four times with a 1-week interval in chronic treatments, and E. coli endotoxin at a dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight by intraperitoneal injection once in acute and four times with a 1-week interval in chronic treatments. Tissue samples were collected for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Swelling of sinusoidal endothelial cells was noticed in both acute intoxicated groups with narrowing of the fenestrae, whereas large gaps were formed in chronic toxicity. Activation of Kupffer cells was a prominent common feature between the four toxicity groups. Interestingly, hepatic stellate cell activation was evident in both chronic acetaminophen and chronic endotoxin groups. Large amounts of collagen fibers were seen surrounding the hepatic stellate cells and in Disse space.
Collapse
|
16
|
Inhibition of bone loss with surface-modulated, drug-loaded nanoparticles in an intraosseous model of prostate cancer. J Control Release 2016; 232:83-92. [PMID: 27090164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Advanced-stage prostate cancer usually metastasizes to bone and is untreatable due to poor biodistribution of intravenously administered anticancer drugs to bone. In this study, we modulated the surface charge/composition of biodegradable nanoparticles (NPs) to sustain their blood circulation time and made them small enough to extravasate through the openings of the bone's sinusoidal capillaries and thus localize into marrow. NPs with a neutral surface charge, achieved by modulating the NP surface-associated emulsifier composition, were more effective at localizing to bone marrow than NPs with a cationic or anionic surface charge. These small neutral NPs (~150nm vs. the more usual ~320nm) were also ~7-fold more effective in localizing in bone marrow than large NPs. We hypothesized that NPs that effectively localize to marrow could improve NP-mediated anticancer drug delivery to sites of bone metastasis, thereby inhibiting cancer progression and preventing bone loss. In a PC-3M-luc cell-induced osteolytic intraosseous model of prostate cancer, these small neutral NPs demonstrated greater accumulation in bone within metastatic sites than in normal contralateral bone as well as co-localization with the tumor mass in marrow. Significantly, a single-dose intravenous administration of these small neutral NPs loaded with paclitaxel (PTX-NPs), but not anionic PTX-NPs, slowed the progression of bone metastasis. In addition, neutral PTX-NPs prevented bone loss, whereas animals treated with the rapid-release drug formulation Cremophor EL (PTX-CrEL) or saline (control) showed >50% bone loss. Neutral PTX-NPs did not cause acute toxicity, whereas animals treated with PTX-CrEL experienced weight loss. These results indicate that NPs with appropriate physical and sustained drug-release characteristics could be explored to treat bone metastasis, a significant clinical issue in prostate and other cancers.
Collapse
|
17
|
Mechanisms of action for arsenic in cardiovascular toxicity and implications for risk assessment. Toxicology 2015; 331:78-99. [PMID: 25771173 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of an association between inorganic arsenic (iAs) exposure and cardiovascular outcomes has received increasing attention in the literature over the past decade. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) is currently revising its Integrated Risk Assessment System (IRIS) review of iAs, and one of the non-cancer endpoints of interest is cardiovascular disease (CVD). Despite the increased interest in this area, substantial gaps remain in the available information, particularly regarding the mechanism of action (MOA) by which iAs could cause or exacerbate CVD. Few studies specifically address the plausibility of an association between iAs and CVD at the low exposure levels which are typical in the United States (i.e., below 100 μg As/L in drinking water). We have conducted a review and evaluation of the animal, mechanistic, and human data relevant to the potential MOAs of iAs and CVD. Specifically, we evaluated the most common proposed MOAs, which include disturbance of endothelial function and hepatic dysfunction. Our analysis of the available evidence indicates that there is not a well-established MOA for iAs in the development or progression of CVD. Few human studies of the potential MOAs have addressed plausibility at low doses and the applicability of extrapolation from animal studies to humans is questionable. However, the available evidence indicates that regardless of the specific MOA, the effects of iAs on physiological processes at the cellular level appear to operate via a threshold mechanism. This finding is consistent with the lack of association of CVD with iAs exposure in humans at levels below 100 μg/L, particularly when considering important exposure and risk modifiers such as nutrition and genetics. Based on this analysis, we conclude that there are no data supporting a linear dose-response relationship between iAs and CVD, indicating this relationship has a threshold.
Collapse
|
18
|
Cogger VC, Roessner U, Warren A, Fraser R, Le Couteur DG. A Sieve-Raft Hypothesis for the regulation of endothelial fenestrations. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2013; 8:e201308003. [PMID: 24688743 PMCID: PMC3962122 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201308003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C Cogger
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing and ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia ; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- Metabolomics Australia and Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Alessandra Warren
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing and ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia ; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Robin Fraser
- Christchurch School of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch NZ
| | - David G Le Couteur
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing and ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia ; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney NSW Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yamazaki H, Oda M, Takahashi Y, Iguchi H, Yoshimura K, Okada N, Yokomori H. Relation between ultrastructural localization, changes in caveolin-1, and capillarization of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in human hepatitis C-related cirrhotic liver. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 61:169-76. [PMID: 23117935 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412468590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most vascular endothelial cells are continuously exposed to shear stress in vivo. Caveolae are omega-shaped membrane invaginations in endothelial cells (ECs) and are enriched in cholesterol, caveolins, and signaling molecules. This study was designed to elucidate the ultrastructural localization and change in caveolin-1 expression within human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) during the progression of cirrhosis caused by hepatitis C, using tissue sections prepared via perfusion-fixation. Normal control liver specimens and hepatitis C-related Child-Pugh A and C cirrhotic liver specimens were studied. Caveolin-1 in the liver sinusoids was examined via immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and immunoelectron microscopy. In control liver tissue, caveolin-1 was localized on caveolae mainly in arterial and portal endothelial cells of the portal tract and was also found on vesicles and some fenestrae in LSECs around the central vein. In cirrhotic liver tissue, aberrant caveolin-1 expression was observed on caveolae-like structures in LSECs. Caveolin-1 was especially overexpressed in late-stage cirrhosis. This study demonstrates that caveolin-1 is strongly expressed within caveolae-like structures and associated vesicles within LSECs of the hepatitis C-related cirrhotic liver. These findings suggest a direct association of caveolin-1 in the process of differentiation of LSECs in cirrhosis-mediated capillarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University Medical Center, Kitasato University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Svistounov D, Warren A, McNerney GP, Owen DM, Zencak D, Zykova SN, Crane H, Huser T, Quinn RJ, Smedsrød B, Le Couteur DG, Cogger VC. The Relationship between fenestrations, sieve plates and rafts in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46134. [PMID: 23029409 PMCID: PMC3454341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fenestrations are transcellular pores in endothelial cells that facilitate transfer of substrates between blood and the extravascular compartment. In order to understand the regulation and formation of fenestrations, the relationship between membrane rafts and fenestrations was investigated in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells where fenestrations are grouped into sieve plates. Three dimensional structured illumination microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, internal reflectance fluorescence microscopy and two-photon fluorescence microscopy were used to study liver sinusoidal endothelial cells isolated from mice. There was an inverse distribution between sieve plates and membrane rafts visualized by structured illumination microscopy and the fluorescent raft stain, Bodipy FL C5 ganglioside GM1. 7-ketocholesterol and/or cytochalasin D increased both fenestrations and lipid-disordered membrane, while Triton X-100 decreased both fenestrations and lipid-disordered membrane. The effects of cytochalasin D on fenestrations were abrogated by co-administration of Triton X-100, suggesting that actin disruption increases fenestrations by its effects on membrane rafts. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) depleted lipid-ordered membrane and increased fenestrations. The results are consistent with a sieve-raft interaction, where fenestrations form in non-raft lipid-disordered regions of endothelial cells once the membrane-stabilizing effects of actin cytoskeleton and membrane rafts are diminished.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Svistounov
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing and ANZAC Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney and Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alessandra Warren
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing and ANZAC Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney and Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gregory P. McNerney
- NSF Center for Biophotonics Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Dylan M. Owen
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dusan Zencak
- Eskitis Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Svetlana N. Zykova
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing and ANZAC Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney and Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Harry Crane
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing and ANZAC Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney and Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas Huser
- NSF Center for Biophotonics Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | | | - Bård Smedsrød
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway
| | - David G. Le Couteur
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing and ANZAC Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney and Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Victoria C. Cogger
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing and ANZAC Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney and Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
SUMMARY The 'liver sieve' is a term developed to describe the appearance and the role of fenestrations in the liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC). LSECs are gossamer-thin cells that line the hepatic sinusoid and they are perforated with pores called fenestrations clustered in sieve plates. There is growing evidence that fenestrations act like a permselective ultrafiltration system which is important for the hepatic uptake of many substrates, particularly chylomicron remnant lipoproteins. The liver sieve is a very efficient exchange system, however in conditions such as hepatic cirrhosis and fibrosis, diabetes mellitus and old age, there is defenestration of the liver sieve. Such defenestration has been shown to influence the hepatic uptake of various substrates including lipoproteins. In the future, pharmacological manipulation of the liver sieve may play a number of therapeutic roles including the management of dyslipidaemia; increasing the efficiency of liver-targeted gene therapy; and improving regeneration of old livers.
Collapse
|
22
|
Yokomori H, Oda M, Yoshimura K, Hibi T. Recent advances in liver sinusoidal endothelial ultrastructure and fine structure immunocytochemistry. Micron 2011; 43:129-34. [PMID: 21906955 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ultrastructure reports have described that liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC)s contain a cytoskeletal framework of filamentous actin. Small G protein has emerged as an important regulator of the actin cytoskeleton, and consequently, of cell morphology and motility. We investigated actin filaments in relation to SEF in LSECs using a heavy meromyosin-decorated reaction and thereby elucidated the roles of small G protein and actin cytoskeleton in the morphological and functional alterations of SEF. Caveolin-1 expression has also been found in fenestrations with many characteristics of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Currently, fenestral studies and human disease are revealing ways to increase the liver sieve's porosity, which is reduced through pathological mechanisms. Hepatic sinusoidal endothelial dysfunction, which is known to impair endothelium-dependent relaxation in the liver microcirculation, contributes to increased intrahepatic vascular resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Yokomori
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato Medical Center Hospital, Saitama, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Biazik JM, Jahn KA, Braet F. Caveolae and caveolin-1 in reptilian liver. Micron 2011; 42:656-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
24
|
|
25
|
Three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy of liver sinusoidal endothelial cell fenestrations. J Struct Biol 2010; 171:382-8. [PMID: 20570732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fenestrations are pores in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells that filter substrates and debris between the blood and hepatocytes. Fenestrations have significant roles in aging and the regulation of lipoproteins. However their small size (<200 nm) has prohibited any functional analysis by light microscopy. We employed structured illumination light microscopy to observe fenestrations in isolated rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells with great clarity and spatial resolution. With this method, the three-dimensional structure of fenestrations (diameter 123+/-24 nm) and sieve plates was elucidated and it was shown that fenestrations occur in areas of abrupt cytoplasmic thinning (165+/-54 nm vs. 292+/-103 nm in non-fenestrated regions, P<0.0001). Sieve plates were not preferentially co-localized with fluorescently labeled F-actin stress fibers and endothelial nitric oxide synthase but appeared to occur in primarily attenuated non-raft regions of the cell membrane. Labyrinthine structures were not seen and all fenestrations were short cylindrical pores. In conclusion, three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy has enabled the unlimited power of fluorescent immunostaining and co-localization to reveal new structural and functional information about fenestrations and sieve plates.
Collapse
|