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Alluhayb AH, Severance C, Hendry-Hofer T, Bebarta VS, Logue BA. Can the cyanide metabolite, 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid, be used for forensic verification of cyanide poisoning? Forensic Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s11419-024-00690-4. [PMID: 38739353 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-024-00690-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Forensic verification of cyanide (CN) poisoning by direct CN analysis in postmortem blood is challenging due to instability of CN in biological samples. CN metabolites, thiocyanate (SCN-) and 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA), have been proposed as more stable biomarkers, yet it is unclear if either is appropriate for this purpose. In this study, we evaluated the behavior of CN biomarkers in postmortem swine and postmortem blood to determine which serves as the best biomarker of CN exposure. METHODS CN, SCN-, and ATCA were measured in postmortem swine (N = 8) stored at 4 °C and postmortem blood stored at 25 °C (room temperature, RT) and 37 °C (typical human body temperature, HBT). RESULTS Following CN poisoning, the concentration of each CN biomarker increased well above the baseline. In postmortem swine, CN concentrations declined rapidly (t1/2 = 34.3 h) versus SCN- (t1/2 = 359 h, 15 days) and ATCA (t1/2 = 544 h, 23 days). CN instability in postmortem blood increased at RT (t1/2 = 10.7 h) and HBT (t1/2 = 6.6 h). SCN- and ATCA were more stable than CN at all storage conditions. In postmortem swine, the t1/2s of SCN- and ATCA were 15 and 23 days, respectively. While both the t1/2s of SCN- and ATCA were relatively lengthy, endogenous levels of SCN- were much more variable than ATCA. CONCLUSION While there are still questions to be answered, ATCA was the most adept forensic marker of CN poisoning (i.e., ATCA produced the longest half-life, the largest increase above baseline levels, and most stable background concentrations).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah H Alluhayb
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Avera Health and Science Center, South Dakota State University, 1055 Campanile Ave, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Box 1162, Buraidah, 51452, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Carter Severance
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Tara Hendry-Hofer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Vikhyat S Bebarta
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Brian A Logue
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Avera Health and Science Center, South Dakota State University, 1055 Campanile Ave, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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2
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Nishiwaki K, Morikawa Y, Suzuki S, Shiomi K, Nakanishi I. Spectral and theoretical analysis of derivatives of 1,2,3,3-tetramethyl-3H-indolium iodide (TMI), a highly selective derivatization reagent of cyanide, and their utility for the analysis of cyanide concentrations in beverages. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:1763-1770. [PMID: 37318679 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We develop a specific derivatization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for cyanide using 1,2,3,3-tetramethyl-3H-indium iodide as the derivatization reagent. The derivative compounds were synthesized and characterized using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C NMR, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The high selectivity of this derivatization for cyanide is supported by calculations and activation energy comparisons. We applied this method to pure water, green tea, orange juice, coffee cafe au lait, and milk. Derivatization was performed by diluting 20 μL of sample solution with 0.1 M NaOH and adding 100 μL of saturated borax solution and 100 μL of 8 mM TMI solution, each drink was completed in 5 min at room temperature, and selected ion (m/z = 200) monitoring analysis was linear (R2 > 0.998) at 0.15 to 15 μM, with detection limits of 4-11 μM were shown. This method is expected to be widely used in forensic toxicology analysis and can be applied to beverages, which are forensically important field samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Nishiwaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Morikawa
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Kyoto Prefectural Police H.Q, 85-3, Yabunouchi-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8550, Japan.
| | - Shigeo Suzuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Shiomi
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Kyoto Prefectural Police H.Q, 85-3, Yabunouchi-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8550, Japan
| | - Isao Nakanishi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
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3
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Xie S, Wang H, Li N, Liu Y, Wu J, Xu Y, Xie J. A gold coating nanoporous anodized alumina oxide membrane as the substrate for rapid surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy detection of conjugated cyanide in fingertip blood. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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4
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Evaluation of Hydrogen Cyanide in the Blood of Fire Victims Based on the Kinetics of the Reaction with Ninhydrin. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12052329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An original kinetic spectrophotometric procedure was developed for the determination of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the whole blood of fire victims. Cyanide poisoning by smoke inhalation is common in forensic medicine, but the blood HCN of fire victims has not been studied in detail so far. In this research project, we developed a simple, fast, sensitive, and selective quantification method for both free and metabolized HCN based on the kinetics of cyanide reaction with ninhydrin. The method was linear in range, from 0.26 to 2.6 μg mL−1, with a coefficient of determination of r = 0.994. A high molar absorptivity of 4.95 × 105 L mol−1 cm−1 was calculated under the reaction conditions. The limit of quantification was 0.052 μg mL−1; the detection limit was 0.012 μg mL−1 and the standard error was ±2.7%. This micro method proved to be accurate, sensitive, and selective and has been successfully applied to the analysis of blood samples, allowing rapid monitoring of blood cyanide in several fire victims.
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5
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Saka K, Kudo K, Namera A, Fujii Y, Noritake K, Torimitsu S, Makino Y, Iwase H. Simple and simultaneous quantification of cyanide, ethanol, and 1-propanol in blood by headspace GC–MS/NPD with Deans switch dual detector system. Sci Justice 2022; 62:193-202. [PMID: 35277233 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyanide is a powerful and rapidly acting poison. In Japan, cyanide poisoning is rare, and regular cyanide testing can be costly and time consuming. In contrast, alcohol analysis is routinely performed in most forensic laboratories. In this study, we attempted to develop a method for the simultaneous quantification of cyanide and alcohols in blood using headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC). As nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD) is more sensitive to hydrogen cyanide than mass spectrometry (MS), a Deans switch was used to switch the detectors during a single run. The separation provided by three analytical columns, PoraBOND Q, CP-Sil 5 CB, and HP-INNOWax, was investigated, and PoraBOND Q was selected. The use of HS-GC-MS/NPD with a Deans switch enabled the simple and simultaneous quantification of cyanide, ethanol, and 1-propanol. Eighteen other volatile compounds were detected in the SIM/scan mode of the MS.
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6
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Morikawa Y, Nishiwaki K, Suzuki S, Yasaka N, Okada Y, Nakanishi I. A new chemosensor for cyanide in blood based on the Pd complex of 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-[ N-n-propyl- N-(3-sulfopropyl)amino]phenol. Analyst 2021; 145:7759-7764. [PMID: 33006340 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01554g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new indirect chemosensor for the detection of cyanide in blood is developed. 2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-[N-n-propyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)amino]phenol, a yellow dye, forms a blue-coloured complex with palladium ions. The yellow colour of this complex is regained upon reaction with cyanide ions. The complex shows high selectivity for the detection of cyanide over 16 other anions. The system was applied to two different methods for the detection of cyanide in human whole blood. As a quantitative absorbance method, blood samples were mixed with acid, and the resulting vaporised hydrogen cyanide was absorbed in an alkaline solution containing the complex in a Conway cell. The resulting absorbance response of the solution at 450 nm is linear over the range 4-40 μM (R2 = 1.000), and the limit of detection is 0.6 μM. Furthermore, the complex-soaked paper is applicable as a test strip for cyanide detection. When a test strip is used with 0.5 mL of blood, the limit of detection is 15 μM. The detection limits of these two methods are below the toxic blood cyanide concentration (19 μM). Therefore, both methods allow the quantification and screening of cyanide in blood samples. Furthermore, the test strip is low cost and enables on-site analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Morikawa
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Kyoto Prefectural Police H.Q., 85-3, 85-4, Yabunouchi-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan 602-8550.
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Wachełko O, Chłopaś-Konowałek A, Zawadzki M, Szpot P. Old Poison, New Problem: Cyanide Fatal Intoxications Associated with Internet Shopping. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 46:bkab039. [PMID: 33851707 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread access to the Internet has an increasing influence on how suicides are committed. On websites such as eBay® or Amazon.com® highly toxic substances including cyanides are available for purchase. In the last 5 years, a few fatal intoxications associated with Internet shopping and buying "suicide kits" have been reported. Epidemiology of intoxications reported by American Association of Poison Control Centers between 2000-2018 shows that about 10% of all exposures to cyanide were related to suicide attempts and intentional ingestion of this substance. In order to determine the cyanide concentration in four fatal intoxication cases associated with Internet shopping, a headspace gas chromatography with dual column/dual flame ionization detector (HS-GC-FID/FID) method was validated and applied to casework. The method was linear in range, from 1 to 50 µg/mL, with a coefficient of determination of 0.999 (R2). The limit of quantification was 1.0 µg/mL; the detection limit was 0.5 µg/mL. Intra- and inter-day validation precision and accuracy did not exceed 10% and 15%, respectively. Recovery and matrix effect values ranged from 94.8- 103.8% and -5.2─3.8%, respectively. The cyanide concentrations were determined in biological fluids (blood, urine, bile, vitreous humor, gastric content) and postmortem tissue samples (spleen, kidney, liver, brain). The headspace gas chromatographic method, which is routinely used in clinical and forensic toxicology to quantify ethanol with its congeners (methanol, acetone, isopropanol, n-propanol and n-butanol), can be also applied to determine cyanide in intoxication cases. The global problem of a high number of suicides each year, requires increasing and more restrictive control of highly toxic substances available online as well as caution monitoring of human exposure to cyanide. This old and well known poison is being increasingly used nowadays for suicidal purposes, therefore determination of cyanide in biological samples is still important in terms of clinical and forensic toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Wachełko
- Institute of Toxicology Research, 45 Kasztanowa Street, Borowa 55093, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Zawadzki
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 4 J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego Street, Wroclaw 50345, Poland
| | - Paweł Szpot
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 4 J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego Street, Wroclaw 50345, Poland
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8
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Hisatsune K, Murata T, Ogata K, Hida M, Ishii A, Tsuchihashi H, Hayashi Y, Zaitsu K. RECiQ: A Rapid and Easy Method for Determining Cyanide Intoxication by Cyanide and 2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic Acid Quantification in the Human Blood Using Probe Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:23351-23357. [PMID: 32954186 PMCID: PMC7496032 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a rapid and easy method to determine cyanide (CN) intoxication by quantification of CN and 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA), which is a new and reliable indicator of CN exposure, in the human blood using probe electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (PESI/MS/MS) named RECiQ. For CN, we applied the previously reported one-pot derivatization method using 2,3-naphthalenedialdehyde and taurine, which can directly derivatize CN in the blood. The analytical conditions of the CN derivatization were optimized as a 10 min reaction time at room temperature. In contrast, ATCA could be directly detected in the blood by PESI/MS/MS. We developed quantitative methods for the derivatized CN and ATCA using an internal standard method and validated them using quality control samples, demonstrating that the linearities of each calibration curve were greater than 0.995, and intra- and interday precisions and accuracies were 5.1-15 and 1.1-14%, respectively. Moreover, the lower limit of detections for CN and ATCA were 42 and 43 ng/mL, respectively. Finally, we applied RECiQ to three postmortem blood specimens obtained from victims of fire incidents, which resulted in the successful quantification of CN and ATCA in all samples. As PESI/MS/MS can be completed within 0.5 min, and the sample volume requirement of RECiQ is only 2 μL of blood, these methods are useful not only for the rapid determination of CN exposure but also for the estimation of the CN intoxication levels during an autopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Hisatsune
- Forensic
Science Laboratory, Aichi Prefectural Police
Headquarters, Naka-ku, Nagoya 460-8502, Japan
- Department
of Legal Medicine & Bioethics, Nagoya
University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tasuku Murata
- Shimadzu
Corporation, 1 Nishinokyo-Kuwabaracho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Koretsugu Ogata
- Shimadzu
Corporation, 1 Nishinokyo-Kuwabaracho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Minemasa Hida
- Forensic
Science Laboratory, Aichi Prefectural Police
Headquarters, Naka-ku, Nagoya 460-8502, Japan
| | - Akira Ishii
- Department
of Legal Medicine & Bioethics, Nagoya
University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tsuchihashi
- Department
of Legal Medicine & Bioethics, Nagoya
University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yumi Hayashi
- Department
of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-Minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
- In
Vivo Real-Time Omics Laboratory, Institute
for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kei Zaitsu
- Department
of Legal Medicine & Bioethics, Nagoya
University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
- In
Vivo Real-Time Omics Laboratory, Institute
for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- . Tel: +81-52-744-2118. Fax: +81-52-744-2121
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9
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Pagliano E, Campanella B, D'Ulivo A, Mester Z. Derivatization chemistries for the determination of inorganic anions and structurally related compounds by gas chromatography - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1025:12-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Roda G, Arnoldi S, Dei Cas M, Ottaviano V, Casagni E, Tregambe F, Visconti GL, Farè F, Froldi R, Gambaro V. Determination of Cyanide by Microdiffusion Technique Coupled to Spectrophotometry and GC/NPD and Propofol by Fast GC/MS-TOF in a Case of Poisoning. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 42:e51-e57. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Roda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milano, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Arnoldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Dei Cas
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milano, Italy
| | - Valeria Ottaviano
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Laboratorio di Tossicologia Forense, Università degli Studi “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, Roma, Italy
| | - Eleonora Casagni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milano, Italy
| | - Fausto Tregambe
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milano, Italy
| | - Giacomo Luca Visconti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milano, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Farè
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milano, Italy
| | - Rino Froldi
- Istituto di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Università degli Studi di Macerata, Via Don Minzoni 9, Macerata, Italy
| | - Veniero Gambaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milano, Italy
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Jaszczak E, Polkowska Ż, Narkowicz S, Namieśnik J. Cyanides in the environment-analysis-problems and challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:15929-15948. [PMID: 28512706 PMCID: PMC5506515 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyanide toxicity and their environmental impact are well known. Nevertheless, they are still used in the mining, galvanic and chemical industries. As a result of industrial activities, cyanides are released in various forms to all elements of the environment. In a natural environment, cyanide exists as cyanogenic glycosides in plants seeds. Too much consumption can cause unpleasant side effects. However, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is the most common source of cyanide. Live organisms have the ability to convert cyanide into less toxic compounds excreted with physiological fluids. The aim of this paper is to review the current state of knowledge on the behaviour of cyanide in the environment and its impact on the health and human life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Jaszczak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str 11/12, Wrzeszcz, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Żaneta Polkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str 11/12, Wrzeszcz, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Narkowicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str 11/12, Wrzeszcz, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str 11/12, Wrzeszcz, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
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12
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Jackson R, Logue BA. A review of rapid and field-portable analytical techniques for the diagnosis of cyanide exposure. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 960:18-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Randviir EP, Banks CE. The latest developments in quantifying cyanide and hydrogen cyanide. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Marton D, Tapparo A, Di Marco VB, Repice C, Giorio C, Bogialli S. Ultratrace determination of total and available cyanides in industrial wastewaters through a rapid headspace-based sample preparation and gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorous detection analysis. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1300:209-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Tian Y, Dasgupta PK, Mahon SB, Ma J, Brenner M, Wang JH, Boss GR. A disposable blood cyanide sensor. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 768:129-35. [PMID: 23473259 PMCID: PMC3596829 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Deaths due to smoke inhalation in fires are often due to poisoning by HCN. Rapid administration of antidotes can result in complete resuscitation of the patient but judicious dosing requires the knowledge of the level of cyanide exposure. Rapid sensitive means for blood cyanide quantitation are needed. Hydroxocyanocobinamide (OH(CN)Cbi) reacts with cyanide rapidly; this is accompanied by a large spectral change. The disposable device consists of a pair of nested petri dish bottoms and a single top that fits the outer bottom dish. The top cover has a diametrically strung porous polypropylene membrane tube filled with aqueous OH(CN)Cbi. One end of the tube terminates in an amber (583nm) light emitting diode; the other end in a photodiode via an acrylic optical fiber. An aliquot of the blood sample is put in the inner dish, the assembly covered and acid is added through a port in the cover. Evolved HCN diffuses into the OH(CN)Cbi solution and the absorbance in the long path porous membrane tube cell is measured within 160 s. The LOD was 0.047, 1.0, 0.15, 5.0 and 2.2 μM, respectively, for water (1 mL), bovine blood (100 μL, 1 mL), and rabbit blood (20 μL, 50 μL). RSDs were<10% in all cases and the linear range extended from 0.5 to 200 μM. The method was validated against a microdiffusion approach and applied to the measurement of cyanide in rabbit and human blood. The disposable device permits field measurement of blood cyanide in <4 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Purnendu K. Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA
| | - Sari B. Mahon
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92612-1475, USA
| | - Jian Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92612-1475, USA
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Gerry R. Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652, USA
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16
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Cyanide quantification in post-mortem biological matrices by headspace GC–MS. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 222:346-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Ma J, Dasgupta PK. Recent developments in cyanide detection: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 673:117-25. [PMID: 20599024 PMCID: PMC2911244 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The extreme toxicity of cyanide and environmental concerns from its continued industrial use continue to generate interest in facile and sensitive methods for cyanide detection. In recent years, there is also additional recognition of HCN toxicity from smoke inhalation and potential use of cyanide as a weapon of terrorism. This review summarizes the literature since 2005 on cyanide measurement in different matrices ranging from drinking water and wastewater, to cigarette smoke and exhaled breath to biological fluids like blood, urine and saliva. The dramatic increase in the number of publications on cyanide measurement is indicative of the great interest in this field not only from analytical chemists, but also researchers from diverse environmental, medical, forensic and clinical arena. The recent methods cover both established and emerging analytical disciplines and include naked eye visual detection, spectrophotometry/colorimetry, capillary electrophoresis with optical absorbance detection, fluorometry, chemiluminescence, near-infrared cavity ring down spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectrometry, electrochemical methods (potentiometry/amperometry/ion chromatography-pulsed amperometry), mass spectrometry (selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry), gas chromatography (nitrogen phosphorus detector, electron capture detector) and quartz crystal mass monitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Purnendu K. Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
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Logue BA, Hinkens DM, Baskin SI, Rockwood GA. The Analysis of Cyanide and its Breakdown Products in Biological Samples. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340903535315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Lily Robinson and Conventional Wisdom: Recollections. Clin Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2009.129858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- T. A. Brettell
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Cedar Crest College, 100 College Drive, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18104-6196
| | - J. M. Butler
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8312
| | - J. R. Almirall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, Florida 33199
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