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Bolchi C, Pallavicini M, Casagni E, Manincor EVD, Gambaro V, Cas MD, Roda G. Development and early identification of Cannabis chemotypes during the plant growth: current analytical and chemometric approaches. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:1665-1673. [PMID: 34305054 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21r004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The identification of cannabis chemotypes at an early stage of a plant's growth, which is long before anthesis, has been intensively pursued in order to control the on-target selection of the cultivar type at the beginning of cultivation, so as to avoid economic and legal drawbacks. However, this issue has been systematically addressed by only few and relatively recent studies of analytical chemistry, possibly because result validations require long-term monitoring of the content and ratio of cannabinoids and terpenes in a great number of plant specimens suitably selected and grown. Here, we review the procedures, the chromatographic techniques and the statistics used in topical investigations during the past thirteen years. Through heterogeneous and not easily comparable approaches, they prove the feasibility of chemotypes safe determination within the first month of a plant's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Bolchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano
| | - Marco Pallavicini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano
| | - Eleonora Casagni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano
| | | | - Veniero Gambaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano
| | - Michele Dei Cas
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano
| | - Gabriella Roda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano
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2
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Dei Cas M, Arnoldi S, Monguzzi L, Casagni E, Morano C, Vieira de Manincor E, Bolchi C, Pallavicini M, Gambaro V, Roda G. Characterization of chemotype-dependent terpenoids profile in cannabis by headspace gas-chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 203:114180. [PMID: 34111731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A headspace method called full evaporation technique (FET) coupled to capillary gas chromatography with a mass detector operating in time-of-flight mode (HS-GC/MS-TOF) was developed to characterize the volatile components, especially the terpene fraction, in Cannabis sativa L. inflorescences. This analytical approach allows to reach a high equilibration temperature, that was able to obtain a complete quantification of the volatile components, providing simple sample preparation, specific qualitative detection, high sensitivity, a precise and accurate quantitative determination. The method was applied to 20 cannabis THC-dominant (I) and 13 CBD-dominant (III) chemotypes. The obtained results were then compared with a series of standard solutions consisting of 35 terpenoids and the mass spectra present in a computer library (NIST). The method has an accuracy of more than 90 % and a limit of detection of 5 ppm for all analytes. The main terpenoids in cannabis are namely (% Chemotypes III vs. I of the total terpene content): β-Caryophyllene (25 vs. 19.3), β-Mircene (18.2 vs. 20.0), Terpinolene (12.1 vs. 7.0), α-Humulene (6.5 vs. 8.5), D-Limonene (6.2 vs. 7.2), α-Pinene (5.8 vs. 4.9), β-Pinene (5.0 vs. 5.8) and cis-β-Ocimene (4.3 vs. 5.2), whose presence is confirmed in both plant chemotypes and account for more than 80 % of the total terpenoids amount. The terpenoids which can clearly distinguish the chemotype are α-Terpineol, Linalool, DL-Menthol, α-Cedrene, and Borneol. This application provides important data on the secondary volatile components of the plant, which may be useful for a better understanding of the therapeutic properties of the cannabis phyto-complex. It gives the possibility of establishing the aroma profile of different Cannabis batches, allowing possible similarities between samples and identifying any artificial adulteration such as hexyl butyrate ester and it provides the opportunity to highlight some target compounds characteristic of the different chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Dei Cas
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Arnoldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Monguzzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Casagni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Camillo Morano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Cristiano Bolchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Pallavicini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Veniero Gambaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Roda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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3
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Dei Cas M, Casagni E, Casiraghi A, Minghetti P, Fornasari DMM, Ferri F, Arnoldi S, Gambaro V, Roda G. Phytocannabinoids Profile in Medicinal Cannabis Oils: The Impact of Plant Varieties and Preparation Methods. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:570616. [PMID: 33364946 PMCID: PMC7751640 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.570616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is a highly promising medicinal plant with well-documented effectiveness and growing use in the treatment of various medical conditions. Cannabis oils are mostly used in galenic preparations, due to their easy adjustment of the administration dose, together with the enhanced bioavailability of its active compounds. As stated by the Italian Law (9/11/2015, 279 Official Gazette), “to ensure the quality of the oil-based cannabis preparation, the titration of the active substance(s) should be carried out.” This study aims to represent the Italian panorama of cannabis oils, which were analyzed (8,201) to determine their cannabinoids content from 2017 to 2019. After application of the exclusion criteria, 4,774 standardized cannabis oils were included, which belong to different medicinal cannabis varieties and prepared according to different extraction methods. The concentration of the principal cannabinoids was taken into account dividing samples on the basis of the main extraction procedures and cannabis varieties. According to this analysis, the most substantial variations should be attributed to different cannabis varieties rather than to their extraction protocols. This study may be the starting point of preparatory pharmacists to assess the correct implementation of the preparation procedures and the quality of the extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Dei Cas
- Department of Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Casagni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Casiraghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Minghetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Ferri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Arnoldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Veniero Gambaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Roda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Dei Cas M, Paroni R, Saccardo A, Casagni E, Arnoldi S, Gambaro V, Saresella M, Mario C, La Rosa F, Marventano I, Piancone F, Roda G. A straightforward LC-MS/MS analysis to study serum profile of short and medium chain fatty acids. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1154:121982. [PMID: 32862023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.121982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Short and medium fatty acids derived from either dietary sources, gut microbiota, and liver production might play a role in the modulation of metabolism and inflammation. The outcome of different autoimmune or inflammatory diseases could be related to microbiota composition and consequently fatty acids production. Their analytical detection, historically completed by GC, was herein investigated using a sensitive approach of LC-MS/MS with straightforward chemical derivatization, using 3-NPH, to the respective acylhydrazines. An isopropanol protein precipitation coupled to LC-MS/MS analysis allowed to separate and quantify butyric, valeric, hexanoic acid and their branched forms. The serum physiological ranges of short and medium chain fatty acids were determined in a heterogeneous healthy population (n = 54) from 18 to 85 years finding a concentration of 935.6 ± 246.5 (butyric), 698.8 ± 204.7 (isobutyric), 62.9 ± 15.3 (valeric), 1155.0 ± 490.4 (isovaleric) and 468.7 ± 377.5 (hexanoic) ng/mL respectively (mean ± SD). As expected, the biological levels in human serum are reasonably wide-ranging depending on several factors such as body-weight, gut microbiome dysbiosis, gut permeability, cardiometabolic dysregulation, and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Dei Cas
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Paroni
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Saccardo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Casagni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Arnoldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Veniero Gambaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Saresella
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Clerici Mario
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca La Rosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivana Marventano
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Piancone
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Roda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Zanaboni M, Roda G, Arnoldi S, Casagni E, Gambaro V, Dei Cas M. Comparison of Different Analytical Methods for the Determination of Carbon Monoxide in Postmortem Blood. J Forensic Sci 2019; 65:636-640. [PMID: 31573082 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The determination of carbon monoxide (CO) and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) is of utmost importance in forensic toxicology to determine the cause of death in cases of CO poisoning, fire, and explosions. To this end, reliable and updated analytical methods are required. In this paper, four different methods for the determination of carbon monoxide in postmortem blood samples were compared: (i) the spectrophotometric determination of COHb applying the method proposed by Rodkey and modified by Beutler-West, (ii) the spectrophotometric determination of CO using a micro-diffusion-based method, (iii) the determination of CO by gas chromatography coupled to a TCD detector, and (iv) the determination of COHb by blood gas analysis. Three postmortem blood samples were analyzed with all methods, and the results were comparable. The applied methodologies showed different features depending on the sensitivity, sample preparation, and volume. The HS-GC/TCD method in our hand was the most appropriate, on postmortem samples, and versatile to apply. Unfortunately, only a limited number of postmortem blood samples were available for this study due to the rarity of that kind of intoxication in our jurisdiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira Zanaboni
- DANI Instruments, Viale Brianza 87, 20093, Cologno Monzese, Italy
| | - Gabriella Roda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Arnoldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Eleonora Casagni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Veniero Gambaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Michele Dei Cas
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, via A. di Rudinì 8, Milan, 20142, Italy
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Dei Cas M, Casagni E, Gambaro V, Cesari E, Roda G. Determination of daptomycin in human plasma and breast milk by UPLC/MS-MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1116:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Dei Cas M, Casagni E, Arnoldi S, Gambaro V, Roda G. Screening of new psychoactive substances (NPS) by gas-chromatography/time of flight mass spectrometry (GC/MS-TOF) and application to 63 cases of judicial seizure. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2019; 1:71-78. [PMID: 32411957 PMCID: PMC7219149 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A screening method for the separation and identification of more than fifty NPS is proposed. The method is based on fast gas-chromatography/time of flight mass spectrometry (FAST-GC/MS-TOF). Thanks to the shorter and narrower capillary column and to the rapid acquisition of the TOF detector a huge number of compounds are separated in a very short time of analysis (10 min). Only a few peaks were overlapped. The possibility to apply deconvolution by the software of the GC/MS-TOF instrument allowed the unequivocal identification also for the superimposed peaks. Linearity and LOD was studied and the method was applied to 63 cases of powders seized by the judicial authority at the airport of Milano Malpensa in Northern Italy in the period 2014–2017.
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Casiraghi A, Roda G, Casagni E, Cristina C, Musazzi UM, Franzè S, Rocco P, Giuliani C, Fico G, Minghetti P, Gambaro V. Extraction Method and Analysis of Cannabinoids in Cannabis Olive Oil Preparations. Planta Med 2018; 84:242-249. [PMID: 29202510 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-123074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recently, an increasing number of pharmacists had to supply medicinal products based on Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae), prescribed by physicians to individual patients. Cannabis olive oil preparation is the first choice as a concentrated extract of cannabinoids, even though standardized operative conditions for obtaining it are still not available. In this work, the impact of temperature and extraction time on the concentration of active principles was studied to harmonize the different compounding methods, optimize the extraction process, and reduce the variability among preparations. Moreover, starting from the cannabis inflorescence, the effect of temperature on tetrahydrocannabinolic acid decarboxylation was evaluated. For the analysis, a GC/MS method, as suggested by the Italian Ministry of Health, and a GC/flame ionization detection method were developed, validated, and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Casiraghi
- Dept. Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriella Roda
- Dept. Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Eleonora Casagni
- Dept. Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Cecilia Cristina
- Dept. Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Franzè
- Dept. Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Rocco
- Dept. Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Giuliani
- Dept. Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Gelsomina Fico
- Dept. Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Minghetti
- Dept. Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Veniero Gambaro
- Dept. Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Roda G, Arnoldi S, Dei Cas M, Ottaviano V, Casagni E, Tregambe F, Visconti GL, Farè F, Froldi R, Gambaro V. Determination of Cyanide by Microdiffusion Technique Coupled to Spectrophotometry and GC/NPD and Propofol by Fast GC/MS-TOF in a Case of Poisoning. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 42:e51-e57. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Roda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milano, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Arnoldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Dei Cas
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milano, Italy
| | - Valeria Ottaviano
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Laboratorio di Tossicologia Forense, Università degli Studi “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, Roma, Italy
| | - Eleonora Casagni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milano, Italy
| | - Fausto Tregambe
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milano, Italy
| | - Giacomo Luca Visconti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milano, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Farè
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milano, Italy
| | - Rino Froldi
- Istituto di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Università degli Studi di Macerata, Via Don Minzoni 9, Macerata, Italy
| | - Veniero Gambaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milano, Italy
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Farè F, Dei Cas M, Arnoldi S, Casagni E, Visconti GL, Parnisari G, Bolchi C, Pallavicini M, Gambaro V, Roda G. Determination of Methyldibromoglutaronitrile (MDBGN) in Skin Care Products by Gaschromatography-Mass Spectrometry Employing an Enhanced Matrix Removal (EMR) Lipid Clean-Up. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201700525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenza Farè
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Michele Dei Cas
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Sebastiano Arnoldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Eleonora Casagni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Giacomo Luca Visconti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Giulia Parnisari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Cristiano Bolchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Marco Pallavicini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Veniero Gambaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Gabriella Roda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano Italy
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11
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Cesari E, Roda G, Visconti GL, Ramondino S, Dei Cas M, Monina G, Gambaro V. Daptomycin excretion into human milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 84:394-395. [PMID: 29172024 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cesari
- Clinica Ostetrica e Ginecologica, Ospedale dei Bambini 'Vittore Buzzi' Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriella Roda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche - Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giacomo L Visconti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche - Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Michele Dei Cas
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche - Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Monina
- Dipartimento Farmacia, ASST Valle Olona PO Gallarate (Va), Gallarate, Italy
| | - Veniero Gambaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche - Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
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12
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Procaccianti P, Farè F, Argo A, Casagni E, Arnoldi S, Facheris S, Visconti GL, Roda G, Gambaro V. Determination of Propofol by GC/MS and Fast GC/MS-TOF in Two Cases of Poisoning. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:771-776. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Cannizzaro C, Malta G, Argo A, Brancato A, Roda G, Casagni E, Fumagalli L, Valoti E, Froldi R, Procaccianti P, Gambaro V. Behavioural and pharmacological characterization of a novel cannabinomimetic adamantane-derived indole, APICA, and considerations on the possible misuse as a psychotropic spice abuse, in C57bl/6J mice. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 265:6-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Gambaro V, Roda G, Visconti GL, Arnoldi S, Casagni E, Dell’Acqua L, Farè F, Paladino E, Rusconi C, Arioli S, Mora D. DNA-based taxonomic identification of basidiospores in hallucinogenic mushrooms cultivated in “grow-kits” seized by the police: LC-UV quali-quantitative determination of psilocybin and psilocin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 125:427-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Arnoldi S, Roda G, Coceanig A, Casagni E, Dell’Acqua L, Farè F, Rusconi C, Tamborini L, Visconti GL, Gambaro V. Determination of 1-phenyl-2-propanone (P2P) by HS-GC/MS in a material sold as “wet amphetamine”. Forensic Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-016-0311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lesma G, Consonni R, Gambaro V, Remuzzi C, Roda G, Silvani A, Vece V, Visconti GL. Cannabinoid-free Cannabis sativa L. grown in the Po valley: evaluation of fatty acid profile, antioxidant capacity and metabolic content. Nat Prod Res 2014; 28:1801-7. [PMID: 24934168 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.926354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Within a project aimed to reintroduce non-drug hemp cultivars in the Italian Po valley, for fibre but also high added-value nutraceutical production, investigation on locally grown plants has been performed, in order to assess their oil and metabolic content. This study provides useful information regarding three different hemp cultivars, from two sites, in view of their potential industrial application. The oil was characterised by a high unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio and by an almost perfect balance of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids, as requested for healthy foods. The alcoholic extracts, for which a high content of amino acids and phenolic compounds has been highlighted, could provide dietary supplements to help in preventing oxidative stress. By investigating the Carmagnola cultivar, six known and four new lignanamides have been identified, confirming and assessing the general metabolic pattern in the seeds of these locally grown plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lesma
- a Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano , Italy
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Gambaro V, Argo A, Cippitelli M, Dell'Acqua L, Farè F, Froldi R, Guerrini K, Roda G, Rusconi C, Procaccianti P. Unexpected Variation of the Codeine/Morphine Ratio Following Fatal Heroin Overdose. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 38:289-94. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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18
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Gambaro V, Arnoldi S, Bellucci S, Casagni E, Dell’Acqua L, Fumagalli L, Pallavicini M, Roda G, Rusconi C, Valoti E. Characterization of in vitro metabolites of JWH-018, JWH-073 and their 4-methyl derivatives, markers of the abuse of these synthetic cannabinoids. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 957:68-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Dell’Acqua L, Roda G, Arnoldi S, Rusconi C, Turati L, Gambaro V. Improved GC method for the determination of the active principles of Catha edulis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 929:142-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Valoti E, Casagni E, Dell’Acqua L, Pallavicini M, Roda G, Rusconi C, Straniero V, Gambaro V. Identification of 1-butyl-3-(1-(4-methyl)naphtoyl)indole detected for the first time in “herbal high” products on the Italian market. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 223:e42-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Gambaro V, Minghetti P, Arnoldi S, Colombo ML, Dellʼacqua L, Casiraghi A, Guerrini K, Farè F, Roda G. Analysis of fluid extracts obtained from Papaver rhoeas petals contaminated with Papaver bracteatum petals. Planta Med 2012; 78:1395-1398. [PMID: 22763738 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1314981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a case of misidentification of medicinal plants involving dried petals of Papaver rhoeas (red poppy) contaminated with Papaver bracteatum (scarlet poppy) petals. Preliminary TLC analysis indicated the presence of thebaine either in the fluid extracts or in the petals. It was therefore necessary to carry out an accurate botanic examination of the plant material, which revealed contamination of the red poppy petals with scarlet poppy petals. Moreover, to confirm the adulteration, we developed and validated an efficient, reversed-phase ion pair HPLC method for determination of the alkaloids specific for the Papaver species. Six petal batches and five commercial fluid extracts were analyzed. Only one petal batch from Iran contained thebaine and its analogue oripavine while the alkaloids typical for the Papaver bracteatum species were identified in all fluid extracts, meaning that they were all prepared with contaminated petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veniero Gambaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche "Pietro Pratesi", Università di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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22
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Guerrini K, Argo A, Borroni C, Catalano D, Dell'acqua L, Farè F, Procaccianti P, Roda G, Gambaro V. Development and validation of a reliable method for studying the distribution pattern for opiates metabolites in brain. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 73:125-30. [PMID: 22541710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Brain distribution pattern of "street" heroin metabolites (morphine and codeine) was investigated in two fatalities due to "acute narcotism". A suitable sample pretreatment prior to solid-phase-extraction was developed to achieve a good recovery of the analytes and to eliminate the interfering species. After derivatization with MSTFA, samples were analyzed by GC/MS. Specificity, accuracy, precision and linearity of the method were evaluated; LOD and LOQ were, respectively, 10ng/25ng for morphine and 5ng/10ng for codeine. This method was applied to the analysis of six brain areas (hippocampus, frontal lobe, occipital lobe, nuclei, bulb and pons) coming from two cases of heroin-related deaths. No evidence of accumulation of metabolites in a specific brain region was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Guerrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche Pietro Pratesi, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Gambaro V, Arnoldi S, Colombo ML, Dell’Acqua L, Guerrini K, Roda G. Determination of the active principles of Catha Edulis: Quali–quantitative analysis of cathinone, cathine, and phenylpropanolamine. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 217:87-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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24
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Froldi R, Croci P, Dell'Acqua L, Farè F, Tassoni G, Gambaro V. Preliminary Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry Determination of 3,5-dimethoxyphenol in Biological Specimens as Evidence of Taxus Poisoning*. J Anal Toxicol 2010; 34:53-6. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/34.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Casiraghi A, Minghetti P, Cilurzo F, Selmin F, Gambaro V, Montanari L. The effects of excipients for topical preparations on the human skin permeability of terpinen-4-ol contained in Tea tree oil: infrared spectroscopic investigations. Pharm Dev Technol 2009; 15:545-52. [PMID: 19842911 DOI: 10.3109/10837450903338387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate the effect induced by excipients conventionally used for topical dosage forms, namely isopropyl myristate (IPM) or oleic acid (OA) or polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) or Transcutol (TR), on the human skin permeability of terpinen-4-ol (T4OL) contained in the pure Tea tree oil. The effect of such excipients was determined by evaluating the absorption of T4OL using human epidermis and the perturbation of the organization of stratum corneum by ATR-FTIR. Among the tested excipients OA enhanced the absorption of T4OL by perturbing the stratum corneum lipid barrier. Other excipients caused a weak enhancement effect and their use should be carefully monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Casiraghi
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
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Conti P, Pinto A, Tamborini L, Dunkel P, Gambaro V, Visconti G, De Micheli C. A Regioselective Route to 5-Substituted Isoxazole- and Isoxazoline-3-phosphonates. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1083343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
The antimicrobial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties of tea tree oil (TTO), the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia are well documented. In order to optimize its therapeutic activity, TTO patches were designed. The aim of this work was the formulation of monolayer patches containing TTO. Moreover, the performance of oleic acid (OA) as a skin penetration enhancer in patches was evaluated. Terpinen-4-ol (T4OL), the main component of TTO, was the marker used to evaluate TTO skin permeability. The permeation study was performed through human epidermis by using Franz diffusion cells. Patches were prepared by using methacrylic copolymers, Eudragit E100 (EuE100) or Eudragit NE (EuNE), and a silicone resin, BioPSA7-4602 (Bio-PSA). TTO and OA contents were fixed at 10% w/w and 3% w/w, respectively. The patches were prepared by a casting method and characterised in terms of T4OL content and skin permeability. All the selected polymers were suitable as the main component of the patch matrix. Since the main critical issue in the use of TTO is related to its toxicity after absorption, the local administration of TTO can take advantage of the use of patches based on EuE100 because of the high retained amount and the low permeation of T4OL. In this matrix, OA slightly increased the T4OL retained amount, improving the efficacy and safety of TTO patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Minghetti
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica “P. Pratesi”, Via Mangiagalli 14, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonella Casiraghi
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica “P. Pratesi”, Via Mangiagalli 14, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Cilurzo
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica “P. Pratesi”, Via Mangiagalli 14, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Veniero Gambaro
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica “P. Pratesi”, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Luisa Montanari
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica “P. Pratesi”, Via Mangiagalli 14, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Minghetti P, Casiraghi A, Cilurzo F, Gambaro V, Montanari L. Formulation study of tea tree oil patches. Nat Prod Commun 2009; 4:133-137. [PMID: 19370891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties of tea tree oil (TTO), the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia are well documented. In order to optimize its therapeutic activity, TTO patches were designed. The aim of this work was the formulation of monolayer patches containing TTO. Moreover, the performance of oleic acid (OA) as a skin penetration enhancer in patches was evaluated. Terpinen-4-ol (T4OL), the main component of TTO, was the marker used to evaluate TTO skin permeability. The permeation study was performed through human epidermis by using Franz diffusion cells. Patches were prepared by using methacrylic copolymers, Eudragit E100 (EuE100) or Eudragit NE (EuNE), and a silicone resin, BioPSA7-4602 (Bio-PSA). TTO and OA contents were fixed at 10% w/w and 3% w/w, respectively. The patches were prepared by a casting method and characterised in terms of T4OL content and skin permeability. All the selected polymers were suitable as the main component of the patch matrix. Since the main critical issue in the use of TTO is related to its toxicity after absorption, the local administration of TTO can take advantage of the use of patches based on EuE100 because of the high retained amount and the low permeation of T4OL. In this matrix, OA slightly increased the T4OL retained amount, improving the efficacy and safety of TTO patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Minghetti
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica P. Pratesi, Via Mangiagalli 14, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Gambaro V, Arnoldi S, Casagni E, Dell’Acqua L, Pecoraro C, Froldi R. Blood Cyanide Determination in Two Cases of Fatal Intoxication: Comparison Between Headspace Gas Chromatography and a Spectrophotometric Method*. J Forensic Sci 2007; 52:1401-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
A case of fatal intoxication from metformin is presented. The decedent was an obese 58-year-old-woman with type II diabetes, in whom severe lactic acidosis secondary to metformin accumulation was precipitated by acute renal failure. She had been on metformin 500 mg twice a day. Postmortem blood was deproteinated with acetonitrile, washed with dichloromethane, and the resulting supernatant injected into high-performance liquid chromatography system. Separation was performed on a analytical 125 x 4 mm i.d. RP-8 column. The wavelength was set at 235 nm. The mobile phase was acetonitrile (40%), sodium lauryl sulfate, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate adjusted to pH 5.1 (60%) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The concentration of metformin in postmortem blood was 77.3 microg/mL. The qualitative result was also confirmed by LC/APCI/MS/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veniero Gambaro
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Milan, Viale Abruzzi 42, 20131 Milano, Italy.
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Mercadante S, Villari P, Ferrera P, Casuccio A, Gambaro V. Opioid Plasma Concentrations during a Switch from Transdermal Fentanyl to Methadone. J Palliat Med 2007; 10:338-44. [PMID: 17472504 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2006.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid switching is often used to improve the opioid response in patients with cancer experiencing poor analgesia or adverse effects. When switching between drugs with delayed effect because of pharmacokinetics or type of delivery, concerns exist about the correct timing of introducing the second drug after stopping the previous one. The aim of this study was to assess plasmatic changes of fentanyl and methadone underlying the clinical events occurring during opioid switching. Eighteen patients with cancer receiving transdermal fentanyl with uncontrolled pain and/or moderate to severe opioid adverse effects, were switched to oral methadone using an initial fixed ratio of 1:20. Fentanyl patches were removed and the first of three daily doses of methadone was started concurrently. Blood samples were obtained at intervals after removing the fentanyl patch, and at 5-hour intervals for the first 25 hours. The intensity of pain and the adverse effects were assessed before switching, the day after, and then daily up to dose stabilization. A successful switch was considered when the intensity of pain and distress score decreased at least of 33% of the basal value recorded before the switch, within a reasonable period of time. Complete blood samples were obtained in 16 patients. Methadone plasma concentration increased from 2 to 245 ng/mL, and fentanyl plasma concentration decreased from 15 to 8 ng/mL, 25 hours after. A successful switch was determined the day after in 7 patients, while 4 patients did not respond favorably (effective switching, 63%). Five patients were considered too terminal for an appropriate evaluation. No differences in plasma concentration pattern of the two opioids were found between patients considered responders and nonresponders. Conversion ratios between opioids at time of stabilization did not significantly change in comparison with the initial conversion ratio chosen. Starting methadone soon after removing fentanyl patches results in a rapid increase of methadone concentration, while the half-life of transdermal fentanyl is reached after 25 hours. As a result, the rapid achievement of a clinical effect is obtained avoiding distressing therapeutic holes in patients with a clinical condition, mainly characterized by poor pain control and severe adverse effects, requiring an immediate intervention.
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Abstract
Biogenic polyamines, such as spermidine (SPD, NH2-(CH2)4-NH-(CH2)3-NH2), are ubiquitous polycationic molecules which play a definitive role in many biological processes such as nucleic acid metabolism, protein synthesis, and cell growth. SPD is commonly used as an ingredient in hair lotions, because it seems to promote hair growth. This work describes a capillary GC method for quantitative determination of SPD in hair lotions using 1,6-diaminohexane as internal standard, a methyl silicone capillary column, and a flame ionisation detector. Aliquots of hair lotion were treated with an alkaline aqueous solution and internal standard was added. The emulsion was extracted with diethyl ether containing ethyl chloroformate. Ether extracts, evaporated to dryness and reconstituted in ethyl acetate, were analysed by capillary GC with flame ionisation detection. Validation took into account the specificity, linearity, precision, and accuracy of the analytical method: these parameters were valid for the quantitative determination of SPD in hair lotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veniero Gambaro
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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Fidani M, Casagni E, Montana M, Pasello E, Pecoraro C, Gambaro V. Rapid test by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry to evaluate equine urine reactivity towards 17beta-OH steroids. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2006; 20:2441-6. [PMID: 16862626 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria frequently found in equine urine samples may cause degradation of 17beta-OH steroids. A simple liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method has been developed to evaluate the microbiological contamination of equine urine as a marker of poor storage conditions. Norethandrolone was used as the internal standard, and the linearity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy of the method were evaluated. 17beta-OH oxidation was demonstrated for testosterone, nandrolone, trenbolone and boldenone, but did not occur in alpha-epimers such as alpha-boldenone and epitestosterone, demonstrating the stereoselectivity of the reaction. A rapid test was performed by spiking one of the four 17beta-OH steroids in samples of diluted equine urine. The steroids were transformed into their respective ketones in the presence of bacterial activity. The test allows direct injection of diluted samples into the LC/MS system, without the need for prior extraction. Results show that the best method of storage is freezing at -18 degrees C. Urine specimens should be analyzed as soon as possible after thawing. This allows bacterial degradation of equine urine to be arrested temporarily, so that the urine can be used for qualitative or quantitative analysis of 17beta-OH steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fidani
- U.N.I.R.E. Lab. S.r.l., Via Gramsci 70, 20019 Settimo Milanese (MI), Italy
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Marangoni F, Colombo C, De Angelis L, Gambaro V, Agostoni C, Giovannini M, Galli C. Cigarette smoke negatively and dose-dependently affects the biosynthetic pathway of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid series in human mammary epithelial cells. Lipids 2005; 39:633-7. [PMID: 15588020 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-004-1276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy has been associated with a reduced content of n-3 long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) in breast milk, thereby reducing the intake of key nutrients by the infants. We postulated that the mammary gland is affected by maternal smoking in the process of n-3 LC-PUFA secretion into milk. This prompted us to investigate the effects of cigarette smoke on the synthesis of n-3 LC-PUFA in vitro by using a line of healthy epithelial cells from the human mammary gland, MCF-10A. Cells were exposed to cigarette smoke under controlled conditions by adding to the medium aliquots of horse serum containing smoke components, as analyzed by GC-MS. The major findings concern the inhibition of both the conversion of the precursor 14C-ALA (alpha-linolenic acid) to n-3 LC-PUFA and of the A5 desaturation step (assessed by HPLC analysis with radiodetection of n-3 FAME) following exposure to minimal doses of smoke-enriched serum, and the dose-dependent relationship of these effects. The data indicate that exposure to cigarette smoke negatively affects the synthesis of n-3 LC-PUFA from the precursor in mammary gland cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Marangoni
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Gambaro V, Casagni E, Dell'Acqua L, Valenti M, Visconti GL. Capillary gas chromatographic determination of spermidine in diet integrators. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 35:409-13. [PMID: 15063473 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2003] [Revised: 10/08/2003] [Accepted: 10/08/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Biogenic polyamines, among which is spermidine (SPD, NH2-(CH2)4-NH-(CH2)3-NH2), are ubiquitous polycationic molecules that have a definitive role in many biological processes, such as nucleic acid metabolism, protein synthesis and cell growth. SPD is present in diet integrators because it seems to favour the hair growth. This work describes a capillary gas chromatographic (CGC) method for the quantitative determination of SPD in diet integrators using cadaverine internal standard (IS), a methyl siliconic capillary column and flame-ionization detector (FID). Diet tablets, containing SPD, are pulverized; an aliquot of powder is treated with an alkaline aqueous solution and added with IS. The suspension is extracted with diethyl ether containing ethyl chloroformate (ECF). The ether extracts, evaporated to dryness and reconstituted in ethyl acetate were analyzed in CGC/FID. Derivatives of polyamines with ECF were characterized in CGC/MS too. Validation has considered specificity, linearity, precision and accuracy of analytical method; this parameters are valid for the quantitative determination of SPD in diet integrators.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gambaro
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Viale Abruzzi 42, 20131 Milan, Italy.
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Cingolani M, Cippitelli M, Froldi R, Gambaro V, Tassoni G. Detection and Quantitation Analysis of Cocaine and Metabolites in Fixed Liver Tissue and Formalin Solutions. J Anal Toxicol 2004; 28:16-9. [PMID: 14987419 DOI: 10.1093/jat/28.1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the results of the detection and quantitation of cocaine and its metabolites in liver tissues fixed in formalin and in the formalin solutions in which the same tissues were fixed. Toxicological analyses were performed on formalin-fixed liver samples from four cases of death of cocaine abusers and on formalin solutions (10% buffered, pH 7) in which the samples were preserved. Analyses carried out at the time of autopsy on body fluids and tissues allowed identification of cocaine and the metabolite benzoylecgonine. Liver tissue samples were preserved in formalin solutions for four weeks before analysis. Results only showed the presence of benzoylecgonine in the studied materials. The mean levels of recovery of benzoylecgonine in fixed tissues were 12.31% in liver and 84.47% in formalin from liver. Results indicated that benzoylecgonine has good stability, even in biological specimens subjected to chemical fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Cingolani
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Ancona, Ospedale Regionale, I-60020, Italy.
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Gambaro V, Benvenuti C, De Ferrari L, Dell'Acqua L, Farè F. Validation of a GC/MS method for the determination of tramadol in human plasma after intravenous bolus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 58:947-50. [PMID: 13679190 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(03)00153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tramadol quantitative determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using nefopam hydrochloride as internal standard (IS) and two calibration curves because of the large range of concentration attended in the plasmatic samples is described. Plasma samples drawn from subjects in postoperative period treated with two different initial intravenous (iv) bolus of tramadol (50 and 100 mg) followed by tramadol at the same infusion rate (12 mg h(-1)) are analysed. We operated for the qualitative analysis in Scan mode while for the quantitative analysis in SIM mode, selecting the ion m/z 58 for tramadol and m/z 179 for IS. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.01 microg ml(-1) and the limit of quantification was 0.04 microg ml(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Veniero Gambaro
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, University of Milan, Viale Abruzzi 42, I-20131 Milan, Italy.
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Bareggi SR, Gambaro V, Valenti M, Benvenuti C. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of pinacidil in normotensive volunteers after repeated doses of a new slow-release tablet formulation. Arzneimittelforschung 1999; 49:21-5. [PMID: 10028374 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1300352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pinacidil (CAS 85371-64-8) is an antihypertensive drug of the class of agents called "potassium channel openers". The pharmacokinetics of were studied after repeated oral administration of a new slow release tablet formulation (Pindac) as compared with the standard slow release capsule formulation in healthy volunteers. Eighteen healthy volunteers (3 males and 15 females), aged from 22 to 48 years, and 49 to 95 kg in weight, were given a 12.5 mg dose of each formulation every 12 h for 7 days on two occasions, in a randomized, cross-over trial with at least two weeks interval between trials. Blood samples were drawn immediately before drug administration on the morning of days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 36 h after the last drug administration. Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory function were assessed at admission and on the morning of day 0 (baseline), 2 and 7, before drug administration, and at 4, 24 and 36 h after the final administration. Pinacidil plasma levels were determined by an HPLC method. Both formulations elicited similar reductions of systolic and diastolic pressures from 4 h after administration, but did not change heart rate. The main model-independent pharmacokinetic parameters of pinacidil (Cmax, Tmax, AUC, MRT), as well as the absorption and elimination half-lives were similar with the two formulations. During the study there were no complaints of side-effects with either of the formulations. One advantage of the new formulation as compared to the capsules is that the tablets can be cut easily and the dosage adapted to a patient's needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Bareggi
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Milan, Italy
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Bareggi SR, Gambaro V, Valenti M, Benvenuti C. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of pinacidil after a single dose of a new slow release tablet in healthy volunteers. Arzneimittelforschung 1998; 48:730-3. [PMID: 9706373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pinacidil (CAS 85371-64-8) is a recently developed antihypertensive drug of the class called "potassium channel openers". It produces vasodilatation and a fall of arterial blood pressure. The pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of pinacidil were studied after single oral administration of a new slow-release tablet formulation (Pindac) in comparison to the standard slow-release capsule formulation in healthy volunteers. Eighteen healthy subjects (3 men and 15 women), with a mean age of 31.1 years were given a single 12.5 mg dose of each formulation in an open, cross-over study, with randomised sequences and a 7-day wash-out period between doses. Blood samples were collected before and several times up to 36 h after drug administration. Blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory functions were assessed before and 1, 4, 24 and 36 h-after drug administration. Pinacidil plasma levels were determined by HPLC. Both formulations produced a similar significant reduction (10 +/- 4 mmHg) of systolic blood pressure 4 h after administration but no changes of diastolic pressure and heart rate. Both the maximal effect (Emax) and the area under the effect-time curve (AUE0-36) were similar for the two formulations. The main model-independent pharmacokinetic parameters of Pinacidil (Cmax, Tmax, AUC, MRT) as well as the absorption and the elimination half-lives were similar after the two formulations. The main advantage of the tablet formulation compared to the capsules is that tablets can be easily cut and therefore the dosage can be adapted to an individual patient's needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Bareggi
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Milan, Italy
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Bareggi SR, Gambaro V, Valenti M, Benvenuti C. Absorption of oral lornoxicam in healthy volunteers using a granular formulation in comparison with standard tablets. Arzneimittelforschung 1997; 47:755-7. [PMID: 9239455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The bioavailability of lornoxicam (CAS 70374-39-9), a novel highly potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent, was studied in healthy volunteers after single doses of a new oral formulation (8 mg granules) in comparison to tablets (8 mg). Eighteen healthy volunteers (6 males and 12 females) with a mean age of 29.4 were given a single 8 mg dose of each formulation in an open, cross-over study, with randomised sequences. Lornoxicam plasma levels were determined by an HPLC method. Cmax, AUC0-infinity and t 1/2 beta values were similar for both the granules and tablets, but tmax and lag time values after lornoxicam granules were significantly shorter than after the tablets. During the study, no side-effects were noted with either of the formulations studied. Therefore this study showed that lornoxicam granular formulation had a faster absorption than tablets even though the two formulations can be considered bioequivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Bareggi
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Milan, Italy
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Gambaro V, Saligari E, Volonté R. [Determination by HPLC of amino acids in amniotic fluid]. Boll Chim Farm 1997; 136:372-376. [PMID: 9312223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V Gambaro
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica dell'Università di Milano
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Gambaro V, Saligari E, Volpi E. [Methodologic comparison of the quantitative profile of aceclofenac in biological fluids]. Boll Chim Farm 1997; 136:368-71. [PMID: 9312222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V Gambaro
- Istituto Chimico Farmaceutico e Tossicologico, Università degli Studi di Milano
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Gambaro V, Saligari E, Froldi R, Dell'Acqua L, Bianchi L. [Analysis of "street drugs" with HRGC]. Boll Chim Farm 1997; 136:359-67. [PMID: 9312221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V Gambaro
- Istituto Chimico Farmaceutico Tossicologico, Universitá degli Studi di Milano
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Del Borrello E, Franchina M, Froldi R, Gambaro V, Ferrario R. [Detection of the presence of ethyl alcohol in amniotic fluid drawn by trans-abdominal echo-guided amniocentesis]. Boll Chim Farm 1997; 136:391-3. [PMID: 9312224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Del Borrello
- Ist. di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Università di Bologna
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Bianco A, Passacantilli P, Garbarino JA, Gambaro V, Serafini M, Nicoletti M, Rispoli C, Righi G. A New Non-Glycosidic Iridoid and a New Bisiridoid from Argylia radiata1. Planta Med 1991; 57:286-7. [PMID: 17226163 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-960093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
From ARGYLIA RADIATA a non-glycosidic iridoid, the (4a S, 7 S, 7a S)-7-hydroxy-7-methyl-1,4a,5,6,7,7a-heptahydrocyclopenta[ C]pyran-3(4 H)-one, and a bisiridoid, derived from the junction of catalpol and 7-deoxyloganic acid, were isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bianco
- Centro CNR per lo studio della Chimica delle Sostanze Organiche Naturali - Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' La Sapienza, p. le A. Moro 2, I-00185 Roma, Italy
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Benvenuti C, Bottà V, Broggini M, Gambaro V, Lodi F, Valenti M. The pharmacokinetics of clotiazepam after oral and sublingual administration to volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00562556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Benvenuti C, Gambaro V, Lodi F, Scaroni C, Bandi G, Valenti M. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of flurbiprofen granules and tablets in healthy volunteers. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1989; 27:334-7. [PMID: 2777421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The bioavailability of granules and tablet flurbiprofen in 100 mg single dose was crossover compared in 6 healthy volunteers (mean aged 26.8 years). The granules showed an earlier peaktime and a lower maximum concentration than the tablet. Area under the curve and half-time in terminal phase were similar, with the granule relative bioavailability of 0.98.
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Abstract
A new phenylpropanoid glucoside, 1'- O-beta- D-(3,4-dihydroxy-beta-phenyl)-ethyl-4'- O-caffeoyl-beta- D-apiosyl-(1'''-->3')-glucopyranoside, named calceolarioside E, was isolated from CALCEOLARIA ASCENDENS Lind., together with two other phenylpropanoid glucosides, verbascoside and forsythoside A, and cyclohexanols rengyol, isorengyol, and 4-hydroxy-4-(2'-hydroxyethyl)-cyclohexanone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nicoletti
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
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Díaz B, Ugarte R, Quilhot W, Vera A, Gambaro V. [In vitro antibacterial activity of depsidone chlorate 1'-chloropannarine]. Rev Latinoam Microbiol 1988; 30:79-86. [PMID: 3217629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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