1
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Thawornwattana Y, Seixas F, Yang Z, Mallet J. Major patterns in the introgression history of Heliconius butterflies. eLife 2023; 12:RP90656. [PMID: 38108819 PMCID: PMC10727504 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene flow between species, although usually deleterious, is an important evolutionary process that can facilitate adaptation and lead to species diversification. It also makes estimation of species relationships difficult. Here, we use the full-likelihood multispecies coalescent (MSC) approach to estimate species phylogeny and major introgression events in Heliconius butterflies from whole-genome sequence data. We obtain a robust estimate of species branching order among major clades in the genus, including the 'melpomene-silvaniform' group, which shows extensive historical and ongoing gene flow. We obtain chromosome-level estimates of key parameters in the species phylogeny, including species divergence times, present-day and ancestral population sizes, as well as the direction, timing, and intensity of gene flow. Our analysis leads to a phylogeny with introgression events that differ from those obtained in previous studies. We find that Heliconius aoede most likely represents the earliest-branching lineage of the genus and that 'silvaniform' species are paraphyletic within the melpomene-silvaniform group. Our phylogeny provides new, parsimonious histories for the origins of key traits in Heliconius, including pollen feeding and an inversion involved in wing pattern mimicry. Our results demonstrate the power and feasibility of the full-likelihood MSC approach for estimating species phylogeny and key population parameters despite extensive gene flow. The methods used here should be useful for analysis of other difficult species groups with high rates of introgression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Seixas
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Ziheng Yang
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - James Mallet
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
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2
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Hebberecht L, Wainwright JB, Thompson C, Kershenbaum S, McMillan WO, Montgomery SH. Plasticity and genetic effects contribute to different axes of neural divergence in a community of mimetic Heliconius butterflies. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:1116-1132. [PMID: 37341138 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Changes in ecological preference, often driven by spatial and temporal variation in resource distribution, can expose populations to environments with divergent information content. This can lead to adaptive changes in the degree to which individuals invest in sensory systems and downstream processes, to optimize behavioural performance in different contexts. At the same time, environmental conditions can produce plastic responses in nervous system development and maturation, providing an alternative route to integrating neural and ecological variation. Here, we explore how these two processes play out across a community of Heliconius butterflies. Heliconius communities exhibit multiple Mullerian mimicry rings, associated with habitat partitioning across environmental gradients. These environmental differences have previously been linked to heritable divergence in brain morphology in parapatric species pairs. They also exhibit a unique dietary adaptation, known as pollen feeding, that relies heavily on learning foraging routes, or trap-lines, between resources, which implies an important environmental influence on behavioural development. By comparing brain morphology across 133 wild-caught and insectary-reared individuals from seven Heliconius species, we find strong evidence for interspecific variation in patterns of neural investment. These largely fall into two distinct patterns of variation; first, we find consistent patterns of divergence in the size of visual brain components across both wild and insectary-reared individuals, suggesting genetically encoded divergence in the visual pathway. Second, we find interspecific differences in mushroom body size, a central component of learning and memory systems, but only among wild caught individuals. The lack of this effect in common-garden individuals suggests an extensive role for developmental plasticity in interspecific variation in the wild. Finally, we illustrate the impact of relatively small-scale spatial effects on mushroom body plasticity by performing experiments altering the cage size and structure experienced by individual H. hecale. Our data provide a comprehensive survey of community level variation in brain structure, and demonstrate that genetic effects and developmental plasticity contribute to different axes of interspecific neural variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hebberecht
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa, Panama
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephen H Montgomery
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa, Panama
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3
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Borrero J, Wright DS, Bacquet CN, Merrill RM. Oviposition behavior is not affected by ultraviolet light in a butterfly with sexually-dimorphic expression of a UV-sensitive opsin. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10243. [PMID: 37408633 PMCID: PMC10318619 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal vision is important for mediating multiple complex behaviors. In Heliconius butterflies, vision guides fundamental behaviors such as oviposition, foraging, and mate choice. Color vision in Heliconius involves ultraviolet (UV), blue and long-wavelength-sensitive photoreceptors (opsins). Additionally, Heliconius possess a duplicated UV opsin, and its expression varies widely within the genus. In Heliconius erato, opsin expression is sexually dimorphic; only females express both UV-sensitive opsins, enabling UV wavelength discrimination. However, the selective pressures responsible for sex-specific differences in opsin expression and visual perception remain unresolved. Female Heliconius invest heavily in finding suitable hostplants for oviposition, a behavior heavily dependent on visual cues. Here, we tested the hypothesis that UV vision is important for oviposition in H. erato and Heliconius himera females by manipulating the availability of UV in behavioral experiments under natural conditions. Our results indicate that UV does not influence the number of oviposition attempts or eggs laid, and the hostplant, Passiflora punctata, does not reflect UV wavelengths. Models of H. erato female vision suggest only minimal stimulation of the UV opsins. Overall, these findings suggest that UV wavelengths do not directly affect the ability of Heliconius females to find suitable oviposition sites. Alternatively, UV discrimination could be used in the context of foraging or mate choice, but this remains to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Borrero
- Division of Evolutionary BiologyLMU MunichMunichGermany
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4
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Farfán J, Cerdeña J, Huanca-Mamani W, Vargas HA, Gonçalves GL, Moreira GRP. Host Plant Variation and Lack of Genetic Differentiation in Populations of Dione ( Agraulis) dodona Lamas & Farfán (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:819. [PMID: 36135520 PMCID: PMC9506569 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dione (Agraulis) dodona (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) is a butterfly restricted to the western slopes of the Andes of Peru and Chile and is associated with Malesherbia tenuifolia in xerophytic environments. In this study, we found six additional species of host plants for D. (A.) dodona belonging to the genus Malesherbia (Passifloraceae). We used mitochondrial DNA sequences (COI) and microsatellites to screen genetic variation and investigate population structure in six geographic disjointed populations of D. (A.) dodona associated with distinct Malesherbia species. The PCoA analysis based on allele frequencies evidenced a lack of differentiation among populations and a low FST. The Bayesian cluster analyses revealed the existence of three genetically distinct groups, but almost all individuals present an admixture ancestry. An absence of isolation by distance pattern was observed. Possible scenarios are discussed: a bottleneck or recent colonization from interconnected populations from the south, and ongoing gene flow among local populations by high dispersal through a landscape formed of isolated populations of Malesherbia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Farfán
- PPG Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenue Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - José Cerdeña
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Avenue Alcides Carrión s/n, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Wilson Huanca-Mamani
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile
| | - Héctor A. Vargas
- Departamento de Recursos Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 6-D, Arica 1000000, Chile
| | - Gislene L. Gonçalves
- Departamento de Recursos Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 6-D, Arica 1000000, Chile
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenue Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Gilson R. P. Moreira
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenue Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
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5
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Farfán J, Cerdeña J, Vargas HA, Gonçalves GL, Lamas G, Moreira GRP. A peculiar new species of Dione (Agraulis) Boisduval & Le Conte (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae) associated with Malesherbia Ruiz & Pavón (Passifloraceae) in xeric western slopes of the Andes. Zookeys 2022; 1113:199-226. [PMID: 36762230 PMCID: PMC9848672 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1113.85769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Butterflies associated with xerophytic environments of the Andes have been little studied, and they exhibit high levels of endemism. Herein Dione (Agraulis) dodona Lamas & Farfán, sp. nov. (Nymphalidae; Heliconiinae) is described, distributed on the western slopes of the Andes of Peru and northern Chile, between 800 and 3,000 m elevation. Adults of both sexes, and the immature stages, are described and illustrated based on light and scanning electron microscopy. The immature stages are associated with MalesherbiatenuifoliaD. Don (Passifloraceae) found in xeric environments, representing a new record of this genus as a host plant for the subfamily Heliconiinae. Conspicuous morphological differences are presented for all stages at the generic level. Based on a phylogenetic analysis of the COI barcode mitochondrial gene fragment, D. (A.) dodona Lamas & Farfán, sp. nov. is distinguished as an independent lineage within the Agraulis clade of Dione, with ca. 5% difference to congeneric species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Farfán
- PPG Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil,Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Av. Alcides Carrión s/n, Arequipa, Peru
| | - José Cerdeña
- PPG Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil,Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Av. Alcides Carrión s/n, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Héctor A. Vargas
- Departamento de Recursos Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 6-D, Arica, Chile
| | - Gislene L. Gonçalves
- PPG Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil,Departamento de Recursos Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 6-D, Arica, Chile
| | - Gerardo Lamas
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Gilson R. P. Moreira
- PPG Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
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6
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Lev-Yadun S. Avoiding rather than resisting herbivore attacks is often the first line of plant defence. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A common idea is that resisting or blocking herbivore attacks by structural, chemical and molecular means after they have commenced is the first line of plant defence. However, these are all secondary defences, operating only when all the various methods of avoiding attack have failed. The real first line of plant defence from herbivory and herbivore-transmitted pathogens is avoiding such attacks altogether. Several visual, chemical and ‘statistical’ methods (and commonly their combined effects) have been proposed to allow avoidance of herbivore attacks. The visual types are camouflage, masquerade, aposematic coloration of toxic or physically defended plants (including Müllerian/Batesian mimicry), undermining herbivorous insect camouflage, delayed greening, dazzle and trickery coloration, heterophylly that undermines host identification, leaf movements, and signalling that colourful autumn leaves are soon to be shed. The mimicry types include: herbivore damage, insects and other animals, fungal infestation, dead/dry leaves or branches, animal droppings, and stones and soil. Olfactory-based tactics include odour aposematism by poisonous plants, various repelling volatiles, mimicry of faeces and carrion odours, and mimicry of aphid alarm pheromones. The ‘statistical’ methods are mast fruiting, flowering only once in many years and being rare. In addition to the theoretical aspects, understanding these mechanisms may have considerable potential for agricultural or forestry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simcha Lev-Yadun
- Department of Biology & Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa – Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel
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7
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Agrawal AA, Zhang X. The evolution of coevolution in the study of species interactions. Evolution 2021; 75:1594-1606. [PMID: 34166533 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The study of reciprocal adaptation in interacting species has been an active and inspiring area of evolutionary research for nearly 60 years. Perhaps owing to its great natural history and potential consequences spanning population divergence to species diversification, coevolution continues to capture the imagination of biologists. Here we trace developments following Ehrlich and Raven's classic paper, with a particular focus on the modern influence of two studies by Dr. May Berenbaum in the 1980s. This series of classic work presented a compelling example exhibiting the macroevolutionary patterns predicted by Ehrlich and Raven and also formalized a microevolutionary approach to measuring selection, functional traits, and understanding reciprocal adaptation between plants and their herbivores. Following this breakthrough was a wave of research focusing on diversifying macroevolutionary patterns, mechanistic chemical ecology, and natural selection on populations within and across community types. Accordingly, we breakdown coevolutionary theory into specific hypotheses at different scales: reciprocal adaptation between populations within a community, differential coevolution among communities, lineage divergence, and phylogenetic patterns. We highlight progress as well as persistent gaps, especially the link between reciprocal adaptation and diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853
| | - Xuening Zhang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853
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8
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Mattila ALK, Jiggins CD, Opedal ØH, Montejo-Kovacevich G, Pinheiro de Castro ÉC, McMillan WO, Bacquet C, Saastamoinen M. Evolutionary and ecological processes influencing chemical defense variation in an aposematic and mimetic Heliconius butterfly. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11523. [PMID: 34178447 PMCID: PMC8216171 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical defences against predators underlie the evolution of aposematic coloration and mimicry, which are classic examples of adaptive evolution. Surprisingly little is known about the roles of ecological and evolutionary processes maintaining defence variation, and how they may feedback to shape the evolutionary dynamics of species. Cyanogenic Heliconius butterflies exhibit diverse warning color patterns and mimicry, thus providing a useful framework for investigating these questions. We studied intraspecific variation in de novo biosynthesized cyanogenic toxicity and its potential ecological and evolutionary sources in wild populations of Heliconius erato along environmental gradients, in common-garden broods and with feeding treatments. Our results demonstrate substantial intraspecific variation, including detectable variation among broods reared in a common garden. The latter estimate suggests considerable evolutionary potential in this trait, although predicting the response to selection is likely complicated due to the observed skewed distribution of toxicity values and the signatures of maternal contributions to the inheritance of toxicity. Larval diet contributed little to toxicity variation. Furthermore, toxicity profiles were similar along steep rainfall and altitudinal gradients, providing little evidence for these factors explaining variation in biosynthesized toxicity in natural populations. In contrast, there were striking differences in the chemical profiles of H. erato from geographically distant populations, implying potential local adaptation in the acquisition mechanisms and levels of defensive compounds. The results highlight the extensive variation and potential for adaptive evolution in defense traits for aposematic and mimetic species, which may contribute to the high diversity often found in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anniina L K Mattila
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Life Science Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Current affiliation: Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chris D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marjo Saastamoinen
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Life Science Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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9
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de Castro ÉCP, Musgrove J, Bak S, McMillan WO, Jiggins CD. Phenotypic plasticity in chemical defence of butterflies allows usage of diverse host plants. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20200863. [PMID: 33784874 PMCID: PMC8086984 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Host plant specialization is a major force driving ecological niche partitioning and diversification in insect herbivores. The cyanogenic defences of Passiflora plants keep most herbivores at bay, but not the larvae of Heliconius butterflies, which can both sequester and biosynthesize cyanogenic compounds. Here, we demonstrate that both Heliconius cydno chioneus and H. melpomene rosina have remarkable plasticity in their chemical defences. When feeding on Passiflora species with cyanogenic compounds that they can readily sequester, both species downregulate the biosynthesis of these compounds. By contrast, when fed on Passiflora plants that do not contain cyanogenic glucosides that can be sequestered, both species increase biosynthesis. This biochemical plasticity comes at a fitness cost for the more specialist H. m. rosina, as adult size and weight for this species negatively correlate with biosynthesis levels, but not for the more generalist H. c. chioneus. By contrast, H. m rosina has increased performance when sequestration is possible on its specialized host plant. In summary, phenotypic plasticity in biochemical responses to different host plants offers these butterflies the ability to widen their range of potential hosts within the Passiflora genus, while maintaining their chemical defences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Søren Bak
- Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen
| | | | - Chris D. Jiggins
- Butterfly Genetics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, UK
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10
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Baker AM, Redmond CT, Malcolm SB, Potter DA. Suitability of native milkweed ( Asclepias) species versus cultivars for supporting monarch butterflies and bees in urban gardens. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9823. [PMID: 33033658 PMCID: PMC7521339 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Public interest in ecological landscaping and gardening is fueling a robust market for native plants. Most plants available to consumers through the horticulture trade are cultivated forms that have been selected for modified flowers or foliage, compactness, or other ornamental characteristics. Depending on their traits, some native plant cultivars seem to support pollinators, specialist insect folivores, and insect-based vertebrate food webs as effectively as native plant species, whereas others do not. There is particular need for information on whether native cultivars can be as effective as true or “wild-type” native species for supporting specialist native insects of conservation concern. Herein we compared the suitability of native milkweed species and their cultivars for attracting and supporting one such insect, the iconic monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.), as well as native bees in urban pollinator gardens. Wild-type Asclepias incarnata L. (swamp milkweed) and Asclepias tuberosa L. (butterfly milkweed) and three additional cultivars of each that vary in stature, floral display, and foliage color were grown in a replicated common garden experiment at a public arboretum. We monitored the plants for colonization by wild monarchs, assessed their suitability for supporting monarch larvae in greenhouse trials, measured their defensive characteristics (leaf trichome density, latex, and cardenolide levels), and compared the proportionate abundance and diversity of bee families and genera visiting their blooms. Significantly more monarch eggs and larvae were found on A. incarnata than A. tuberosa in both years, but within each milkweed group, cultivars were colonized to the same extent as wild types. Despite some differences in defense allocation, all cultivars were as suitable as wild-type milkweeds in supporting monarch larval growth. Five bee families and 17 genera were represented amongst the 2,436 total bees sampled from blooms of wild-type milkweeds and their cultivars in the replicated gardens. Bee assemblages of A. incarnata were dominated by Apidae (Bombus, Xylocopa spp., and Apis mellifera), whereas A. tuberosa attracted relatively more Halictidae (especially Lasioglossum spp.) and Megachilidae. Proportionate abundance of bee families and genera was generally similar for cultivars and their respective wild types. This study suggests that, at least in small urban gardens, milkweed cultivars can be as suitable as their parental species for supporting monarch butterflies and native bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Baker
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Carl T Redmond
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Stephen B Malcolm
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Daniel A Potter
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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11
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Rosser N, Queste LM, Cama B, Edelman NB, Mann F, Mori Pezo R, Morris J, Segami C, Velado P, Schulz S, Mallet JLB, Dasmahapatra KK. Geographic contrasts between pre- and postzygotic barriers are consistent with reinforcement in Heliconius butterflies. Evolution 2020; 73:1821-1838. [PMID: 31334832 PMCID: PMC6771877 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the traits causing reproductive isolation and the order in which they evolve is fundamental to understanding speciation. Here, we quantify prezygotic and intrinsic postzygotic isolation among allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric populations of the butterflies Heliconius elevatus and Heliconius pardalinus. Sympatric populations from the Amazon (H. elevatus and H. p. butleri) exhibit strong prezygotic isolation and rarely mate in captivity; however, hybrids are fertile. Allopatric populations from the Amazon (H. p. butleri) and Andes (H. p. sergestus) mate freely when brought together in captivity, but the female F1 hybrids are sterile. Parapatric populations (H. elevatus and H. p. sergestus) exhibit both assortative mating and sterility of female F1s. Assortative mating in sympatric populations is consistent with reinforcement in the face of gene flow, where the driving force, selection against hybrids, is due to disruption of mimicry and other ecological traits rather than hybrid sterility. In contrast, the lack of assortative mating and hybrid sterility observed in allopatric populations suggests that geographic isolation enables the evolution of intrinsic postzygotic reproductive isolation. Our results show how the types of reproductive barriers that evolve between species may depend on geography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Rosser
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Lucie M Queste
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Bruna Cama
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Nathaniel B Edelman
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Florian Mann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ronald Mori Pezo
- URKU Estudios Amazónicos, Jr. Saposoa 181, Tarapoto, San Martín, Perú
| | - Jake Morris
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Segami
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18d, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patricia Velado
- Department for Quality Assurance Analytics, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Lange Point 6, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - James L B Mallet
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Kanchon K Dasmahapatra
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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12
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Darragh K, Montejo‐Kovacevich G, Kozak KM, Morrison CR, Figueiredo CME, Ready JS, Salazar C, Linares M, Byers KJRP, Merrill RM, McMillan WO, Schulz S, Jiggins CD. Species specificity and intraspecific variation in the chemical profiles of Heliconius butterflies across a large geographic range. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:3895-3918. [PMID: 32489619 PMCID: PMC7244815 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In many animals, mate choice is important for the maintenance of reproductive isolation between species. Traits important for mate choice and behavioral isolation are predicted to be under strong stabilizing selection within species; however, such traits can also exhibit variation at the population level driven by neutral and adaptive evolutionary processes. Here, we describe patterns of divergence among androconial and genital chemical profiles at inter- and intraspecific levels in mimetic Heliconius butterflies. Most variation in chemical bouquets was found between species, but there were also quantitative differences at the population level. We found a strong correlation between interspecific chemical and genetic divergence, but this correlation varied in intraspecific comparisons. We identified "indicator" compounds characteristic of particular species that included compounds already known to elicit a behavioral response, suggesting an approach for identification of candidate compounds for future behavioral studies in novel systems. Overall, the strong signal of species identity suggests a role for these compounds in species recognition, but with additional potentially neutral variation at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Darragh
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama CityPanama
| | | | | | - Colin R. Morrison
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama CityPanama
- Department of Integrative BiologyThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA
| | | | - Jonathan S. Ready
- Institute for Biological SciencesUniversidade Federal do ParáBelémBrazil
| | - Camilo Salazar
- Biology ProgramFaculty of Natural Sciences and MathematicsUniversidad del RosarioBogotaColombia
| | - Mauricio Linares
- Biology ProgramFaculty of Natural Sciences and MathematicsUniversidad del RosarioBogotaColombia
| | - Kelsey J. R. P. Byers
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama CityPanama
| | - Richard M. Merrill
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama CityPanama
- Division of Evolutionary BiologyFaculty of BiologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | | | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Chris D. Jiggins
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama CityPanama
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13
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Sculfort O, de Castro ECP, Kozak KM, Bak S, Elias M, Nay B, Llaurens V. Variation of chemical compounds in wild Heliconiini reveals ecological factors involved in the evolution of chemical defenses in mimetic butterflies. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:2677-2694. [PMID: 32185010 PMCID: PMC7069300 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary convergence of color pattern in mimetic species is tightly linked with the evolution of chemical defenses. Yet, the evolutionary forces involved in natural variations of chemical defenses in aposematic species are still understudied. Herein, we focus on the evolution of chemical defenses in the butterfly tribe Heliconiini. These neotropical butterflies contain large concentrations of cyanogenic glucosides, cyanide-releasing compounds acting as predator deterrent. These compounds are either de novo synthesized or sequestered from their Passiflora host plant, so that their concentrations may depend on host plant specialization and host plant availability. We sampled 375 wild Heliconiini butterflies across Central and South America, covering 43% species of this clade, and quantify individual variations in the different CGs using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. We detected new compounds and important variations in chemical defenses both within and among species. Based on the most recent and well-studied phylogeny of Heliconiini, we show that ecological factors such as mimetic interactions and host plant specialization have a significant association with chemical profiles, but these effects are largely explained by phylogenetic relationships. Our results therefore suggest that shared ancestries largely contribute to chemical defense variation, pointing out at the interaction between historical and ecological factors in the evolution of Müllerian mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ombeline Sculfort
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB)Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleCNRSSorbonne‐UniversitéEPHEUniversité des AntillesParisFrance
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Micro‐organismes (MCAM)Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleCNRSParisFrance
| | | | | | - Søren Bak
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Marianne Elias
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB)Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleCNRSSorbonne‐UniversitéEPHEUniversité des AntillesParisFrance
| | - Bastien Nay
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Micro‐organismes (MCAM)Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleCNRSParisFrance
- Laboratoire de Synthèse OrganiqueEcole PolytechniqueCNRSENSTAInstitut Polytechnique de ParisPalaiseau CedexFrance
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB)Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleCNRSSorbonne‐UniversitéEPHEUniversité des AntillesParisFrance
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14
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Ramos BDCM, Trigo JR, Rodrigues D. The specialization continuum: Decision-making in butterflies with different diet requirements. Behav Processes 2019; 165:14-22. [PMID: 31176684 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Differences in diet requirements may be reflected in how floral visitors make decisions when probing nectar sources that differ in chemical composition. We examined decision-making in butterflies that form a specialization continuum involving pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) when interacting with PA and non-PA plants: Agraulis vanillae (non-specialist), Danaus erippus (low demanding PA-specialist) and D. gilippus (high demanding PA-specialist). In addition, we assessed whether experience affected decision-making. Butterflies were tested on either Tridax procumbens (absence of PAs in nectar) or Ageratum conyzoides flowers (presence of PAs in nectar). Agraulis vanillae showed more acceptance for T. procumbens and more rejection for A. conyzoides; no differences were recorded for both Danaus species. Agraulis vanillae fed less on A. conyzoides than both Danaus species, which did not differ in this regard. In all butterfly species, experience on PA flowers did not affect feeding time. In the field, butterflies rarely visited PA flowers, regardless of the specialization degree. Our findings reveal that the specialization continuum seen in butterflies explains, at least in part, decision-making processes related to feeding. Additional factors as local adaptation mediated by the use of alternative nectar sources can affect flower visitation by specialist butterflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna de Cássia Menezes Ramos
- Laboratório de Interações Inseto-Planta and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, PO Box 68020. 21941-902. Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - José Roberto Trigo
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, PO Box 6109, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Interações Inseto-Planta and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, PO Box 68020. 21941-902. Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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15
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Darragh K, Byers KJRP, Merrill RM, McMillan WO, Schulz S, Jiggins CD. Male pheromone composition depends on larval but not adult diet in Heliconius melpomene. ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 44:397-405. [PMID: 31217661 PMCID: PMC6563479 DOI: 10.1111/een.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
1. Condition-dependent traits can act as honest signals of mate quality, with fitter individuals being able to display preferred phenotypes. Nutrition is known to be an important determinant of individual condition, with diet known to affect many secondary sexual traits. 2. In Heliconius butterflies, male chemical signalling plays an important role in female mate choice. Potential male sex pheromone components have been identified previously, although it is unclear what information they convey to the female. 3. In the present study, the effect of diet on androconial and genital compound production is tested in male Heliconius melpomene rosina. To manipulate larval diet, larvae are reared on three different Passiflora host plants: Passiflora menispermifolia, the preferred host plant, Passiflora vitifolia and Passiflora platyloba. To manipulate adult diet, adult butterflies are reared with and without access to pollen, a key component of their diet. 4. No evidence is found to suggest that adult pollen consumption affects compound production in the first 10 days after eclosion. There is also a strong overlap in the chemical profiles of individuals reared on different larval host plants. The most abundant compounds produced by the butterflies do not differ between host plant groups. However, some compounds found in small amounts differ both qualitatively and quantitatively. Some of these compounds are predicted to be of plant origin and the others synthesised by the butterfly. Further electrophysiological and behavioural experiments will be needed to determine the biological significance of these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Darragh
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeU.K.
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama
| | - Kelsey J. R. P. Byers
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeU.K.
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama
| | - Richard M. Merrill
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama
- Division of Evolutionary BiologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversitätMunichGermany
| | | | - Stefan Schulz
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Chris D. Jiggins
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeU.K.
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama
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16
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Pinheiro de Castro ÉC, Zagrobelny M, Zurano JP, Zikan Cardoso M, Feyereisen R, Bak S. Sequestration and biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides in passion vine butterflies and consequences for the diversification of their host plants. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:5079-5093. [PMID: 31110663 PMCID: PMC6509390 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The colorful heliconiine butterflies are distasteful to predators due to their content of defense compounds called cyanogenic glucosides (CNglcs), which they biosynthesize from aliphatic amino acids. Heliconiine larvae feed exclusively on Passiflora plants where ~30 kinds of CNglcs have been reported. Among them, some CNglcs derived from cyclopentenyl glycine can be sequestered by some Heliconius species. In order to understand the evolution of biosynthesis and sequestration of CNglcs in these butterflies and its consequences for their arms race with Passiflora plants, we analyzed the CNglc distribution in selected heliconiine and Passiflora species. Sequestration of cyclopentenyl CNglcs is not an exclusive trait of Heliconius, since these compounds were present in other heliconiines such as Philaethria, Dryas and Agraulis, and in more distantly related genera Cethosia and Euptoieta. Thus, it is likely that the ability to sequester cyclopentenyl CNglcs arose in an ancestor of the Heliconiinae subfamily. Biosynthesis of aliphatic CNglcs is widespread in these butterflies, although some species from the sara-sapho group seem to have lost this ability. The CNglc distribution within Passiflora suggests that they might have diversified their cyanogenic profile to escape heliconiine herbivory. This systematic analysis improves our understanding on the evolution of cyanogenesis in the heliconiine-Passiflora system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mika Zagrobelny
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg C, CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Juan Pablo Zurano
- Department of Systematic and EcologyFederal University of ParaibaJoão PessoaParaíbaBrazil
| | - Márcio Zikan Cardoso
- Department of EcologyFederal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatalRio Grande do NorteBrazil
| | - René Feyereisen
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg C, CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Søren Bak
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg C, CopenhagenDenmark
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17
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Woelke JB, Fursov VN, Gumovsky AV, de Rijk M, Estrada C, Verbaarschot P, Huigens ME, Fatouros NE. Description and biology of two new egg parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) reared from eggs of Heliconiini butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) in Panama. J NAT HIST 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1606360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jozef B. Woelke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen University & Research, Bleiswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Viktor N. Fursov
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Alex V. Gumovsky
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Marjolein de Rijk
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Education Support Centre, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Patrick Verbaarschot
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Biosystematics group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martinus E. Huigens
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Education Institute, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nina E. Fatouros
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Biosystematics group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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18
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Sader MA, Amorim BS, Costa L, Souza G, Pedrosa-Harand A. The role of chromosome changes in the diversification of Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae). SYST BIODIVERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2018.1546777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariela A. Sader
- Laboratory of Plant Cytogenetics and Evolution, Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Bruno S. Amorim
- Museu da Amazônia, MUSA, Manaus, Amazonas, 69099-415, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69058-807, Brazil
| | - Lucas Costa
- Laboratory of Plant Cytogenetics and Evolution, Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Souza
- Laboratory of Plant Cytogenetics and Evolution, Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Andrea Pedrosa-Harand
- Laboratory of Plant Cytogenetics and Evolution, Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
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19
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Silva DS, Barp EA, Kucharski LCR, Moreira GRP. Sensing the Plant Surface Prior to Feeding and Oviposition: Differences in External Ultrastructure and Function Among Tarsi of Heliconius erato. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:85-95. [PMID: 28332139 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-017-0508-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Adult foretarsi of Heliconius erato Linnaeus (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) are reduced in size and are not used for walking. Foretarsi of the female have specialized sensilla that are presumably used to identify the host plant, by drumming. The mid- and hind tarsi also bear sensilla in both sexes, but these have not been described in detail, nor has their chemosensory function been determined. We described and compared the tarsi of H. erato under light and scanning electron microscopy. Behavioral experiments showed that differences in the shape, number, and size of sensilla were related to feeding and oviposition behaviors. Two types of sensillum (chaeticum and trichodeum) were found in similar numbers and size on the mid- and hind tarsi of both sexes. Sensilla on the female foretarsi act in host-plant site selection, strongly affecting oviposition rates when isolated. Male foretarsi lack sensilla, which may have been selected against due to the absence of function and thus lost. Sensilla on the mid- and hind tarsi are involved in sugar detection in both sexes, responding to an effective dose of sucrose (ED50) near 0.01 M, and therefore might be used to identify food resources when the butterflies settle on flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências, Univ. Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, Bloco IV, prédio 43435, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - E A Barp
- Univ. do Contestado, Rua Victor Sopelsa, 3000, Salete, Concórdia, SC, 89700-000, Brazil
| | - L C R Kucharski
- Depto. de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Univ. Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Farroupilha, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - G R P Moreira
- Depto. de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Univ. Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, Bloco IV, prédio 43435, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil.
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20
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Thurman TJ, Brodie E, Evans E, McMillan WO. Facultative pupal mating in Heliconius erato: Implications for mate choice, female preference, and speciation. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:1882-1889. [PMID: 29435261 PMCID: PMC5792586 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mating systems have broad impacts on how sexual selection and mate choice operate within a species, but studies of mating behavior in the laboratory may not reflect how these processes occur in the wild. Here, we examined the mating behavior of the neotropical butterfly Heliconius erato in the field by releasing larvae and virgin females and observing how they mated. H. erato is considered a pupal-mating species (i.e., males mate with females as they emerge from the pupal case). However, we observed only two teneral mating events, and experimentally released virgins were almost all mated upon recapture. Our study confirms the presence of some pupal-mating behavior in H. erato, but suggests that adult mating is likely the prevalent mating strategy in this species. These findings have important implications for the role of color pattern and female mate choice in the generation of reproductive isolation in this diverse genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Thurman
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama CityRepublic of Panama
- Department of Biology and Redpath MuseumMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Emily Brodie
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama CityRepublic of Panama
- Department of Environmental Science and PolicyUniversity of California‐Davis, One Shields AveDavisCA 95616
| | - Elizabeth Evans
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama CityRepublic of Panama
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Puerto Rico, Rio PedrasSan JuanPuerto Rico
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21
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de Castro ÉCP, Zagrobelny M, Cardoso MZ, Bak S. The arms race between heliconiine butterflies and Passiflora plants - new insights on an ancient subject. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:555-573. [PMID: 28901723 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Heliconiines are called passion vine butterflies because they feed exclusively on Passiflora plants during the larval stage. Many features of Passiflora and heliconiines indicate that they have radiated and speciated in association with each other, and therefore this model system was one of the first examples used to exemplify coevolution theory. Three major adaptations of Passiflora plants supported arguments in favour of their coevolution with heliconiines: unusual variation of leaf shape within the genus; the occurrence of yellow structures mimicking heliconiine eggs; and their extensive diversity of defence compounds called cyanogenic glucosides. However, the protection systems of Passiflora plants go beyond these three features. Trichomes, mimicry of pathogen infection through variegation, and production of extrafloral nectar to attract ants and other predators of their herbivores, are morphological defences reported in this plant genus. Moreover, Passiflora plants are well protected chemically, not only by cyanogenic glucosides, but also by other compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and phenolics. Heliconiines can synthesize cyanogenic glucosides themselves, and their ability to handle these compounds was probably one of the most crucial adaptations that allowed the ancestor of these butterflies to feed on Passiflora plants. Indeed, it has been shown that Heliconius larvae can sequester cyanogenic glucosides and alkaloids from their host plants and utilize them for their own benefit. Recently, it was discovered that Heliconius adults have highly accurate visual and chemosensory systems, and the expansion of brain structures that can process such information allows them to memorize shapes and display elaborate pre-oviposition behaviour in order to defeat visual barriers evolved by Passiflora species. Even though the heliconiine-Passiflora model system has been intensively studied, the forces driving host-plant preference in these butterflies remain unclear. New studies have shown that host-plant preference seems to be genetically controlled, but in many species there is some plasticity in this choice and preferences can even be induced. Although much knowledge regarding the coevolution of Passiflora plants and heliconiine butterflies has accumulated in recent decades, there remain many exciting unanswered questions concerning this model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érika C P de Castro
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mika Zagrobelny
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Márcio Z Cardoso
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Søren Bak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Moreira GRP, Silva DS, Gonçalves GL. Comparative morphology of the prothoracic leg in heliconian butterflies: Tracing size allometry, podite fusions and losses in ontogeny and phylogeny. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2017; 46:462-471. [PMID: 28373032 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Prothoracic legs of heliconian butterflies (Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae, Heliconiini) are reduced in size compared to mesothoracic and metathoracic legs. They have no apparent function in males, but are used by females for drumming on host plants, a behavior related to oviposition site selection. Here, taking into account all recognized lineages of heliconian butterflies, we described their tarsi using optical and scanning electron microscopy and searched for podite fusions and losses, and analyzed allometry at the static, ontogenetic and phylogenetic levels. Female tarsi were similar, club-shaped, showing from four to five tarsomeres, each bearing sensilla chaetica and trichodea. Male tarsi were cylindrical, formed from five (early diverging lineages) to one (descendant lineages) either partially or totally fused tarsomeres, all deprived of sensilla. Pretarsi were reduced in both sexes, in some species being either vestigial or absent. Tarsal lengths were smaller for males in almost all species. An abrupt decrease in size was detected for the prothoracic legs during molting to the last larval instar at both histological and morphometric levels. In both sexes, most allometric coefficients found at the population level for the prothoracic legs were negative compared to the mesothoracic leg and also to wings. Prothoracic tarsi decreased proportionally in size over evolutionary time; the largest and smallest values being found for nodes of the oldest and youngest lineages, respectively. Our results demonstrate that evolution of the prothoracic leg in heliconian butterflies has been based on losses and fusions of podites, in association with negative size allometry at static, ontogenetic and phylogenetic levels. These processes have been more pronounced in males. Our study provided further support to the hypothesis that evolution of these leg structures is driven by females, by changing their use from walking to drumming during oviposition site selection. In males the leg would have been selected against due to absence of function and thus progressively reduced in size, in association with podites fusions and lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilson R P Moreira
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Prédio 43435, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Denis S Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Prédio 43435, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Gislene L Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Prédio 43423, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Recursos Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 6-D, Arica, Chile.
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23
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Thompson JN. EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS OF OVIPOSITION PREFERENCE IN SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLIES. Evolution 2017; 42:1223-1234. [PMID: 28581079 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1988.tb04182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/1987] [Accepted: 04/25/1988] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Models of the evolution of host shifts and speciation in phytophagous insects are often built upon the assumption that host selection is under simple genetic control, perhaps even a single locus. The genetic basis for differences in host-plant preference by ovipositing insects was investigated using two closely related species of swallowtail butterfly, Papilio oregonius and P. zelicaon, which differ in the plant families on which females oviposit. Both species had been shown previously to vary within populations in host selection. A combination of analyses using reciprocal interspecific crosses and isofemale strains within populations indicated that oviposition preference in these species is determined significantly by one or more loci on the X chromosome, which female Lepidoptera inherit only paternally. Hence, preferences in hybrid females tended toward the paternal species. This is the first insect group for which partial control of oviposition preference has been localized onto a particular chromosome. In addition, one or more loci on another chromosome(s) appear to contribute to preference, as indicated by the partially intermediate preferences of some hybrid crosses. The overall differences in preference in the reciprocal interspecific hybrids were restricted to differences in the distribution of eggs laid among the local host plants of these two Papilio species; the reciprocal crosses did not differ in the small percentage of eggs laid on a novel potential host species. The variation in host selection found among the isofemale strains reinforces earlier results for these strains, indicating that there is genetic variation in host selection within these populations. Overall, the results indicate that the evolution of oviposition preference in these species involves genetic changes at two or more chromosomes with the X chromosome playing an important role in determining preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Thompson
- Departments of Botany and Zoology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164
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Funk DJ, Futuyma DJ, Ortí G, Meyer A. A HISTORY OF HOST ASSOCIATIONS AND EVOLUTIONARY DIVERSIFICATION FOROPHRAELLA(COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE): NEW EVIDENCE FROM MITOCHONDRIAL DNA. Evolution 2017; 49:1008-1017. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1995.tb02335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/1994] [Accepted: 08/19/1994] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Funk
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; State University of New York; Stony Brook New York 11794
| | - Douglas J. Futuyma
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; State University of New York; Stony Brook New York 11794
| | - Guillermo Ortí
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; State University of New York; Stony Brook New York 11794
| | - Axel Meyer
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; State University of New York; Stony Brook New York 11794
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Rausher MD. HOST ABUNDANCE, JUVENILE SURVIVAL, AND OVIPOSITION PREFERENCE IN BATTUS PHILENOR. Evolution 2017; 34:342-355. [PMID: 28563428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1980.tb04823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/1979] [Revised: 07/20/1979] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Rausher
- Department of Entomology and Section of Ecology and Systematics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853
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Farrell B, Mitter C. PHYLOGENESIS OF INSECT/PLANT INTERACTIONS: HAVE
PHYLLOBROTICA
LEAF BEETLES (CHRYSOMELIDAE) AND THE LAMIALES DIVERSIFIED IN PARALLEL? Evolution 2017; 44:1389-1403. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1990.tb03834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/1989] [Accepted: 01/10/1990] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Farrell
- Department of Entomology University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Charles Mitter
- Department of Entomology University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
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Janz N, Nylin S. BUTTERFLIES AND PLANTS: A PHYLOGENETIC STUDY. Evolution 2017; 52:486-502. [PMID: 28568350 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb01648.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/1996] [Accepted: 11/26/1997] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A database on host plant records from 437 ingroup taxa has been used to test a number of hypotheses on the interaction between butterflies and their host plants using phylogenetic methods (simple character optimization, concentrated changes test, and independent contrasts test). The butterfly phylogeny was assembled from various sources and host plant clades were identified according to Chase et al.'s rbcL-based phylogeny. The ancestral host plant appears to be associated within a highly derived rosid clade, including the family Fabaceae. As fossil data suggest that this clade is older than the butterflies, they must have colonized already diversified plants. Previous studies also suggest that the patterns of association in most insect-plant interactions are more shaped by host shifts, through colonization and specialization, than by cospeciation. Consequently, we have focused explicitly on the mechanisms behind host shifts. Our results confirm, in the light of new phylogenetic evidence, the pattern reported by Ehrlich and Raven that related butterflies feed on related plants. We show that host shifts have generally been more common between closely related plants than between more distantly related plants. This finding, together with the possibility of a higher tendency of recolonizing ancestral hosts, helps to explain the apparent large-scale conservation in the patterns of association between insects and their host plants, patterns which at the same time are more flexible on a more detailed level. Plant growth form was an even more conservative aspect of the interaction between butterflies and their host plants than plant phylogeny. However, this is largely explained by a higher probability of colonizations and host shifts while feeding on trees than on other growth forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Janz
- Department of Zoology, University of Stockholm, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, University of Stockholm, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Wasserman SS, Futuyma DJ. EVOLUTION OF HOST PLANT UTILIZATION IN LABORATORY POPULATIONS OF THE SOUTHERN COWPEA WEEVIL, CALLOSOBRUCHUS MACULATUS FABRICIUS (COLEOPTERA: BRUCHIDAE). Evolution 2017; 35:605-617. [PMID: 28563141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1981.tb04923.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/1980] [Revised: 11/25/1980] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven S Wasserman
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794
| | - Douglas J Futuyma
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794
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29
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Benson WW. RESOURCE PARTITIONING IN PASSION VINE BUTTERFLIES. Evolution 2017; 32:493-518. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1978.tb04593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/1976] [Revised: 06/22/1977] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Woodruff W. Benson
- Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas C.P. 1170, 13.100 Campinas SP Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais Departamento de Bioquímica, CCM, Bloco H, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão ZC‐32, 20.000 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
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Futuyma DJ, McCafferty SS. PHYLOGENY AND THE EVOLUTION OF HOST PLANT ASSOCIATIONS IN THE LEAF BEETLE GENUS OPHRAELLA (COLEOPTERA, CHRYSOMELIDAE). Evolution 2017; 44:1885-1913. [PMID: 28564433 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1990.tb04298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/1989] [Accepted: 04/26/1990] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Species of Ophraella, a North American genus of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae), feed variously on eight genera in four tribes of Asteraceae. A phylogenetic analysis, based on morphological features and allozymes, was undertaken to deduce the history of host affiliation within the genus. The two data sets are combined to arrive at a provisional phylogeny of the species, onto which host associations are parsimoniously mapped. Among and within the 12 species studied, at least two shifts are postulated to have occurred among congeneric plant species, five between genera in the same tribe, and four between different tribes of Asteraceae. The phylogeny of Ophraella appears not to be congruent with that of its hosts. This and other evidence indicates that many host shifts in Ophraella postdate the divergence of the host plants, a conclusion that may apply commonly to phytophagous insects. A phenetic analysis of the plants' secondary compounds provides modest support for the hypothesis that host shifts are facilitated by commonalities in plant chemistry. A possible trend in host shifts is evident, from chemically simpler to chemically more forbidding plants. The chemical barriers to host shifts in Ophraella appear to require adaptation in both behavior and in physiological attributes. There is no evidence that the host associations of these insects or the divergence in secondary chemistry of their hosts can be attributed to coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Futuyma
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Shawn S McCafferty
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
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31
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Arias CF, Giraldo N, McMillan WO, Lamas G, Jiggins CD, Salazar C. A new subspecies in a Heliconius butterfly adaptive radiation (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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32
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The functional basis of wing patterning in Heliconius butterflies: the molecules behind mimicry. Genetics 2016; 200:1-19. [PMID: 25953905 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.114.172387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wing-pattern mimicry in butterflies has provided an important example of adaptation since Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace proposed evolution by natural selection >150 years ago. The neotropical butterfly genus Heliconius played a central role in the development of mimicry theory and has since been studied extensively in the context of ecology and population biology, behavior, and mimicry genetics. Heliconius species are notable for their diverse color patterns, and previous crossing experiments revealed that much of this variation is controlled by a small number of large-effect, Mendelian switch loci. Recent comparative analyses have shown that the same switch loci control wing-pattern diversity throughout the genus, and a number of these have now been positionally cloned. Using a combination of comparative genetic mapping, association tests, and gene expression analyses, variation in red wing patterning throughout Heliconius has been traced back to the action of the transcription factor optix. Similarly, the signaling ligand WntA has been shown to control variation in melanin patterning across Heliconius and other butterflies. Our understanding of the molecular basis of Heliconius mimicry is now providing important insights into a variety of additional evolutionary phenomena, including the origin of supergenes, the interplay between constraint and evolvability, the genetic basis of convergence, the potential for introgression to facilitate adaptation, the mechanisms of hybrid speciation in animals, and the process of ecological speciation.
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Rosser N, Kozak KM, Phillimore AB, Mallet J. Extensive range overlap between heliconiine sister species: evidence for sympatric speciation in butterflies? BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:125. [PMID: 26123545 PMCID: PMC4486711 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sympatric speciation is today generally viewed as plausible, and some well-supported examples exist, but its relative contribution to biodiversity remains to be established. We here quantify geographic overlap of sister species of heliconiine butterflies, and use age-range correlations and spatial simulations of the geography of speciation to infer the frequency of sympatric speciation. We also test whether shifts in mimetic wing colour pattern, host plant use and climate niche play a role in speciation, and whether such shifts are associated with sympatry. RESULTS Approximately a third of all heliconiine sister species pairs exhibit near complete range overlap, and analyses of the observed patterns of range overlap suggest that sympatric speciation contributes 32%-95% of speciation events. Müllerian mimicry colour patterns and host plant choice are highly labile traits that seem to be associated with speciation, but we find no association between shifts in these traits and range overlap. In contrast, climatic niches of sister species are more conserved. CONCLUSIONS Unlike birds and mammals, sister species of heliconiines are often sympatric and our inferences using the most recent comparative methods suggest that sympatric speciation is common. However, if sister species spread rapidly into sympatry (e.g. due to their similar climatic niches), then assumptions underlying our methods would be violated. Furthermore, although we find some evidence for the role of ecology in speciation, ecological shifts did not show the associations with range overlap expected under sympatric speciation. We delimit species of heliconiines in three different ways, based on "strict and " "relaxed" biological species concepts (BSC), as well as on a surrogate for the widely-used "diagnostic" version of the phylogenetic species concept (PSC). We show that one reason why more sympatric speciation is inferred in heliconiines than in birds may be due to a different culture of species delimitation in the two groups. To establish whether heliconiines are exceptional will require biogeographic comparative studies for a wider range of animal taxa including many more invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Rosser
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. .,Present address: Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Krzysztof M Kozak
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.
| | - Albert B Phillimore
- Division of Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK. .,Present address: Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK.
| | - James Mallet
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. .,Present address: Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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Kozak KM, Wahlberg N, Neild AFE, Dasmahapatra KK, Mallet J, Jiggins CD. Multilocus species trees show the recent adaptive radiation of the mimetic heliconius butterflies. Syst Biol 2015; 64:505-24. [PMID: 25634098 PMCID: PMC4395847 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syv007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Müllerian mimicry among Neotropical Heliconiini butterflies is an excellent example of natural selection, associated with the diversification of a large continental-scale radiation. Some of the processes driving the evolution of mimicry rings are likely to generate incongruent phylogenetic signals across the assemblage, and thus pose a challenge for systematics. We use a data set of 22 mitochondrial and nuclear markers from 92% of species in the tribe, obtained by Sanger sequencing and de novo assembly of short read data, to re-examine the phylogeny of Heliconiini with both supermatrix and multispecies coalescent approaches, characterize the patterns of conflicting signal, and compare the performance of various methodological approaches to reflect the heterogeneity across the data. Despite the large extent of reticulate signal and strong conflict between markers, nearly identical topologies are consistently recovered by most of the analyses, although the supermatrix approach failed to reflect the underlying variation in the history of individual loci. However, the supermatrix represents a useful approximation where multiple rare species represented by short sequences can be incorporated easily. The first comprehensive, time-calibrated phylogeny of this group is used to test the hypotheses of a diversification rate increase driven by the dramatic environmental changes in the Neotropics over the past 23 myr, or changes caused by diversity-dependent effects on the rate of diversification. We find that the rate of diversification has increased on the branch leading to the presently most species-rich genus Heliconius, but the change occurred gradually and cannot be unequivocally attributed to a specific environmental driver. Our study provides comprehensive comparison of philosophically distinct species tree reconstruction methods and provides insights into the diversification of an important insect radiation in the most biodiverse region of the planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof M Kozak
- Butterfly Genetics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EJ Cambridge, UK; Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK; Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD Heslington, York, UK; and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Butterfly Genetics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EJ Cambridge, UK; Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK; Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD Heslington, York, UK; and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Andrew F E Neild
- Butterfly Genetics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EJ Cambridge, UK; Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK; Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD Heslington, York, UK; and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kanchon K Dasmahapatra
- Butterfly Genetics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EJ Cambridge, UK; Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK; Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD Heslington, York, UK; and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - James Mallet
- Butterfly Genetics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EJ Cambridge, UK; Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK; Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD Heslington, York, UK; and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Chris D Jiggins
- Butterfly Genetics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EJ Cambridge, UK; Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK; Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD Heslington, York, UK; and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Masiulionis VE, Rabeling C, De Fine Licht HH, Schultz T, Bacci M, Bezerra CMS, Pagnocca FC. A Brazilian population of the asexual fungus-growing ant Mycocepurus smithii (Formicidae, Myrmicinae, Attini) cultivates fungal symbionts with gongylidia-like structures. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103800. [PMID: 25101899 PMCID: PMC4125159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Attine ants cultivate fungi as their most important food source and in turn the fungus is nourished, protected against harmful microorganisms, and dispersed by the ants. This symbiosis evolved approximately 50-60 million years ago in the late Paleocene or early Eocene, and since its origin attine ants have acquired a variety of fungal mutualists in the Leucocoprineae and the distantly related Pterulaceae. The most specialized symbiotic interaction is referred to as "higher agriculture" and includes leafcutter ant agriculture in which the ants cultivate the single species Leucoagaricus gongylophorus. Higher agriculture fungal cultivars are characterized by specialized hyphal tip swellings, so-called gongylidia, which are considered a unique, derived morphological adaptation of higher attine fungi thought to be absent in lower attine fungi. Rare reports of gongylidia-like structures in fungus gardens of lower attines exist, but it was never tested whether these represent rare switches of lower attines to L. gonglyphorus cultivars or whether lower attine cultivars occasionally produce gongylidia. Here we describe the occurrence of gongylidia-like structures in fungus gardens of the asexual lower attine ant Mycocepurus smithii. To test whether M. smithii cultivates leafcutter ant fungi or whether lower attine cultivars produce gongylidia, we identified the M. smithii fungus utilizing molecular and morphological methods. Results shows that the gongylidia-like structures of M. smithii gardens are morphologically similar to gongylidia of higher attine fungus gardens and can only be distinguished by their slightly smaller size. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the fungal ITS sequence indicates that the gongylidia-bearing M. smithii cultivar belongs to the so-called "Clade 1"of lower Attini cultivars. Given that M. smithii is capable of cultivating a morphologically and genetically diverse array of fungal symbionts, we discuss whether asexuality of the ant host maybe correlated with low partner fidelity and active symbiont choice between fungus and ant mutualists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Rabeling
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Henrik H. De Fine Licht
- Section for Organismal Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ted Schultz
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Maurício Bacci
- Instituto de Biociências, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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Martin A, McCulloch KJ, Patel NH, Briscoe AD, Gilbert LE, Reed RD. Multiple recent co-options of Optix associated with novel traits in adaptive butterfly wing radiations. EvoDevo 2014; 5:7. [PMID: 24499528 PMCID: PMC3922110 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-5-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While the ecological factors that drive phenotypic radiations are often well understood, less is known about the generative mechanisms that cause the emergence and subsequent diversification of novel features. Heliconius butterflies display an extraordinary diversity of wing patterns due in part to mimicry and sexual selection. Identifying the genetic drivers of this crucible of evolution is now within reach, as it was recently shown that cis-regulatory variation of the optix transcription factor explains red pattern differences in the adaptive radiations of the Heliconius melpomene and Heliconius erato species groups. Results Here, we compare the developmental expression of the Optix protein across a large phylogenetic sample of butterflies and infer that its color patterning role originated at the base of the neotropical passion-vine butterfly clade (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Tribe: Heliconiini), shortly predating multiple Optix-driven wing pattern radiations in the speciose Heliconius and Eueides genera. We also characterize novel Optix and Doublesex expression in the male-specific pheromone wing scales of the basal heliconiines Dryas and Agraulis, thus illustrating that within the Heliconinii lineage, Optix has been evolutionarily redeployed in multiple contexts in association with diverse wing features. Conclusions Our findings reveal that the repeated co-option of Optix into various aspects of wing scale specification was associated with multiple evolutionary novelties over a relatively short evolutionary time scale. In particular, the recruitment of Optix expression in colored scale cell precursors was a necessary condition to the explosive diversification of passion-vine butterfly wing patterns. The novel deployment of a gene followed by spatial modulation of its expression in a given cell type could be a common mode of developmental innovation for triggering phenotypic radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Martin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Johnson KS, Scriber JM, Nair M. Phenylpropenoid phenolics in sweetbay magnolia as chemical determinants of host use in saturniid silkmoths (Callosamia). J Chem Ecol 2013; 22:1955-69. [PMID: 24227209 DOI: 10.1007/bf02040088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/1995] [Accepted: 06/13/1996] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Host plant chemistry can play an important role in determining the evolution of host use patterns in herbivorous insects by influencing host selection, consumption, and assimilation of foliage. We used a comparative approach to test the hypothesis that specialist herbivores of sweetbay magnolia (Magnolia virginiana) possess adaptations that allow them to overcome chemical deterrents or toxins that prevent herbivory by unadapted herbivores. The three silkmoth species in the genusCallosamia can be collectively regarded as specialists on magnoliaceous hosts; however, only the monophagousC. securifera is able to complete development on sweetbay magnolia, its natural host. In laboratory assays with intact foliage, bothC. angulifera and the polyphagousC. promethea fed readily on sweetbay but were unable to survive past the third instar. Two neolignan compounds, magnolol and a biphenyl ether, were found to reduce neonate growth and survival of unadapted herbivore species when painted on acceptable host leaves at concentrations similar to those found in sweetbay foliage. Both compounds significantly reduced neonate growth ofC. angulifera andC. promethea but had no effect on the sweetbay specialist,C. securifera, indicating that the latter species possesses the unique ability in the genus to tolerate, metabolize, or otherwise circumvent the phytochemical defenses of this host.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Johnson
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 48824-1115, East Lansing, Michigan
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Behavioral and life-history evidence for interspecific competition in the larvae of two heliconian butterflies. Naturwissenschaften 2013; 100:901-11. [PMID: 23949306 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-013-1089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Interspecific competition in herbivorous insects remains a controversial issue. To date, many studied systems have not met assumptions of the traditional competition theory, and a new paradigm has been emerging. We examined the behavioral and life-history consequences of common host plant use of Heliconius erato and Dryas iulia (Nymphalidae) in relation to Passiflora suberosa (Passifloraceae). Larvae of the former use the apical portion of this host; the latter is presumably able to explore all plant parts. We assessed host use pattern in relation to leaf age, when reared either alone (D. iulia) or together (D. iulia and H. erato). Larval feeding choice tests with respect to leaf age were performed, and performance was recorded. Observations were made to assess antagonistic behavior of H. erato and D. iulia towards each other, if any. Similarly to H. erato, D. iulia fed on the young leaves significantly more than the mature ones; larvae were not induced to prefer mature leaves. First instars of H. erato used only the apical parts of P. suberosa and displayed aggressive behavior towards D. iulia, which moved to the lower shoot portions. Larval mortality and development time of both species significantly increased when reared together; such performance costs were more pronounced in D. iulia than H. erato. Our study gathers evidences that use of P. suberosa by these heliconian butterflies represent a case of competitive exclusion resulting in niche differentiation, where costs are higher for D. iulia than H. erato.
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Merrill RM, Naisbit RE, Mallet J, Jiggins CD. Ecological and genetic factors influencing the transition between host-use strategies in sympatric Heliconius butterflies. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:1959-67. [PMID: 23961921 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Shifts in host-plant use by phytophagous insects have played a central role in their diversification. Evolving host-use strategies will reflect a trade-off between selection pressures. The ecological niche of herbivorous insects is partitioned along several dimensions, and if populations remain in contact, recombination will break down associations between relevant loci. As such, genetic architecture can profoundly affect the coordinated divergence of traits and subsequently the ability to exploit novel habitats. The closely related species Heliconius cydno and H. melpomene differ in mimetic colour pattern, habitat and host-plant use. We investigate the selection pressures and genetic basis underlying host-use differences in these two species. Host-plant surveys reveal that H. melpomene specializes on a single species of Passiflora. This is also true for the majority of other Heliconius species in secondary growth forest at our study site, as expected under a model of interspecific competition. In contrast, H. cydno, which uses closed-forest habitats where both Heliconius and Passiflora are less common, appears not to be restricted by competition and uses a broad selection of the available Passiflora. However, other selection pressures are likely involved, and field experiments reveal that early larval survival of both butterfly species is highest on Passiflora menispermifolia, but most markedly so for H. melpomene, the specialist on that host. Finally, we demonstrate an association between host-plant acceptance and colour pattern amongst interspecific hybrids, suggesting that major loci underlying these important ecological traits are physically linked in the genome. Together, our results reveal ecological and genetic associations between shifts in habitat, host use and mimetic colour pattern that have likely facilitated both speciation and coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Merrill
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Briscoe AD, Macias-Muñoz A, Kozak KM, Walters JR, Yuan F, Jamie GA, Martin SH, Dasmahapatra KK, Ferguson LC, Mallet J, Jacquin-Joly E, Jiggins CD. Female behaviour drives expression and evolution of gustatory receptors in butterflies. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003620. [PMID: 23950722 PMCID: PMC3732137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary plant compounds are strong deterrents of insect oviposition and feeding, but may also be attractants for specialist herbivores. These insect-plant interactions are mediated by insect gustatory receptors (Grs) and olfactory receptors (Ors). An analysis of the reference genome of the butterfly Heliconius melpomene, which feeds on passion-flower vines (Passiflora spp.), together with whole-genome sequencing within the species and across the Heliconius phylogeny has permitted an unprecedented opportunity to study the patterns of gene duplication and copy-number variation (CNV) among these key sensory genes. We report in silico gene predictions of 73 Gr genes in the H. melpomene reference genome, including putative CO2, sugar, sugar alcohol, fructose, and bitter receptors. The majority of these Grs are the result of gene duplications since Heliconius shared a common ancestor with the monarch butterfly or the silkmoth. Among Grs but not Ors, CNVs are more common within species in those gene lineages that have also duplicated over this evolutionary time-scale, suggesting ongoing rapid gene family evolution. Deep sequencing (∼1 billion reads) of transcriptomes from proboscis and labial palps, antennae, and legs of adult H. melpomene males and females indicates that 67 of the predicted 73 Gr genes and 67 of the 70 predicted Or genes are expressed in these three tissues. Intriguingly, we find that one-third of all Grs show female-biased gene expression (n = 26) and nearly all of these (n = 21) are Heliconius-specific Grs. In fact, a significant excess of Grs that are expressed in female legs but not male legs are the result of recent gene duplication. This difference in Gr gene expression diversity between the sexes is accompanied by a striking sexual dimorphism in the abundance of gustatory sensilla on the forelegs of H. melpomene, suggesting that female oviposition behaviour drives the evolution of new gustatory receptors in butterfly genomes. Insects and their chemically-defended hostplants engage in a co-evolutionary arms race but the genetic basis by which suitable host plants are identified by insects is poorly understood. Host plant specializations require specialized sensors by the insects to exploit novel ecological niches. Adult male and female Heliconius butterflies feed on nectar and, unusually for butterflies, on pollen from flowers while their larvae feed on the leaves of passion-flower vines. We have discovered–between sub-species of butterflies-fixed differences in copy-number variation among several putative sugar receptor genes that are located on different chromosomes, raising the possibility of local adaptation around the detection of sugars. We also show that the legs of adult female butterflies, which are used by females when selecting a host plant on which to lay their eggs, express more gustatory (taste) receptor genes than those of male butterflies. These female-biased taste receptors show a significantly higher level of gene duplication than a set of taste receptors expressed in both sexes. Sex-limited behaviour may therefore influence the long-term evolution of physiologically important gene families resulting in a strong genomic signature of ecological adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana D. Briscoe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ADB); (CDJ)
| | - Aide Macias-Muñoz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Krzysztof M. Kozak
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James R. Walters
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Furong Yuan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriel A. Jamie
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon H. Martin
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - James Mallet
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly
- INRA, UMR 1272 INRA-UPMC Physiologie de l'Insecte: Signalisation et Communication, Versailles, France
| | - Chris D. Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (ADB); (CDJ)
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Muschner VC, Zamberlan PM, Bonatto SL, Freitas LB. Phylogeny, biogeography and divergence times in Passiflora (Passifloraceae). Genet Mol Biol 2012; 35:1036-43. [PMID: 23412994 PMCID: PMC3571420 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572012000600019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of a long-term investigation on the evolution of Passiflora L., we investigated the divergence ages of the genus and diversification of its subgenera, relating them with biogeographical and/or historical events, and other characteristics of this taxon. The main aim of the present work was to evaluate the biogeographic distribution of this genus to better understand its evolutionary history. This is the first time that representatives from South American and Old World Passifloraceae genera have been studied as a group comprising a total of 106 widely distributed species, with representative samples of the four suggested subgenera. Seven DNA regions were studied, comprising 7,431 nucleotides from plastidial, mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Divergence time estimates were obtained by using a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method and a random local clock model for each partition. Three major subgenera have been shown to be monophyletic and here we are proposing to include another subgenus in the Passiflora infrageneric classification. In general, divergence among the four subgenera in Passiflora is very ancient, ranging from ∼32 to ∼38 Mya, and Passifloraceae seems to follow a biogeographic scenario proposed for several plant groups, originating in Africa, crossing to Europe/Asia and arriving in the New World by way of land bridges. Our results indicated that Passiflora ancestors arrived in Central America and diversified quickly from there, with many long distance dispersion events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria C Muschner
- Laboratório de Evolução Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. ; Bepartamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Harvey JA, Ximénez de Embún MG, Bukovinszky T, Gols R. The roles of ecological fitting, phylogeny and physiological equivalence in understanding realized and fundamental host ranges in endoparasitoid wasps. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:2139-2148. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Harvey
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology Department of Terrestrial Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands
| | | | - T. Bukovinszky
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology Department of Terrestrial Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology Department of Aquatic Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - R. Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
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Wright S, Clarke KU. Photoperiod and larval body size: integrated factors controlling onset of the moulting cycle in Heliconius melpomene (Lepidoptera). J Zool (1987) 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1981.tb05766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Giraldo N, Salazar C, Jiggins CD, Bermingham E, Linares M. Two sisters in the same dress: Heliconius cryptic species. BMC Evol Biol 2008; 8:324. [PMID: 19040737 PMCID: PMC2632674 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sister species divergence and reproductive isolation commonly results from ecological adaptation. In mimetic Heliconius butterflies, shifts in colour pattern contribute to pre- and post-mating reproductive isolation and are commonly correlated with speciation. Closely related mimetic species are therefore not expected, as they should lack several important sources of reproductive isolation. Results Here we present phenotypic, behavioral and genetic evidence for the coexistence of two sympatric 'cryptic' species near Florencia in the eastern Andes of Colombia that share the same orange rayed colour pattern. These represent H. melpomene malleti and a novel taxon in the H. cydno group, here designated as novel race of Heliconius timareta, Heliconius timareta florencia. No-choice mating experiments show that these sympatric forms have strong assortative mating (≈96%) despite great similarity in colour pattern, implying enhanced divergence in pheromonal signals. Conclusion We hypothesize that these species might have resulted from recent convergence in colour pattern, perhaps facilitated by hybrid introgression of wing pattern genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Giraldo
- Instituto de Genética, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá DC Colombia.
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Miller JS. HOST-PLANT RELATIONSHIPS IN THE PAPILIONIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA): PARALLEL CLADOGENESIS OR COLONIZATION? Cladistics 2008; 3:105-120. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.1987.tb00501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Brown KS, Emmel TC, Eliazar PJ, Suomalainen E. Evolutionary patterns in chromosome numbers in neotropical Lepidoptera. I. Chromosomes of the Heliconiini (family Nymphalidae: subfamily Nymphalinae). Hereditas 2008; 117:109-25. [PMID: 1459855 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1992.tb00165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome counts in meiotic metaphase plates in the gonads of 67 of the probable 68 species of mimetic neotropical heliconian butterflies (Nymphalidae), representing 1524 individuals in 617 subspecies and geographically separate populations from southern Texas to northern Argentina, revealed a consistent haploid number of n = 21 in the genus Heliconius (except for the most advanced species with n = 33, 37, 56, and 60) and n = 31 in the more primitive genera (Eueides, Dryas, Dryadula, Agraulis, and Dione), with a transitional genus (Neruda) showing three species with n = 28-32, 21-22 + 5-10 "microchromosomes", and 20-22 + 1-5 "microchromosomes". The genus Laparus, with a single polymorphic species doris, probably an offshoot of early Heliconius, shows wide karyotypic variation (n = 20-30, 38) sometimes even within a single individual. The two most primitive genera also show much variation: Podotricha has two species with n = 9 and n = 26-29; and Philaethria shows many phenotypically similar species, two with n = 29 and a still uncertain number (at least 3) with n = 88 (most common), 67-72 (most widespread), 62 (very restricted geographically), 52, 21, and 12. Several interspecific hybrids (Heliconius cydno x H. melpomene) showed normal chromosome pairing, while deficient pairing was seen in intersubspecific hybrids in Eueides tales and Heliconius sara. The importance of these results in the evolutionary study of polytypic tropical species is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Brown
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ballhorn DJ, Heil M, Pietrowski A, Lieberei R. Quantitative Effects of Cyanogenesis on an Adapted Herbivore. J Chem Ecol 2007; 33:2195-208. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-007-9380-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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